Glossary

Class 1 Railroad - A line haul freight railroad of US ownership with operating revenue in excess of $272.0 million. There are seven (7) Class 1 Railroads in the United States. Two Mexican and two Canadian railroads would also qualify, if they were US companies.

CLM - Council of Logistics Management

CO - Carbon monoxide

CO2 - Carbon dioxide

Container - An enclosed box that carries goods.

Container on Flat Car (COFC) - A container that is transported on a rail flatcar. It can be shipped via tractor/trailer using a chassis as the wheel section.

Contract of Affreightment - A contract between a cargo shipper and carrier for the transport of multiple cargoes over a period of time. Contracts are individually negotiated and usually include cargo description, quantities per shipment and in total, load and discharge ports, freight rates and duration of the contract.

Crossdock - Crossdock operations in a warehouse involve moving goods between different trucks to consolidate loads without intermediate storage.

Deadweight Tons (DWT) - The cargo carrying capacity of a vessel, including fuel oil, stores and provisions

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) - A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is a device added to the exhaust system of a tractor that reduces the amount of particulate matter (PM) emitted. The device is generally a large honeycomb structure with an active catalyst made up of a layer of precious metal. Emission reductions are approximately 20% for PM, 40% for hydrocarbons and 50% for carbon monoxide. DOC’s have a negligible impact on tractor fuel efficiency. Costs are dependent upon the size of the engine and are usually between $1000 and $2000 per unit, making them an ideal retrofit device.

Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) - A diesel particulate filter (DPF) is similar to a diesel oxidation catalyst and is one of the two major technologies being employed to meet the 2007 emissions regulations. A DPF is considered a “flow-through’ device whereby the exhaust is forced through a honeycomb shaped, ceramic filter that is blocked at one end. Because of this design, it is important to monitor the exhaust back pressure and ensure the DPF is cleaned properly so that the filter does not become blocked. Most filters are designed to clean themselves (referred to as passive regeneration) but this requires an elevated engine temperature to burn off the trapped PM. For vehicles that don’t meet the minimum temperature requirements, the filter will trigger what’s referred to as an ‘active regeneration event’. This means that some diesel fuel will be allowed to pass through the engine un-combusted and will be burnt over the catalyst, allowing the PM within the filter to be burned away. One major difference between the DOC and DPF is that the DPF requires the use of ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel with sulfur content at or below 15 parts per million. Emission reductions are approximately 50 - 90% for PM, 90% for hydrocarbons and 90% for carbon monoxide.

Direct Fired Heater (DFH) - Direct fired heaters, or bunk heaters, are devices that can reduce idling by providing in-cabin heat for drivers in cold temperatures. Some product models offer an engine heating option that will also keep the engine warm overnight. Most DFH’s operate by using fuel directly from the main tractor fuel tank. These devices can generally provide 10 to 20 hours of heat on a single gallon of diesel fuel, depending on the settings and options. Typical costs for this device range from $900 to $3000. For a partial list of manufacturers and device specifications, please visit the SmartWay website at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/smartway/idlingtechnologies.htm.

Distribution Center (DC) - Distribution centers store and sort goods using warehouse space so that full truckloads of merchandise can be sent to a single destination or to multiple destinations along a specific route.

Doubles - Double trucks are two 28-foot trailers that are pulled by one tractor. Doubles also are known as "double bottoms."

Double Drivers - Having two drivers in the cab instead of one allows for the continual movement of freight, thereby eliminating the need for overnight stops and idling. Once the first driver reaches their maximum allowed driving time, the second driver commences driving while the first driver rests in the sleeper berth. This type of operation is best suited for expedited or perishable freight moving over long distances.

Drayage Firms - Motor carriers that provide local pickup and delivery of trailers and containers (on chassis)

Driver Tag Teams - Driver tag teams are known by many different names in the industry, such as slip seating, or drop and swap. This strategy involves one driver going from point A to point B, where a second driver then takes it from point B to point C. Because of the driver switch, overnight idling is not necessary.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - A method of transmitting freight bills, payment information and invoicing between computers.

Engine Shutdown - Engine shutdown is the automatic or voluntary shutoff of the tractor engine after a certain amount of time. Engine shutdown can be as simple as a corporate “shut down” or “no idle” policy or it can be more complex with the use of electronic devices or software encoded onto the engine control chip that automatically shuts the engine down. Engine shutdown works most effectively when combined with a comprehensive driver training program and driver incentive program. For a partial list of automatic shutdown devices, please visit the SmartWay website at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/smartway/idlingtechnologies.htm.

Flatbed - A flatbed, also called a haul brite, is a type of trailer on a truck that consists of a floor and no enclosure.

Flatbed Trailer Tarps - Trailer tarps properly drawn over irregularly shaped loads can improve airflow and decrease wind resistance, thereby improving fuel economy.

Fronthaul - The first leg of the truck trip that involves hauling a load or several loads to targeted destinations.

Integrated Cab Roof Fairing - Extends from the front windshield of the truck to the rear of the cab with enclosed sides that line up with the side of the cab.

Intermodal Transport - A movement of goods using more than one means of transportation. The most common intermodal arrangement is for goods to be moved by truck at their origin, transferred to rail for the long haul between regions, and transferred again to truck near their destination.

Larger Capacity Trailer Strategies - The use of larger capacity trailers eliminates the need to send multiple tractors to the same destination. By combining loads into larger trailers , companies free up tractors and drivers for other revenue generating loads. For smaller amounts of freight traveling to multiple destinations on the same route, double and triple trailers may be an effective method of moving a larger amount of freight with a single tractor and driver.

Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) Carriers - A LTL operation collects small shipments from local pick-ups, moves them over the road between terminals in truckloads, and breaks them up at the destination terminal, from where it makes local deliveries.

Lumping - When a driver assists with loading and unloading the trailer contents.

Nonattainment - Any area that does not meet (or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not meet) the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard for the pollutant.

Nose Cone - Rounded deflectors attached to the front of a straight truck or box van that extends slightly over the cab of the truck. These devices may also be known as aerodynamic bubbles.

NOX - Oxides of Nitrogen

OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer

Owner/Operator - A truck driver who owns and operates his/her tractor/trailer.

Pallets - A reusable platform on which freight is loaded. Pallets are used to load/unload goods using a forklift.

PM - Particulate matter

Private Trucking Fleets - Private fleets serve the needs of their owners, and do not ordinarily offer commercial trucking services to other customers. Private fleets typically perform distribution or service functions.

Public Warehouse - A facility where companies rent space to store their goods