![[logo] US EPA](http://www.epa.gov/epafiles/images/logo_epaseal.gif){kind=logo}
References
Angermeier, P.L. and J.R. Karr. (1986). Applying an Index of Biotic Integrity Based on Stream-Fish Communities: Considerations in Sampling and Interpretation. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 6: 418-429.
Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. (1988). Regulation Establishing Water Quality Standards for Surface Waters of the State of Arkansas. Regulation No. 2.
Barbour, M.T. (1990). Personal communication. EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc., Sparks, MD.
Botton, M.L. (1979). Effects of sewage sludge on the benthic invertebrate community on the inshore New York Bight. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci. 8: 169-180
Brooks, R.P. and R.M. Hughes. (1988). Guidelines for assessing the biotic communities of freshwater wetlands. Pages 276-82 in J.A. Kusler, M.L. Quammen, and G. Brooks, eds. Proc. National Wetland Symposium: Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. Ass. State Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.
The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. (1989). Federal Water Pollution Control Act as Amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977. Washington, D.C.
Cairns, J. Jr. (1975). Quantification of biological integrity. Pages 171-85 in R.K. Ballentine and L.J. Guarrie, eds., The Integrity of Water, A Symposium. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, D.C.
Clarke, S., D. White, and A. Schaedel. Mss. Oregon ecological regions and subregions for water management. Connecticut 1987.
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. (1987). Water Quality Standards.
Courtemanch, D.L. (1989). Implementation of biocriteria in the water quality standards program. Water Quality Standards for the 21st Century: Proc. Natl. Conf. Office of Drinking Water. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, D.C.
Courtemanch, D.L. and S.P. Davies. (1987). Implementation of biological standards and criteria in Maine's water classification law. In Proc. Instream Biomonitoring and Biological Criteria Workshop. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Lincolnwood, IL.
Courtemanch, D.L., S.P. Davies, and E.B. Laverty. (1989). Incorporation of biological information in water quality planning. Environ. Manage. 13: 35-41.
Courtemanch, D.L. and S.P. Davies. (1989). Why Maine has Chosen to Integrate Biological Impact Standards into State Water Quality Law. Maine Dep. Environ. Prot., Augusta.
Eagleson, K.W., D.L. Lenat, L.W. Rusley and R.B. Winborne. Comparison of Measured Instream Biological Responses with Responses Predicted Using the Ceriodaphnia dubia Chronic Toxicity Test. Environ. Tox. and Chemistry 9: 1019-1028.
Forbes, S. (1928). Foreword. In R.E. Richardson, The bottom fauna of the middle Illinois River, 1913-1925. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Vol. 17, Article 7, 387-472.
Gakstatter, J., J.R. Gammon, R.M. Hughes, L.S. Ischinger, M. Johnson, J. Karr, T. Murphy, T.M. Murray, and T. Stuart. (1981). A recommended approach for determining biological integrity in flowing waters. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Corvallis, OR.
Gallant, A.L., T.R. Whittier, D.P. Larsen, J.M. Omernik, and R.M. Hughes. (1989). Regionalization as a Tool for Managing Environmental Resources. EPA/600/3-89/060. U.S. Environ. Res. Lab. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Corvallis, OR.
Gammon, J.R. (1976). The fish populations of the middle 340 km of the Wabash River. Tech. Rep. 86. Purdue Univ. Water Resour. Res. Center, West Lafayette, IN.
Gammon, J.R., A. Spacie, J.L. Hamelink, and R.L. Kaesler. (1981). Role of electrofishing in assessing environmental quality of the Wabash River. Pages 307-24 in J.M. Bates and C.I. Weber, eds., Ecological Assessments of Effluents Impacts on Communities of Indigenous Aquatic Organisms. STP 703. Am. Soc. Test. Mater.
Green, R.H. (1979). Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. J. Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hall, J.D., M.L. Murphy, and R.S. Aho. (1989). An improved design for assessing impacts of watershed practices on small streams. Proc. Int. Ass. Theoret. Appl. Limnol. 20: 1359-65.
Hieskary, S.A., C.B. Wilson, and D.P. Larsen. (1987). Analysis of regional patterns in lake water quality: using ecoregions for lake management in Minnesota. Lake Reserv. Manage. 3: 337-344.
Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1987). An improved biotic index of organic stream pollution. Great Lakes Entomol. 20(1): 31-39.
Hughes, R.M. (1989a). What can biological monitoring tell us about the environmental health of aquatic ecosystems?
R.C. Ward, J.C. Loftis, and G.B. McBride, eds., Proc. Int. Symp. on the Design of Water Quality Information Systems. Inf. Ser. No. 61. Colo. Water Resour. Res. Inst. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins.
Hughes, R.M. (1989b). Ecoregional biological criteria. In Water Quality Standards for the 21st Century. Proc. Natl. Conf. Off. Water. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, D.C.
Hughes, R.M., E. Rexstad, and C.E. Bond. (1987). The relationship of aquatic ecoregions, river basins, and physiographic provinces to the ichthyogeographic regions of Oregon. Copeia: 423-432.
Hughes, R.M., D.P. Larsen, and J.M. Omernik. (1986). Regional reference sites: a method for assessing stream pollution. Environ. Manage. 10(5): 629-625.
Hughes, R.M. (1985). Use of watershed characteristics to select control stream for estimating effects of metal mining wastes on extensively disturbed streams. Environ. Manage. 9: 253-262.
Judy, R.D. Jr., P.N. Seely, T.M. Murray, S.C. Svirsky, M.R. Whitworth, and L.S. Ischinger. (1987). 1982 National Fisheries Survey. Vol. 1 FWS/OBS-84/06. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.Karr, J.R. (1981). Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 6(6): 21-27.
Karr, J.R. and D.R. Dudley. (1981). Ecological Perspectives on Water Quality Goals. Environ. Manage. 5: 55-68.
________(1987). Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: a conceptual framework. Environ. Manage. 11(2): 249-256.
Karr, J.R., K.D. Fausch, P.L. Angermier, P.R. Yant, and I.J. Schlosser. (1986). Assessing biological integrity in running waters: a method and its rationale. Spec. Publ. 5. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv.
Larsen, D.P., J.M. Omernik, R.M. Hughes, C.M. Rohm, T.R. Whittier, A.J. Kinney, A.L. Gallant, and D.R. Dudley. (1986). The correspondence between spatial patterns in fish assemblages in Ohio streams and aquatic ecoregions. Environ. Manage. 10: 815-828.
Lenat, D.R. (1988). Water quality assessment of streams using a qualitative collection method for benthic macroinvertebrates, J. N. Am. Bentholog. Soc. 7: 222-33.
Lyons, J. (1989). Correspondence between the distribution of fish assemblages in Wisconsin streams and Omernik's ecoregions. Am. Midland Nat. 122(1): 163-182.
Maine Water Quality Classification Program. (1986). Maine Revised Status Annotation. Title 38 Article 4-A Section 465.
McCall, P.L. (1977). Community patterns and adaptive strategies of the infaunal benthos of Long Island Sound. J. Mar. Res. 35: 221-266.
Mearns, A.J. and J.Q. Word. (1982). Forecasting effects of sewage solids on marine benthic communities. Pages 495-512 in G.F. Mayer, ed., Ecological Stress and the New York Bight: Science and Management. Estuar. Res. Fed., Columbia, SC.
Miller, D.L. et al. (1988). Regional applications of an index of biotic integrity for use in water resource management. Fisheries 13(5): 12.
Miller, R.R., J.D. Williams, and J.E. Williams. (1989). Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries 14: 22-38.
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development. (1984). The Before and After Studies. Report No. 84-15.
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. (1988a). The Role of Biological Data in Water Quality Assessment. Vol. I. Biological Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Div. Water Qual. Monitor. Assess. Surf. Water Section, Columbus.
______(1988b). Water Quality Inventory 305(b). Report. Vol 1. Div. Water Qual. Monitor. Assess. Columbus.
_____(1990). Ohio Water Quality Standards. Ohio Admin. Code 3745-1. Adopted Feb. 2.
Omernik, J.M. (1987). Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States. Ann. Ass. Am. Geog. 77(1): 118-125.
Phelps, D. K. (1988). Marine/Estuarine Biomonitoring: A Conceptual Approach and Future Applications. Permits Div. Off. Water, EPA 600/X-88/244. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, D.C.
Plafkin, J.L. (1988). Water quality based controls & ecosystem recovery. In J. Cairns, Jr., ed., Rehabilitating Damaged Ecosystems. Vol. II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S. K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. (1989). Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA/444/4-89-001. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, D.C.
Popper, K.R. (1968). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Harper and Row, New York.
Reich and Hart. (1979). Pollution Ecology of Estuarine Invertebrates. Academic Press.
Rohm, C.M., J.W. Giese, and C.C. Bennett. (1987). Evaluation of an aquatic ecoregion classification of streams in Arkansas. J. Freshw. Ecol. 4: 127-40.
Sokal, R.R. and F.J. Rohlf. (1981). Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. 2nd Ed. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Stanford, J.A. and J.B. Ward. (1988). The hyporheic habitat of river ecosystems. Nature 335: 64-66.
Thomas J.D. (1990). Personal communication. Reef Foundation. Big Pine Key, FL.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1983a). Water Quality Standards Handbook. Off. Water Reg. Stand. Washington, D.C.
_____(1983b). Technical Support Manual: Waterbody Surveys and Assessments for Conducting Use Attainability Analyses. Off. Water Reg. Stand. Washington D.C.
_____(1984a). Technical Support Manual: Waterbody Surveys and Assessments for Conducting Use Attainability Analyses. Vol II. Estuarine Systems. Off. Water Reg. Stand. Washington D.C.
_____(1984b). Technical Support Manual: Waterbody Surveys and Assessments for Conducting Use Attainability Analyses. Vol III. Lake Systems. Off. Water Reg. Stand. Washington, D.C.
_____(1989a).Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund- Environmental Evaluation Manual. Inter. Final. Off. Emerg. Remed. Response. Washington, D.C.
_____(1989b). Report of a Workshop on Biological Criteria: Diagnosis Strategies for Impaired Waterbody Uses. Submitted by Battelle. Sept. 30, 1989. Unpubl.
_____(1987a). Surface Water Monitoring: A Framework for Change. Off. Water. Off. Policy Plann. Eval. Washington, D.C.
_____(1987b). Report of the National Workshop on Instream Biological Monitoring and Criteria. Off. Water Reg. Stand. Instream Biolog. Criteria Comm. Region V. Environ. Res. Lab. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Corvallis
Water Quality Act of 1987. (1989). In The Environment Reporter. Bur. Natl. Affairs. Washington, D.C.
Whittier, T.R., D.P. Larsen, R.M. Hughes, C.M. Rohm, A.L. Gallant, and J.M. Omernik. (1987). Ohio Stream Regionalization Project: A Compendium of Results. Environ. Res. Lab. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Corvallis, OR.
Whittier, T.R., R.M. Hughes, and D.P. Larsen,. (1988). Correspondence between ecoregions and spatial patterns in stream ecosystems in Oregon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1264-78.
Yoder, C.O. (1989). The development and use biological criteria for Ohio surface waters. Water Quality Standards for the 21st Century. Proc. Natl. Conf. Off. Water. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, D.C.
Code of Federal Regulations. (1989). Vol. 40, Part 131.10, U.S. Gov. Print. Off. Washington, D.C.