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H..eII!.*0R%/.02E.Ex.+}x>.TX.HT.ɂ%/..,IE. xR.A}V.M}.u2%%2!.Mx.}p.T. 2>R^ .,^`,(`.R H..@0* .T0%},*.x.x@AKT.E.}.+02..@ A.M2^%.pKI ..R..M/p.}X. .^uR.%C .RK..T.u/0C.+VL%.@/Axx/KER.E0 KeR.R+cKcC.x.p.V}.AL,. @u.RuX u..}/.}}.p.p..%pI/(HU.R+ K %..AE@20T0(.p!% /X2I `..%E HU.. !/ 2cU..  `.AL0I0(e`.`E@ Ve`U..RuC!022!CuR.AV %. R`x},c0^ 0X@,}xe`.%x@ %ȕ.%@ X,uA% %A'u,X (.3$ !USUS.,  k@dG:\DWPD\OUTREACH\Logos\GIFs\SEAL_C~2\EPA_SE~4.GIFG:\DWPD\OUTREACH\Logos\GIFs\seal_color_w_ trim\epa_seal_small_trim.gif#>DB#  F&&T9*w#99rnZsXC<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/wqs/.http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/dwg/plrev/Guidelines.htm.http://frwebgate5.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=24851881296+0+0+0&WAISaction=retrieveGHQRSTUVxCcgkosw{TrianglesTriangle Bullet  ^($USUS.,    3    _In49_CFR_Ԁ173.436,DOTprovideslevelsforindividual_radionuclides_Ԁ(bothintermsof  concentrationandatotalconsignmentactivity)thatareexemptfromlabelingrequirements(i.e.,  thematerialisnot"radioactiveforthepurposesoftransport")(See HazardousMaterials  Regulations;CompatibilityWiththeRegulationsoftheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency; t FinalRule.69FR3632(January26,2004)athttp://www.tgainc.com/pdf/69fr-3631.pdfNX- XXX)#X0X XNX-#.Inthe ` preambletotheRule,DOTexplainsthattheexemptionsapplyto, othernaturalmaterialsor P  ores...whenthosematerialsororesaretobeusedbecauseofsomeotherphysicalorchemical <  characteristics...[or]whenthesehavebeensubjectedtophysicalorchemicalprocessing,when ( x theprocessingwasnotforthepurposeofextracting_radionuclides_...providedthattheir  d _radionuclide_Ԁconcentrationdoesnotexceed10timestheactivityconcentrationinthetablein  P  [section]173.436.Forexample,uraniumislistedinthetablein[section]173.436at27_pCi_/g  <  andradium226and228arelistedat270_pCi_/g.Therefore,asystemwouldneedtotransport (  over270_pCi_/gofuraniumor2,700_pCi_/gofradiumbeforemeetingthe 10timesexemption   threshold.)Hairline d3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i) O1 E1:i+003|xU $ ^($USUS.,    1    _Anygarbage,refuse,sludgefromawastewatertreatmentplant,watersupplytreatment  plant,orairpollutioncontrolfacility,andotherdiscardedmaterial,includingsolid,liquid,  semisolid,orcontainedgaseousmaterial,resultingfromindustrial,commercial,mining,and  agriculturaloperationsandfromcommunityactivities.(U.S.EPA,MixedWasteGlossary)For t thepurposesofhazardouswasteregulation,asolidwasteisamaterialthatisdiscardedbybeing ` I eitherabandoned,inherentlywastelike,acertainwastemilitarymunition,orrecycled.(U.S.  EPA,2003)  ^($USUS.,    2    _Hazardouswasteisdefinedunder40_CFR_Ԁ261.3.Wasteisconsideredhazardousifitisa  solidwaste(asdefinedunder40_CFR_Ԁ261.2)thatisnotexcludedfromregulationashazardous  wasteunder40261.4(b)andwhenitmeetsthecriterialistedunder40_CFR_Ԁ261.3(a)(2)and(b). !USUS.,  _8dd8 \Oa  cXXwhkC3/b~0Z ` @ETZ eewQuestionsandAnswersfromthe_Radionuclides_ԀRule  WebCast 8  August4,2004 #X0Xc#  F  AYp) xdE xA   "G}"   G}g2#  1  .3  0    Wherecanwefindtheresponsestothequestionsaskedatthelastrads_webcast_?G}g݌ (#(# Ќ  0  TheanswersarepostedonEPAswebsiteat   http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa/rules.htmlw (#(# "G}"   G}e2#  2  .3  0    HasEPAvalidatedthis(_SPARRC_)modelwithapilotplant?G}e݌O (#(# Ќ    MX0XXX00  NopilotingworkwasundertakentovalidatetheSpreadsheetProgramtoAscertain 'w RadioactiveResidualConcentration(_SPARRC_)model.Therelationshipbetweenrelevant c treatmentandrawwatervariablesincludedinthemodelisbasedonpeerreviewed O literatureandsomelimitedfieldandlabgeneratedgrayliterature.Moreover,running ; pilotstudieswouldbeveryexpensiveespeciallyconsideringthatthismodelhasfive ' differenttreatmenttechnologiesforuraniumandradium.Webelievethemost  economicalwaytovalidatethismodelwouldbethroughcollectingdatafromtreatment  plantsthatoperatetechnologiessimilartothosemodeledin_SPARRC_.#X0XXMX0#(#(# "G}"   G}a 2#  3  .3  0    Whatisthe15poundsbasedon?Perload,peryear?G}a ݌s(#(# Ќ    dX0XXX00  Ifasystemhassourcematerialthatcontainsmorethan0.05percenturaniumorthorium, K byweight,andhasatotalofnomorethan15poundsinitspossessionatanytime,itis 7 consideredtohavea smallquantityofsourcematerial(see10_CFR_Ԁ40.22)andis #s subjecttothegenerallicenserequirementsof10_CFR_Ԁ40.22orequivalentregulationsof  _ theAgreementStates.Underthisgenerallicense,systemsmaynotpossessmorethan  K 150poundsofsourcematerialinanyonecalendaryear.Sourcematerialheldunderthis !7 generallicensenormallyrequiresdisposalatfacilitiesauthorizedtoacceptlowlevel "# radioactivewaste(_LLRW_).# (#(# 0  Systemsthatexceedthesesmallquantitythresholdsmustapplyforspecificlicensesfrom % " theNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)orAgreementStateanddisposeofresiduals &!# atfacilitiesauthorizedtoaccept_LLRW_Ԁ(unlessregulatorsapproveanothertypeof o'"$ disposal).Watertreatmentfacilitiesthatexceedthesmallquantitythresholdscanalso [(#% applytotheNRCforanexemptionfrom regulatoryrequirementsin10_CFR_ԀPart40#X0XXdX0p #G)$&(#(# "G}"   G}2#  4  .3  0    Dowehaveanyexamplesofsuccessfuluraniumtreatmentresidualsdisposal?G}݌+o&((#(# Ќ  0  Giventhattheuranium_MCL_ԀjustwentintoeffectinDecemberof2003andsystemshave  ,[') \Oa \ \  untilDecemberof2007tocollecttheirinitialsamples,manysystemshavenotyetbegun  treatingforuraniumintheirsourcewater.EPAdoesnothaveanyspecificexamplesof  uraniumresidualdisposal,althoughitisverypossiblethatsystemshavealreadybeen  addressingthisissuesuccessfully.t(#(# "G}"   G}G2#  5  .3  0    Whatlevelofbariumisleftaftertreatment?G}Gw݌L (#(# Ќ  AX0XXX00   (#(# 0  eThelevelsofsolublebariuminthetreatedwaterfromprocessesusingbariumsulfateor $ t bariumsulfateimpregnatedmediaarenotaconcerninthewatersupply.Thebarium  ` _MCL_Ԁis2mg/Lwhereasabout0.2mg/Lbariumwasobservedinprocesseffluentwhere  L  bariumsulfateimpregnatedaluminawasusedtoremoveradium(_Garg_ԀandClifford,  8  1992)#X0XXAX0C#$ (#(# "G}"   G}2#  6  .3  0    HasanyresearchbeendoneonusingmetaloxidesotherthanMnO2(e.g.,ironand   aluminumoxides)?WhataboutusingsolidMnO2vs.MnO2coatedmedia?G}݌ (#(# Ќ  AX0XXX00   (#(# 0  }Highsurfaceareaaluminumoxides(activatedalumina)havebeenusedsuccessfully p (_Garg_ԀandClifford,1992).Ironoxideswillalsopossiblywork,buthavenotbeen \ extensivelystudied..SolidMnO2willworktosomeextent,butthesurfaceareaissolow H thatthecapacitywillbeverylimitedcomparedwithMnO2coatedfibersorpreformed 4 MnO2coagulants. p(#(#   #X0XXAX0[#"G}"   G}2#  7  .3  0    HoweffectiveisionexchangeforuraniumremovalatpHintherangeof5.56.5?Is H pHadjustmentrequiredtopH7.5?G}I݌4(#(# Ќ      AX0XXX00  IonexchangeiseffectiveforuraniumremovalinthepHrangeof5.56.5.Ionexchange   atpH5.8foruraniumremovalwastestedinaChimneyHill,TXpilotstudyandwas  foundtobeequallyeffectiveaspH8,for27,000BVrunlengths.Itisnotnecessaryto  adjustthepHto7.5.(#(#   6#X0XXAX0#"G}"   G}2#  8  .3  0    Isferricoxideanapprovedmethodforuraniumorarsenicremoval?G}݌X (#(# Ќ      AX0XXX00   GranularFerricOxide(_GFO_)andGranularFerricHydroxide(_GFH_)arethemost 0"  frequentlyrecommendedtreatmentmethodsforarsenicinsmallcommunitywater #l! supplies.Asmentionedinanearlieranswer,ironoxides/hydroxideswillprobablywork $X" foruraniumremovalbuthavenotbeenstudied,toourknowledge#X0XXAX0 #.$D #(#(# 0  FerricoxideisnotlistedasaBestAvailableTechnology(BAT)oraSmallSystem &"% ComplianceTechnology(_SSCT_)ineithertheArsenicRuleorthe_Radionuclides_ԀRule. '#& However,anytechnologythatisacceptedbytheStateprimacyagencyandachieves (#' compliancewiththemaximumcontaminantlevel(_MCL_)isallowed.)$((#(# 0  Ifasystemisunabletomeetthe_MCL_Ԁwithitschosentechnology,thesystemisnot h+&* eligibleforavarianceunlessithasinstalledaBATandstillcannotachievecompliance.T,'+(#(# Ї"G}"   G},&2#  9  .3  0    Re:LastslideHowmighteachoftheseresidualsbedisposedof?G},&\&݌(#(# Ќ  0  EPAcouldnotdeterminewhichslidethequestionwasreferringto.EPAsurmisedthat t thedisposaloptionsforthereferencedresidualswoulddependonthecharacteristicsof ` thewastes,thevolumeofthewastes,andwhatstateregulationsallowed.L (#(# "G} "   G}(2#  10  .3  0    Hasanyonelookedatthetreatmentofwaterthatcontainsbotharsenicand $ t uranium?Anysuggestionsonhowtooptimizefortheremovalofuranium?What  ` aboutthewastes?G}((݌ L (#(# Ќ    AX0XXX00  c*Arsenicanduraniumareanionsthatarereadilyremovedbyionexchangewithchloride $  formstrongbaseresinsandregeneratedwithsodiumchloride.Therunlengthtoarsenic   breakthrough,typically4004000bedvolumes(BV),willbemuchshorterthanthe   uraniumrunlength(typically>30000BV).Therefore,aprocessthatremovesboth   arsenicanduraniumwouldberegeneratedatarsenicbreakthrough,whichwouldensure   theremovalofbotharsenicanduranium.j%p(#(#   ,#X0XXAX0A*#"G} "   G}@-2#  11  .3  0    Howdopublicwatersystems(_PWSs_)overcomethehighcostofdisposaltoaClassI H undergroundinjectioncontrol(_UIC_)well?G}@-p-݌4(#(# Ќ    0  ClassIwellsaretechnologicallysophisticatedwellsusedtoinjectlargevolumesof  \ hazardous,industrialandmunicipalwastesintodeepisolatedrockformationsthatare H separatedfromthelowermostundergroundsourceofdrinkingwater.EPAimposes 4 stringenttechnicalrequirementsonthesewells,throughboth_UIC_ԀandtheResource   ConservationandRecoveryAct(_RCRA_)regulations,tosafeguardagainstthepublic   healthrisksposedbyhazardouswastes.Themultiplelevelsofprotectionprovidedby  ClassIwellconstruction,alongwithtesting,monitoring,andoperating,requirementscan  beexpensivetoimplement.However,ClassIwellsaregenerallylesscostlywhen  comparedtootherdisposaloptionsavailabletohazardouswastegenerators.l(#(# 0  2Generally,EPArecommendsthatsystemsavoidtreatmenttechnologiesthatwould D! produceliquidsthatwouldbeconsideredradioactive(10_CFR_Ԁ20,AppendixB,Table2, 0"  Column2)accordingto_UIC_Ԁr_egulations_Ԁorhazardous(40_CFR_Ԁ261.3)andencourages #l! _PWSs_Ԁtoseeklessexpensivedisposaloptions,asappropriate.Forexample,recyclingof $X" liquidwastescouldreducetheoverallquantityofliquids,whiledirectdischargeor $D # dischargetoapubliclyownedtreatmentworks(_POTW_)mayalsobeanoptionfora %0!$ system.Thesystemwouldneedtocheckwiththe_POTW_Ԁtodeterminewhetherornot &"% thismethodofdisposalwouldbeaviableoption,andifdischargingtoastream,the '#& systemwouldneedtodeterminewhethertheirNationalPollutantDischargeElimination (#' System(_NPDES_)permitwouldallowsuchadischarge.)$((#(#  T,'+ Ї"G} "   G}182#  12  .3  0    Whatdoes_OTM_Ԁstandfor?__G}18a8݌(#(# Ќ  0  _OTM_Ԁstandsfor otherthanmunicipalintheStateofWisconsin._OTMs_Ԁarecommunity t watersystemsthatarenotownedbyamunicipality.Examplesincludemobilehome ` parks,apartmentbuildings,andcondominiumassociations.L (#(# "G} "   G}:2#  13  .3  0    Accordingtotheundergroundinjectioncontrol(_UIC_)regulations,atwhat $ t concentrationwoulduraniumorradiumbeconsidered"hazardouswaste"or  ` "radioactivewaste"?G}:;݌ L (#(# Ќ    0  Under_UIC_Ԁregulations,radioactivereferstoanywastecontainingradioactive $  concentrationsthatexceedthoselistedbytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionin10_CFR_   20AppendixB,Table2,Column2.Theseconcentrationsare60_pCi_/Lforradium226,   60_pCi_/Lforradium228,and300_pCi_/Lforuranium. (#(# 0  Thepresenceof_radionuclides_Ԁthemselves,donotnecessarilyclassifythewasteas p hazardousornonhazardous.Hazardouswastegenerationwillmostlikelybetheresultof \ theremovalofcooccurringwastestreamcontaminantssuchasarsenic.Watersystems H shouldanalyzetheirwastetodetermineifthewastegeneratedisconsideredhazardous 4 wasteunder_RCRA_Ԁasdefinedunder40_CFR_Ԁ261.3.Iftheresidualsexhibitahazardous  p characteristic,theresidualsmustbemanagedpursuanttotherequirementsof_RCRA_  \ SubtitleC(hazardouswaste).H(#(# "G} "   G}B2#  14  .3  0    Whatistheuraniumconcentrationofthesourcewaters?G}BMB݌ (#(# Ќ      %C    EPAisnotcleartowhatstudythequestionisreferringto. %C@C݌  Ќ  "G}"   G}C2#  15  .3  0    Whyisbariumsulfatecoprecipitationsuchararelyimplementedtreatmentoption?G}CD݌(#(# Ќ      AX0XXX00  >EIonexchangesofteningworksjustfineandisnotexpensiveifbrinedisposalisallowedto X  thesewer.Otherthanionexchangesoftening,itseemsthatallothersystemsarerarely D! implementedintheUSA.TwogroundwatertreatmentplantsinSaudiArabiaswitched 0"  fromMnO2tobariumsulfate,presumablybecauseoftheblackprecipitatethatformed #l! whenMnO2wasusedasapreformedcoagulant/adsorbent.Theymuchpreferredthe $X" whiteBaSO4.ItishypothesizedthatcostsaresimilarforBaSO4andMnO2.$D #(#(#   #X0XXAX0E#"G}"   G}#H2#  16  .3  0    Whataretheconcernsregardingbackwashwastefromionexchangetoonsite &"% septic(forverysmallcommunitywatersystems(CWS))andhowweretheydealt '#& with?G}#HSH݌(#'(#(# Ќ    0  Theimpactsfromdrinkingwatertreatmentresidualstoonsitesystemsarenotfully |*%) understood.Dissolved_inorganics_,_organics_,andcorrosivesassociatedwithresidualwaste h+&* streamsareofgreatconcernfromapublichealthstandpoint.TheOfficeofWastewater T,'+ _Managementhasreceivedcomplaintsfromtheonsiteindustryclaimingthatthebrine  fromwatertreatmentsystemsmaycauseonsitesystemstofailbyeffectingtheseptictank  layeringandcloggingdrainfields.OWMisworkingwiththeonsiteindustryto  investigatethesecomplaints. h t(#(# 0  TheUICprogramregulatesasClassVwellsonsitesystemsthatreceivewastefrom L  multiplefamilyresidencesorfromanynonresidentialestablishmentthatincludesany 8  wasteotherthansanitarywasteorthathasthecapacitytoserve20ormorepersonsper $ t day(alsoknownasLargeCapacitySepticSystems).TheUICprogramdoesnotregulate  ` singlefamilyresidentialwastedisposalsystemssuchasdomesticcesspoolsorseptic  L  systems.ClassVwells,onceauthorized,mayinjectnonhazardousandnonradioactive  8  wasteaccordingtoUICregulationaslongasthewastesdonotendangerunderground $  sourcesofdrinkingwater.TheUICProgrammayrequireadditionalpublichealth   protectionmeasuresforClassVwellsonacasebycasebasisif,forexample,the   geology,hydrologyorwastestreamcharacteristicswarrantsuchactions.Statesmayhave   additionalormorestringentrequirementsforsinglefamilyandlargecapacityonsite   systemsaswell.p(#(# 0   (#(# "G}"   G}Q2#  17  .3  0    CanwefindWisconsin'swastedisposalguidanceontheirwebsite?G}QR݌H(#(# Ќ      dX0XXX0TheRadionuclideWastewaterDisposalCriteriaislocatedat:  p 0  4uLO  5  http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/dwg/plrev/Guidelines.htm.6}SLOSstl  7lSԀOnceonthewebsite,the  \ documentcanbefoundintheleftcolumn#X0XXdX0S#dX0XXX0underthetopic"Types".#X0XXdX0T#bX E XXX0b  XbX EH(#(# #bX E X bKU##X0X XbX E,U#"G}"   G}U2#  18  .3  0    WhatdoesEPAuseascriteriafordisposaltoaprivatesepticsystemorintoa   drywell?G}UV݌ (#(# Ќ      SeeresponsetoQuestion16.  "G}"   G}YW2#  19  .3  0    Dowehaveanyevidencethatexposuresaresignificantatwatertreatmentplants?G}YWW݌l(#(# Ќ    AX0XXX00  Wehavenotobtainedmeasureddataatthistimeondosagesthatmaybereceivedby D! plantworkers.0" (#(# 0  However,radiationmeasurementsofresidualsandfilters#X0XXAX0X#AX0XXX0havebeenquitehighinsome $X" geographicareasofthecountrywithelevatedradionuclideoccurrenceinsourcewaters. $D # #X0XXAX0Y#dX0XXX0Insomeinstances,radiumhasbeenfoundonradium-selectiveresinsoradsorbentsat %0!$ concentrationsofupto3,500pCi/g,whileionexchangeresinsmayhaveradiumactivity &"% levelsanorderofmagnitudegreaterthanthat.#X0XXdX0Z#AX0XXX0Dependingonaworkersjob,thetimein '#& hoursannuallyspentincloseproximitytoorhandlingsuchmaterials,andthehealthand (#' safetyprecautionstaken(ornottaken!),thedosecouldbesignificantandmerit )$( implementationofOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)regulations |*%) forworkers.#X0XXAX0[#h+&*(#(#  T,'+ Ї"G}"   G}]2#  20  .3  0    Istheradonlevelof4pCi/Lmeanttobeinair,andnotwater?G}]^݌(#(# Ќ  0  Correct,thelevelof4pCi/Lreferstotheconcentrationofradoninairandnotwater.`(#(# "G}"   G}n_2#  21  .3  0    Canexposuresbesignificantfrompointofuse(POU)devices?G}n__݌8 (#(# Ќ    AX0XXX00  EPAdoesnothaveradiationmeasurementsfromsmallpointofusedevices,though  ` becauseofthesmalleramountsofwaterfilteredbythem,wedonotexpecttheradiation  L  levelstobesignificantprovidedtheyarechangedatregularlyrecommendedand  8  scheduledintervals.#X0XXAX0`#$ (#(# 0  Forreverseosmosis,significantexposureisunlikelytobeanissue,sincethemembrane   splitsthestreamintoproductandrejectwatersandverylittlewillberetainedonthe   membrane.Ifadsorptivemediaareused,thentheremaybeanissuewithradioactive   decayofadsorbedcontaminants.However,EPAisrecommendingthatthecartridges p withmediabereplacedeverysixtoninemonths(oneyearatthemost).Iffurtherstudies \ indicatedthatdecaycouldproduceasignificantexposure,thenEPAwouldconsider H revisingtheguidancetoindicatethatsystemsshouldreplacethecartridgesatsixmonths 4 andnottrytoextendtheusefullifetoninemonthsorayear. p(#(# "G}"   G}e2#  22  .3  0    WhatisthecurrentstatusofthenewICPmassspecmethodforthetestingof H uraniumindrinkingwater?G}ee݌4(#(# Ќ    AX0XXX00  fEPApublishedafinalruleonAugust25,2004 #X0XXAX0g# (69Fed.Reg.52176)AX0XXX0Ԁapprovingtheuseof   threeadditionalanalyticalmethodsforcompliancedeterminationsofuraniumindrinking  water.#X0XXAX0g#ԀTherulecanbefoundat:(#(#   4vlaLO  5  http://frwebgate5.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=24851881296+0+0+  0&WAISaction=retrieve6hLOh,500  7tob i l   0 ` X ` (#` (# "G}"   eG}?j2#  23  .3  0    Whataretheregulationsfordisposalofspentfiltermedia?Atwhatconcentrations?G}?j}j݌D!s#s# Ќ  0  Thefollowingfederalstatutesandregulationsapplytothedisposalofspentfiltermedia:#l!s#s# 0  TheResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(RCRA;40CFR238to252),which $D # governstheidentification,classification,andmanagementofsolid j#  1      ׀andhazardouswastes.h j#  2      %0!$s#s# 0   s#s# 0  TheMunicipalSolidWasteLandfill(MSWLF)Requirements(40CFR258,underSubtitle  DofRCRA),whichestablishminimumnationalcriteriaforMSWLFscoveringlandfill  location,operation,anddesign;groundwatermonitoring;correctiveaction;closureand t postclosure,andfinancialassurance.`s#s# 0  DepartmentofTransportation(DOT)regulations(49CFR171to180),whichgovernthe 8  shipping,labeling,andtransportofhazardous(includingradioactive)materials. j#  3      $ ts#s# 0  UndertheLowLevelRadioactiveWastePolicyAct(42USC2021b(9))radiumisnot  L  consideredsourceorbyproductmaterialbuturaniumandthoriumareconsidered source  8  material(42USC2014(z))andaresubjecttoNRClicensingandregulation.However, $  sourcematerialisofan unimportantquantity(10CFR40.13)andisexemptfromNRC   regulationiftheuraniumorthoriummakesuplessthan0.05percentbyweight(or   approximately335pCi/gfornaturaluranium)ofthematerial. s#s# 0  Ifasystemhassourcematerialthatcontainsmorethan0.05percenturaniumorthorium, p byweight,andhasatotalofnomorethan15poundsinitspossessionatanytime,itis \ consideredtohavea smallquantityofsourcematerial(see10CFR40.22)andissubject H  tothegenerallicenserequirementsof10CFR40.22orequivalentregulationsofthe 4 AgreementStates.Underthisgenerallicense,systemsmaynotpossessmorethan150  poundsofsourcematerialinanyonecalendaryear.s#s#  0  Systemsthatexceedthesesmallquantitythresholdsmustapplyforspecificlicensesfrom t theNRCorAgreementStateanddisposeofresidualsatfacilitiesauthorizedtoaccept ` LLRW(unlessregulatorsapproveanothertypeofdisposal).Watertreatmentfacilities L  thatexceedthesmallquantitythresholdscanalsoapplytotheNRCforanexemptionfrom 8  regulatoryrequirementsin10CFRPart40.$ ts#s# 0  MixedwasteisregulatedunderRCRAandtheAtomicEnergyAct(AEA)of1954.Mixed  L  waste containsbothhazardouswasteandsource...orbyproductmaterialsubjecttothe  8  AtomicEnergyActof1954.(42USC6903.41)Therefore,systemsgeneratingwaste $  containinguraniumorthorium(sourcematerial)aswellashazardouswastecould   potentiallyhaveamixedwaste.Ifwastescontainlicensableamountsofsourcematerial   (anyconcentrationexceedingthe unimportantquantityin10CFR40.13(a))and   hazardouswaste,thesewastesmustbedisposedatafacilityauthorizedtoacceptmixed   waste.ps#s# 0  Itistheresponsibilityoftheindividualstatestodeterminethemostappropriateanalytical H methodfortestingwatertreatmentplantwastecontainingtechnicallyenhancednaturally 4 occurringradioactivematerial,orTENORM(andpossiblysourcematerial)andany  p requirementsorguidelinesfordisposal.Ifallowedbythestate,systemscanusethe  \ NRC/EPA GuidanceontheDefinitionandIdentificationofCommercialMixedLow H LevelRadioactiveandHazardousWaste(availableat 4 http://www.epa.gov/radiation/mixed-waste/mw_pg25.htm+}). s#s# "G}"   G}}2#  24  .3  0    Ihavemeasuredtheradiationlevelsat1,200to1,400mremnearanironfilter.Is  thisaproblem?G}}}݌s#s# Ќ    0  Mostradiationmeterswillmeasureradiationlevelsasanexposurerateinmicroroentgens l (microR)perhour,ratherthanmillirems,thoughsomeofthemoreexpensivemeterswill X  actuallyconverttheradiationratetoanequivalentdose(millirems).Whicheveristhecase D! forthemeasurementtaken,thelevelsareelevatedandwouldrequirecautionforexposure, 0"  handling,anddisposal.#l!s#s# 0  BackgroundradiationlevelsinmostplacesintheU.S.arelessthan10microR/hr. $D # AX0XXX0Dependingonaworkersjob,thetimeinhoursannuallyspentincloseproximitytoor %0!$ handlingsuchmaterials,andthehealthandsafetyprecautionstaken(ornottaken!),the &"% dosecouldbesignificantandmeritimplementationofOSHAregulationsforworkers.#X0XXAX0n#'#&s#s# "G}"   G}2#  25  .3  0    AccordingtoWaterSupplyGuidance#21(1981),allradionuclideresultsshouldbe )$( roundedofftothenearestwholenumber.Isthisthecorrectprocedurewhen |*%) determiningcompliancewitheachoftheradionuclides?G}/݌h+&*s#s# Ќ     T,'+ aX0XXX00  Guidancefortheindividualanalysisofradionuclidesisnotspecific,sothefollowing  commonpracticeishighlyrecommended.Forindividualsamplingevents(i.e.quarterly  sampling), #X0XXaX0# nonsignificantfiguresshouldbeincludedinthecalculations. Whenaveraging  results,usetheseindividualmeasurementswiththenonsignificantfigures todetermine t the average.Thisresultisthenroundedupordowntothenearestwholenumber.aX0XXX0Ԁ`s#s# 0  ThisaverageshouldbereportedtoSDWIS/FEDinaformcontainingthesamenumberof 8  significantdigitsastheMCL.Thelastsignificantdigitshouldbeincreasedbyoneunitif $ t thenextdigitis5,6,7,8,or9.Thelastsignificantdigitshouldnotbeincreasedifthe  ` nextdigitis0,1,2,3,or4. #X0XXaX0V#dX0XXX0 L s#s#    AnExampleofInitialQuarterlyMonitoringCalculationsForRa226/228 $    Q1:Ra226=3.20  Ra228=2.20s#s#0s#s#Ra226+Ra228=5.4pCi/L s#s#   Q2:Ra226=1.60  Ra228=3.10s#s#0s#s#Ra226+Ra228=4.7pCi/L s#s#   Q3:Ra226=1.50  Ra228=1.30s#s#0s#s#Ra226+Ra228=2.8pCi/L s#s#   Q4:Ra226=4.60  Ra228=5.40s#s#0s#s#Ra226+Ra228=10.0pCi/L ps#s#  0  Average:(5.4+4.7+2.8+10.0)/4=5.725pCi/LHs#s#   Roundtonearestwholenumberforcompliance: 6pCi/L (exceeds5pCi/LMCL)  4 #X0XXdX05#"G}"  G}A2#  26  .3  0    Shouldsystemsavoidgeneratingresidualsclassifiedaslowlevelradioactivewaste ` (LLRW)?Ifso,howdowecalculatethetimetopullaresinbeforeitbecomes L LLRW?G}Aq݌8s#s# Ќ    MX0XXX0 0  Systemsshoulddoeverythingpossibletoeconomizetheiroperation.Thereisatradeoff  betweenrunlengthandthebuildupofradioactivityontheresin.Dependingonthecostof  disposalversusoperationaladvantages,systemsoughttooptimizetherunningofthe  treatmentplant.Therearetwowaysofdeterminingwhenitsagoodtimetopullthe  systemoffline.Thefirstmethodisthroughpilottestingifsystemscanaffordtoconduct p thesetests.Thesecondapproachisthroughsimulatingtheplantconditionsintoamodel \  suchasSPARRC.#X0XXMX0# H!s#s# "G}"  G}2#  27  .3  0    Isthereaguidancedocument(summary)forworker'ssafety,handling,anduseof  #p! radionuclidewatertreatmentdevices?G}-݌ $\"s#s# Ќ    0  TheEPAdraftguidanceforregulators(DRAFTARegulatorsGuidetotheManagement %4!$ ofRadioactiveResidualsfromDrinkingWaterTreatmentTechnologies)isintendedto & "% introducethetopic.OSHAregulations(29CFR1910.1096)AX0XXX0providebasicsafety ' #& requirementsthatshouldbefollowed,dependinguponstateimplementation.Depending (#' onresponsestoourcurrentguidance,wewillevaluatewhetheradditionalguidanceon )$( workersafetyforhandlingofwatertreatmentdevicesandwastesisneeded.#X0XXAX0# *%)s#s#  X,'+ "G}"  G}G2#  28  .3  0    WherecanIfindmoreinformationonupcomingwebcasts?G}Gw݌s#s# Ќ  0  InformationabouttheupcomingWebcastsisincludedonEPAswebsiteat  http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa/rules.html. ts#s# "G}"  G}22#  29  .3  0    DoesEPAhaveinformationonhowtooptimizetreatmenttechnologiesforthe L  removalofuranium?(Considerabletime,effort,andfundshavebeenspentdoing 8  thisforarsenictreatment.)Wherecanthisinformationbefound(e.g.,EPAsWeb $ t site,publications,etc)?G}2b݌ `s#s# Ќ      $eeSX$AX0XXX00 S  ThefollowingpublicationsbyDennisCliffordandcoworkerswillbehelpfulin  8  optimizingtreatmentforuraniumremoval: $   Clifford,D.A.,andZ.Zhang,"CombinedUraniumandRadiumRemovalbyIon   Exchange",J.Amer.WaterWorksAssoc.,Vol.86,No.4,pp.214227April1994. Ss#Ss#  *SeeS *0 S Z.Zhang,andD.A.Clifford,"ExhaustionandRegenerationofResinsforUranium p Removal",J.Amer.WaterWorksAssoc.,Vol.86,No.4,pp.228241,April,1994.\Ss#Ss#   0 S   Clifford,D.A.,"IonExchangeandInorganicAdsorption,"ChapterNineinWater 4 QualityandTreatmentFifthEdition,pp.9.19.91,RayLettermam,ed.,McGrawHill,  p Inc.,NewYork,1999. \Ss#Ss#     0 S Clifford,D.A.,andZ.Zhang,"RemovingUraniumandRadiumfromGroundWaterby 4 IonExchangeResins,"inIonExchangeTechnology:RecentAdvancesinPollution   Control,ArupK.Sengupta,ed.,pp.159,TechnomicPublishingCo.,Lancaster,PA,   1995. Ss#Ss# #X0XXAX0# S   *eS *"G}"  G}2#  30  .3  0    The1999referencepreparedforEPA,TechnologiesandCostsfortheRemovalof  RadionuclidesfromPotableWaterSupplies,Section6,discussesanionexchangeand l uraniumremoval.Allbutoneofthestudiesarefromthe1980s.Arethereany X  additionalstudiesthatwouldhelpengineeringfirmsdesignandoptimizepilot D! studiesandtreatmentfacilitiesfortheremovalofuranium?G}݌0" s#s# Ќ      AX0XXX00  0s#s# Thepaperslistedintheansweraboveareavailabletohelpengineeringfirmsdesignand $X" optimizepilotstudiesforuraniumremoval. $D #s#s#   #X0XXAX0}#"G}"  G}٤2#  31  .3  0    TheCWSsfacinguraniumproblemsinNebraskaareprimarilyruralwith &"% substandardeconomiesandpopulationslessthan2,000(severalarewellunder '#& 1,000).TheseCWSsdonothavethemoneytodomultipleresearch/pilotstudiesto (#' determinethebesttypeofuraniumtreatmentandhowtooptimizeit.WillEPA )$( makeanygrantsavailableforpilotstudiesonuraniumremovalastheyhavedone |*%) forarsenicremoval?G}٤ ݌h+&*s#s# Ќ  0  0s#s#T,'+s#s# 0  0s#s#Atthistime,EPAdoesnothaveplansinmakinggrantsavailableforuraniumremoval  pilotstudies.s#s#  "G}"  G}2#  32  .3  0    Willauraniumconcentrationprotectiveofaquaticlifebedevelopedfordischarges t fromtreatmentfacilitiestostreams?G}Ԩ݌`s#s# Ќ  0  0s#s# s#s# 0  0s#s#Currently,EPAdoesnothaveaquaticcriteriaforradionuclides;however,thiscriterion 8  maybeexploredinthefuture.Statesdohavetheauthoritytodevelopandenforcetheir $ t owncriteriaifdesired.lԀNStateWaterQualityStandards(WQSs)canbefoundatL  ` 4t,LO  5  http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/wqs/.6LOathe  7,Z+jԀl0s#s#ݬ L s#s#    "G} "  G}H2#  33  .3  0    TheNovember2000DraftSuggestedGuidelinesforHandlingandDisposalof $  DrinkingWaterTreatmentWastesContainingTechnologicallyEnhancedNaturally   OccurringRadioactiveMaterialscitesadocumententitledBrine,Concentrate,and   FiltrationMediaDisposal:CriticalAnalysisandCostEstimatespreparedbyEPAin   2000.Istheciteddocumentavailable?G}Hx݌ s#s# Ќ  KX0XXX0 0  0s#s#The2000DraftReport:Brine,Concentrate,andFiltrationMediaDisposal:Critical X AnalysisandCostEstimates #X0XXKX0߯# wasfinalizedinMarch2002andrenamed, Disposalof D ResidualsfromWaterTreatmentPlantOperations:CriticalAnalysisandCostEstimates. 4 Foracopyofthesedocuments,pleasecontactAndreaMatzke(2025643842)orRajiv  p Khera(2025644881)inEPAsOfficeofGroundwaterandDrinkingWater.  \s#s#   "G}!"  G}}2#  34  .3  0    Whenwillthefinalpointofuse(POU)/pointofentry(POE)guidancemanualbe 4 issued?G}}݌ s#s# Ќ  0  0s#s#Bothfinaldraftsoftheguidancemanualand CostEvaluationofSmallSystem  ComplianceOptionPOU/POETreatmentUnitsareintheprocessofgoingoutforpeer  review.Itisanticipatedthatthesetwoproductsshouldbefinalizedbyearlynextyear.  POEtechnologiesarenoteligibleassmallsystemcompliancetechnologies(SSCTs)for l radionuclides X s#s# "G}""  G}2#  35  .3  0    DoesEPAknowofanyPOUdevicesthatarecertifiedfortheremovalofuranium? 0"  ThelasttimeIcheckedIwasunabletofindanyPOUdevicesthathadbeencertified #l! byNSForNISTfortheremovalofuranium.G}݌$X"s#s# Ќ  0  0s#s#ItdoesnotappearthaturaniumisincludedinthecurrentversionoftheNSFstandards. %0!$ EPAispreparinganIssuePaperthatwillbediscussedatthenextJointCommittee &"% MeetingforDrinkingWaterTreatmentUnitstostartdevelopmentofatestprotocolfor '#& uraniuminNSF/ANSIStandards53and58.Untilthattestprotocolisdevelopedand (#' incorporatedintotheNSF/ANSIStandards,therewillbenocertifiedunitsforuranium. )$( TheSafeDrinkingWaterActstatesthat IftheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitutehas |*%) issuedproductstandardsapplicabletoaspecifictypeofPOEorPOUtreatmentunit, h+&* individualunitsofthattypeshallnotbeacceptedforcompliancewithaMCLortreatment T,'+ techniquerequirementunlesstheyareindependentlycertifiedinaccordancewithsuch  standards.Oncetheproductstandardisdeveloped,systemswillneedtouseunitsthat  havebeenindependentlycertifiedusingthosestandards.0s#s#0s#s#s#s#  "G}#"  G}c2#  36  .3  0    Currentlyhomeownersareallowedtothrowtheusedfiltersormediafromtheir ` POUdevicesinthetrashthatistakentothenearestRCRAPartDlandfill(sanitary L  landfill).WhenaCWShasmanyfiltersormediacartridgestodisposeof,willthe 8  CWSbeabletodoastheprivatehomeownerdoesandsendthewastetothenearest $ t RCRAPartDlandfill?Willtestingofwastemedia,andperhapsamoreexpensive  ` disposaloption,berequiredforCWSsthatselectanionexchangePOUdevicesG}c݌ L s#s# Ќ  0  0s#s#Accordingto40CFRSection261.4(b)(1),POU/POEdevicesevenwheninstalledbya $  CWSareexemptfromRCRArequirements.40CFR261.4(b)(1)defines household   wasteasanymaterialderivedfromhouseholds.Sincethefilterwasinstalledinahome,   itishouseholdwastewhenremoved.Thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenfilters   installedbyaCWSandonesinstalledbyahomeowneronhisowninitiative.  s#s# "G}$"  G}2#  37  .3  0    Whatfrequencyoftesting,bothinitialandroutine,isrecommendedforPOU \ devices?G}݌Hs#s# Ќ  0   s#s#  0  0s#s#ThedraftPOUguidancemanualdoeshavearecommendedmonitoringfrequencyforPOU  p deviceswitheachunitbeingsampledonceeverythreeyearsconsistentwiththe  \ monitoringfrequencyforcontaminantsinsourcewater.Underthisapproach,onethirdof H theunitswillbemonitoredeachyear. 4s#s#  0  0s#s#Theissue currentlybeingdebatedistheuseofrepresentativemonitoring.Thechallenge   with representativemonitoringiswhether additionalsamplingistriggeredbyan   exceedance. . Theunitwithanexceedanceplushowmanyotherswillneedtobe  monitoredmorefrequentlytodeterminewhether therunning annual averageatthoseunits  isbelowtheMCL.Itismucheasierundertheapproachwhereallunitsarebeing l monitored ,sinceonlythoseunits wherethereisanexceedancewillneedtobemonitored X  quarterlytodemonstratethattheyarebelowtheMCL D!s#s# "G}%"  G}2#  38  .3  0    WhatisthemaximumnumberofconnectionsforPOUdevicestobeeconomically #l! feasible?G}'݌$X"s#s# Ќ  0  0s#s#WhiletheNationalDrinkingWaterAdvisoryCouncilArsenicWorkGroupindicatedthat %0!$ POUcouldbeusedeveninsystemswithover500people,themaintenanceand &"% administrativecostsmayoverwhelmthecostsavingsfromonlytreatingaportionofthe '#& water.PreviousEPAcostcomparisonshaveshownarangeofbetween80and120 (#' householdsasthecutoffbetweencentraltreatmentandacentrallymanagedPOU )$( approach.Thiswouldtranslatetoanupperboundofaround325people.|*%)s#s#   h+&* 0  0s#s#Foradditionalinformationoncosts,refertoanEPApresentationgivenattheNSF   POU/POEConferenceinOrlandoin2003.    http://www.nsf.org/cphe/pou/Kempic_Khera.pdf s#s# "G}&"  G}G2#  39  .3  0    ArethereanyreferencesorsoftwareavailabletohelpengineeringfirmsandCWSs d estimateexposures?G}Gw݌P s#s# Ќ  dX0XXX00  0s#s#AssistanceandadviceareavailablefromtheappropriateStateRadiationControlProgram, ( x theConferenceofRadiationControlProgramDirectorsathttp://www.crcpd.org,andthe  d EPARegionalRadiationPrograms.Individualcontactsandsourcesofinformationwillbe  P  providedin #X0XXdX0# EPAsDRAFTARegulatorsGuidetotheManagementofRadioactive  <  ResidualsfromDrinkingWaterTreatmentTechnologiesdX0XXX0.Additionalinformationon (  radiationisavailablefromEPAathttp://www.epa.gov/radiation.#X0XXdX0# s#s#  "G}'"  G}2#  40  .3  0    DoesEPAhaveanyplanstodevelopsafetyguidancemanualsorworkwithanother   agencytodevelopsuchmanuals?Thesewouldhelpworkersminimizeexposure   levelsinthedrinkingwatertreatmentfacility,duringthedenaturingofsledges, t packagingandstorageofwastesledgesorresins,etc.PleasenotethatinNebraska, ` thisruleisaffectingprimarilytownswithpopulationsoflessthan2,000whodonot L havethemoneyorexpertisetodevelopsafetymanuals.G}݌8s#s# Ќ      0  0s#s#Seeanswertoquestion#27. `s#s# "G}("  G}:2#  41  .3  0    Whattypeofstoragefacilityisrecommendedfortreatmentsludges,spentresins,or 8 otherspentmedia?G}:j݌$s#s# Ќ      0  0s#s#EPAsDRAFTARegulatorsGuidetotheManagementofRadioactiveResidualsfrom  DrinkingWaterTreatmentTechnologiesprovidesarangeofoptionsforstorageand  disposalofliquidandsolidwastes,butasystemsoptionswilldependonstate  regulations,thelocationofthesystem,thecharacteristicsofthewaste,andcost p effectiveness.Thereisnoonetypeofstoragefacilitywhichwecanrecommendasbeing \  betterthananotherasthisdecisionishighlydependentontheseindividualwaste,water H! system,legal,andgeographiclocationfactors.4" s#s#  "G})"  G}2#  42  .3  0    Weunderstandthattherearesometreatmentsystemsinthewestforuranium  $\" removalfromdrinkingwatersourcesusinganionexchangeresins.Isthereany $H # substantialtreatmentexperienceintheeast?Aretherespecificresinswhichare %4!$ moreeffectivethanothers,suchastheDOWChemicalCo.resin?G}݌& "%s#s# Ќ        AX0XXX0   0  Generally,allstrongbaseanionresinsareextremelyselectiveforuraniumoverall (#' competinganions.However,macroporous(MP)resinshavehigheruraniumcapacitythan )$( gelresinsforuraniumremoval.Allmajormanufacturers(Dow,RohmandHaas,Purolite, *%) Bayer,Mitusibishiandetc.)producestrongbaseMPresinsthatcanbeusedforuranium l+&* removal.TheselectiveDowresin,whichmaybereferredtointhisquestion,is X,'+ impregnatedwithbariumsulfatemicrocrystals,andismadeforradiumnoturanium  removal. s#s#   #X0XXAX0#"G}*"  G}2#  43  .3  0    Arethereanysurrogateswhichcanbeanalyzedeasilyonsiteformonitoringion t exchangecapacityexhaustionforuraniumremoval?G}8݌`s#s# Ќ        AX0XXX00  0s#s# Surrogatesarenotnecessaryforuraniumremovalbyionexchangebecausetherunsareso 8  long,(e.g.,morethan100,000bedvolumes(BV)).Whatisgenerallydoneistoarbitrarily $ t stoptherunandbackwash/regenerateat20,000to40,000BV,whichislongbefore  ` uraniumbreakthrough.Itisfeltthatextremelylongrunlengths,althoughpossible,isnot  L  thebestengineeringpracticebecauseofresinpluggingandfoulingissues. #X0XXAX0#