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"!"!""??#"?#" ?## $# ?$#?%$??%$%%&%?&&'&?''('(( )) *) **++,, --./0fnstcseal.wpg  &CG TimesBoldW1 <S `$FoxPrintTTc:\Corel\Office7\Template\WP7US.WPT  /"   o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo XaX!X @5 5 !Recommendationsfora  @NationalEnvironmentalMonitoringFramework} XaԈ hh $  }( X cc(|(,X4` <hDp Lx (#%'0*,.8135@8:<X  1. , $ $ Makeintegrationofenvironmentalmonitoringand  researchnetworksandprogramsacrosstemporalandspatialscalesandamongresourcesthehighestpriorityoftheFramework.#$ $ r#   2. , $ $ Increasetheuseofremotelysensedinformation   obtainedfordetectingandevaluatingenvironmentalstatusandchangebycoordinatingtheseanalyseswithongoinginsitumonitoringandresearchefforts.#$ $ #$ $  #$ $ #      3. , $ $ Ensurefullutilizationofthedatastandardsbeing & &  developedformapandremotelysenseddata(bytheFederalGeographicDataCommittee)toensureinteroperability.#$ $ /# 6 6  4. , $ $ Evaluateexistingsurveysforcoverageof > >  environmentalissues,resources,andgeographicareas.DeterminewhichsurveysshouldbeincludedintheFramework.#$ $ M#  NN  5.  , $ $ Ensurecommondefinitions,models,data VV managementsystems,andarealcoverage through  cooperationwiththeFederalGeographicDataCommittee .#$ $ p#  ff 6. , $ $ Identifycriticalregionalandnationalresourcesor nn issuesthatarenotaddressedbythecurrentsurveysandinitiatesurveystoaddressthem.#$ $ # ! 7.  , $ $ Collectdataforvariousnationalandregional # resourcesurveysatthesameorcompatiblelocations,whereappropriate.#$ $ # 66% 8.  , $ $ Evaluatealternativesforselectingthenumberand >>' distributionofindexsites,includingstratificationbyecoregioninordertoprovidethegeographicalcoveragenecessaryfornationalassessments,stratificationbyknownandanticipatedenvironmentalstresses,locationalongenvironmentalgradientsortransitionzonesbetweenecoregions,anduniqueaspectsofterrestrial,freshwater,estuarine,andcoastalecosystems.#$ $ # / 9. , $ $ Establishanetworkof"indexsites"byintegrating 1 existingintensivemonitoringandresearchsitesandaddingnewsitesasneededtoprovidestandardinformationonmajorindependentanddependentenvironmentalvariablesthatareknowntoinfluenceresourceconditions.#$ $ # 6"6"6 10. , $ $ Collocatenationalandregionalsurvey >#>#8 measurementsatindexsites.#$ $ E#Ԁ ##9  ''? 11.$ $ Usedatafromresourceinventoriesandremote ? sensingforcharacterizinganddetectingchangesatindexsites.#$ $ # z  VVA 12. " $ $ Selectacommonsetofcorevariablestobe ^^C measuredatallindexsites.#$ $ #  D  $ $ 13.  " #$ $ #$ $ Selectvariablesthatareresponsivetopolicy F needs. #$ $ #Ԁ G  14.  " $ $ Ensurethatthevariablesbeingmeasuredandthe  I locationswheretheyaremeasuredaresensitivetoenvironmentalchange.#$ $ #  . . K  15. " $ $ ԀEnsurethatthemeasurementsarecomparable 6 6 M withthoseofappropriateinternationalmonitoringprograms.#$ $ #  O 16. " Establishandmaintainstronglinkagesbetween Q integratedmonitoringandresearchprogramsproposedbytheFrameworkandsimilarinternationalprograms.  T  17. " SupporttheeffortsoftheFederalGeographic V DataCommitteetodevelopaNationalGeospatialDataClearinghousetopromoteinformationaccessanddatasharing.18. " Establishageo-referenceddatabaseofongoing [ environmentalmonitoringprogramsontheINTERNET.19. " Establishstandardsandprotocolsfordata 66_ comparabilityandqualityasintegralcomponentsoftheFramework.20. " DisseminateallFrameworkinformationanddata c inatimelymanner,employingarangeofcommunicationstrategies.21. " Establishpoliciesfordataconfidentiality, g ownership,andaccessibility.22. " Establishanationalinteragencycoordinatingbody j toimplementtheFrameworkandoverseerecommendedactions.23. " Establishanindependentpaneltoprovide & & n scientificandtechnicalreviewofactivitieswithintheFramework.24. " Adoptperformance-basedprotocolsforquality ""r controlanddataandinformationmanagementthatapplytoallcomponentsoftheFramework,andestablishanationalqualitycontrolprogram. XaX$ Xu:XXXa),h  Z (CG Times Regular2 `CG TimesWNhhhh'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5($('2/$ T!   _eR<< g  Zd  d  `CG TimesW1WPChXX81% U/!l3'XXXX,,,,519L@h@t I k U/!+'"! * U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @Century"". 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DU&@ Z (CG Times RegularU    @  Figure3.Aconceptualmodelforsupportingthedevelopmentofenvironmentalandnaturalπ!..!,..,resourcepolicyanddecision-makingthroughaheirarchicalprogramofmonitoring,̀,..,assessment,andrelatedresearchandmodeling.(AftertheUNECEIntegrated̀,..,monitoringonAirPollutionEffectsProgram,1993),: Y  Rkir"R#U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  IncreasingComplexityofEvaluation"F:1U&@ Z (CG Times RegularU @  MODELING"U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  IncreasingDataRequirements"cbvU&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  IncreasingModelComplexity"g 8$U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  ProcessResearch(e.g.,LTER,ARSWEBB,LMER)"8+! !U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  Statistics * H]: U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  ResearchandDevelopment"2xU&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  Ground-basedNationalandRegionalSurveys(e.g.,NAWQA,NADP,BBS,FIA,NRI)"m$U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  NationalSurveysandInventoriesusingRemoteSensing(e.g.,GAP,NWI,NSS,MRLC)"3/% .gU&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  ResourceStatusandMaps"%,U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  NationalandRegionalResourceTrends"u7(,4U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  Site-SpecificIntegratedAssessments"- ^! !U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  Validation"N! !U&@ Z (CG Times RegularUXXX @  Application,:mJdZAAk&b% =##"*4Le">`##&*5;M b[4CA## z"&*6)M %8A## z"  t 0+"* ` I "**%"##&*^<ξ## z"&*4<1<ᶖ## z"+  *,we[ĤL*"*( x? 2##"*) x? \##&**ى<|## z"&*+sdىkK|## z"  *Hwe&[L*"*D x? 2##"*E x? \##&*Fى<|## z"&*GsdىkK|## z"  *Mwe&[L*"*I x? 2##"*J x? \##&*Kى<|## z"&*LsdىkK|## z" \s ]vT ^y& _I  `  a%.%v b% c I d%. %. e :s f8vYT g4y h+}#v i" j +"l ''   OBJECT #0003  8   P Pd $ /"   XXX!Xo[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo RECOMMENDATIONS:   #0 X  Increasetheuseofremotelysensedinformationobtainedfordetectingand  evaluatingenvironmentalstatusandchangebycoordinatingtheseanalyseswithongoinginsitumonitoringandresearchefforts. XX  #0 X  Ensurefullutilizationofthedatastandardsbeingdevelopedformapand  remotelysenseddata(bytheFederalGeographicDataCommittee)toensureinteroperability. XX !XXXX l /"   H4p@ P  !(#$`'0*XH  MultipleResolutionLandCharacterization(MRLC)Program     8 X AttheFederallevel,thereisaclearneedfordevelopingcomprehensiveandconsistentlandcoverandlandcharacteristicsinformationfortheUnitedStates.ToinitiatethiseffortfortheFederalGovernment,fourecologicalandenvironmentalresearchandmonitoringprogramshaveformedapartnershipwiththeU.S.GeologicalSurvey's(USGS)EarthResourcesObservationSystem(EROS)todesign,develop,andtestaMultipleResolutionLandCharacterization(MRLC)program.TheoverallobjectiveoftheMRLCprogramistodevelopalandcharacteristicsmonitoringsystemthatprovidesabaselineofmultiscaleenvironmentalcharacteristicsandmechanismsformonitoring,identifying,andassessingenvironmentalchange.Inaddition,theMRLCprogramisdevelopinganationallandcoverdatasetbasedonLANDSATThematicMappersatelliteimagery(ShawandJennings,1995). XX   /"   XXX!XH4p@ P  !(#$`'0*XH  RECOMMENDATIONS:  0 X Evaluateexistingsurveysforcoverageofenvironmentalissues,resources,and  geographicareas.DeterminewhichsurveysshouldbeincludedintheFramework. XX 0 X Ensurecommondefinitions,models,datamanagementsystems,andarealcoverage    throughcooperationwiththeFederalGeographicDataCommittee .XX   0 X Identifycriticalregionalandnationalresourcesorissuesthatarenotaddressedby  thecurrentsurveysandinitiatesurveystoaddressthem. XX 0 X Collectdataforvariousnationalandregionalresourcesurveysatthesameor P P  compatiblelocations,whereappropriate. XX   U /"   XXX!XH4p@ P  !(#$`'0*XH  RECOMMENDATIONS:    0 X Evaluatealternativesforselectingthenumberanddistributionofindexsites,  including(1)stratificationbyecoregioninordertoprovidethegeographicalcoveragenecessaryfornationalassessments,(2)stratificationbyknownandanticipatedenvironmentalstresses,(3)locationalongenvironmentalgradientsortransitionzonesbetweenecoregions,and(4)uniqueaspectsofterrestrial,freshwater,estuarine,andcoastalecosystems. XX   0 X Establishanetworkof"indexsites"byintegratingexistingintensivemonitoringand pp  researchsitesandaddingnewsitesasneededtoprovidestandardinformationonmajorindependentanddependentenvironmentalvariablesthatareknowntoinfluenceresourceconditions. XX   0 X Collocatenationalandregionalsurveymeasurementsatindexsites. XX   0 X Usedatafromresourceinventoriesandremotesensingforcharacterizingand  detectingchangesatindexsites. XX   r /"   H4p@ P  !(#$`'0*XH  @ TheUnanticipatedValueofArchivedSamples   8 X TheoutbreakofthedeadlyHantaVirusintheAmericanSouthwestin1993wasaterrifyinghealthissuebecauseithadneveroccurredbeforeanditssourcesandextentwereinitiallyunknown.Researchersquicklyidentifiedthehostofthevirusasaspecificgroupofrodents,butthereasonsforthesuddenoutbreakwerenotknown.Apreexistinglong-termmonitoringprogramonthepopulationdynamicsofdesertrodents,carriedoutattheNSF-supportedLongTermEcologicalResearch(LTER)programontheSevilletaNationalWildlifeRefuge(DOI)inNewMexico,demonstratedthatthepopulationsofseveralrodentspecieshadreachedveryhighlevelsatthetimeoftheoutbreak,asaresultofincreasedavailabilityoffoodplantscausedbyElNino-relatedweatherchanges.Retrospectiveanalysisofrodentbrains,whichhadbeenarchivedasfrozensamplesforadifferentresearchproject,demonstratedthattheHantaVirushadbeenpresentintherodentpopulationformanyyears,and,thus,didnotrepresentthesuddenappearanceofanewdisease,butratheraclimate-inducedoutbreakofachronicallyexistingproblem. XNXN   t /"   o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo ! X!X'  !TABLE1.Operationalrulesforindexsiteselection(adaptedfromHealetal.,1993)  A.0 X Mandatory:Anindexsitemustsatisfythefollowing:XX  0 X 1.0XXOncurrentlyavailableevidence,thesitemusthavetenureformonitoringforthenext50    years.  0 X 2.0XXThesiteoperatingagencymustbewillingtoaccommodatecollectionofthecoresetof xx monitoringvariablestothenecessaryqualitystandardsandinapubliclyaccessibleformat.Siteoperatorsmustagreetotheintegrationaspectsofthenetwork,includingqualitycontrolproceduresanddatacollectionandpresentationrequirements.  0 X 3.0XXThesitemustbe(orcontainanareathatis)suitableformakingthemeasurementsthatare ` `  desired.  0 X 4.0XXThesitemustbecost-effectivetooperateandbelikelytoremaincost-effectiveforthenext   50years.  <( ` hp x X< B.0 X Preferential:Candidateindexsiteswillbepreferredtotheextentthattheysatisfythefollowing  criteria: XX 0 X 1.0XXSiteswillhaveasetofdesiredenvironmentalcharacteristics(e.g,ecoregionrepresentation, hh climate,soiltypes,land-usetypes,andbioticrichness)notalreadyrepresentedinthenetwork.  0 X 2.0XXSiteswillbeestablishedandsupportedalreadyandrequireminimaladditionalcost. 0 X 3.0XXSiteswillhavecommittedinstitutionalsupportatthelocallevelandthatareimportantto  nationalandregionalresourcemanagement.  0 X 4.0XXSiteswillhavealong-termrecordofhighqualityobservations.pp 0 X 5.0XXSiteswillhaveappropriateon-sitetechnicalcompetence.  0 X 6.0XXSiteswillbelocatedwithinalargestudybasinwithhighqualitydataforintegratingtheindex " sitetothelargerwatershedandregion.  0 X 7.0XXSiteswillhaveestablishedprogramsforeducationofthepublic,students,andresource % managers.   X 0 X 8.0XXSiteswillcontainlocationsorhaveadjacentareasthatcanbeusedformanipulativeresearch '.&6&@@( &&6!z   /"   XXX!X]I` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:X]XXXX]I` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:X]<( ` hp x X<  RECOMMENDATIONS:     X Selectacommonsetofcorevariablestobemeasuredatallindexsites.    0 X Selectvariablesthatareresponsivetopolicyneeds. XX   0 X Ensurethatthevariablesbeingmeasuredandthelocationswheretheyare  measuredaresensitivetoenvironmentalchange. XX   0 X Ensurethatthemeasurementsarecomparablewiththoseofappropriate pp  internationalmonitoringprograms. ` ` XX  ? /"   XXX!X]I` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:X]XXXX]I` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:X]<( ` hp x X<  RECOMMENDATIONS:  0 X Integrationofenvironmentalmonitoringandresearchnetworksandprograms  acrosstemporalandspatialscalesandamongresourcesshouldbethehighestpriorityoftheFramework. XX 0 X TheintegratedmonitoringandresearchprogramproposedbytheFramework  shouldestablishandmaintainstronglinkagestosimilarinternationalprograms.  $ /"   <( ` hp x X<  lXXX!X@ TheTIMEProject:IntegrationThroughTime   8 X Inthecaseofacidicdeposition,acombinationofintensivesitemonitoringandregionalsurveyshasbeenusedtoextendthesite-specificknowledgeabouttheoccurrenceofepisodicevents(acute,worst-caseacidification)totheregionallevelbywayofmodels.TheTIME(TemporallyIntegratedMonitoringofEcosystems)projectincludeschemicalmonitoringofbothspecificacid-sensitivesites,whicharesmallinnumberandfrequentlysampled(4-18timesperyear)andaprobabilitysurveyofsites,whichincludesmanysampledonceperyear.Datafromthemoreintensivesites(analogoustoindexsitesintheproposedFramework)areusedtocreatemodelsthatpredictspringchemistry(theworst-caseannualcondition,whichhassignificantbiologicaleffects)fromsummerchemistryandwatershedcharacteristics.Thesemodelsarethenappliedtothesurveydata,yieldingestimatesofbothchroniccondition(i.e.,thepercentageoflakesthatareacidicduringsummerbaseflow)andepisodiccondition(i.e.,thepercentageoflakesthatareacidicduringspringsnowmelt).Thefirstoftheseestimatescomesdirectlyfromthesurveyresults,whilethesecondistheresultofmodelingtheintensivesitesandapplyingthemodelstotheextensivesurveydata. XX #!XXXlXo#  /"   <( ` hp x X<   X XXX!X @NitrogenSaturationModeling:IntegrationAcrossSpace   8 X Thevalueofintegratinginformationcollectedatdifferentspatialscalesisdemonstratedbytheresultsofintegratingtheintensiveplot-scalemonitoringoftheIntegratedForestStudy(IFS)(JohnsonandLindberg,1992)withregionalsoilsdatafromtheDirect/DelayedResponseProject(DDRP)(Church,1989;Churchetal.,1989).Thespatialdistributionofsoilnitrogensaturation,basedondatacollectedaspartoftheprobability-basedDDRP,showedacomplexanduninterpretablepattern.However,analysisofIFSdata,collectedthroughintensivesamplingofvegetation,soils,soilwater,andatmosphericdepositionat17intensivesites,ledtoasimplemodelthatpredictednitrogensaturationonthebasisofforestage.AcombinationoftheIFS-basedmodelwiththeregionalsurveydatafromDDRPrevealedclearandinterpretablepatternsinthespatialdistributionofnitrogenexportfromforestedwatershedsintheEasternUnitedStates. 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