Urbanization and Forest Change
This indicator describes changes in land use that include loss of forest land, as well as increase in urbanization and accompanying impervious surface cover. Patterns of land use and land cover are one of the driving forces behind overall ecosystem health.

References

1. Ecosystem services data from the Ecological Society of America. <http://www.esa.org>

2. Frazer, L. Paving Paradise: "The Peril of Impervious Surfaces." 2005. Env. Health Perspectives. Vol. 113, No. 7, A 457-462

3. "Agricultural Land Study 2004." Washington State Deptartment of Community, Trade, and Economic Development. <http://www.cted.wa.gov/portal/alias__CTED/lang__en/tabID__388/DesktopDefault.aspx>

4. "Official April 1, 2005. Population Estimates." Washington State Office of Financial Management. <http://www.ofm.wa.gov/pop/april1> (July 21, 2005)

5. Christy, A., and Glasoe, "S. Coastal Urbanization and Microbial Contamination of Shellfish Growing Areas." 2004. Puget Sound Action Team: <http://www.psat.wa.gov/Programs/shellfish/sf_lit_review0604.pdf> (PDF, 29pp. 955KB)

6. 2004 Agricultural Land Study. WA. State Community, Trade and Economic Development. <http://www.cted.wa.gov/portal/alias__CTED/lang__en/tabID__388/DesktopDefault.aspx>and A Characterization of Puget Sound Agriculture. 2004.
Evergreen Funding Consultants, Seattle, WA.

7. "Saving Washington's Working Forest Land Base. Breakthrough Strategies for the Future." Homepage.<http://www.nwenvironmentalforum.org/ForestForum/>

8. Haughey, Richard. 2005. High Density Development Myth and Fact. Urban Land Institute, American Institute of Architects, National Multihousing Council and the Sierra Club. ISBN 0-87420-941-2

9. "EPA's Smart Growth program." Homepage. <http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth>

10. "The Practice of Low Impact Development." Partnership for Advancing Technology In Housing (PATH). <http://www.huduser.org/Publications/PDF/practLowImpctDevel.pdf>(PDF, 131pp. 3.3MB)

11. "Smart Growth British Columbia." Homepage. <http://www.smartgrowth.bc.ca/index.cfm>

12. "Livable Region District Plan for Greater Vancouver." Webpage. <http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/growth/lrsp.htm>

13. "King County's Smartgrowth Program." Homepage. <http://www.metrokc.gov/smartgrowth/>

14. Booth, D., Hartley, D., and Jackson, R. 2002. "Forest Cover, Impervious-Surface Area, and the Mitigation of Stormwater Impacts." Journal of the American Water Resources Association. V38:835-845

15. "Ministry of Agriculture and Lands for British Columbia." Homepage. <http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca>

16. "Local Government Act." [RSBC 1996] CHAPTER 323 <http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca/statreg/stat/L/96323_00.htm>

17. "Islands Trust Act." [RSBC 1996] CHAPTER 239<http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca/statreg/stat/I/96239_01.htm>

18. "King County's Agriculture Program." Homepage. <http://www.dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/lands/agricult.htm>

19. "FarmFolk/CityFolk Society." Homepage. <http://www.ffcf.bc.ca/>

20. D. DellaSala, G. Orians, K. Kavanagh, M. Sims. "Terrestrial ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment." Island Press. This assessment offers an in-depth analysis of the biodiversity and conservation status of North America's ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. "Puget Lowland Forests." <http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0524_full.htm>

21. Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 76.09. Webpage. <http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=76.09>

22. "The Forests & Fish Law is a Landmark Salmon Recovery Plan." Washington Forest Protection Association. <http://www.forestsandfish.com/Law/washington.html>

23. "Northwest Environmental Forum." Homepage. <http://www.nwenvironmentalforum.org>

24. "The Growth Management Act." Access Washington. <http://www.gmhb.wa.gov/gma/index.html>

25. Schueler, Thomas and Holland, Heather, eds. The Practice of Watershed Protection. Published by the Center for Watershed Protection, 2000.

26. "Why Stormwater Matters." In: Schueler, Thomas and Holland, Heather, eds. The Practice of Watershed Protection. pp 365-370. Published by the Center for Watershed Protection, 2000.

27. "Comparative Pollutant Removal Capability of Stormwater Treatment Practices." In: Schueler, Thomas and Holland, Heather, eds. The Practice of Watershed Protection. pp 371-380. Published by the Center for Watershed Protection, 2000.

28. "The Importance of Imperviousness." In: Schueler, Thomas and Holland, Heather, eds. The Practice of Watershed Protection. pp 7-18. Published by the Center for Watershed Protection, 2000.

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