Biogenic Emissions

Biogenic Compounds: VOC and NO_x
Important Vegetation in the Southwestern States for Biogenic Emissions
Important Vegetation in the Northeastern States for Biogenic Emissions
Contribution to VOC Composition and Reactivity Potential
Example Isoprene Data Analyses
Biogenic Emission Research Topics
Summary
References

^{a Half-life based on reaction with OH radical.
b The maximum incremental reactivity of isoprene = 2.6, pinenes = 0.6, n-hexane = 0.3 mol O₃/mol C.
Sources: Winer et al., 1992, 1989; Grosjean et al., 1996; Guenther et al., 1996; Carter 1991, 1994}

Chinkin et al., 1996a, 1996b

• Variation in emission estimates is observed from county to county because of differences in predominant vegetation.

^{a As estimated using BEIS II.
b Note that in other parts of the U.S., eucalyptus and citrus emit large amounts of isoprene. Eucalyptus is not included in BEIS II and this should be addressed when modeling emissions in the western U.S. Citrus is included in BEIS II and is important in states like Florida and California.}

• Variation in emission estimates was observed from county to county in the Northeast because of differences in predominant vegetation.

• In the Northeast, according to BEIS II, biogenic emissions are dominated by natural vegetation (as opposed to agriculture or urban landscape emissions).
  

• Isoprene is typically the most abundant biogenic hydrocarbon species.
• Isoprene is the only biogenic species required by PAMS.
• Isoprene is emitted during daylight hours and has a distinct diurnal profile (temperature, sunlight, and growth cycle dependent); concentrations should be low at night.
• Isoprene is very reactive.

Land use coverage by general classification for the Ventura County expanded modeling domain (Chinkin et al., 1996a). The 111 land cover categories derived in the study were grouped into seven broad land cover classifications to identify the general distribution of land coverage.

• Inspect diurnal profiles using box plots, line graphs of daily concentrations, plots of hourly summary statistics.
  • Prepare spatial plots of peak concentrations or of concentrations at a given hour.
  • Compare peak concentrations and diurnal behavior to other areas and to other measurements (i.e., temperature, solar radiation).
  • Quantify concentration, weight fraction, and reactivity of isoprene as a function of time of day.

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Figure 9

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Figure 11

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Figure 12

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Figure 13

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BIOGENIC EMISSION RESEARCH TOPICS

• Are isoprene concentrations regionally, or only locally representative? Affected by nearby vegetation canopy?
• Are other biogenic species important to the total VOC? To overall reactivity?
• Are biogenic species an important contributor to the unidentified hydrocarbon total?
• How do urban vs. rural biogenic concentrations differ and what is the importance of these variations to formation of ozone at downwind sites?
• What are the products of reaction from biogenic species? Are these species readily measurable? What is their ozone formation potential?
• What is the contribution to ambient NO_x levels from natural sources? For example, approximately 1% of NO_x in Raleigh, NC is from biogenic sources.

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•   Biogenic hydrocarbons may play an important role in ozone formation.

Example tools include: VOCDat, statistical software, spreadsheets, Voyager.

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Aneja V.P. and Roelle P. (1997) Contribution of biogenic nitric oxide in urban ozone: Raleigh,NC, as a case study. Atmos. Environ. 31, 1531-1537.

Cardelino C.A. and Chameides W.L. (1995) An observation-based model for analyzing ozone precursor relationships in the urban atmosphere. J. Air & Waste Manag. Assoc. 45, 161-180.

Carter W.P.L. (1991) Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic compounds. Report prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA-600/3-91-050.

Carter W.P.L. (1994) Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic compounds. J. Air & Waste Manag. Assoc. 44, 881-899.

Chameides W.L., Lindsay R.W., Richardsen J., and Kiang C.S. (1988) The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study. Science 241, 1473-1475.

Chinkin L.R., Reiss R., Haste T.L., Ryan P.A., Stoelting M.W., Karlik J., and Winer A. (1996a) Development of a gridded leaf biomass inventory for use in estimating biogenic emissions for urban airshed modeling. Final report prepared for Ventura County Air Pollution Control District by Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA and School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, STI-996086-1599-FR, August.

Chinkin L.R., Ryan P.A., Reiss R., Jones C.M., Winer A., and Karlik J. (1996b) Improvements to the biogenic emission estimation process for Maricopa County. Final report prepared for Maricopa Association of Governments, Phoenix, AZ by Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA and University of California, Los Angeles, School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, STI-95160-1577-FR, July.

Gong Q. and Demerjian K.L. (1995) Hydrocarbon losses on a regenerated Nafion dryer. J. Air & Waste Manag. Assoc. 45, 490-493.

Grosjean E., Grosjean D., Fraser M.P., and Cass G.R. (1996) Air quality model evaluation data for organics. 2. C1 - C14 carbonyls in Los Angeles air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2687-2703.

Guenther A.B., Monson R.K., and Fall R. (1991) Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability - observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 10799-10808.

Guenther A.B., Zimmerman P.R., Harley P.C., Monson R.K., and Fall R. (1993) Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability - model evaluations and sensitivity analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 12609-12617.

Guenther A., Zimmerman P., Klinger L., Greenbert J., Ennis C., Davis K., and Pollock W. (1996) Estimates of regional natural volatile organic compound fluxes from enclosure and ambient measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1345-1359.

Lindsey C.G., Dye T.S., Main H.H., Korc M.E., Blumenthal D.L., Roberts P.T., Ray S.E., and Arthur M. (1997) Air quality and meteorological data analyses for the 1994 NARSTO-Northeast Air Quality Study. Final report in preparation for Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA by Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, STI-94362-1511-FR.

Main H.H. and Roberts P.T. (1993) Validation and analysis of the Lake Michigan Ozone Study ambient VOC data. Draft final report prepared for the Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium, Des Plaines, IL by Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, STI-90217-1352-DFR, April.

National Research Council (1991) Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

NESCAUM (1995) Preview of the 1994 ozone precursor concentrations in the northeastern U.S. Report prepared by the Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Committee and the Data Management Committee of the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management, Boston, MA.

Roselle J.S., Pierce T.E., and Schere K.L. (1991) The sensitivity of regional ozone modeling to biogenic hydrocarbons. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 7371-7394.

Sudol M. and Winer A.M. (1992) Estimate of biogenic emissions for South Coast air basin. prepared for the California Institute for Energy Efficiency by the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, LBL/Energy and Environment Division Report MOU-4902710.

Sudol M. and Winer A. (1994) Written communication: analysis of impact of temperature on vegetative hydrocarbon emissions.

Taha H. (1996) Modeling impacts of increased urban vegetation on ozone air quality in the South Coast Air Basin. Atmos. Environ. 30, 3423-3430.

Tanner R.L., Minor T., Hartzell J., Jackson J., Rose M.R., and Zielinska B. (1992) Emissions data collection and inventory development. Work element 2: development of a natural source emission inventory. Report prepared by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV and Environmental Engineering Center, DRI final report no. 8303-099.FR1.

Tingey D.T., Manning M., Grothaus L.C., and Burns W.F. (1979) The influence of light and temperature on isoprene emission rates from live oak. Plant Physiol. 47, 112-118.

Tingey D.T., Manning M., Grothaus L.C., and Burns W.F. (1980) Influence of light and temperature on monoterpene emission rates from slash pine. Plant Physiol. 65, 797-801.

Winer A.M., Lurmann F.W., Coyner L.A., Colome S.D., and Poe M.P. (1989) Characterization of air pollutant exposures in the California South Coast air basin: application of a new regional human exposure (REHEX) model. Report prepared for the South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA by the University of California/Riverside, Riverside, CA, Contract No. TSA 106-01-88.

Winer A.M., Arey J., Aschmann S.M., Atkinson R., Long W.D., Morrison C.L., and Olszyk D.M. (1992) Emission rates of organics from vegetation in California's central valley. Atmos. Environ. 26, 2647-2659.

Winer A.M., Chinkin L., Arey J., Atkinson R., Adams J., and Karlik J. (1995) Critical evaluation of a biogenic emission system for photochemical grid modeling in California. Final report prepared for California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA by School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA; Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA; and Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, CA, ARB Contract No. 93-725, December.

Yokouchi Y. and Ambe Y. (1984) Factors affecting emission of monoterpene from red pine (pinus densiflora). Plant Physiol. 75, 1009-1012.

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