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WP 7 [1] FMicrosoft Equation 2.0 DS EquationEquation.COEE29qx1   .1  ,&,= & MathType` Times New Roman- OlePres0008Equation Native %2 DA 2 }K 2 M C 2  tk 2 <DA2 <Activitykkkk2 < absorbed 2 <per 2 <!unitkk 2 <area 2 <1per2 <eventk 2 <!pCik 2 <%cm2 <(eventk 2 K2  Permeabilikkk 2 -tyk2  coefficienkkkk 2 ltk 2 fromk2 waterk 2 cm 2  hr 2 U C2 U e Concentratkk 2 U !ionk 2 U Tink2 U waterk 2 U ipCik 2 U cm 2 :tk2 }Durationkk 2 P ofk2 0eventk 2 Jhr2 eventk [Times New Roman-2 eventbbbp> 2 pp 2 w 2 I w2 d eventbbbp>2 eventbbbp> 2 pp 2 w 2 w2 eventbbbp>Symbol- 2 = 2 <= 2 <'- 2 = 2 U = 2 =Times New Roman- 2 <%!(~ 2 <`$/k 2 < ,)~ 2 (~ 2  /k 2 (")~ 2 U (~ 2 U /k 2 U )~ 2 (~ 2 /k 2 )~ [Times New Roman- 2 &2p 2 _3p & "Systemn-kCI DA event =K pw C w t event DA event =Activityabsorbedperunitareaperevent(pCi/cm 2 -event)K pw =Permeabilitycoefficientfromwater(cm/hr)C w =Concentrationinwater(pCi/cm 3 )t event =Durationofevent(hr/event) METAFILEPICTx1x1   .1  ,&,= & MathType` Times New Roman- 2 DA 2 }K 2 M C 2  tk 2 <DA2 <Activitykkkk2 < absorbed 2 <per 2 <!unitkk 2 <area 2 <1per2 <eventk 2 <!pCik 2 <%cm2 <(eventk 2 K2  Permeabilikkk 2 -tyk2  coefficienkkkk 2 ltk 2 fromk2 waterk 2 cm 2  hr 2 U C2 U e Concentratkk 2 U !ionk 2 U Tink2 U waterk 2 U ipCik 2 U cm 2 :tk2 }Durationkk 2 P ofk2 0eventk 2 Jhr2 eventk [Times New Roman-2 eventbbbp> 2 pp 2 w 2 I w2 d eventbbbp>2 eventbbbp> 2 pp 2 w 2 w2 eventbbbp>Symbol- 2 = 2 <= 2 <'- 2 = 2 U = 2 =Times New Roman- 2 <%!(~ 2 <`$/k 2 < ,)~ 2 (~ 2  /k 2 (")~ 2 U (~ 2 U /k 2 U )~ 2 (~ 2 /k 2 )~ [Times New Roman- 2 &2p 2 _3p & "Systemn-ZM -, dcef*OLE*WPC. . !. "   .1   & 2 & MathTypep Times New Roman- 2 LK 2 cm 2 R hr"ZTimes New RomanH- 2 tpo 2 wSymbol- 2 ="{Symbol- 2 j-yTimes New RomanH- 2 10"ZTimes New Roman- 2 3oTimes New RomanH- 2 /k & "Systemn-WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerEquation.COEE2ࡱ> Root EntryFsOle CompObjjBOlePart  FMicrosoft Equation 2.0 DS EquationEquation.COEE29q     .1   & 2 & MathTypep Times New Roman- OlePres000ZEquation Native d2 LK 2 cm 2 R hr"ZTimes New RomanH- 2 tpo 2 wSymbol- 2 ="{Symbol- 2 j-yTimes New RomanH- 2 10"ZTimes New Roman- 2 3oTimes New RomanH- 2 /k & "Systemn-H:_KD K pw =10 -3 cm/hr METAFILEPICT ?(    .1   & 2 & MathTypep Times New Roman- 2 LK 2 cm 2 R hr"ZTimes New RomanH- 2 tpo 2 wSymbol- 2 ="{Symbol- 2 j-yTimes New RomanH- 2 10"ZTimes New Roman- 2 3oTimes New RomanH- 2 /k & "Systemn-hi*OLE*WPC.%.%!.%   .1  @!&@! & MathTypeP Times New Roman- 2 LDA 2 cm 2  hr 2 hr2 eventk 2 conc 2 <ink 2 pCik 2 DcmSymbol- 2 ="{Symbol- 2 -yTimes New Roman- 2 (~ 2  /k 2 D )(~~ 2  .` 2 /k 2 )(~~ 2 .` 2 /k 2  )~ 2 X10 2 L 0 2 H 25"ZTimes New Roman- 2 v3o 2  3o & "Systemn-WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerEquation.COEE2ࡱ> Root EntryFs@Ole CompObjjBOlePart  FMicrosoft Equation 2.0 DS EquationEquation.COEE29q${   .1  @!&@! & MathTypeP Times New Roman- OlePres000Equation Native 2 LDA 2 cm 2  hr 2 hr2 eventk 2 conc 2 <ink 2 pCik 2 DcmSymbol- 2 ="{Symbol- 2 -yTimes New Roman- 2 (~ 2  /k 2 D )(~~ 2  .` 2 /k 2 )(~~ 2 .` 2 /k 2  )~ 2 X10 2 L 0 2 H 25"ZTimes New Roman- 2 v3o 2  3o & "Systemn-n_KD DA=(10 -3 cm/hr)(0.25hr/event)(conc.inpCi/cm 3 ) METAFILEPICT$${   .1  @!&@! & MathTypeP Times New Roman- 2 LDA 2 cm 2  hr 2 hr2 eventk 2 conc 2 <ink 2 pCik 2 DcmSymbol- 2 ="{Symbol- 2 -yTimes New Roman- 2 (~ 2  /k 2 D )(~~ 2  .` 2 /k 2 )(~~ 2 .` 2 /k 2  )~ 2 X10 2 L 0 2 H 25"ZTimes New Roman- 2 v3o 2  3o & "Systemn-\  `Tms Rmn l]+USUS., d  _   = XX#Xj X  =l#(:3]$ !USUS.,   d (O Z6Times New Roman Regular(.3$ !USUS.,    тLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5rnZsXC<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5[Zw6 I&mage <=8C HKKKK( $ Figure  1  yG:\DWPD\OUTREACH\Logos\GIFs\SEAL_C~1\EPA_SE~4.GIFWPCGGGG B{$A|T|)"bSsfYћ X J]HZ;0lO:b| 0OVd:mR[t)F#hp3/UBWJ[$B9rmEkHkYwhrJ*:[:xT!kT)krC(RCi[arfJ}vcZ8\bA{|?xpIfOJBb1r'vUxiKp!Kmءq Ur@d$O3'Z{)1ZfPbv5QJ{J)knP)ZKnEZsZqbO M{Dd&} kwefeH .w[?.$DAAfe]  *yfi+[ATcc5{+ [!. FT9w\]\y!A.5 S?e . [w\\..+B[AF{+. VDyy$T TA.e\?.o59 e[<* y..+yS0c!\Bdf- V]\H eAHS UŽH wA[cH +U..f-9VHee iAV!B co[ IcA[.ŽBV!!V95.{V [oy...T?5FI0.. []*!9oUA ff.+.VkT iH5 !o.cf]]A!0V?e$5B . T{ $[wŽ5.e9B\!$ V[o!Sc5$9.B9f.!o-${.c$BFo]fTc]f.Uw0]f$ []].ek<{..cff.$-o!V0d$5icd fy oocTeyA\.cBS?*y]TV55<5d\HU!TT-ToV$ 0T$]f?H \FH$oiH59y{o[?Uc{5kS.Fee!9iVśu]H!. ][co[!Ve+uo u! !u+Hu !HuFcIeud]oU05H!\u![U*uy M=NNу$kHW8(Ӿ.8=.?ʕ88m?ffDT8(Tu+]\M8muT-f.8پuuk8{B.!U8̊VV,88=.W8WN%8|Fcm8|s=8̊Boi8,(8ʜee$oDB# H Fpt%pt%TR%*w#R)Hairline d3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)1 Tf0:i+003|xU\TABLE N !USUS.,  _  8dd8 \OaXXkoOYwvxC3/b~0<77 ` @E-7777]wQuestionsandAnswersfromtheEPA_Radionuclides_  Rule_Webcast_Ԁ @  #Xj X#XXj June29,2004#Xj X#XXj  `  #Xj Xn#AY~) xdE xA   = E( 93 (#39E*,X` XX* "G3"  G3\2#  1  .3  0    Whatarethetreatmentoptions? G3\݌ (#(# Ќ  0   (#(# 0  EPAidentifiedBestAvailableTechnologies(_BATs_)andSmallSystemComplianceTechnologies   (_SSCTs_)intheFinal_Radionuclides_ԀRule(40_CFR_Ԁ141.66).Inaddition,treatmentoptionswere   discussedduringthesecond_Radionuclides_ԀRuleWebcastonAugust4,2004.Copiesofthe   presentationscanbefoundat:http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa/rules.html (#(#    `     h      p   "G3"  G3>2#  2  .3  0    Sincethe200.8methodforuraniummassisallowed,hasEPAlookedatthecorrelation  betweenthemassvalueandthecorrespondingcalculatedvalueusingthe1.49  conversion?Ifbothvaluesareavailable,whichshouldbeused? G3>k݌(#(# Ќ  0  The1.49valueintheinverseof0.67.Thelatterisusedtoconvertmasstoactivityassumingthe  amountofradioactivityfromU238equalsthatfromU234.Ifyoumeasureactivityfirstfrom y grossalpha,usethe1.49toconverttomass(ordivideby0.67).Grossalphabelow20(with s error)indicatesmasswillbebelow30_ug_/L.Note:Method200.8foruraniumhasnotofficially m beenapprovedyet,althoughEPAanticipatesitwillbefinalizedbytheendofAugust.g(#(#  "G3"  G3 2#  3  .3  0    Howarewegoingtoaddressmonitoringschedulesin_SDWIS_ԀnowthatthisRuleisoutside [ thestandardmonitoringframework? G3 ݌U(#(# Ќ  0   `  (#(# 0  EPAextendedtheinitialcompliancemonitoringperiodfor_Radionuclides_Ԁuntil2007,sothatthefirst I  compliancecycleisconsistentwiththeStandardizedMonitoringFramework.C!(#(#  "G3"  G3P2#  4  .3  0    Whydoesn'tthe_Radionuclide_ԀRuleapplytoNontransient,Noncommunitywater 7# systems(_NTNCWSs_)? G3P}݌1$(#(# Ќ  0  _Xj XXXj EPAappliedthecost/benefitanalysisandthemodelingindicatedthattheimpactwouldnotbegreat %&u!! enoughtowarrantaregulation.#Xj XX_Xj #0h(#(# 'o""h(#h(# "G3"  G32#  5  .3  0    Ifasystemexceedsthemaximumcontaminantlevel(_MCL_),theRulerequiresthesystem )c$$ tocontinuequarterlymonitoringuntiltheresultisbelowthe_MCL_,unlessthesystem  *]%% entersintoanotherscheduleaspartofaformalcomplianceagreement.Iftheyareunder +W&& anagreementwiththestate,canthemonitoringbereducedtoonceperyeartosave ,Q'' \Oa \ \  moneyiftheycontinuetoprovidepublicnotice?G3%݌(#(# Ќ  0  Iftheaverageoftheresultsfromasamplingpointisabovethe_MCL_ԀintheINITIALmonitoring  period,thesystemmustcontinuetocollectandanalyzequarterlysamplesatthatsamplingpointuntil  thesystemhasresultsfromfourconsecutivequartersthatareATORBELOWthe_MCL_Ԁ(40_CFR_  141.26(a)(2)(iv)).Aftertheinitialmonitoringperiod,asystemthathasamonitoringresultthat   exceedsthe_MCL_Ԁmustcollectandanalyzequarterlysamplesatthatsamplingpointuntilthesystem   hasresultsfromfourconsecutivequartersthatareBELOWthe_MCL_Ԁ(40_CFR_Ԁ141.26(a)(3)(v)). (#(# 0  Thecostsassociatedwiththeincreasedmonitoringfrequenciesforsystemsexceedingan_MCL_,are z   justifiedbythelevelofpublichealthprotectionthatquarterlysamplingprovides.WhiletheRule t  grantsStatestheflexibilitytochangethesemonitoringfrequenciesifthesystementersintoanother n  scheduleaspartofaformalcomplianceagreementwiththeState(40_CFR_Ԁ141.26(a)(2)(iv)and h  (a)(3)(v)),itwasnotEPAsintenttoallowsystemsexceedingthe_MCL_Ԁtoreducethemonitoring b  frequencysolelytosavemoney.\ (#(#  "G3"  G32#  6  .3  0    Ihavepreparedamemofordetectionlimits(_DLs_).AretheseDLvaluescorrectly P presented?TheConsumerConfidenceReportImplementationGuidance(EPA816R99 J 008,August1999),AppendixGdetailsthelistofEPAsMinimumDetectionLimitsthat D applytopresentationofthedatainyourannual_CCR_.ForGrossBeta,theminimum > detectionlimitis4_pCi_/L,andforother_radionuclides_,itis1/10theapplicablelimits.Inthe 8 new_Radionuclides_ԀRule,adiscussionofanalyticalmethodsandcompliance 2 determinationsispresentedintheCodeofFederalRegulationsat40_CFR_ԀSubsection ,| 141.25.Thesectionincludestablesshowingthehighestacceptabledetectionlimitsfor &v grossalpha,radiumanduranium[Subsection141.25(c)(1),TableB]andgrossbeta/photon  p emitters[Subsection141.25(c)(2),TableC]foruseincompliancedeterminationsand j monitoringfrequencydeterminations.Thedetectionlimitsreferredtoin40_CFR_ d Subsection141.25(c)arealsousedtodefinewhatlevelof_radionuclides_Ԁisconsidereda ^ detectedamountforthepurposeofpresentationinyour_CCR_.Thenewdetectionlimits  X applytotheresultsof_radionuclides_Ԁanalysesonwatersamplescollectedafterthe !R effectivedateofDecember8,2003.G3݌!L(#(# Ќ     ` 0  TheConsumerConfidenceReportImplementationGuidance(EPA816R99008),AppendixG #@  listsEPAs_Radionuclide_ԀMinimumDetectionLimitsfromtheoriginal1976_Radionuclides_ԀRule. $: ! The_CCR_ԀguidancewaspublishedinAugustof1999andthusreflectedtheoldruleandnotthenew %4!" _Radionuclides_ԀRulepublishedonDecember7,2000.40_CFR_Ԁ141.25(c)(1),TableBaccurately &."# depictsthedetectionlimitsforthe2000_Radionuclides_ԀRule.Systemsthatdetect_radionuclides_ '(#$ greaterthanthese detectionlimits aftertheeffectivedateofDecember8,2003,wouldneedto ("$% presentthisdataintheir_CCR_._Xj XXXj Note:InaJune29,2004NationalPrimaryDrinkingWater )%& Regulations:MinorCorrectionsandClarificationtoDrinkingWaterRegulationsFinalRule, *&' EPAamendedTableBatSec.141.25(c)(1)toaddadetectionlimitof1[_mu]g_/L(1ppb)for +'( uranium.(69FR38850) #Xj XX_Xj '#(#(# "G3"  G3)2#  7  .3  0    Ifradium228isnondetectafterinitialmonitoring,isfuturemonitoringrequired?  GuidanceinCaliforniasaysitisnotrequired,onlyinitialmonitoring.G3))݌(#(# Ќ  0  The_Radionuclides_ԀRuleretainedthecombinedradium226andradium228_MCL_Ԁof5_pCi_/L.40   _CFR_Ԁ141.66statesthatthecombinedradium226andradium228valueisdeterminedbythe   additionoftheresultsoftheanalysisofradium226andtheanalysisofradium228.Thefuture   monitoringfrequencyforthesystemdescribedinyourquestionwoulddependontheresultfor   radium226takenduringtheinitialmonitoringperiod.Theradium226resultwouldthenbeadded z   tothenondetectresultforradium228.Forexample,iftheradium226resultwasalsonon t  detect,thestatecouldallowthesystemtomonitorforbothradium226andradium228onceinthe n  nextnineyears. h (#(# "G3"  G3.2#  8  .3  0    Ifasystemmonitorsquarterlyin2005andtheyareinviolation,dotheyhaveuntil2007to \  comply?Wouldtheyhavetogivepublicnoticeattheendof2005andquarterlythereafter V iftheycontinuetosample?G3./݌P(#(# Ќ  0  No,thesystemdoesnothaveuntil2007tocomply.Ifasystemcollectsfourconsecutivequarterly D samplesforRa226,Ra228,grossalpha,anduraniumanytimeduringtheinitialmonitoringperiod > (12/7/03to12/31/07)andtheaverageofthecontaminantresultsexceedsthe_MCL_Ԁforthe 8 respectivecontaminant,thesystemisimmediatelyinviolationforthatcontaminant(40_CFR_ 2 141.26(a)(2)(iv)).ATier2Noticewouldberequiredwithin30daysofthe_Radionuclide_Ԁ_MCL_ ,| violation(40_CFR_ԀPart141,AppendixAtoSubpartQ).Foranyunresolvedviolationsfollowing &v aninitialTier2notice,arepeatnoticeeverythreemonthsisrequiredforaslongastheviolation  p persists. j(#(#  0  Watersystemswithexisting_radionuclides_Ԁmonitoringdatademonstratingthatthesystemisoutof ^ compliancewithnewprovisionswouldhavebeenoutofcomplianceontheeffectivedateof  X December8,2003.Watersystemswithexistingdatathatdemonstratesnoncompliancewiththe !R 1976Rule wouldcontinuetobeoutofcompliance. !L(#(# "G3"  G362#  9  .3  0    Ifacommunitywatersystem(CWS),say,collectsonlythree(offour)quarterlysamples, #@  istherunningannualaverage(_RAA_)calculatedwithjustthethreeavailabledatapoints?G366݌$: !(#(# Ќ  0  Ifasystemdoesnotcollectallrequiredsampleswhencomplianceisbasedonarunningannual &."# averageofquarterlysamples,complianceisbasedontherunningannualaverageofthesamples '(#$ collected(40_CFR_Ԁ141.26(c)(3)(iv)).Thesystemhascommittedamonitoringandreporting ("$% violationforthemissedquarterlysample. )%&(#(# "G3 "  G3:2#  10  .3  0    Whatisthecorrectholdingtimeforgrossalpha,radium226/228anduranium?(1yearor6 +'( months?)G3:H:݌(#(# Ќ  0  Thecorrectholdingtimeforgrossalpha,Ra226andRa228,anduraniumis6months(see  Manual SXXj AԀ#A<#]#]Xj X];#fortheCertificationofLaboratoriesAnalyzingDrinkingWaterEPA815B97001,March  1997CriteriaandProceduresQualityAssurance)#Xj XX]Xj ]<#AXj XXXj AXAXj ;#AXj XA{=#however,forannualcompositingof_radionuclide_  samples,theholdingtimeis12months.#Xj XXAXj \=#_Xj XXXj Thisconfusionwastheresultofamismatchbetweenthe   certificationmanualandtheregulation.#Xj XX_Xj p>#_Xj XXXj ԀAfootnotewasaddedtotheMarch1997editionofthe   certificationmanual,whichacknowledgedtheconflictandstipulateda12monthholdingtimefora   composite.#Xj XX_Xj '?#_Xj XXXj ԀTherefore,systemscancomposite_radionuclide_Ԁsamplesduringtheinitialmonitoring   periodforuptooneyear. #Xj XX_Xj 5@#AXj XXXj z  (#(#  @(0 3 / /#Xj XXAXj #A# S0   11.Canyoutakemorethanoneconfirmationsampleifthereissignificantdifferencefromthe   originalsample? (#(# 0  Astatemayrequireconfirmationssamplesatitsdiscretion(foreitherpositiveornegativeresults)   andmayrequiremorefrequentmonitoringthanspecifiedintheRule.Anystaterequiredsample  (includingconfirmationsamples)mustbeaveragedwiththeinitialsamplestodeterminecompliance  andsystemsmustincludeallsamplestakenandanalyzedindeterminingcompliance,evenifthat  numberisgreaterthantherequiredminimum.40_CFR_Ԁ141.26(c). (#(# 0   12.Iscompositingoffourquarterlysamplespossible?EPAmethodspecifiesa6month  holdingtimeforgrossalphasamplescompositingoffourquarterlysampleswouldexceed  the6monthholdingtime.WhatisEPA'spositiononthis?Also,canradiumcompliance  bedeterminedusingradium226andradium228resultsfromdifferentsamplestakenat y differenttimes?s(#(#   \G0  Foryourfirstquestion,seeanswertoquestion#10.Intermsofyoursecondquestion,theRule g doesnotexplicitlystatethatsamplesfromthesame_EPTDS_Ԁcannotbetakenatdifferenttimes; a however,standardsamplingpracticewoulddictatethat_analytes_Ԁmeasuredatasamplingpoint [  shouldbetakenfromthesamesample,orifnotfromthesamesample,atleastverycloseintime U! forrepresentationpurposes.EPAwouldhighlyrecommendforcompliancepurposesthatbothRa O" 226andRa228beanalyzedfromthesamesampleandnotfromsamplestakenatdifferenttimes, I# whichcanintroducevariabilityintotheresults. BC$ (#(# 0  J (#(# 0   13.Ifthelabhasadetectionlimitof1_pCi_/Lforgrossalpha,canwesubstituteo.1_pCi_/Lfor 7&!" R226?1'"#(#(#  0  Ifusingthesamelogicaswhenthegrossalphadetectionlimitis3_pCi_/L,asystemcouldsubstitute %)u$% 0.5_pCi_/L(i.e.DL)foreitherRa226oruraniumifthegrossalphadetectionlimitwas1.0_pCi_/L. *o%& Sinceradium226hasadetectionlimitof1_pCi_/Land0.5_pCi_/Lislessthanthatvalue,thesystem +i&' couldgotoreducedmonitoringofonceevery9years,asopposedtoonceevery6years. ,c'((#(# Ї14.Wheredidthereliablyandconsistentlyrequirementcomefrom?Whatisthereference?   0  40_CFR_Ԁ141.23(c)(8)doesusethe reliablyandconsistentlylanguage;however_radionuclides_Ԁare  notlistedascontaminantsregulatedbythissectionofthe_CFR_.In40_CFR_Ԁ141.26(a)(2)(iv),it  requiressystemstocontinuetakingquarterlysamplesuntiltheyhave four consecutivequarterly  samplesbelowthe_MCL_.Itdoesnotmentionthereliablyandconsistentlylanguage.For   _radionuclides_,EPAadvisesstatestofollowtherequirementsof40_CFR_Ԁ141.26andrequireboth   surfacewaterandgroundwatersystemstocollectandanalyzequarterlysamplesatthatsampling   pointuntilthesystemhasresultsfromfourconsecutivequartersthatareatorbelowthe_MCL_   beforeissuinga returntocompliancedetermination.Statescanreservetherighttonotissuethis z   determinationifthereappearstobeanupwardtrendinthequarterlydataorthereareother t  concerns.n (#(#  0   15.Atwhatleveloftotaldissolvedsolids(_TDS_)willtherebesufficientinterferencewiththe b  grossalpha"result?Howhighis"HIGH?\ (#(# AXj XXXj 0  Itsdifficulttodetermineanexact_TDS_Ԁamountthatwouldcausesufficientinterferencewithagross P alpharesult.Any_TDS_Ԁinanevaporatedsamplethatisgreaterthanthecalibrationstandardwiththe J lowestefficiencyistoohigh.Sometrialanderrortestingforunfamiliarsamplesisnormally D required.Forknownsamples,tablesareusuallyprepareddesignatinghowmuchsamplevolumeto > usegiven_TDS_Ԁconcentration.#Xj XXAXj U#ԀmXj XXXj Method900.0(fromthe1980EPAPrescribedProceduresforthe 8 MeasurementofRadioactivityinDrinkingWater)recommendsthatforgrossalpha,thesolid 2 densitythicknessshouldnotexceed5mg/cm2inthecountingplanchet.Similarly,inStandard ,| Methods7110Bgivesarecommendationinthatsolidsshouldbelessthan100mgfora20cm2 &v planchet. #Xj XXmXj oX#^Xm\ XXXj ^N)  X^Xm\ p(#(# #^Xm\ X ^N)Z##Xj X X^Xm\dZ#16.Ԁ [Howmuchtimedoyouthinkitwilltaketogetthegammaspecmethodapproval? d _Xj XXXj 0  StandardMethodsisintheprocessofapprovingagammaspecmethod.Gammaspectroscopyhas  X longbeenapprovedforgammaemitters.Onecouldcombinemethod900.1forsamplepreparation !R andgammaspecformeasurement.ThisisthebasisofboththeGeorgiaTechandpending !L StandardMethodsprocedure.Stateagencieswouldneedtoapprovegammaspectroscopy "F throughtheirperformanceevaluationprocedurestoallowsystemstousegammaspec.EPA, #@  however,cannotprovideverbalorwrittenapprovalofthismethodtotheStatesuntilthismethodis $: ! formallyadoptedinEPAsRules.EPAiscurrentlyexploringthisregulatoryoption. %4!"(#(#   0   17.WhatabouttheprovisionintheguidancedocumentallowingaPublicWaterSystem(PWS) '(#$ togobackandseparatelyanalyzeforuraniumbymassmethodiftheconverted_pCi_/L ("$% levelisover30_ug_/L?󀀀)%&(#(# 0  J` Youwouldfirstmeasureuraniumbymasssincethatiswhatthe_MCL_Ԁis.The0.67conversionis +'( frommassintoaconservative_picocurie_Ԁactivity.Ifyoudotheactivityandconverttoamass  (dividingby0.67)over30,youcouldmeasuremassdirectly.YoumayhavemoreU234relative  toU238soyourmasswouldnotbeashighastheconversionmightindicate.PԀ b(#(# 0   18.Does"consecutive"trulymeanfourcalendarquartersina12monthperiod?For  example,ifthe3rdquarterismissedandasystemwaitstillthe3rdquarterofthe   followingyeartocollectaseasonallyrepresentativesample,thetermconsecutiveno   longerholdsfor,especiallyfortheenforcementfolks. (#(# 0  40_CFR_Ԁ141.26(a)(2)(_i_)requiressystemtocolletandanalyzefourconsecutivequarterlysamples z   beforeDecember31,2007.EPAsintentduringthisinitialmonitoringperiodwasforsystemsto t  providecontaminantinformationduringeachofthefourseasons.Strictadherencetothisgoal, n  however,couldcreateasituationwheresystemsthattakeanumberofnonconsecutivequarterly h  samples(allofwhichshownodetects)stillneversatisfytheinitialmonitoringrequirements.b (#(# 0  EPAsuggeststhatstatesrequirethesystemtoeithercollectthefourthquarterlysampleassoonas V possible,orcollectthesamplethefollowingyearinthequarterthatwasmissed.Compliancemust P bebasedontherunningannualaverageofthecollectedsamples.J(#(# 0  Aftertheinitialmonitoringperiod,ifasystemhasaresultabovethe_MCL_,thesystemmustincrease > thefrequencyofmonitoringatthatentrypointtoquarterlysampling.Quarterlysamplingmust 8 continueuntilfourconsecutivequarterlysamplesarebelowthe_MCL_Ԁ(40_CFR_Ԁ141.26(a)(3)(v)). 2(#(# 0   19.IfR228isbelowdetectionandR226equals3_pCi_/L,dobothconstituentsneedtobe &v _resampled_Ԁevery6yearsorcantheR228be_resampled_Ԁin9years p(#(# 0  Sincethecombinedradium226/228resultinyourexampleisgreaterthanthe_MCL_Ԁbutless d thanorequaltothe_MCL_,bothradium226andradium228wouldneedtobe_resampled_Ԁinthree ^ years . X(#(# 0   20.Canyoubemorespecificastohowtotakeintoaccountthecountingerrorfor !L determiningcompliancewiththe_radiochemical_Ԁ_MCLs_?"F(#(# 0  IfasystemsubstitutesagrossalphameasurementforeitherRa226(ifgrossalphadoesnotexceed $: ! 5_pCi_/L)oruranium(ifgrossalphadoesnotexceed15_pCi_/L),thestandarddeviationforthegross %4!" alphameasurementmustbeaddedtothegrossalpharesulttodeterminethefinalmeasurementfor &."# substitution.The_CFR_Ԁstatesitassuch, Thegrossalphameasurementshallhaveaconfidence '(#$ intervalof95%(1.65%,where_%_Ԁisthestandarddeviationofthenetcountingrateofthesample) ("$% (_CFR_Ԁ141.26(a)(5)).Thisdoesnotapplywhensystemsarenotusingsubstitution.Inthatcase, )%& theactual measuredvalueisused.Thelogicbehind addinginthestandarddeviationwhen *&' substitutingisthatthereisalreadysomeuncertainlywhenananalyticalresultthatisactually +'( _measuredissubstitutedforacontaminantthatisnotmeasured.Addingintheerroronthehighside  allowsforsomeprotectionagainstthisuncertainty.Asanexample:(#(#    `    ` _X_Xj GrossAlpha:3pCi/L0.30  0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#(#(#    ` Ra226:substituteGAresults(3.3pCi/Lis#_Xj X_s#_X_Xj Ԁ5pCi/L)0 p a p(#p(#    ` Ra228:2pCi/L0.20 h 0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#* z(#(#    ` Uranium:substituteGAresults(3.3pCi/Lis#_Xj X_t#_X_Xj Ԁ15pCi/L)#_Xj X_Rv#Ԁ   C 21.Whenwilltheradonrulebefinalized?  7  AXj XX_Xj 0  EPAisevaluatingregulatorypriorities.TheRadonRuleisontheDecember2005agenda, +  however,thisprioritywillneedtobebalancedwithotherregulatorypriorities,suchasStage2and %  GroundWaterRuleregulations. #_Xj XXAXj v# (#(# 0   22.Forthosesystemsthatarerequiredtomeasureuraniumdirectly,dosystemshaveto  submitbothactivityandmassforuranium?Doesthismeantheyneedtopayfortwo   analyses(foractivityandmass)?(#(# 0  Unlessrequiredbyyourstate,uraniumcanbereportedinmassoractivity.Thestatewillconvert  theuraniummassmeasurementtoactivityusingaconversionfactorof0.67pCi/ugandwillconvert  uraniumactivityvaluestomassbymultiplyingtheuraniumactivityby1.49ug/pCi.Conversion  factorsthathavebeencalculatedbyassessingtheuraniummasstoactivityratiosforindividual  systemsmaynotbeused(40CFR141.25Footnote12). (#(# 0   23.Howshouldactive/emergencysourcesbesamplediftheyareneverputintoserviceduring  theinitialmonitoringperiod?Shouldtheyjustbesampledif/whenevertheyareturnedon  nomatterwhen?{(#(# 0  Systemsmustsampleeveryentrypointtothedistributionsystemthatisrepresentativeofallsources o  beingusedundernormaloperatingconditions.Iftheemergencywellisnotusedundernormal i! operatingconditions,itdoesnotneedtobeturnedonjusttosatisfymonitoringrequirements. c"(#(# 0   24.Followinginstallationoftreatment,howfrequentlyshouldIrequireasystemtotake W$! confirmationsamples?Annually?Triennially?Other?Q% "(#(# 0  Asystemsmonitoringfrequencyisdeterminedbyitspreviousanalyticalresults.Thestatemay E'"$ requireconfirmationssamplesatitsdiscretion(foreitherpositiveornegativeresults)andmay ?(#% requiremorefrequentmonitoringthanspecifiedintheRule40CFR141.26(c). 9)$&(#(# 0  EPAencouragesstatestotreatsystemsinstallingnewtreatmentthesameassystemsusinganew -+}&( sourceofsupply.NewCWSsandsystemsthatbeginusinganewsourceofsupplymustconduct ',w') initialmonitoringforgrossalpha,radium226/228,anduranium(i.e.,collectandanalyzefour  consecutivequarterlysamples).Inaccordancewiththeinitialmonitoringrequirements,this  monitoringmustbeginwithinthefirstquarterafterinitiatinguseofthenewsource(40CFR  141.26(a)(1)(ii)). (#(# 0    (#(# 0   25.Doesreducedmonitoringbeginimmediatelyafterinitialroundordoallsystemsstartat   thesametimeonJan.1,2008? (#(# 0  AllsystemsbeginreducedmonitoringstartingonJan.1,2008.Atthatpoint,samplingcanbe z   reducedtoonceevery3,6,or9yearsdependingonthecontaminantlevel. t (#(# 26.WhatistheCFRreferenceforthe4timestheMCLbeinganautomaticviolation? h   0  40CFR141.26(c)(3)(i)statesthat, forsystemsmonitoringmorethanonceperyear,ifanysample \  resultwillcausetherunningaveragetoexceedtheMCL,atanysamplepoint,thesystemisoutof V compliancewiththeMCLimmediately.Ifasystemhasaresultthatismorethanfourtimesthe P MCL,evenifthenextthreequartersresultsarenondetect,thesystemmathematicallywillhavean J averageofgreaterthantheMCL. D(#(# 0   27.Canyouprovidesomeinformationabouthealthriskfromexposuretowaterwithhigh 8 uraniumwhentakingashowerwiththiswater?2(#(# 0  Presumablytheprivatewatersupplyinquestionisnotusedfordrinkingwaterbutprovideswater &v forotherhouseholduses.Skinpenetrationbyuraniumfrombathingisnotwellestablishedandno  p doseorriskestimatesareavailable,butthehazardisexpectedtobelow.Anapproximationfor j skinabsorptioncanbemadeusingtheEPAequationfordermalabsorptionandassociateddefault d valuesforinorganics(fromtheEPAhandbookondermalabsorption(1)).Duringa15minute ^ shower(orbath),anestimated0.00486pCiofuraniumcouldbeabsorbedthroughtheskin.This  X shouldbeupperlimitofexpectedabsorption.Whiletherearenoriskcoefficientsfordermal !R absorptioninFederalGuidanceReportNo.13(2),estimatescanbemadebydividingtheactivity !L absorbedbythef1forthatelement.Thisgivesaningestionequivalentfordermalabsorption. "F Theriskoffatalcancerwouldbeabout3.48'1010peryearfortheuraniumisotopesabsorbed #@  throughtheskin.Doseandriskestimatesforthestomachandcolonwouldbeoverestimatedsince $: ! theradionuclidewasntingested,butforthesecases,theeffectisnotsubstantial. %4!"(#(# 0  UsingexternalexposuredosecoefficientsfromFGR12(3)andriskcoefficientsfromFGR13(2),one '(#$ canestimatetheriskforimmersioninwater.Foradaily15minutebath(orshower),theriskfrom ("$% externalexposuretoradiationsfromtheuraniumisotopesabout1.74'1013cancerdeathsperyear )%& ofexposure. *&'(#(#  +'( 0  Anyintakeandriskfrominhaleduraniuminsteamoringestionofuraniuminwaterduringashower  isexpectedtobenegligible. (#(#   References:  0  (1)DermalExposureAssessment:PrinciplesandApplications,EPA/600/8991,USEPA,  Washington,DC,1991. (#(# 0  (2)FederalGuidanceReportNo.13,CancerRiskCoefficientsforEnvironmentalExposure   toRadionuclides,EPA402R99001,USEPA,Washington,DC,1999. (#(# 0  (3)FederalGuidanceReportNo.12,ExternalExposuretoRadionuclidesinAir,Water,and   Soil,EPA402R93081,USEPA,Washington,DC,1993.z  (#(#   NoteonDermalPenetrationCalculation:  t    UsingtheapproachdescribedintheEPADermalAssessmentmanual(1),  h  ̀0  kc`7'#`^ `.E\\k\ (#(# 0  Sincetherearenopublishedpermeabilitycoefficientsforradium,radonoruraniumadefault : estimatefromtheEPADermalAssessmentmanualwillbeused. 4(#(#    ` e    lcd8($`^ҦR `. E (R*R (Rl (x   Theequationfordermalabsorptionfromwaterusedis:  s   lcg8($`^!8 `.8Eg!!818g!!8l g! 0  Thecalculationforthe15minutedailyshower(orbath)wasforanaverageadultwithanassumed # surfaceareaof1.8'104cm2.$(#(# 0  Thisyieldsanestimateofand0.00486pCiofuraniumthatcouldbeabsorbedthroughtheskineach &! day.Ifthisactivityisdividedbythef1fortheelement,0.02foruranium,theresultingactivityisthe '" oralintakeequivalent(0.243pCi)producingthesametissueactivityasthedermalabsorption. z(# Estimatesofstomachorcolondoseandriskarehighbecausetherewouldbesubstantiallyno t)$ activityinthecontentsofeitherorganastherewouldbewithaningestionexposure.Theover n*% estimatewouldbelessthanafactorof2foruranium. h+& (#(# Ї28.Howisitpossibletomeetholdtimesforsamplesandcompositeover4quarters?    Seeanswertoquestion#10.   0  e  (#(# 0  e 29.Thepresentationoncalculationsdidnottalkaboutaddingthestandarddeviationtothe   grossalphavaluethatissubstitutedforRa226oruranium.Doesthisneedtobeaddedor z   shoulditjustbeusedtodeterminethedataquality?t (#(# Ѐ n  G0  Yes,thestandarddeviationshouldbeaddedifsubstitutinggrossalphaforRa226oruranium8{.ԀSee h  answertoQuestion#20.b (#(#  0  e 30.HowdoesEPAproposestatesdetermineUraniumcompliancewhenusingsamplesbased V ondifferingratioassumptionsforconvertingactivitydatatomass?P(#(# 0  V Youarenotconvertingactivitytomass,butmasstoactivityforthepurposeofsubtractinguranium D fromgrossalphatodeterminecompliancewiththegrossalphaMCL.Measureuraniumbymass > directly,whichdoesnotneedaconversion.Ifyouhaveactivitydata,divideby0.67anditwillyield 8 aconservativelyhighmassnumber.Then,ifthatresultexceeds30,measuremassdirectly.The 2 masstoactivityvaluemayvaryfromwelltowell.~Ԁ ,|(#(# 0  e 31.Xj XX_Xj Howlikelyisitforonesampleresulttobefourtimesthatofapreviousresult?Ithought  p radionuclidesareveryconsistentoverlongperiodsoftime.#_Xj XXXj #j(#(# 0  Xj XX_Xj Youarerightgenerally,butintheoryifaresultwasfourtimestheMCLtheremainingsamplescould ^ notmathematicallybeaveragedtobelowtheMCL.Insomecases,radionuclideshavechanged  X concentrationbydrawdownofaquiferorchanginggeochemistryalteringpHcausingmoreRatogo !R intosolution(e.g.NJ).#_Xj XXXj '# !L(#(# 0  e 32.WhatistheeffectiveuraniumDL(1ppbor3pbb1/10ththeMCL)touseinorderto #@  determinemonitoringfrequency?$: !(#(# 0   (#(# 0  InaJune29,2004NationalPrimaryDrinkingWaterRegulations:MinorCorrectionsand &."# ClarificationtoDrinkingWaterRegulationsFinalRule,EPAamendedTableBatSec. '(#$ 141.25(c)(1)toaddadetectionlimitof1[mu]g/L(1ppb)foruranium.(69FR38850) ("$%(#(# 0  e 33.Cansamplesfrommultiplesourcesbecompositedbythelaboratory(tosaveonanalysis *&' costs)?+'((#(# 0   (#(# 0  40CFR141.26(a)(4)allowssystemstocompositeuptofourconsecutivequarterlysamplesfroma  singleentrypointifanalysisisdonewithinayearofthefirstsample.Spatialcompositing(i.e.,  compositingfrommorethanonelocationsuchasdifferententrypointsordifferentsources)isnot  allowedundertheRadionuclidesRule .(#(# 0  e  (#(# 0  e 34.Howwouldyoudeterminethemonitoringfrequencyforuranium,ifsubstitutinggrossalpha n  foruranium,inlightoftheexpecteddifferenceinthegrossalphaanduraniumMDLs?h (#(# 0  Agrossalphaparticleactivitymeasurementmaybesubstitutedfortherequireduranium \  measurementifthegrossalphaparticleactivityislessthanorequalto15pCi/L.Statesshould V assumeallofthegrossalphaactivityisduetouranium.Ifthegrossalphaparticleactivityisgreater P than15pCi/L,thensamplesmustbecollectedforuranium(40CFR141.26(a)(5)).J(#(# 0  Ifthegrossalphaparticleactivityresultislessthanthedetectionlimit,onehalfthedetectionlimit > (i.e.,1.5pCi/L)isusedfortheuraniumresult(40CFR141.26(a)(5)).Thegrossalphaactivity 8 needstobeconvertedtomassbymultiplyingtheactivityby1.49ug/pCi.(1.5x1.49=2.24ug/L). 2 Since2.24ug/Lisgreaterthanorequaltotheuraniumdetectionlimit(1ug/L)butlessthanorequal ,| totheMCLforuranium,thesystemmustmonitoronceevery6years. &v(#(# 0  e 35.Pleaseexplainthe"sumoffractions"forbetaandphotonemitters.Speakerhadtoskip j theslideduetotimelimit.Pleaseprovideasamplecalculationusingsumoffractionsto d determinecompliance.^(#(# 0  Thesumofthefractionmethodisusedbecauseeachphotonemittertargetsadifferentorganofthe !R body,whichresultsinadifferentmagnitudeofrisk.Thesumofthebetaanphotonemittersshallnot !L exceed4millirems/year(40CFR141.66(d)(2)."F(#(# 0  Whilethemeasureusedinriskcalculationsis millirems,contaminantsareanalyzedin pCi/L. $: ! Therefore,todeterminecompliance,eachbetaandphotonemittermustbeconvertedfrompCi/Lto %4!" milliremsusingtheconversiontableslistedin MaximumPermissibleBodyBurdensandMaximum &."# PermissibleConcentrationsofRadionuclidesinAirorWaterforOccupationalExposure[National '(#$ BureauofStandards(NBS)Handbook69asamendedAugust,1963,U.S.Departmentof ("$% Commerce].ThetableisincludedinAppendixIofEPAsImplementationGuidanceforthe )%& RadionculidesRule(EPA816-F-00-002),whichcanbefoundat: *&' 4KLO  5  http://www.epa.gov/safewater/rads/final_rads_implementation_guidance_appendices.pdf6LO stb  7tc!9. +'((#(# Ї0  Thecolumntitled 1976limitsbasedoncriticalorganat4mrem/yrindicateswhat4mremof  exposurewouldbeforthatcontaminantexpressedaspCi/L.Foreachemitterthatisdetectedby  thelaboratory,thesystemmustdividethepCi/Lfoundinthesamplebythevalueintheconversion  tables.Thisprovidesafractionofhowmuchtheparticularbetaorphotonemitterisproviding  towardsthemaximumof4mrem/yearforallofthebetaphotonemitters. (#(#   *Yddd Xdd Xdd Xe(#e(#, dd , dd +  '   '_X_Xj  pCi/Lfoundinsample  4  (fromlaboratoryresults)  =3!  " =6PPXX,X` X6 =0  fractionofthemaximum4mrem/year  4  exposurelimit  TJ<  l l   T pCi/Lequivalentof4mremofexposure(from  Z  conversiontable) 1'!# "  1    #_Xj X_k# 0 - Eachfractionmustthenbeconvertedtoadoseequivalentof4mrem/yearbymultiplyingthefraction   by4.Theresultsforeachemittermustbesummedtodeterminecompliance-(#-(# 0 - Forexample,awatersystemnearanuclearpowerfacilitycollectsasamplewhichthelaboratory  speciatesbyEPAmethod902.0(gammaspectrometryanalysis).Thelaboratoryalsoanalysesfor  strontium90usingEPAmethod905.0.Theanalysisindicatesthefollowing:-(#-(# 9xG X (#PPXX90 - 0-(#-(#Cesium134(Cs134):0(#(#5,023pCi/L(#(# 0 - 0-(#-(#Cesium137(Cs137):0 (#(#30pCi/L (# (# 0 -   Strontium90(Sr90):0 -(#-(#0 (# (#4pCi/L(#(# 0 -   Iodine131(I131):0 -(#-(#0 (# (#2pCi/L (#(# 0 -  -(#-(# 0 - Todeterminecompliancethefollowingcalculationsarecompleted:JXj XX_Xj J&0%XJXj ~-(#-(# *MYNdd dd dd Ye(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,Wdd ,dd +  $xx $#JXj X%J&0#JXJXj Emitter '," '(X) , LabAnalysis n   (pCi/L) '7!!" '(Y) ," Conversionfromtable n $ (pCi/4mrem) '7!%" '(X/Y=A) ,& CalculatedFraction1#JXj XJY# 'n (" 'JXJXj (A*4) ,) Calculated n + Totalmrem#JXj XJ#2 7!," JXJXj Cs134 @6 "- @5023@@5,023 ka3".3 @5023 @ @20000@k20,000 nd4"/3 @20000 @ Ps?0.25115Ps?n0.25115 OE6"03 Ps?0.25115 Ps? O#JXj XJ#JXJXj  /%#"13XX /I131 =3 #A2  @2@=2 dZ0#A33  @2 @  @3@d3 f\0#A43  @3 @ ffffff?0.7ffffff?f0.7 j`2#A53 ffffff?0.7 ffffff?  @3@j#JXj XJq#JXJXj  6,*#5  @3 @ 6Cs137 >4 N% 6  >@30>@>30 g]1N% 73  >@30 >@ i@200i@g200 j`2N% 83 i@200 i@ 333333?0.150333333?j0.150 nd4N% 93 333333?0.150 333333? 333333?0.6333333?n#JXj XJ]#JXJXj  8.,$: 9 333333?0.6 333333? 8Sr90 =3 &!:  @4@=4 dZ0&!;3  @4 @   @8 @d8 f\0&!<3   @8  @ ?0.5?f0.5 j`2&!=3 ?0.5 ?  @2@j#JXj XJb#JXJXj  :0*G&!=  @2 @ :#JXj XJW#JXJXj   Sumofthefractions F<(X#>0 _vO?1.60115_vO?F  1.60115 j`6(X#?0 _vO?1.60115 _vO?  @7@j7#JXj XJ#@64(X#@3  @7  @ @0 - #_Xj XXJXj #_-h_Xj 1Toensureaccuracy,theresultswereroundedtothenumberoffiguresintheconversiontable.SeeAppendixIofEPAs )Q$@ ImplementationGuidancefortheRadionuclidesRule(EPA816-F-00-002),whichcanbefoundat: )%A 4O-LO  5  http://www.epa.gov/safewater/rads/final_rads_implementation_guidance_appendices.pdf6LOstb  7t.J-_-*%B-(#-(# 0 - 2SincedatareportedtotheStateorEPAshouldbeinaformcontainingthesamenumberofsignificantdigitsastheMCL,the \+&C resultswereroundedtoonesignificantdigit.Thelastsignificantdigitwasincreasedbyone#JXj XJ-k#J-XJXj unitifthedigitdroppedwasa5,6, %,u'D 7,8,or9;andwasnotalterediftheprecedingnumberwasa0,1,2,3,or4.-(#-(#  #JXj XJ-#0 - ThesystemisinviolationoftheMCLbecausethe sumofthefractionsis7mrem,whichmeans s thatthesumoftheannualdoseequivalenttothetotalbody,ortoanyinternalorgan,exceeds m 4mrems/year. #_Xj XXJXj #g-(#-(# <,X, XxG X X<0  e  (#(# 0  e 36.WhydidEPAdecoupleRa226andRa228?TheMCLisstilla'combined'MCLbutthe C  monitoringisdecoupled,meaningthatRa228monitoringdoesnotdependonRa226inthe =  newrule.7 (#(# 0   (#(# 0  Ra228neverdependsonRa226.Theyoriginatefromdifferentparentdecaychains!Ra228 +{  fromthoriumandRa226fromuranium.However,theyhavethesamenumberofprotons,soboth %u isotopesareradium.Inordertomaintainorprovidegreaterprotectionofhealth,decouplingwould o havepresentedadifficultproblem.Protectionisrepresentedbypicocuriesofradiation,not i changingperceptionsofriskassociatedwithindividualisotopes.EPAconsideredloweringtheRa c 228componentto3pCi/L,butthecostofthereductiondidnotjustifythebenefit.Xj XX_Xj ԀTheRadio  ] nuclidesRulemaintainedthelevelofpublichealthprotectionbyretainingtheMCL#_Xj XXXj #.W(#(# 0  Theproblemwiththe1976RulewasthetieredapproachwhichmadetheRa228measurement K dependentontheRa226measurementwheninreality,thereisnoconnection.Asystemmighthave E highRa228andlittleRa226.Inthe1976RadionuclidesRule,Ra226thatwasbelow3pCi/L ? wasindicativeofRa228lessthan2pCi/Lwhichmeanstogethertheyarebelow5pCi/L.Xj XX_Xj Itisnow 9 knownthatthiswasanincorrectassumption.Delinkingthemensuredthatbothradium228and 3 radium226(orgrossalphaproxyforradium226ifthesystemisusingthesubstitutionallowed - undertheRule)wereproperlyaccountedforintheradiumtotal.#_Xj XXXj D#Delinkingthemprovidedamore ' accuratelookatRa228.  !(#(# 0  e 37.UraniummethodsontheslideEPAmethod200.8,SM3125,ASTMD567303.Are " theseallthesamebutdifferentnamesusedbydifferentagencies?AXj XX_Xj # (#(# #_Xj XXAXj #AXj XX_Xj 0  Allthreemethodsuseaninductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry(ICPMS)technology.#_Xj XXAXj f#]Xj XX_Xj The %!" methodsarepublishedbydifferententities:#_Xj XX]Xj #AXj XX_Xj EPA,AmericanSocietyofTestingandMaterials &!# International(ASTM),andtheStandardMethodsCommittee(EPA200.8,ASTMD567303,and '"$ SM3125).Ineachofthesemethods,samplematerialinsolutionisintroducedbypneumatic (#% nebulizationintoaradiofrequencyplasmawhereenergytransferprocessescausedesolvation, )$& atomizationandionization.Theionsareextractedfromtheplasmathroughadifferentiallypumped *%' vacuuminterfaceandseparatedonthebasisoftheirmasstochargeratiobyaquadruplemass +&( spectrometerhavingaminimumresolutioncapabilityofoneatomicmassunitpeakwidthatfive  percentpeakheight.Theionstransmittedthroughthequadruplearedetectedbyanelectron  multiplierorFaradaydetectorandtheioninformationprocessedbyadatahandlingsystem.The  sensitivityofeachICPMSmethodforcompliancedeterminationsofuraniumindrinkingwateris  acceptableandissensitiveenoughtodetectatlessthanonepartperbillion(1ug/L).Theuranium  MCLis30ug/L.EPAreviewedeachofthesemethodsforperformanceandapplicabilityto   compliancedeterminationsofuraniumindrinkingwater.  (#(# #_Xj XXAXj #0  e  (#(# 0  e 38.Whydidn'tEPAincludeNTNCWS?Whatwasthejustificationwhenallotherrules(Ph2/5, n  arsenic)includeNTNCWS?h (#(# Ѐ0  Z EPAappliedthecost/benefitanalysisandthemodelingindicatedthattheimpactwouldnotbegreat \  enoughtowarrantaregulation. V(#(# 0  e 39.Whywastheriskstatedinthe1991Proposallower?Thatis,itallowedEPAtoconsider20 J pCi/Lfrom5pCi/L(1976)fortheRadiums.Pleaseexplainthelogicbehindproposingsuch D ahigherlevelin1991andthenreturningtotheoriginal1976levelinthefinalrule.Did > EPAhavenewriskinformationin1991?8(#(# 0  TheEPAScienceAdvisoryBoard/RadiationAdvisoryCommittee(SAB/RAC)suggestedthatthe ,| AgencyusetheriskperunitexposureforexternalradiationproposedbytheUnitedNations &v ScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationandtheInternationalCommissionon  p RadiationProtectionReportNo.30inmakingriskcalculationsfortheproposedDrinkingWater j regulationsproposedandpublishedin1991.TheSAB/RACreviewwascompletedinlate1990and d theirrecommendationswereincludedintheproposedregulations.However,bythetimethe ^ proposalwaspublishedin1991,theseriskestimateshadbeenshowntobeaboutafactorofthree  X toolow.Atthesametime,therewereimprovementsinthebiokineticmodelsbeingusedandbetter !R informationonthedistributionofcancersbyorgan.Allthesefactorsaffecttheestimatedriskper !L unitintakeofradionuclides."F(#(# 0  Also,theriskmodelsadoptedforriskprotectionarerelativeriskmodels.Thatis,theriskisan $: ! incrementalincreaseinthespontaneouscancerrate,soastherateofcancerinthepopulation %4!" increases,sodoesthenumberattributabletoradiation.Theriskcalculationforthe1991proposal &."# werebasedon1980vitalstatistics,whilecalculationsforthe2000proposalwerebasedon1990 '(#$ vitalstatistics.Sincecancermortalityrateswerehigherin1990,theestimatedriskswouldbehigher ("$% too.Allofthesefactorscombinedtoyieldaboutafourfoldincreaseintheriskestimatesfor )%& radionuclidesinwater.*&'(#(#  +'( 0  Withthenewriskestimates,theMCLssuggestedin1991yieldedrisksgreaterthanthe104󀀀risk  whichisthemaximumintheEPAriskrange.Theriskscouldberecalculated,sothattheywouldfall  intothe104󀄀106riskrange,butthenanewrulemakingwouldhavebeenrequired.Therefore,the  MCLs(i.e.currentdrinkingwaterstandards)from1976wereretainedbecausethevastmajority  werebelow104andwithintheEPAriskrange.Inaddition,theSafeDrinkingWaterActhasan  antibackslidingprovisionwhichsaysastandardcannotbechangedinsuchawaythattherecould   belesspublichealthprotection. (#(#  ^Xm\ XX_Xj ^N)  X^Xm\#^Xm\ X ^N)##_Xj X X^Xm\#^Xm\ XX_Xj ^N)  X^Xm\Ԁ#^Xm\ X ^N)a##_Xj X X^Xm\B# O  0  e 40.TheholdingtimesforthemethodslistedonTable18(?)is6monthsbuttheholdingtime  h  forcompositingsamplesis12months?Pleaseexplainthedifference.b (#(#   Pleaseseetheanswertoquestion#10  V  0  e 41.Xj XX_Xj Isittruethatwhenusingagrossalphameasurementasasurrogatefortheuraniummass J  measurement,theuraniummassdetectionlimitof1ug/Lisautomaticallyexceeded,(asit D isforradium)henceprecludingaonceinevery9yearsamplingfrequencyforuranium?In > addition,itlookslike2.24ug/Lwouldbetheresulttouseinarunningannualaverage 8 (RAA).Iget2.24ug/Lbya)substitutingone-halfthegrossalphadetectionlimitof3 2 pCi/L,hence1.5pCi/L;b)convertingthistomassunitsbymultiplyingby1.49ug/pCi(i.e., , theinverseof0.67pCi/ug);which,c)resultsin2.24ug/L.#_Xj XXXj O#&(#(# 0   (#(# 0  Agrossalphaparticleactivitymeasurementmaybesubstitutedfortherequireduranium  measurementifthegrossalphaparticleactivityislessthanorequalto15pCi/L.Statesshould  assumeallofthegrossalphaactivityisduetouranium.Ifthegrossalphaparticleactivityisgreater  than15pCi/L,thensamplesmustbecollectedforuranium(40CFR141.26(a)(5)).(#(# 0  Ifthegrossalphaparticleactivityresultislessthanthedetectionlimit,onehalfthedetectionlimit  (i.e.,1.5pCi/L)isusedfortheuraniumresult(40CFR141.26(a)(5)).Thegrossalphaactivity  needstobeconvertedtomassbymultiplyingtheactivityby1.49ug/pCi.(1.5x1.49=2.24ug/L).   Since2.24ug/Lisgreaterthanorequal totheuraniumdetectionlimit(1ug/L)thesystemcouldnot ! movetoaonceeverynineyearssamplingfrequency. "(#(# 0  e 42.WithregardtoBetaParticleandPhotonRadioactivity,anallowancefornaturallyoccurring $! potassium-40(K40)ismade,inthattheK-40issubtractedfromthegrossbetaparticle % " activitypriortocomparingtotheregulatorylevels(50.pCi/L,or15.pCi/L,whicheveris |&!# theappropriatescreeninglevel).Isthereanyallowanceforthenaturallyoccurringbeta v'"$ particleemittingdaughtersofU-238(Th-234&Pa-234m)?p(#%(#(# 0   TherearenoallowancesforTh234andPa234. d*%'(#(#  ^+&( 0  e 43.Xj XX_Xj WithregardtothehealthprotectivenessofestablishingtheMCLasamass  concentration(i.e.,30.ug/L),asachemicaltoxicitylevel,willEPAbeprovidinganyhealth  advisoryorguidanceonhowtoevaluatecasesthathavenotonlysignificanturaniummass  fromU-238,butalsoU-234alphaparticleactivity(radio-toxicity)aboveandbeyondthe  0.67pCi/ug,'U-Nat'1-to-1U-238-to-U-234ratio?Asanexample,Iwouldofferthereal  worldexampleofaBIAboardingschoolwhichhasuraniumvalues(byalphaspectroscopy)   of:U-238@8.3pCi/LandU-234@46.5pCi/L,withaU-massmeasurementof26.0ug/L   (inagreementwith8.3pCi/L*3ug/[pCi/LofU-238]=24.9ug/L).TheU-massMCLis   met,as25or26islessthan30ug/L.However,theU-234activityat5.6timestheassumed   1-to-1ratio,clearlymakesthewaterconsiderablymoreradio-toxicthanisappreciated z   fromthe26ug/Lfigure.Icanappreciate,nottryingtocoverthesesomewhatspecial t  situationwitharegulatoryrule;butbelieveguidanceisneeded.#_Xj XXXj #n (#(# Ѐ h  0   Youarecorrect,weinitiallytriedtoestablishadualstandardofactivityandmassbothat30pCi/l b  and30ug/L.Ithadtodowithriskofcancerfortheactivity,andbenefits,notonetooneratio. \  Howeverconversionfactorsandotherfactorsledtoselectingactivity,thenmass(sincemasswas V morelimitingusually)astheMCL.However,theruleiseffectivelyaU238ruleandU234isleft P out.Theexceptionyoupointedoutwashopedtoberare.Weputtheadviceinthepreamblethat J activityshouldbebelow30pCi/Laswellbutdidnotmakeitarequirement D(#(#  E( 80@0  0(#(#>(#(# 6ee , X,X, X60  e 44.Xj XX_Xj ԀIfasystemhasagrossalphaparticleactivityresultwhichislessthandetection(less8(#(# 0  than3pCi/L),andthesystemusesthisgrossalphaparticleactivitymeasurementinlieu 2 oftheradium226andtheuraniummeasurement,thedetectionlimitforgrossalpha,1.5 ,| pCi/L,isusedforradium226anduraniumtodeterminecomplianceandfuturemonitoring &v frequency.Since1.5pCi/Lisgreaterthantheregulatorydetectionlimitforradium226(1  p pCi/L),anduranium(1ug/Lx0.67pCi/ug=0.67pCi/L),shouldthissystemreportradium j 226anduraniumintheirConsumerConfidenceReport(CCR)asdetectedat1.5pCi/L?#_Xj XXXj < #^Xm\ XX_Xj d(#(# Ѐ#_Xj X X^Xm\ #AXj XX_Xj  ^ 0  #_Xj XXAXj #]Xj XX_Xj  CFRregulationsdonotspecifywhetherornottolisteitherRa226oruraniumasadetected  X contaminantinaCCRwhenagrossalpharesultissubstitutedforthem.Thefollowinglanguagewas !R developedthatsystemscouldaddasafootnotetothecontaminanttableintheCCR:!L(#(# ]X]Xj 0  0 (#(# T#]Xj X]#he#_Xj XX]Xj N#Ԁdetectedlevelofgrossalphaisallowedtobesubstitutedforuraniumand "F radium226measurements.Thisresultindicatesthateitherofthesecontaminants #@  maybepresentatalevelrangingfrom03.0pCi/L,whichisstillbelowthe $: ! MCL. %4!" (# (# AXj XX_Xj 0  e 45.#_Xj XXAXj #DowehaveaDLforuraniumactivity?AlthoughourMCLisinmass,ifsystems '(#$ grandfathereduraniumdata,itmayhaveoriginallybeenmeasuredinactivity,sincethey ("$% subtracteduraniumfromgrossalpha,whichwasinactivity.Or,doyounotworryaboutthe )%& DLforuraniumactivityandsimplytaketheactivityandconverttomassforcompliance *&' purposes?+'((#(# ЇmXj XX_Xj 0  SincetheuraniumMCLisinug/L,thedetectionlimitforuraniumis1ug/L.Ifasystemmeasures  activity,youwouldsimplyconvertittomassusingthe1.49ug/pCiconversionfactor.Aslongasthe  grossalphadetectionlimitwasmetbythelab,thereshouldn'tbeaproblemwithdetermining  whetherasystemisinoroutofcomplianceforuraniummass. #_Xj XXmXj #(#(#      A  m 0  e 46.Xj XX_Xj Accordingtotheregulation,grossalphahasanMCLof15pCi/Landcombinedradium   226/228hasanMCLof5pCi/L.Neitheroftheabovehaveadecimal(.)pointafterthe   wholenumber,soitisassumedthattheMCListhewholenumberandthattoexceedthe   MCL,grossalphawouldhavetobe15.5pCi/Lwhichroundsupto16pCi/Landcombined   radium226/228wouldhavetobe5.5pCi/Lwhichroundsupto6pCi/L.z  (#(# 0  Thequestionwithgrossalphawouldnotappeartobeaproblem,butforradium226and n  radium228anissuearises.Wegetaseparatereadingforbothradium226andradium h  228.Thedetectionlimitforeachoftheaboveis1pCi/L,soifthenumberislessthan1.5 b  pCi/Litwouldberoundeddownto1pCi/Lwhichisatthedetectionlimit.\ (#(# 0  Thefollowingisaquickexampleofwhytheconcernexists:P(#(# 0  Youhaveareadingof3.4pCi/Lforradium226andareadingof2.4pCi/Lforradium228 D whichifaddedtogetherwouldbe5.8pCi/L,whichwouldroundto6pCi/LoranMCL > exceedance;or,youhaveareadingof3.4pCi/Lforradium226andareadingof2.4pCi/L 8 forradium228andyouroundeachonebeforeyoucomeupwiththecombinedradium 2 226/228.Thenumberswouldbe3pCi/Lforradium226anda2pCi/Lforradium228when ,| addedtogetherwouldbea5pCi/LorattheMCLbutnotexceeding.&v(#(# 0  Whatneedstobeidentifiediswhenistheroundingperformed?Isitcorrecttosaythata j systemexceedstheMCLat6whichcouldbeanywherefrom5.5up?Anotherpartofthis d isdoyoudotheroundingeachquarterorannuallytogettheaverage?Thethoughtiseach ^ quarter. X(#(# 0  ThesequestionsareallbasedonthereadingofWaterSupplyGuidance#21whichislisted !L asthereferenceonAppendixE18.Thisguidancestates".....while5.4pCi/lofcombined "F radium226andradium228wouldrounddownto5pCi/l."ItdoesNOTstateradium226 #@  andradium228shouldbelookedatindividually.#_Xj XXXj V#$: !(#(# jXj XX_Xj Ԁ &."# #_Xj XXjXj #jXj XX_Xj  0  Guidancefortheindividualanalysisofradiumisnotspecific,sothefollowingcommonpracticeis '(#$ highlyrecommended.Forindividualsamplingevents(i.e.quarterlysampling),whenaddingtheRa ("$% 226andRa228resultstogether,nonsignificantfiguresshouldbeaddedaswellforsummation )%& purposes.Whenaveragingresults,usetheseindividualmeasurementswiththenonsignificantfigures *&' anddetermineaverage.Thisresultisthenroundedupordowntothenearestwholenumber.This +'( averageshouldbereportedtoSDWIS/FEDinaformcontainingthesamenumberofsignificant  digitsastheMCL.Thelastsignificantdigitshouldbeincreasedbyoneunitifthenextdigitis5,6,7,  8,or9.Thelastsignificantdigitshouldnotbeincreasedifthenextdigitis0,1,2,3,or4. #_Xj XXjXj #(#(#    AnExampleofInitialQuarterlyMonitoringCalculationsForRa226/228    Q1:Ra226=3.20 m Ra228=2.20m (#m (#0u(#(#Ra226+Ra228=5.4pCi/L u(#u(#   Q2:Ra226=1.60 m Ra228=3.10m (#m (#0u(#(#Ra226+Ra228=4.7pCi/L u(#u(#   Q3:Ra226=1.50 m Ra228=1.30m (#m (#0u(#(#Ra226+Ra228=2.8pCi/L u(#u(#   Q4:Ra226=4.60 m Ra228=5.40m (#m (#0u(#(#Ra226+Ra228=10.0pCi/L z  u(#u(#  0  Average:(5.4+4.7+2.8+10.0)/4=5.725pCi/Ln (#(#   Roundtonearestwholenumberforcompliance: 6pCi/L (exceeds5pCi/LMCL)  h  kp