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ќџ €џџќў§џўџџЯџ §џ !џџќў§џўџџЯџ Яџ !џџќў§џџЬџџпџ Эџћџ ўџџќќ?џџџпџџпџџмџѓџ ўџџќўџ§џџџ?џџпџ оџїџ ўџџќјџ§џџџПџџŸџ Ÿџ ў?џџќјџ§џџџПџџј?џ яџ ў?пџўx?џџАˆ?џџќџ ?Яџ ў?ŸџЦxџџ0ˆ?џџќџ ПЇЯџќ8џ‡<џр?џџќџ Псџ№8џ‚џр?џџќџјџј<џРNџ№џџќџ јИ?рfЮџџџ№џџўџ ўџ ў€јgФџџ№џџўџ ўџ ј@УќРџџќџџўџ јќ€џџќџџќџ їџ Œ џ€џџџшџџјџ ѓџ Ь Ÿрџџџсџџћџ ѓџ тчрџџџџћџ чџ ѓ ч№џџƒџџѓџ ѓ№7љџџЃџџїџ Пџ ёћУџџџ3џџѓџ ?џ №ћ“ўwџџ#џџљџ ў ўџџcџџ§џР џџўgџџќџ ўџјџџќGџџўџ ўџјЧџџјЯџџџ ќџјёсџЯџ№џџ?џ §џќјёџЯџљŸџџŸџ §џјјџЯџѓџџпџјџ‡љ?џџпџј?џЧ8С„?џџŸџ їџјџ†ШџџŸџ чџўџ†РџџЯџ яџ џ† €џџчџ ?џчџp?оџџїџ џуџіўx?џџѓџрџЦў>џџѓџ ћџ№џРџў>?џџёџ ћџёџрчў>?џџќџѓџј?№чp|џџўџчџјќ?ч`|џџўџяџќјџ`xџџџў#ќџс№џџџпџ|џуёџџ?џпџТ џУсџџџŸџр џƒуџџЯџрџ‡уџџсџџрџџЧџџёџџпџрџ‡џџќџOџј?ў‡џџўџЯџќ?ќџџўџŸџ џќ?џџџ?џрќџџРџўpќџџ№џў?џќ|џџРџ€?јxџџ›џќџЬј`џџ;џ§yџќјd?џџў~џёoџЮјц?џџјўџчїџР№ц?џџёўџЇŸџЯјТ?џџчџБ?џё€џџЯџ?џЙџёџџџŸџљџ‡уџџўџџџёџџ?џУ†?уџџјџџуџїц?џПсƒ?тџџСџџсџч?џŸрƒПтџџўџџќ?“?џŸ№џцџџјџџў~чџќџтџџсџcџўўџтџџЧџуџќƒџцџџџўуџђџџў?џАРџјџџќџјрјџџќџўР?јџџќџСј?ј?џџљџајљџџсџи|џ џЧџм|Ÿџ џŸџЧ?џ џПџсŽ?џ џПџ№Ш?џ џџ№@џ џўџ"џ џрџ>уџџџ0џџџїўџџџџџќџ  џџџџќџў? џџџџљџќx]џџџџУџќqќџџџќџќћџќџџџр?џ§џџќџџјџ#ўџџрџ#ўџџџ%џўџ$џџџ#?џџџјџ!ПџџџџјџŸџџ№?џŸџџ џпџџ јџЯџџ ‡џ™ЬџџјŒ@F03Œчf1ŒРЦ 1Œџџ§џорЦ03Œ b1ˆРЦwџСџџќџРџџў?џФџџПџёџџПџјGџџŸџјGџџџјџџСџџ џџџќџџёџџ§џџљџ џџџў3џџљџџј?џ РџГџџћџџт?џ јџ§јџџћџџ‡Ÿџ ў?џљјџџљџў?Ф'џ џј8AџџљџјРёџ џјџџџџяџџџџџяџ§џпџџџџяџ§џЯџџџџчџљџЯџџџџяџѓџЩџџџџяџѓџ€џџџџяџŸџ€џџџџяџŸџќџџџџяџљџџџџяџПџѓџџџџяџŸџчџџџџяџŸўџџџџяџќџџџџяџяјџџяџЯљџџяџЯћџџяџпѓџџяџпчџџяџўЯџџяџќŸџџяџќџ?џџяџ§ў?џџЯџ§ќџџЯџќљџџЯџ їџ ќѓџџЯџ§ѓџџЯџќёџџќџќќџџј?џќўџџљЯџќnџџљЯџўoџџќЯџчЯџџќџЯџџќџпџџўOџїпџџўOџїЯџџўOџєЧџџќџќcџџќЯџqџџќЯџ9џџўЯџИџџџџўOџќџџџџўOџчуџџџџўOџїјџџџџќпџїќџџџќџќџ‡џџџљЯџќџѓџџџћЯџўћџџџѓЯџћџџџѓпџŸћџџџчџѓџџџяпџќ?ѓџџџяЯџїџџџяпџчџїџџџЯџЧџѓџџџЯпџўцѓџџџŸпџўџ;џџџŸпџйџџџŸпџуџџфџџŸпџУџџцџџŸŸџŸџџўџџ?ŸџŸџџќџџџў?џїџрџџџќ?џџјџџџўŸџ?џ€?џџџўŸџ‡џ№џџџџќџпџќCџ№?џџџџќџќb?џ€?ў?џџќџпџчўџџџљџŸџяќџўџџѓџŸџЯјџўwџџѓџŸљџўwџџљџРЦpїџ`bуџўџџљџРD !D #ŒF1РФ`b0?уџўџџѓџ 8Ц`c8ŒF3џПЧџўџџѓџŸџьџ П‡џўџџїџŸџЬџ Ÿџџ?џџчџпџџћџљпџ Ÿџџ?џџџёџ№?Ÿџ Пџџ?џџ ўџŸџџсџтРПџЬџ‡џџџџ ќџŸџџсџчџрŸџў‡џџЯџџ јџ ŸџџнџџПџПџјŸЧџџчџџ ёџ Ÿ7ЯџџџјŸ‡џџїџџ уџПџџŸ?џџџшё€п‡џџѓџџ ЯџŸџџџј?џџџџџїџќё€џџџљџџ џŸџŽџчџЯ0Ÿƒџџљџџ ў?џџяџќ8џџљџџ љќџсџџјџџяџє0пРџџљџџ №№џŸўџџџќ?џяџєџцџљџџ ФСџŸќџџћџ€_і?џћџџ ŽџŸѓџџџћŸџћџ€Oѓџћџџ П?џПчџџџћџџћџРЯјЧџћџџ ?џПяџџџљѓџћџ€Яјчџљџџ ?џППџљџј?џўAџЯўpџќџџ №?џ ў?џџџѓџјџ ќџЯџ8ў?џџџџ №џ ќ?џџџѓў?ћ“џ „ џяџ?џџџџџ чџ ™џчџПџёџ €џџџПŸџпџџџџ Чџ Ÿџїџ €џяџПРпџџџџ Ÿџ џчџччџџџџр?џяџŸРпџџџџ Пџ ЯџЯџёчџџџџР>oџяџПчупџџџџ ПџЯџјяџџџџР~Cџяџ?џћŸџџџџ Пџчџўџ§џ Р~Cџџџ?џљ?џџџџ ПџЯџџп§џ №>џяџПџљ?џџџџ ў?џпџџп§џ ќ>џчџŸџћџџџџ ќџ?џџџќџџџјџчџŸџіџџџџ ќџўџџџўџџџРџџџЯџіџџќўџ ўџ уџџџРџџџЧџфџџј>џ љџ цџџџрџїџуџщџџѓџ љџ ў?џџрџїџѓџСџџчоџ љџ џџјџїџћџУџџяЬџ яџ пџь0џѓџћїУџџпшџ Чџ ‚џР`џѓџјџЧџџпЪџ ‡џ рїџр џѓїћџяџџПƒџ ќŸџ јѓџ№`џџџщќ_џџПЧџ ќПџ ќsџј`џџџ№ИџџПџ џјуРџѓџјјџџ?џїџ 3џјтAџѓџј`џџўџўџѓчџ Гџјфџћџјpџџќџуяџ јќџџџќџџќџцџ Ÿџјќџћџџ№џџўџоџ Ÿџёшџћџџќџџўџпџ ПџѓрџћџџќџџўџŸŸџПџѓрџўџџўџПџПџљ№џ№џџўџ ў?џљ№џ§џџрџџўџ?џ љё€џ§џџрџџўџ ў?џ ЭџџљѓРџ§џџ№џџіџ§џў?џ Рџџ§ў№џ§џџ№џџрџ ќџ €џџќў§џўџџЯџ §џ !џџќў§џўџџЯџ Яџ !џџќў§џџЬџџпџ Эџћџ ўџџќќ?џџџпџџпџџмџѓџ ўџџќўџ§џџџ?џџпџ оџїџ ўџџќјџ§џџџПџџŸџ Ÿџ ў?џџќјџ§џџџПџџј?џ яџ ў?пџўx?џџАˆ?џџќџ ?Яџ ў?ŸџЦxџџ0ˆ?џџќџ ПЇЯџќ8џ‡<џр?џџќџ Псџ№8џ‚џр?џџќџјџј<џРNџ№џџќџ јИ?рfЮџџџ№џџўџ ўџ ў€јgФџџ№џџўџ ўџ ј@УќРџџќџџўџ јќ€џџќџџќџ їџ Œ џ€џџџшџџјџ ѓџ Ь Ÿрџџџсџџћџ ѓџ тчрџџџџћџ чџ ѓ ч№џџƒџџѓџ ѓ№7љџџЃџџїџ Пџ ёћУџџџ3џџѓџ ?џ №ћ“ўwџџ#џџљџ ў ўџџcџџ§џР џџўgџџќџ ўџјџџќGџџўџ ўџјЧџџјЯџџџ ќџјёсџЯџ№џџ?џ §џќјёџЯџљŸџџŸџ §џјјџЯџѓџџпџјџ‡љ?џџпџј?џЧ8С„?џџŸџ їџјџ†ШџџŸџ чџўџ†РџџЯџ яџ џ† €џџчџ ?џчџp?оџџїџ џуџіўx?џџѓџрџЦў>џџѓџ ћџ№џРџў>?џџёџ ћџёџрчў>?џџќџѓџј?№чp|џџўџчџјќ?ч`|џџўџяџќјџ`xџџџў#ќџс№џџџпџ|џуёџџ?џпџТ џУсџџџŸџр џƒуџџЯџрџ‡уџџсџџрџџЧџџёџџпџрџ‡џџќџOџј?ў‡џџўџЯџќ?ќџџўџŸџ џќ?џџџ?џрќџџРџўpќџџ№џў?џќ|џџРџ€?јxџџ›џќџЬј`џџ;џ§yџќјd?џџў~џёoџЮјц?џџјўџчїџР№ц?џџёўџЇŸџЯјТ?џџчџБ?џё€џџЯџ?џЙџёџџџŸџљџ‡уџџўџџџёџџ?џУ†?уџџјџџуџїц?џПсƒ?тџџСџџсџч?џŸрƒПтџџўџџќ?“?џŸ№џцџџјџџў~чџќџтџџсџcџўўџтџџЧџуџќƒџцџџџўуџђџџў?џАРџјџџќџјрјџџќџўР?јџџќџСј?ј?џџљџајљџџсџи|џ џЧџм|Ÿџ џŸџЧ?џ џПџсŽ?џ џПџ№Ш?џ 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!D 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& TNPP--'џџ & џџџџ&џџџџіџќr.§ћ@џ"Arial‡ъ-.  ‘‘‘ 2 иќ8PA€€  2 аќ0PA€€ & џџџџ&џџџџVЦљнюњћ@џ"Arial-№.  ‘‘‘ 2 ˜њ˜NY‹€  2 њNY‹€ & џџџџ&џџџџ–ќ–џGўОћ@џ"Arial‡ъ-№.  ‘‘‘ 2 hиќWVЕ€  2 `аќWVЕ€ & џџџџ&џџџџ–џFnћ@џ"Arial_ъ-№.  ‘‘‘ 2 иџVA€€  2 аџVA€€ & џџџџ&џџџџЖVG~ћ@џ"Arial‡ъ-№.  ‘‘‘ 2 (јNC‹Š  2 №NC‹Š & џџџџ&џџџџжў=>џћ@џ"Arial_ъ-№.  ‘‘‘ 2 шўNJ‹`  2 рўNJ‹` & џџџџ&џџџџІ–џОћ@џ"Arial‡ъ-№.  ‘‘‘ 2 hшDL‹j  2 `рDL‹j & џџџџ&џџџџжЏя%ћ€џ"Arial_ъ-№.  2 @ Albemarle-UGGkG+G+ћ€џ"Arial‡ъ-№.  2 кPamlico SoundsUHj@G$UGHGG@ & џџџџ&џџџџІёыћ€џ"Arial_ъ-№.  2  рChesapeake Bay\HG@GGGH@G#VG@ & џџџџ&џџџџЦпў_ Лџћ€џ"Arial‡ъ-№.  2 pџ Delaware Bay\HG]G+G#VG@ & џџџџ&џџџџРш--ћ М"System-№Ишpќњ- --№'џџќ- $С939ь & џџџџ&џџџџpИx--№ИаЬњ-pаpp--№'џџќ- $‘p “ L & џџџџ&џџџџ€@џиHџ--№шџи ўМњ-@џ @џ0--№'џџќ- $@џјcџјџ & џџџџ & џџџџ&TNPP & џџџџ--№˜‹^ў&‹w&‹џ€0.ДџџџџрџџџрџџџЏ?.€џџaъуљџHH џџџџ€ј‡П}џ0ўџ ёџџџŸџ џ рџџŸџ џ рџџџ џ шџўџ џ ю˜'џ џ ьџ џ яŒџ џ я€џ џ яџ@џ џ яџ@џ џ яџџФ`џ џ яџџшр?џ џ Яџџџёџ џ Пџџџќџ џј?џўќџ џ№џ–gžƒџ џїџџ†#џ џ‡џџ€џ џ№џџР џџџџР?џџ ўџџўb0џџ ўџџџў†џџ ќџџџќсЧџџ ќџџџŒ?ƒр?уџџ ќџџџ?№рџрџџ ќџџџЁ№ёџ№џџ ќџџџѓџјџт?џџ љџџџуџџїџџ ѓџџџЧџџџƒџџ ўчџџџЯџР?џџрџџрџрџџ№?џџРџрџџќџџѓ?ёџќ џџџРџџџќџџџрџџўxџёџџџ№џџўџрџџџўџџўџўчџџёЧџџўџќgџёчџџќџўј?џџчџџљџ№шџџчџџљџќ№8€Чџџчџџљџќ @чџџчџџѓџќсџџчџџУџќ€џёџџчџџџјјџќџџчџџ?џр1€џќџџЧџџќ?џрљџўџЧџџќџУџ џўџуџџљџџРџўџуџџѓџ ўџФ‡џџŸџуџџ‡џ ўџџџџџРѓџџџ рѓџџŸџ ц?ѓџџŸџ чПѓџџпџ Уя?уџџпџ ў?чџџŸџ ўўчџџŸџ ў!џЧџџПџ хџŸЧџџ?џ фџПЯџџ?џ „џПЯџџ?џ „џПџџ?џ фџ˜џџПџ фџ ?џџПџ Фџ ?џџПџ ФЧ0?џџПџ РџџПџ Р@џџŸџ |ƒџџ?џ <ƒ€џџўџ ?СёџџРџ œ?№ƒСџџРџ (ўџџƒџџ‡џ Чџџџ‡џџŸџ уџџџ‡џџпџ Р?џ§џџЯџ ўРџёџџўџџџЯџ ў№рџџќџџџЯџ ў?јрџџё?џџџЯџ ў?№т"?џџЧПџџџЯџ ў?с‡Ш"?џџўŸџџџЯџ ў?чЦРџџўџЯџџџџ ў?џžџџўџяџџўџ ў?џџџџ§џсџџјџ џў џџљџјРёџ џјуџџўџ"џ џџ№@џ џПџ№Ш?џ џПџсŽ?џ џŸџЧ?џ џЧџм|Ÿџ џсџи|џ џљџајљџџќџСј?ј?џџќџўР?јџџќџјрјџџў?џАРџјџџџўуџђџџЧџуџќƒџцџџсџcџўўџтџџјџџў~чџќџтџџўџџќ?“?џŸ№џцџџСџџсџч?џŸрƒПтџџјџџуџїц?џПсƒ?тџџўџџџёџџ?џУ†?уџџџŸџљџ‡уџџЯџ?џЙџёџџчџБ?џё€џџёўџЇŸџЯјТ?џџјўџчїџР№ц?џџў~џёoџЮјц?џџ;џ§yџќјd?џџ›џќџЬј`џџРџ€?јxџџ№џў?џќ|џџРџўpќџџџ?џрќџџўџŸџ џќ?џџўџЯџќ?ќџџќџOџј?ў‡џџёџџпџрџ‡џџсџџрџџЧџџЯџрџ‡уџџџŸџр џƒуџџ?џпџТ џУсџџџпџ|џуёџџџў#ќџс№џџўџяџќјџ`xџџўџчџјќ?ч`|џџќџѓџј?№чp|џџёџ ћџёџрчў>?џџѓџ ћџ№џРџў>?џџѓџрџЦў>џџїџ џуџіўx?џџчџ ?џчџp?оџџЯџ яџ џ† €џџŸџ чџўџ†РџџŸџ їџјџ†Шџџпџј?џЧ8С„?џџпџјџ‡љ?џџŸџ §џјјџЯџѓџџ?џ §џќјёџЯџљŸџџџ ќџјёсџЯџ№џџўџ ўџјЧџџјЯџџќџ ўџјџџќGџџ§џР џџўgџџљџ ў ўџџcџџѓџ ?џ №ћ“ўwџџ#џџїџ Пџ ёћУџџџ3џџѓџ ѓ№7љџџЃџџћџ чџ ѓ ч№џџƒџџћџ ѓџ тчрџџџџјџ ѓџ Ь Ÿрџџџсџџќџ їџ Œ џ€џџџшџџўџ јќ€џџќџџўџ ўџ ј@УќРџџќџџўџ ўџ ў€јgФџџ№џџќџ јИ?рfЮџџџ№џџќџјџј<џРNџ№џџќџ Псџ№8џ‚џр?џџќџ ПЇЯџќ8џ‡<џр?џџќџ ?Яџ ў?ŸџЦxџџ0ˆ?џџј?џ яџ ў?пџўx?џџАˆ?џџŸџ Ÿџ ў?џџќјџ§џџџПџџпџ оџїџ ўџџќјџ§џџџПџџпџџмџѓџ ўџџќўџ§џџџ?џџпџ Эџћџ ўџџќќ?џџџпџџЯџ Яџ !џџќў§џџЬџџЯџ §џ !џџќў§џўџџрџ ќџ €џџќў§џўџџіџ§џў?џ Рџџ§ў№џ§џџ№џџўџ ў?џ 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Ё~дЬЬINTEGRATING€ENVIRONMENTALЯMONITORING€AND€RESEARCHЬг ~q*bгIN€THE€MID„ATLANTIC€REGIONЬт А(#А(#€ (#€ (#твT АвProceedings€of€a€Workshopд€X3 X  Tхда XЈ  аг ~qгЬЬЬвN T вд€МˆM М XX3дг *bгЬCollege€Park,€MarylandЬApril€10„12,€1996ЬЬЬЬЬCommittee€on€Environment€and€Natural€ResourcesЬNational€Science€and€Technology€CouncilЬвT N вOctober,€1996а  =   аа  А аииЬййг  гб€бЬвАT вContentsЬг  гЬд€X3 X ММˆMдѓ ѓг џџ'ќ!џџАXгExecutive€Summaryр“œ!œ!tќ!.ь ь !рvˆа Є є аЬ1.р ' рIntroductionр“˜!˜!tќ!.  !р1ˆа 0 € аЬ2.р ' рWorkshop€Scope€and€Strategyр“˜!˜!tќ!.ЇЇ0р3ˆа М  аЬ3.р ' рUtility€of€the€CENR€Framework€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€Regionр“˜!˜!tќ!.ГГMр5ˆа H˜  аЬ4.р ' рReference€Issues€for€the€Mid„Atlantic€Regionр“˜!˜!tќ!.;;Aр7ˆа д$  аЬ5.р ' рOpportunities€and€Needsр“4!4!sќ!.п п ,р11ˆа `А ар ' рThe€Atmosphereр“4!4!sќ!.W W #р11ˆа Іі ар ' рTerrestrial€Environmentsр“4!4!sќ!.п п -р13ˆа ь< ар ' рAquatic€Environmentsр“4!4!sќ!.  )р16ˆа 2‚ ар ' рCoastal€Environmentsр“4!4!sќ!.ћ ћ )р19ˆа xШ ар ' 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'р23ˆа О аЬ6.р ' рFunctional€Implementationр“4!4!sќ!.ww.р27ˆа J š ар ' рIntegration€and€Coordination€of€Monitoring€Programsр“4!4!sќ!.яяHр27ˆа !р ар ' рIntegration€of€Research€and€Monitoringр“4!4!sќ!.{{;р29ˆа ж"& ар ' рInformation€and€Data€Managementр“4!4!sќ!.  4р31ˆа $l ар ' рAssessment€and€Information€Transferр“4!4!sќ!.УУ8р33ˆа b%В  ар ' рRegional€Pilot€Implementationр“4!4!sќ!.››2р35ˆа Ј&ј! аЬ7.р ' рReferencesр“4!4!sќ!.  р39ˆа 4)„$ аЬAppendix€1.€€Workshop€Participantsр“4!4!sќ!.ќќ2р41ˆа Р+' аAppendix€2.€€Chairs€and€Rapporteurs€for€Topical€Breakout€Groupsр“4!4!sќ!.€€Oр45ˆа -V( аббб7€ˆMМ МdєєdФ7бб  бAppendix€3.€€Explanation€of€Abbreviations€and€Acronyms€Used€р“4!4!sќ!.ЄЄLр47ˆа А аAppendix€4.€€Major€Environmental€Monitoring€and€Research€Networks€and€Programsр“4!4!sќ!.XX^р49ˆа іF ађ ђд€МˆM М XX3дЬгB.џџАм` И hРpШ xа (#џџ'ќ!Bга  Й  аг!џџ'џџАм` ‹X!гг  гExecutive€Summaryд€X3 X ММˆMдѓ ѓа А аЬр ' рThe€Committee€on€Environment€and€Natural€Resources€(CENR)€of€the€National€Science€andЯTechnology€Council€is€developing€a€National€Environmental€Monitoring€and€Research€Framework.€ЯAt€the€invitation€of€the€President№№s€Office€of€Science€and€Technology€Policy€(OSTP)€approximatelyЯ110€individuals,€including€representatives€of€state€environment€and€natural€resource€agencies€andЯregional€commissions,€university€scientists,€representatives€of€non„governmental€organizations€andЯcorporations,€and€federal€agency€program€managers,€met€on€April€10„12,€1996€to€determine€whetherЯand€how€best€to€implement€a€Regional€Pilot€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€area€under€this€Framework.€ЯWorkshop€participants€were€charged€to€identify:€(1)€the€key€resource€management€issues€in€the€regionЯaround€which€to€integrate€environmental€monitoring€and€research;€(2)€monitoring€and€supportingЯresearch€needed€to€provide€information€relevant€to€resolving€these€issues;€and€(3)€next€steps€forЯimplementing€an€integrated€regional€framework€by€using,€modifying,€and€building€on€existing€federalЯand€non„federal€programs.Ьр ' рFor€the€purposes€of€the€Regional€Pilot,€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€includes€the€states€ofЯPennsylvania,€West€Virginia,€Maryland,€Delaware,€and€Virginia€(Federal€Region€III),€the€DelawareЯBay,€Chesapeake€Bay€and€Albemarle„Pamlico€Sound€complex€and€their€watersheds€(which€addsЯportions€of€New€York,€New€Jersey€and€North€Carolina),€and€the€coastal€ocean€extending€to€the€edgeЯof€the€continental€shelf.€€It€is€also€recognized€that€the€direct€influence€of€atmospheric€sources€andЯprocesses€in€this€region€extends€to€an€even€larger€№ №airshed№№€which€requires€monitoring.€Ьр ' рIn€general,€participants€representing€organizations€within€the€region€strongly€support€the€goalЯof€integrated€environmental€monitoring€and€research€as€articulated€in€the€CENR€National€Framework.€ЯParticipants€believe€that€significant€value€would€be€added€by€better€integration€of€monitoringЯprograms€and€of€monitoring€and€research€within€the€region.€€This€is€particularly€so€because€many€ofЯthe€environmental€problems€faced€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€involve€interactions€of€atmosphericЯchanges,€land€use€and€cover,€and€aquatic€and€coastal€habitats€and€resources.€€Ьр ' рParticipants€found€that€the€National€Framework€can€be€improved€by€more€attention€to€linkagesЯwith€the€users€of€monitoring€information,€including:€€responsiveness€to€decisionmakers№№€informationЯneeds;€interpretation€of€results;€integration€of€environmental€and€resource€data€with€social€andЯeconomic€considerations€in€assessments;€dissemination€of€information€to€decisionmakers€and€theЯpublic;€and€anticipatory€prediction.€€In€addition,€in€order€to€effect€integration€of€monitoring€programs,Яthere€is€a€need€for€driving€hypotheses€and€models;€more€inclusion€of€monitoring€of€conditions€thatЯdirectly€affect€human€health€and€well„being;€development€of€methods€that€link€space„based€and€site„Мbased€measurements;€and€more€aggressive€inclusion€of€non„federal€participants€than€is€reflected€inЯthe€working€draft€Framework.€€Finally,€the€integration€between€research€and€monitoring€mustЯprogress€and€address€such€difficult€issues€as€quality€control€of€research€and€monitoring€performedЯwithin€all€sectors,€detectability€of€change,€and€the€development€of€human€resources€needed€forЯeffectively€integrated€monitoring€and€assessment€over€the€long€term.€€Ьр ' рReference€Issues€were€identified€as€representative€of€the€kinds€of€environmental€and€naturalЯresource€issues€which€are€at€present€and€for€the€foreseeable€future,€subject€to€protection,€managementЯand€restoration€activities€in€the€region.€In€the€view€of€the€regional€participants,€if€the€implementationа у+3'( аof€the€Mid„Atlantic€Regional€Framework€does€not€produce€information€which€can€improve€theЯeffectiveness€of€protection€and€management€activities€which€address€these€issues,€it€will€not€beЯperceived€as€relevant,€not€produce€incentives€for€adaptation€of€existing€monitoring€programs,€andЯultimately€not€be€embraced€and€sustained.€€The€Reference€Issues€identified€are€Changes€in€Land€UseЯand€Cover,€Nutrient€Over„enrichment,€Water€Resources€for€Human€Use,€Atmospheric€Condition€andЯDeposition,€Stream€and€Wetland€Habitat€Protection€and€Restoration,€Coastal€Fisheries€Resources,Яand€Environmental€Quality€and€Human€Health€in€Urban€Areas.€€Ьр ' рWorkshop€participants€identified€important€contributing€elements€for€the€Regional€Pilot€and€keyЯgaps€in€breakout€sessions€organized€by€environmental€media:€the€atmosphere€and€terrestrial,€aquaticЯand€coastal€environments.€€They€then€considered€steps€toward€implementing€the€Regional€Pilot€withЯrespect€to€information€and€data€management,€integration€of€existing€monitoring€programs,Яintegration€of€research€and€monitoring,€assessment,€and€organizational€requirements.€ЯImplementation€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€Pilot€will€require€high„level€and€long„term€commitment€andЯparticipation€among€federal€and€state€agencies€through€an€Executive€Committee€and€steadfastЯattention€to€execution€by€a€Program€Coordination/Implementation€Committee.€€In€addition,€anЯExecutive€Secretary€and€support€office€will€be€required.€€However,€to€be€successful€the€Mid„AtlanticЯPilot€must€take€advantage€of€ongoing€management€and€assessment€activities€which€includeЯmonitoring€or€heavily€use€monitoring€results,€such€as€the€Mid„Atlantic€Integrated€Assessment,€theЯChesapeake€Bay€Program,€the€Ozone€Transport€Commission,€National€Estuary€Program,€and€theЯMid„Atlantic€Highlands€Coordinating€Council.Ьр ' рIn€discussion€of€the€implementation€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€Pilot€among€all€participants€at€theЯconclusion€of€the€Workshop,€the€central€importance€of€additional€assessment€was€stressed,€both€inЯthe€sense€of€more€in„depth€appraisal€of€what€needs€to€be€known€to€support€wise€environmentalЯmanagement€and€in€the€sense€of€determining€our€ability€to€truly€integrate€existing€regional€programs.€ЯIt€was€the€widely€held€view€of€Workshop€participants€that€assessment,€i.e.€the€marshalling€ofЯscientific€evidence€to€determine€the€nature€and€relationship€of€environmental€problems€and€predictЯoutcomes€of€actions,€be€given€primacy€in€the€implementation€of€integrated€monitoring€within€theЯregion.€€One€of€the€key€Workshop€recommendations€is€that€a€core€assessment€be€initiatedЯimmediately,€prior€to€major€structural€reorganizations€or€commitments€which€are€difficult€to€reverse.€ЯThis€assessment€should€include€an€inventory€of€environmental€data€and€information€currentlyЯavailable€and€provide€direction€for€the€Regional€Pilot€and€the€National€Frameworks€on€a€regularЯbasis€in€support€of€their€incremental€implementation€and€result€in€a€comprehensive€assessment€inЯapproximately€two€years.€€That€assessment€will€provide€long„term€guidance€for€sustained€integratedЯmonitoring.Ьр ' рA€key€need€in€these€assessments€and€for€underpinning€the€integration€of€various€programs€isЯin€the€area€of€scaling.€€It€was€the€consensus€of€the€Workshop€that€the€Regional€Pilot€should€addressЯthe€entire€region,€but€it€is€clear€that€some€sub„regions€are€being€and€will€be€monitored€much€moreЯintensively€and€at€different€time€scales.€€Thus,€our€ability€to€extrapolate€and€interpolate€informationЯacross€space€and€time€scales€will€be€critical€to€the€success€of€regional€monitoring№"№as€it€will€be€forЯnational€monitoring.€а D+”&( ар ' рFinally,€it€was€pointed€out€that€there€are€regional€issues€and€existing€assessment€programs€whichЯshould€serve€as€a€strong€foundation€for€regional€monitoring€in€the€Mid„Atlantic,€such€as€the€Mid„МAtlantic€Highlands€Assessment€and€the€Chesapeake€Bay€Program.€€These€programs€address€theЯissues€of€air€quality,€atmospheric€sources,€land€use€and€cover,€and€water€quality€in€an€integrated€wayЯand€thereby€provide€an€№ №inherent€comparative€advantage№№€for€the€region.а  pР аа  А аййи ид€МЪ М XXЛХдђ ђ1.€€Introductionд€XЛХ X ММЪдѓ ѓа А аг?.џџА'` И hРpШ xа (#џџ'?гр ' рMonitoring€of€the€environment€is€conducted€for€various€resources№"№soil,€water,€air,€plants€andЯanimals№"№for€a€wide€variety€of€purposes,€on€a€broad€range€of€scales,€and€by€an€extensive€array€ofЯorganizations.€€The€combined€experience€of€scientists€and€resource€managers€has€made€it€clear€thatЯecosystems€are€not€simply€composed€of€independent€resources€but€that€these€resources€interact€onЯa€range€of€spatial€and€temporal€scales.€€Yet,€current€environmental€monitoring€programs,€while€oftenЯeffective€in€tracking€specific€components€of€ecosystems€are€found€by€resource€managers€to€beЯinadequate€and€inefficient€in€providing€critical€information€on€how€these€different€componentsЯinteract€(NSTC,€1996).€€This€has€led€to€efforts€to€establish€and€implement€a€national€environmentalЯmonitoring€strategy€which,€to€this€point,€have€been€unsuccessful€in€providing€the€neededЯcomprehensiveness€and€integration.€€Ambitious€national€environmental€programs€such€as€theЯEnvironmental€Monitoring€and€Assessment€Program€(EMAP)€have€failed€to€integrate€monitoringЯacross€resources€and€take€advantage€of€other€existing€national€and€regional€monitoring€activities.€ЯOn€the€other€hand,€efforts€to€coordinate€existing€programs€have€not€yet€succeeded€in€achievingЯintercomparability,€functionally€integrating€resources,€or€filling€critical€gaps.Ьр ' рShortly€after€its€formation€in€1993,€the€National€Science€and€Technology€Council€(NSTC)Яconvened€national€experts€outside€of€government€to€recommend€priorities€for€federal€environmentalЯscience€programs€(NSTC,€1995a).€€That€led€to€follow„up€activities€by€the€Council№№s€Committee€onЯEnvironment€and€Natural€Resources€(CENR),€including€one€to€determine€how€to€reach€the€nationalЯgoal€for€ecosystem€science€(NSTC,€1995b)€to€understand,€predict€and€manage€our€ecological€systemsЯfor€sustained€use€and€enjoyment.€€It€specifically€recommended:€€№ №a€focused€research€and€monitoringЯprogram€that€improves€the€information€base€needed€to€conduct€regional,€national,€and€internationalЯsyntheses.№№ђ ђ€€ѓ ѓTo€act€on€this€recommendation,€CENR€convened€a€team€of€federal€scientists€andа <Œ аprogram€managers,€the€Environmental€Monitoring€Team,€№ №to€develop€a€national€framework€forЯintegration€and€coordination€of€environmental€monitoring€and€related€research€through€collaborationЯand€building€upon€existing€networks€and€programs.№№€€The€Environmental€Monitoring€TeamЯproduced€a€proposed€Framework€for€integrating€the€Nation№№s€major€environmental€monitoring€andЯresearch€networks€and€programs€№ №to€allow€understanding,€assessment,€evaluation,€and€forecastingЯof€the€Nation№№s€renewable€natural€resources€at€national€and€regional€scales№№€(NSTC,€1996).Ьр ' рThe€guiding€principles€for€the€Framework€require€it€to€be€driven€by€policy€needs€(effectivelyЯaddressing€environmental€issues€of€present€and€future€concern),€scientific€understanding€(based€onЯsound€scientific€and€statistical€methods),€and€interagency€cooperation€(involving€appropriate€federal,Яstate,€tribal,€private€and€international€organizations).€€In€addition€it€should€be€built€using€successfulЯ№ №keystone№№€monitoring€and€research€programs€and€must€be€cost„effective,€continuous,€interoperable,Яadaptive€and€accessible€(NSTC,€1996).€€The€CENR€Framework€envisions€a€hierarchical€structureЯfor€integrating€monitoring€that:€(1)€characterizes€specific€properties€of€large€regions€by€continuousЯmeasurement€(e.g.€remote€sensing);€(2)€characterizes€specific€properties€of€large€regions€byЯsampling;€and€(3)€focuses€on€the€properties€and€processes€of€specific€locations.€€Ьр ' рAs€a€critical€step€toward€implementing€the€Framework€as€a€National€Integrated€EnvironmentalЯт тMonitoring€Program€the€CENR€Environmental€Monitoring€Team€recommended€convening€aа ф*4&' аworkshop€to€develop€an€implementation€plan€for€the€Framework€in€a€pilot€region.€€It€reasoned€thatЯж€џџжimplementation€first€on€a€regional€scale€rather€than€nationally€has€the€advantage€of€requiring€smallerЯmodifications€of€agency€budgets€and€programmatic€objectives€while€allowing€a€field€test€of€theЯproposed€Framework.€€The€Mid„Atlantic€region€was€selected€as€the€first€pilot€region€becauseЯregional„scale€environmental€assessments€are€already€ongoing€and€multi„jurisdictionalЯenvironmental€management€programs€in€this€region€(e.g.€the€Chesapeake€Bay€Program)€rely€onЯenvironmental€monitoring€programs€which€could€benefit€from€better€integration.€Ьр ' рFrom€a€Mid„Atlantic€perspective,€the€type€of€integrated€monitoring€conceptualized€by€theЯCENR€Framework€is€particularly€timely.€€Not€only€are€policymakers€and€managers€struggling€toЯbetter€manage€environmental€issues€which€involve€multiple€media€(air,€soil,€water,€and€biota)€andЯaffect€several€resources€(e.g.,€agriculture,€forests,€and€fisheries),€but€scientists€are€beginning€to€makeЯadvances€in€understanding€phenomena€operable€on€different€space€and€time€scales.€€As€we€progressЯtoward€the€goals€of€ecosystem€management€(Interagency€Ecosystem€Management€Task€Force,€1995)Яand€sustainable€development€(President№№s€Council€on€Sustainable€Development,€1996),€innovativeЯand€responsive€environmental€monitoring€must€be€a€key€element.Ьр ' рThe€Mid„Atlantic€Regional€Pilot€Workshop€was€held€on€April€1„12,€1996,€at€College€Park,ЯMaryland.€€This€report€summarizes€the€deliberations€and€recommendations€of€that€workshop.€€It€isЯintended€that€this€report€provide€guidance€for€the€implementation€of€a€Mid„Atlantic€IntegratedЯEnvironmental€Monitoring€Program€and€useful€input€to€a€subsequent€workshop€to€develop€a€nationalЯimplementation€plan€for€the€Framework.€€ђ ђа 8ˆ аг$ џџ'ќ!џџА'` ‹X$гд€МЪ М XXЛХда  „д а2.€€Workshop€Scope€and€Strategyд€XЛХ X ММЪдѓ ѓа А агB.џџА'` И hРpШ xа (#џџ'ќ!Bгр ' рThe€objectives€of€the€Workshop€were€to:€€(1)€obtain€the€views€of€regional€environmentalЯmanagers€and€scientists€regarding€the€Framework€and€its€utility€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region;€(2)Яidentify€important€regional€environmental€issues€to€which€integrated€monitoring€should€beЯresponsive€(reference€issues);€(3)€identify€ongoing€monitoring€and€research€programs€which€couldЯcontribute€and€important€gaps€which€presently€exist;€and€(4)€recommend€implementation€strategiesЯand€activities.Ьр ' рЙвАввАвQA=x|  Јъ `Рš€@ HKKKKE™ФЈъЗ:ъNy>€‡пђ ђЬт NNа а тЬЬЬЬЬЬЬЬЬЬЬЬЬЬFigМт а а NNтure€1.€€The€Mid„Atlantic€Region€as€defined€for€the€purposes€of€the€RegionalЯPilot€Integrated€Monitoring€Program.ЬвАввАвр ' рѓ ѓFor€the€purpose€of€the€Regional€Pilot,€the€Mid„Atlantic€Region€is€operationally€defined€asа $h аFederal€Region€III€(including€the€states€of€Pennsylvania,€Delaware,€Maryland,€Virginia€and€WestЯVirginia)€plus€those€regions€of€the€catchment€basins€of€the€Delaware€Bay,€Chesapeake€Bay,€andЯAlbemarle€and€Pamlico€Sounds€which€fall€in€neighboring€states€(portions€of€the€states€of€NewЯJersey,€New€York,€and€North€Carolina,€Figure€1).€€Thus,€the€region€is€defined€by€a€combination€ofЯphysiographic€(the€three€large€estuaries€and€their€watersheds)€and€geopolitical€criteria.€€Its€land€areaЯis€identical€to€that€considered€by€the€Environmental€Monitoring€and€Assessment€ProgramЯLandscapes€component€(Kepner,€et€al.,€1995),€but€the€region€also€includes€the€estuarineа Ј*ј%! аenvironments€and€coastal€ocean€(including€the€continental€shelf).Ьр ' рParticipants€in€the€Workshop€included€approximately€110€individuals€representing€a€wideЯvariety€of€federal€agencies€(Departments€of€Agriculture,€Commerce,€Energy€and€Interior,ЯEnvironmental€Protection€Agency,€National€Aeronautics€and€Space€Administration,€NationalЯScience€Foundation,€and€Central€Intelligence€Agency),€agencies€of€the€states€of€Delaware,€Maryland,ЯNew€York,€North€Carolina,€Pennsylvania,€South€Carolina,€West€Virginia,€and€Virginia,€multi„state€Яcommissions,€universities€within€and€outside€of€the€region,€non„governmental€organizations€andЯcorporations.€€A€listing€of€these€participants€is€given€in€Appendix€1.€€Ьр ' рDuring€the€opening€session€of€the€Workshop,€presentations€by€Dr.€Rosina€Biernbaum€of€theЯPresident№№s€Office€of€Science€and€Technology€Policy,€Dr.€Robert€Huggett,€EPA€AssistantЯAdministrator€for€Research€and€Development,€and€Dr.€Michael€Ruggiero€of€the€National€BiologicalЯService€and€Co„Leader€of€the€CENR€Environmental€Monitoring€Team,€provided€background€on€theЯdevelopment€of€the€Framework€and€the€context€for€recommendations€on€its€implementation.€€Messrs.ЯJ.€Randy€Pomponio€and€Thomas€DeMoss€of€EPA€Region€III€reviewed€the€objectives€of€the€Mid„МAtlantic€Integrated€Assessment€(MAIA)€and€its€results€to€date.€€The€remainder€of€the€workshopЯconsisted€of€three€breakout€sessions,€each€followed€by€a€plenary€meeting€to€report€and€discuss€theЯrecommendations€of€each€breakout€group.€€These€plenary€discussions€were€moderated€by€theЯWorkshop€Chair,€Dr.€Donald€Boesch€of€the€University€of€Maryland€Center€for€Environmental€andЯEstuarine€Studies,€who€was€also€responsible€for€editing€the€Proceedings.€Ьр ' рThe€breakout€sessions€were€part€of€the€three„step€strategy€to€meet€the€Workshop€objectives:ЬвмАвгE+џџ АИ hРpШ xа (#џџА'` ‹XEгн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нђ ђUtility€of€the€Framework€and€Reference€Issuesѓ ѓ.€€During€the€first€session,€five€groups€ofа р0 аparticipants€(randomly€assigned)€each€considered€the€utility€of€the€Integrated€MonitoringЯFramework€applied€to€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€and€identified€potential€reference€issues.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нђ ђOpportunities€and€Needsѓ ѓ.€€During€the€second€breakout€session,€four€groups€of€participantsа  \ аidentified€ongoing€monitoring€and€research€programs€which€could€contribute€within€separateЯenvironmental€media€(atmospheric,€terrestrial,€aquatic,€and€coastal),€opportunities€for€betterЯintegration,€and€significant€gaps.€€A€fifth€group€addressed€opportunities€and€needs€forЯregional€synthesis€across€environmental€media.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нђ ђFunctional€Implementation€of€Mid„Atlantic€Regional€Pilotѓ ѓ.€€During€the€final€breakoutа !h аsession,€groups€identified€implementation€strategies€and€actions€to€better€integrateЯmonitoring€and€research€efforts€into€a€useful€regional€framework,€with€separate€groupsЯaddressing€information€and€data€management;€integration€of€research€and€monitoring;Яintegration€of€monitoring€programs;€assessment€and€transfer€of€information;€and€RegionalЯPilot€implementation.€а (#(# авАмвгH.џџА'` И hРpШ xа (#џџАИ ŠXHгр ' рThe€participants€in€the€various€breakout€groups€are€identified€in€Appendix€1.€€The€breakoutЯgroup€chairs€and€rapporteurs€are€listed€in€Appendix€2.€€In€addition€to€the€reports€of€the€rapporteurs,Яuseful€input€to€this€Workshop€Report€was€provided€in€a€detailed€proceedings€of€the€Workshop€thatЯwas€prepared€by€EMS,€Inc.а ф)4%% аг$ џџ'ќ!џџА'` ‹X$гђ ђд€МЪ М XXЛХдд€МЪ М ММЪд3.€€Utility€of€the€CENR€Framework€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€Regionд€XЛХ X ММЪда А аѓ ѓгE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$џџ'ќ!Eгр ' рIn€general,€Workshop€participants,€representing€both€the€scientific€community€and€organizationsа 0€ аthat€conduct€and€use€the€results€of€monitoring€within€the€region,€strongly€support€the€goal€ofЯintegrated€environmental€monitoring€and€research€articulated€in€the€Framework€proposed€by€theЯCommittee€on€Environment€and€Natural€Resources€(NSTC,€1996).€€Participants€believe€thatЯsignificant€value€would€be€added€by€better€integration€of€monitoring€programs€and€of€monitoringЯand€research€within€the€region.€€This€is€particularly€so€because€many€of€the€environmental€problemsЯfaced€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€involve€interactions€of€atmospheric€changes,€land€use€and€cover,Яand€aquatic€and€coastal€habitats€and€resources.€€The€nexus€of€air€quality,€spreading€urbanЯdevelopment,€habitat€destruction,€and€degraded€water€quality€requires€that€environmental€monitoringЯand€assessment€be€much€better€integrated€than€it€presently€is€if€the€various€responsible€federal€andЯstate€agencies€are€to€meet€their€responsibilities.ЬгK1А„4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгр  рParticipants€found€that€the€Framework€can€be€improved€by€more€specific€attention€toЯђ ђlinkages€with€the€users€of€monitoring€informationѓ ѓ,€including:€€а Ь  авмАвгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„4ŒXKгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нresponsiveness€to€decisionmakers№№€information€needs;аh(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нinterpretation€of€results;аdД(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нmore€specific€attention€to€data€management€and€access;аА(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нintegration€of€environmental€and€resource€data€with€social€and€economic€considerations€inа ќL аassessments;а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нdissemination€of€information€to€decisionmakers€and€the€public;€and€а8ˆ(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нanticipatory€prediction.а„д(#(# авАмвгE1А„4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгр  рIn€addition,€in€order€to€effect€ђ ђintegration€of€monitoring€programsѓ ѓ,€there€is€a€need€for€moreа а  аthan€is€reflected€in€the€working€draft€Framework€in€terms€of:ЬвмАвгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„4ŒXKгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нdriving€hypotheses€and€models;€а \(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нmore€inclusion€of€monitoring€of€conditions€that€directly€affect€human€health€and€well„being;€аXЈ(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нdevelopment€of€methods€that€link€space„based€and€site„based€measurements;€аЄ є(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нinclusion€of€Index€Sites€that€are€intensely€used,€manipulated,€or€managed€(in€order€to€assessа №!@ аmanagement€practices,€remediation,€and€restoration),€in€addition€to€relatively€natural€sites;Яand€а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нmore€aggressive€inclusion€of€non„federal€participants,€particularly€as€this€may€helpа %l  аincorporate€more€spatially€focused,€non„federal€monitoring€programs€within€the€Framework..а (#(# авАмвр м рFinally,€the€ђ ђintegration€between€research€and€monitoringѓ ѓ€must€progress€beyond€№ №lip€service№№а X'Ј" аand€address€such€difficult€issues€as:ЬвмАвгE1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нquality€control€of€research€and€monitoring€performed€within€all€sectors;€а”)ф$!(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нdetectability€of€change;€and€аА(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нthe€development€of€human€resources€needed€for€effectively€integrated€monitoring€andа ќL аassessment€over€the€long€term.€а ь<(#(# а€ЙвАмвд€МЪ М XXЛХдђ ђ4.€€Reference€Issues€for€Mid„Atlantic€Regionд€XЛХ X ММЪдѓ ѓа ќL агE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгр ' рThe€first€breakout€groups€were€asked€to€identify€five€important€environmental€or€naturalЯresource€issues€which€are€particularly€important€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region.€€The€concurrent€groupsЯused€different€levels€of€specificity.€€Furthermore,€constraining€the€number€of€issues€to€five€oftenЯproduced€lists€of€highly€generalized€topics.€€The€plenary€discussion€was€spirited,€but€eventually€ledЯto€general€consensus€on€the€particular€importance€of€the€following€seven€issues€in€the€Mid„AtlanticЯregion.€€These€are€not€the€only€important€issues€for€the€region,€nor€do€they€necessarily€represent€theЯmost€direct€concerns€of€the€public.€€Also,€obviously€they€do€not€include€issues€which€are,€at€theЯmoment,€unknown€or€underappreciated€but€may€emerge€as€important€in€the€future.€€Rather,€they€haveЯbeen€selected€to€as€№ №reference€issues№№€to€represent€the€kinds€of€environmental€and€natural€resourceЯissues€which€are€at€present,€and€for€the€foreseeable€future,€subject€to€protection,€management€andЯrestoration€activities€in€the€region.€€Ьр ' рIt€is€also€acknowledged€that€the€issues€could€be€described€in€different€ways,€e.g.€from€a€resourceЯor€process€perspective.€€Also,€it€is€clear€that€many€of€these€issues€are€clearly€interrelated€and€thatЯintegrated€regional€monitoring€ultimately€must€reflect€these€interrelationships.Ьр ' рThe€purpose€of€identifying€Reference€Issues€in€the€Workshop€is€to€provide€a€test€of€relevanceЯfor€an€Integrated€Monitoring€and€Research€Framework€for€the€Mid„Atlantic€Region.€€If€theЯimplementation€of€this€Regional€Framework€does€not€produce€information€which€can€improve€theЯeffectiveness€of€protection€and€management€activities€which€address€these€issues,€it€will€not€beЯperceived€as€relevant,€not€provide€incentives€for€adaptation€of€existing€monitoring€programs,€andЯultimately€not€be€embraced€and€sustained.€€ЬгK1А„4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгђ ђChanges€in€Land€Use€and€Cover:ѓ ѓ€€What€are€the€changes€in€land€use€and€land€cover€and€theа P  аconsequences€of€these€changes€to€biotic€and€abiotic€resources€and€the€quality€of€human€life?Ьв'АвThe€Mid„Atlantic€Region€is€characterized€by€extensive€forests€and€agricultural€lands€and€alsoЯby€substantial€urban€and€suburban€development€which€is€expanding€three„times€faster€than€theЯpopulation€is€growing.€€Food€and€fiber€production,€wildlife€resources,€biodiversity,€waterЯquality,€and€human€quality€of€life€and€recreation€are€all€affected€by€the€dynamic€changes€in€landЯuse€and€cover€in€the€region.ЬImportant€management€goals€in€the€region€(no€priority€order€implied)€include:€€(1)Яurban/suburban€growth€management€(which€has€important€implications€for€infrastructure€costs,Яsocial€goals,€and€quality€of€life€as€well€as€air,€water€and€soil€quality€and€habitat€conservation);Я(2)€agricultural€land€preservation;€and€(3)€maintenance€of€healthy€forests€(for€sustainable€useЯof€resources,€conservation€of€biological€resources,€and€maintenance€of€water€quality).ЬвА'вгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„4ŒXKгђ ђNutrient€Over„enrichmentѓ ѓ:€€What€are€the€sources€and€transport€rates€of€nutrients€(particularlyа Є'є"" аnitrogen€and€phosphorus)€and€the€effects€of€increased€nutrient€loading€on€terrestrial,€aquatic€andЯmarine€ecosystems?€€To€what€extent€are€control€strategies€effective?Ьв'АвгB.А'` И hРpШ xа (#А„ŽXBгThe€Mid„Atlantic€Region€is€characterized€by€large€inputs€of€plant€nutrients€from€agriculture,а а* &% аfood€consumption,€waste€disposal€and€the€combustion€of€fossil€fuels€and€by€extensive€estuariesЯwith€long€residence€times.€€It€is€also€characterized€by€activities€(urban€development,€agriculture,Яand€deforestation)€which€diminish€the€nutrient„retentive€capacities€of€the€landscape.€€This€is€anЯexplosive€mixture€which€has€resulted€in€eutrophication€of€some€rivers€and€lakes€and€virtuallyЯall€of€the€estuaries€in€the€region€(and€possibly€even€continental€shelf€waters)€with€undesirableЯconsequences€to€resources.€€Reduction€of€eutrophication€via€nutrient€control€strategiesЯthroughout€the€watersheds€is€a€central€objective€of€the€ambitious€ecosystem€management€effortsЯin€Chesapeake€Bay,€the€Albemarle„Pamlico€Sound€system,€the€New€York€City€water€supply€andЯelsewhere.€€A€new€monitoring€framework€that€does€not€enhance€our€capability€for€assessingЯatmospheric€inputs,€landscape€conditions€and€hydrological€processes€affecting€nutrientЯtransport,€and€the€responses€of€aquatic€and€coastal€ecosystems€is€not€likely€to€be€embraced€byЯthe€important€regional€management€programs€that€focus€on€nutrient€control.ЬвА'вгH1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А'ŒXHгђ ђWater€Resourcesѓ ѓ:€€What€are€the€present€status€and€future€trends€in€the€quantity€and€quality€of€waterа Lœ  аfor€human€use?Ьв'АвгB.А'` И hРpШ xа (#А„ŽXBгPopulation€growth€and€sprawl€and€the€use€of€freshwater€resources€for€agriculture€and€industryЯare€placing€increasing€pressures€on€this€№ №water„rich№№€region.€€Groundwater€draw€down€andЯcontamination€(e.g.€with€nitrate)€and€water„use€conflicts€in€water„limited€areas€where€rapidЯdevelopment€is€taking€place€(e.g.€urban€southeastern€Virginia)€are€harbingers€of€problems€to€beЯfaced€in€the€future€elsewhere.€Ьђ ђвћ'вAir€Quality€and€Atmospheric€Depositionѓ ѓ:€€What€are€the€status€and€trends€of€air€quality€and€theа ”ф аdeposition€of€nutrients€and€toxicants€from€the€atmosphere?€€What€are€the€effects€of€emission€controlЯstrategies?Ьв'ћвThe€atmosphere€throughout€the€region€is€modified€by€human€activities,€particularly€by€changesЯin€its€chemical€composition€as€a€result€of€combustion€of€fossil€fuels,€not€only€those€activitiesЯwithin€the€region€but€by€activities€in€the€broader€№ №airshed.№№€€Human€respiratory€problems€andЯstress€to€forests€caused€by€increased€ground„level€ozone;€increased€haze;€acidic€deposition€withЯresulting€effects€on€soils,€forests,€streams€and€lakes;€and€eutrophication€aggravated€byЯdeposition€of€nitrogen€are€among€the€consequences.€€The€atmospheric€sources€are€now€knownЯto€be€a€significant€source€of€nitrogen€and€certain€toxicants€in€parts€of€the€region.€€ЬвА'вђ ђStream€and€Wetland€Habitat€Protection€and€Restorationѓ ѓ:€€What€are€the€extent€and€nature€ofа Ќ!ќ аstream€and€wetland€habitats,€how€have€their€functions€been€impaired,€and€how€effective€are€effortsЯto€protect€and€restore€them?Ьв'АвThe€streams,€rivers,€and€wetlands€throughout€the€multiple€watersheds€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€regionЯfunction€as€the€circulatory€system№"№and€to€a€large€extent€the€kidneys№"№of€regional€ecosystems.€ЯThese€habitats€have€been€significantly€degraded€by€sedimentation,€acid€mine€drainage,€andЯmodification€of€riparian€zones,€impairing€their€hydrologic,€assimilatory€and€habitat€functions.€ЯProtection€and€restoration€of€streams€and€wetlands€are€common€goals€throughout€the€region,Яbe€it€for€fish€and€wildlife,€recreation,€or€nonpoint€source€control.€€Integrated€monitoring€in€theЯregion€should€contribute€to€assessments€of€the€most€effective€protection€and€restorationа x*Ш%& аstrategies€and€of€progress€toward€management€goals€throughout€the€region.ЬвА'вгH1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А'ŒXHгђ ђCoastal€Fisheries€Resourcesѓ ѓ:€€What€is€the€status€of€coastal€fishery€resources€and€how€can€depletedа ќL аresources€be€rebuilt€and€sustained?Ьв'АвгB.А'` И hРpШ xа (#А„ŽXBгCoastal€fisheries€are€in€trouble€throughout€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€as€a€result€of€unsustainableЯutilization,€obstructions€to€migration,€habitat€degradation€and€diseases.€€Major€efforts€areЯunderway,€ranging€from€restoration€of€stream€access€by€anadromous€species€to€rebuilding€oysterЯreefs€to€severe€restrictions€of€harvest,€in€order€to€rebuild€stocks€and€manage€sustainable€use.€ЯThese€efforts€involve€Federal€and€state€agencies€and€private€and€non„governmentalЯorganizations.€€Although€fisheries€management€issues€are€important€in€many€other€regions€ofЯthe€country,€the€interconnectedness€of€coastal€ocean,€estuarine€and€riverine€habitats€andЯpopulations€is€an€important€characteristic€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€which€poses€particularЯrequirements€for€integrated€environmental€monitoring.ЬвА'вгH1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А'ŒXHгђ ђUrban€Environmental€Quality€and€Human€Healthѓ ѓ:€€What€are€the€exposure€conditions€of€urbanа T  аand€nearby€populations€to€important€environmental€health€risks?ЬвмАвWhile€the€Mid„Atlantic€Region€provides€a€relatively€healthy€environment€for€its€millions€ofЯresidents,€concerns€about€the€environmental€effects€on€human€health€remain€in€specific€parts€ofЯthe€region,€particularly€in€urban€and€surrounding€regions.€€Of€particular€concern€are€ground„levelЯozone,€not€only€in€cities€but€in€suburban€and€rural€areas€downwind,€and€exposure€to€toxicЯsubstances€and€environmentally€borne€pathogens€for€urban€populations€whose€socio„economicЯcircumstances€present€greater€risks.а  №@ аЬвАмвђ ђд€МЪ М XXЛХда  ќL а5.€€Opportunities€and€Needsд€XЛХ X ММЪда А аѓ ѓр м рFour€media„specific€groups€identified€ongoing€local,€regional€and€national€monitoring€programsа 0€ аfor€the€atmosphere€and€terrestrial,€freshwater,€and€coastal€environments,€using€the€Reference€IssuesЯas€a€touchstone€of€relevance.€€A€fifth€group€addressed€regional€synthesis,€specifically€identifying€theЯcurrent€state€of€integration€across€environmental€media€and€useful€models€and€managementЯstrategies€that€could€foster€integration.€€All€groups€were€also€asked€to€identify€significant€gaps€inЯenvironmental€monitoring€and€related€research€and€opportunities€for€better€integration€of€monitoringЯprograms€and€consider€the€current€state€of€environmental€research€in€the€region.€Ьд€МЪ М XXЛХдгQ€(€˜ !!!!€ lQгTable€1.€€Atmospheric€monitoring€programs€which€could€contribute€to€integratedа M  аmonitoring€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region.€€See€Appendix€3€for€list€of€abbreviations€andЯacronyms€and€Appendix€4€for€an€inventory€of€major€federal€environmental€monitoringЯand€research€networks€and€programs€.ЬвАвгI€&€!!!!€0€ !!1!!Iгд*qƒ!" ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#qдд,rdD дд,ЯdD дд,ЯdD дд,XdD дд,мdD дд,dT дд+  да 7€& QЁ  €P€‚`‚ƒ-ƒ„„……7ад€&Ї‰& ММЪдд€#&Ї‰&&&Ї‰дЬг  гProgramа N€?0 p 3|| „„……NаDepositionа @€1"в"" „„……@аAirа @€-"в"" „„@аVisibilityа G=*в"" `- P  €P€‚`‚ƒ-ƒ……Gаа &€ k „„&аWetа 9€*{Ы" „„9аDryа 9€*{Ы" „„9аOђђ3ѓѓа 9€*{Ы" „„9а(SOђђxѓѓ,€NOђђxѓѓ)а =€*{Ы" „„=аг  га Q€$B*{Ы `- P  €P€‚€‚ƒ-ƒ„„QаNADPа 0€$!D”$ „„0аweeklyа 9€$*D”"$ „„9аа 9€$*D”"$ „„9аа 9€$*D”"$ „„9аа =€$*D”"$ „„=аа Q€B*D”" €- P $ €P€‚`‚ƒ-ƒ„„QаAIRMoN€wetа 0€!э= „„0аdailyа 9€*э=" „„9аа 9€*э=" „„9аа 9€*э= " „„9аа =€*э=!" „„=аа Q€B*э="" `- P  €P€‚`‚ƒ-ƒ„„QаAIRMoN€dryа 0€!–ц# „„0аа 9€*–ц$" „„9аhourly„Мweeklyа 9€*pР&" „„9аа 9€*–ц'" „„9аweeklyа =€*–ц(" „„=аа Q€B*–ц)" `- P  €P€‚`‚ƒ-ƒ„„QаCASTNetа 0€!i* „„0аа 9€*i+" „„9аweeklyа 9€*i," „„9аhourlyа 9€*i-" „„9аweeklyа =€*i." „„=аа Q€B*i/" `- P  €P€‚`‚ƒ-ƒ„„QаNARSTO/PAMSа 0€!Т0 „„0аа 9€*Т1" „„9аа 9€*Т2" „„9аhourlyа 9€*Т3" „„9аhourlyа =€*Т4" „„=аа Q€B*Т5" `- P  €P€‚`‚ƒ-ƒ„„QаNPSа 0€!kЛ6 „„0аа 9€*kЛ7" „„9аа 9€*kЛ8" „„9аа 9€*kЛ9" „„9аhourlyа =€*kЛ:" „„=аа Q€B*kЛ;" `- P  €P€‚`‚ƒ-ƒ„„QаIMPROVEа 0€!!d< „„0аа 9€*!d=" „„9аа 9€*!d>" „„9аа 9€*!d?" „„9аdailyа =€*!d@" „„=аhourlyа S€B*!dA" `- P  €P€‚`‚ƒ=ƒ„„SаSTATESЬ(NAMS/SLAMS)а 2€! $[C „„2аа ;€*Н" D" „„;аа ;€*Н" E" „„;аа ;€*Н" F" „„;аа =€*Н" G" „„=аа:0.Н" H" `= P  :авАвгS€(€˜!!!!d%Д !!!!!Sгр м рЬгI€&€!!!!€т&2"!!1A1IгЬд€#МЪ М&#&Ї‰дд€МЪ М М#МЪдђ ђThe€Atmosphereд€XЛХ X ММЪда Q(Ё#J аѓ ѓр м рMonitoring€of€atmospheric€variables€is€important€for€assessment€of€a€number€of€the€Referenceа ђ)B%K аIssues€for€the€Mid„Atlantic€region.€€These€variables€include€wet€and€dry€deposition€of€nutrients€andЯtoxics;€ambient€air€quality€(Oђђ3ѓѓ,€SOђђ2ѓѓ,€NOђђxѓѓ,€chlorinated€organics,€and€organic€particles);€atmosphericа С аemissions€(SOђђ2ѓѓ,€NOђђxѓѓ,€VOC,€toxics,€and€greenhouse€gases);€and€meteorological€data.€€Theseа Б аindicators€should€be€considered€in€terms€of€their€spatial€and€temporal€variations,€loadings,€andЯconcentrations.€€Ongoing€monitoring€programs€range€from€compliance€monitoring€required€by€theЯStates€to€national€and€regional€networks€that€address€deposition,€air€quality€and€visibility€asЯsummarized€in€Table€1.€€Ьд€&Ї‰& XXЛХдд€#&Ї‰&&&Ї‰др м рThe€breadth€of€issues€addressed€by€the€atmospheric€monitoring€activity€extends€across€the€spectrum€fromа о . аecology€to€health€and€to€aesthetics,€correlating€strongly€with€the€tabular€headings€deposition,€concentrationЯand€visibility€in€Table€1.Ьр м рThe€priority€environmental€issue€for€atmospheric€monitoring€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€is€ozone€and€itsЯconsequences.€€It€affects€both€human€health€and€ecosystems€via€direct€effects€on€vegetation€and€indirectlyЯvia€its€relationship€to€the€deposition€of€oxidized€nitrogen€(NOђђxѓѓ),€which€contributes€to€acidity€and€excessа ”ф  аnitrogen€loading€of€terrestrial,€aquatic€and€coastal€systems.€€The€factors€responsible€for€ozone€formation€thusЯalso€influence€acid€deposition,€eutrophication€and€air€borne€particles€which€affect€human€health€andЯaesthetics.€€This€is€one€inter„related€system€which€has€to€be€dealt€with€simultaneously.€€A€second€issueЯconcerns€the€integration€and€assessment€of€the€effectiveness€of€air€quality€regulations€with€respect€to€humanЯand€ecosystem€health.€€Questions€raised€include€the€following:€What€is€the€health€of€the€ecosystem€and€howЯis€it€changing€(a€monitoring€and€research€issue)?€€Why€is€it€changing€and€what€is€causing€the€changes€(aЯsource€quantification€and€research€issue)?€€What€can€be€done€about€undesirable€changes€(an€assessmentЯissue)?€€And,€is€the€action€taken€having€the€desired€effect€(a€monitoring€issue)?€€Ьр м рGaps€and€research€needs€identified€include€the€following:€ЬгE1‘„4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгв‘Авн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нthe€ability€to€accurately€quantify€point€estimates€of€dry€deposition€versus€that€of€wet€deposition,а P аespecially€in€complex€terrain;а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нthe€ability€to€accurately€quantify€dry€deposition€at€a€given€point;€а(x(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нthe€ability€to€predict€wet€and€dry€deposition€by€interpolation€or€extrapolation,€which€requires€betterа vЦ аmodels;а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нintegration€of€data€from€rural€and€urban€monitoring€sites,€including€determination€of€the€effects€ofа žю аurban€sources€on€rural€areas;а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нrefined€estimates€of€emissions€(SOђђ2ѓѓ,€NOђђxѓѓ,€plus€COђђ2ѓѓ,€CFCs,€etc.)€from€both€natural€and€anthropogenicа Ц! аsources€and€how€these€sources€vary€across€the€region€and€temporally;а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нquality€control€for€state„run€toxics€monitoring;аю#>(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нtimely€integration€between€modeling€and€monitoring;€andа<%Œ (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нmeasurements€of€atmospheric€conditions€over€open€coastal€waters.аŠ&к!!(#(# авА‘вгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$‘„4ŒXKгр м рRegarding€other€elements€of€the€Framework,€the€selection€of€Index€Sites€should€be€influenced€by€theЯregional€Reference€Issues€and€and€the€appropriateness€of€the€sites€for€testing€hypotheses€as€well€as€byЯecoregion€considerations.€€However,€the€focus€on€intense€measurement€at€Index€Sites€should€not€come€at€theЯexpense€of€the€number€of€valuable€monitoring€sites€already€in€existence.€€Co„location€of€Index€Sites€withа f*Ж%% аexisting€sites€should€be€considered€when€existing€sites€provide€the€regional€representation€required.€€One€ofЯthe€objectives€in€the€initial€phases€of€the€program€is€to€characterize€the€amount€of€variability€in€measurementsЯamong€sites€and€determine€the€optimal€number€of€sites€required€to€deliver€the€needed€level€of€certainty€fromЯthe€data.€€Ьр м рReductions€in€the€number€of€monitoring€sites€generally€imposes€greater€reliance€on€modeling€predictionsЯfor€interpolating€and€extrapolating€measurements.€€But,€models€currently€require€more€observations€in€orderЯto€increase€confidence€in€their€predictions.€€Surveys,€or€synoptic€measurements€over€large€areas,€are€not€veryЯrelevant€in€atmospheric€monitoring.€€Rather,€monitoring€of€highly€dynamic€atmospheric€conditions€requireЯlong„term€observations€at€fixed€locations.€€Ьр м рFinally,€гE1‘„4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгthe€Mid„Atlantic€region€is€influenced€by€atmospheric€sources€and€processes€from€outside€of€theЯregion€itself.€€The€№ №airsheds№№€are€much€larger€than€the€watersheds.€€For€this€and€€other€reasons,€ambient€airЯand€meteorological€measurements€are€necessary€for€the€interpretation€of€modeling€results€and€are€critical€forЯintegrating€environmental€management€concerns.€ЬгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$‘„4ŒXKгђ ђд€#МЪ М&#&Ї‰дд€МЪ М М#МЪдTerrestrial€Environmentsд€XЛХ X ММЪда ?  аѓ ѓр м рIntegrated€monitoring€of€terrestrial€environments€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€must€consider:а р0 ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 м рн  нLand€use€and€management,€which€affects€ecosystem€goods€and€services,€environmental€quality,а M аand€the€sustainability€of€any€given€use.€€Management,€planning,€and€analysis€of€effects€must€takeЯinto€account€interacting€components€of€landscape€structures€and€processes,€including€coverageЯtype€and€area,€intensity€of€use,€structure€of€the€biotic€and€abiotic€environment,€and€the€spatialЯextent€and€distribution€of€different€land€use€types.€а м(#м(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 м рн  нHuman€activities,€which€have€become€the€primary€short„term€driver€of€natural€ecosystemа zЪ аstructure,€process€and€stability€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region.€€At€the€same€time,€We€must€alsoЯconsider€the€impacts€of€the€natural€ecosystem€on€the€condition€of€the€human€economic€and€socialЯsystems.€€Issues€which€are€particularly€relevant€in€that€regard€include€links€and€feedbacksЯbetween€human€and€natural€systems€(ranging€from€public€health€and€recreation€to€speciesЯpreservation);€economics€and€sustainable€resource€use;€social€priorities;€human€demographics;Яhydrologic€functions,€including€water€resources€and€water€purification€functions;€ecosystemЯsustainability,€health,€and€production;€and€climate€change€(increasing€COђђ2ѓѓ€and€changingа  Z аtemperature€and€precipitation).а м(#м(# ађ ђр м рѓ ѓA€variety€of€local,€regional€and€national€monitoring€and€assessment€activities€that€are€relevantа g"З аto€integrated€monitoring€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€were€identified.€€Only€some€of€these€of€largerЯscope€are€listed€below€(see€also€Appendix€4).€€From€this€listing€it€is€clear€that€there€is€muchЯmonitoring€of€terrestrial€environments€in€the€Mid„Atlantic,€but€the€monitoring€is€generally€conductedЯfor€a€particular€assessment€purpose€and€the€programs€are€poorly€linked.Ьв‘АвгE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нMulti„Resource€Land€Characterization€(MRLC)€involves€collection€and€analysis€of€remotelyа ”'ф"" аsensed€data€from€Landsat€Thematic€Mapper€(TM)€and€Multi„spectral€Scanner€(MSS)Яcoordinated€by€EPA.€€Its€objective€is€the€reporting€of€changes€in€land€cover.€€At€present€it€hasЯno€formal€link€to€assessments,€remains€to€be€adequately€ground€truthed,€and€is€not€calibratedа d*Д%% аto€State€efforts.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нUSGS€Land€Cover€Mapping€involves€collection€and€analysis€of€remotely€sensed€data€viaа >Ž аAVHRR.€€Its€objective€is€to€identify€ecotype€complexity.€€This€program€is€not€linked€to€anyЯplanned€assessment€activity€or€to€state€or€local€efforts.€€Ground€truthing€is€in€its€infancy.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нSouthern€Appalachian€Assessment€employs€data€from€TM,€Forest€Inventory€and€Analysisа ‹ л аand€the€Heritage€Program€for€the€purpose€of€specific€assessments.€€It€covers€threeЯmountainous€counties€in€Virginia€and€West€Virginia€and€involves€cooperation€with€the€ManЯand€the€Biosphere€(MAB)€Project€€in€cooperation€with€states€and€the€United€States€ForestЯService.€€Its€objectives€are€to€assess€land„use€fragmentation,€forest€health€and€speciesЯdiversity.€€There€is€a€socio„economic€component€linking€human€population€growth,Яdemographics€and€recreation€needs€to€the€environmental€component.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нState€Gap€Analysis€Programs€(GAP)€are€assessment„driven€and€involve€cooperation€amongа ˜ш  аthe€National€Biological€Service,€States€and€State€heritage€programs.€€Their€objective€is€toЯexamine€the€distribution€of€species€and€habitat,€asking€the€question:€"Do€conservationЯprograms€actually€protect€species?"€€€They€employ€TM€and€aerial€videography€and€are€linkedЯto€on„the„ground€biodiversity€surveys.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нForest€Health€Monitoring€Program€(FHM)€coverage€includes€20€states€nationwide,€includingа Х аDelaware,€Maryland,€Virginia,€West€Virginia€and€New€Jersey€in€the€Mid„Atlantic.€€BasedЯon€a€state„Federal€partnership,€its€objective€is€to€assess€forest€health.€€In€this€program€aerialЯphotography€is€linked€to€plot„based€sampling€conducted€by€the€states€and€the€U.S.€ForestЯService.€€Data€collection€is€underway€and€an€quality€assurance/quality€control€program€is€inЯplace.€€An€assessment€framework€is€under€development€and€a€few€assessments€have€beenЯrecently€completed.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нCoastal„Change€Analysis€Program€(C„CAP)€is€conducted€by€NOAA€and€has€as€its€objectiveа в" аthe€quantification€of€coastal€habitat€change€on€approximately€five„year€intervals.€€LandSatЯTM€is€used€to€measure€changes€in€emergent€wetlands€and€coastal€upland€vegetation€andЯaerial€photography€is€used€to€measure€changes€in€submersed€aquatic€vegetation.€€Much€ofЯthe€ground€verification€is€provided€by€cooperating€state€agencies.€€C„CAP€is€initiating€aЯsecond€change€detection€for€the€Chesapeake€Bay€estuarine€drainage€area€for€the€period€1989„М1994.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нBaltimore„Washington€Collaboratory€has€the€objective€of€providing€a€spatial€data€frameworkа п#/ аto€calibrate€and€assess€landscape€change€models.€€Its€approach€includes€the€development€ofЯground€truth€data€and€historical€analysis€of€land€use.€€The€assessment€objective€is€toЯdetermine€and€improve€the€quality€of€resource€assessments€for€use€in€water€quality,€land„use,Яand€water„use€planning€in€the€Baltimore„Washington€area.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нNational€Resources€Inventory€of€the€U.S.€Department€of€Agriculture€has€the€objective€ofа  )\$# аdetermining€the€linkages€between€land€management,€land€cover,€commodity€production,а ќ)L%$ аwater€quality,€and€soil€quality.€€€It€includes€private€lands€surveys€and€provides€№ №groundЯobservation№№€as€opposed€to€ground€truth.€€There€are€no€formal€linkages€to€other€media€or€landЯownership€surveys€and€associated€assessments€have€been€driven€by€Congressional€mandate.а (#(# авА‘вгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгђ ђр м рѓ ѓImportant€needs€for€improving€the€ability€to€monitor,€assess€and€report€on€changes€in€terrestrialа n аenvironments€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€include€the€following:ЬвмАвгE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгн ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нaccurate€information€on€the€changes€in€land€use,€both€in€terms€of€their€spatial€dimensionsа { Ы аand€intensity€of€management;€а S(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нmeasurements€of€changes€and€events€at€the€"edges"€between€land€uses€and€ecozones€whereа и ( аdynamic€changes€make€establishment€of€№ №stable№№€measurement€sites€difficult;€.а S(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нsufficient€coverage€atmospheric€deposition€monitoring€sites€to€link€deposition€to€response;а5… S(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нquantitative€soil€surveys,€based€on€proabalistic€sampling€and€updated€frequently€enough€toа Ђђ  аkeep€abreast€of€changing€soil€conditions;а S(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нintegration€of€sampling,€sampling€protocols,€data€sets€and€analysis€and€assessment€effortsа џO  аto€determine€cause„effect€relationships;а S(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нthe€capability€to€project€the€impacts€of€economic€and€demographic€changes€on€terrestrialа \Ќ аecosystems;а S(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нregional€assessments€of€net€primary€productivity€and€COђђ2ѓѓ€flux;аЙ S(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нadequate€characterization€of€watershed€hydrology;а&vS(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нa€disease€information€system€(plant,€animal,€human);а“уS(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нcoordinated€information€on€the€status€and€trends€of€exotic€species;€аPS(#S(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 S рн  нan€assessment€framework€including€community€ecology,€biodiversity,€and€interactionа mН аdynamics€as€they€affect€nutrient€cycling,€disease,€species€survival,€etc.а S(#S(# авАмвгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгр м рThe€following€would€help€meet€these€needs:ЬвмАвгH4А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXHг1.р0 S рData€and€information€on€why€private€land€managers€make€the€decisions€they€do.€€а7!‡S(#S(# а2.р0 S рInformation€distribution€systems€that€are€responsive€to€user€needs.аЄ"єS(#S(# а3.р0 S рTechniques€for€the€interpretation€of€urban€imagery.а$aS(#S(# а4.р0 S рIntegrated€reference€information€that€provides€more€complete€coverage€(including€Indexа ~%Ю  аSites€and€integrated€surveys).а S(#S(# а5.р0 S рIntegration€tools€(conceptual€and€assessment€models)€that€define€expectations€of€ecosystemа л'+# аgoods€and€services.€€These€should€codify,€in€terms€usable€by€multiple€perspectivesЯ(environmentalists,€extraction€companies,€municipal€management€commissions,€gameЯmanagement€agencies,€etc.),€what€is€meant€by€"healthy№№€ecosystems,€forests€or€fisheries.аЋ*ћ%S(#S(# а6.р0 S рIndicators€for€use€in€integration€models€that€reflect€ecosystem€condition,€distinguishа б! аchanges€from€normal€variability;€and€are€logistically€feasible€and€cost€efficient.а S(#S(# а7.р0 S рMethods€(statistics,€empirical€and€conceptual€models,€valuation€techniques,€etc.)€toа .~ аaggregate€measurements€into€indicator€indices.а S(#S(# а8.р0 S рApproaches€to€compare€transfer€effects€between€different€systems.€а‹ лS(#S(# а9.р0 S рImproved€techniques€for€the€measurement€of€COђђ2ѓѓ€flux€and€the€linkage€between€flux€andа ј H аecosystem€net€primary€productivity.а S(#S(# а10.р0 S рMethods€for€more€complete€and€simple€characterizations€of€watershed€hydrologicа U Ѕ аframework€(source,€routing,€timing).а S(#S(# а11.р0 S рNew€techniques€for€organismal€profiles€that€incorporate€the€population€dynamics€andа В  аfunctional€roles€in€the€ecosystem€of€the€organism.а S(#S(# авАмвгN1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXNгђ ђд€МЪ М XXЛХдAquatic€Environmentsд€XЛХ X ММЪда _  аѓ ѓр м рConsideration€of€a€series€of€questions€concerning€aquatic€environments€and€resources€is€helpfulа А  аin€assessing€the€potential€contributions€of€existing€programs€to€an€integrated€regional€monitoringЯprogram€and€the€gaps€which€need€to€be€filled:ЬгB.м„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXBгвмАвн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нAquatic€organisms,€including€non„indigenous€species:€а§M(#(# агK1„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„‚„ф ŠXKгвмвн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нAre€populations€of€aquatic€organisms€and€water-dependent€reptiles€and€mammals€а jК аchanging?€€Where€have€changes€occurred€and€why€have€they€occurred€(e.g.,€UV-B,€acidЯrain,€agricultural€runoff,€endocrine€disruption)?а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нAre€management€practices€and€regulations€having€their€intended€effects?аЗ(#(# агN1‘„4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$„Œ ‹XNгв‘вн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нStream€habitat€and€substrate€alterations:€а$t(#(# ав‘вгK1‘„щŒ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$‘„4ŒXKгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нAre€flows€adequate€to€support€fisheries€and€benthic€invertebrates?а‘с(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhich€human€activities€have€affected€aquatic€habitats€and€to€what€extent?аўN(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhat€are€the€effects€of€wetlands€loss,€channelization,€impoundments€and€subsidence?аk!Л(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нAre€management€practices€having€the€intended€effect?аи"((#(# агK.м„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$‘„щŒ ‹XKгвмвн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нHydrology€and€water€supply:аE$•(#(# агK1„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„‚„ф ŠXKгвмвн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нHave€water€supplies,€distributions,€and€runoff€characteristics€changed€due€to€water€useа В%! а(urban€development,€land€use,€salt-water€intrusion)?€€Where€and€why€have€changesЯoccurred?€€How€might€they€change€in€the€future,€particularly€as€a€consequence€ofЯclimate€changes?а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нAre€water€supplies€adequate€to€serve€future€populations?ая)?%(#(# агK.м„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$„Œ ‹XKгвмвн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нWater€quality:аб!(#(# агK1„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„‚„ф ŠXKгвмвн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нHow€has€water€quality€in€surface€and€sub-surface€waters€changed?€€Where€have€changesа >Ž аoccurred€and€why€have€they€occurred€(land€use,€climate€change,€land€fills)?а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нHave€management€practices€had€the€intended€effect?а›ы(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhat€factors€control€or€influence€water€quality€(e.g.,€sedimentation,€acidification,а  X аeutrophication€including€trophic€status,€acid€mine€drainage,€salt-water€intrusion,Яgeology)?а (#(# агK.м„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$„Œ ‹XKгвмвн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нWetlands€and€riparian€zones:аU Ѕ(#(# авмвгK1„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„‚„ф ŠXKгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нAre€wetlands€in€the€region€continuing€to€change?аТ (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhere€have€the€changes€occurred€and€why€have€they€occurred€(e.g.,€land€use,€climateа /  аchange,€restoration,€waste€treatment)?а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нHave€management€practices€had€the€intended€effects?аŒм (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhat€factors€control€or€influence€wetland€function?€€Do€wetlands€provide€functionalа љI  аvalues€for€downstream€water€quality,€stormflow€attenuation,€and€sediment€control?€ЯHave€those€functional€values€changed€over€time€(e.g.€as€a€result€of€physical,€thermal€orЯchemical€effects)?а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нTo€what€degree€do€artificial€and€restored€wetlands€provide€the€functional€values€ofа 6† аnatural€wetlands?а (#(# агK.м„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$„Œ ‹XKгвмвн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нImpoundments:а“у(#(# авмвгK1„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„‚„ф ŠXKгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhat€is€the€current€distribution€of€free-flowing€streams?аP(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhat€have€been€the€effects€on€downstream€water€quality,€flows,€ecology,€etc?аmН(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нHave€reservoirs€been€properly€maintained?ак*(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhat€changes€have€occurred€in€the€reservoirs€themselves?аG —(#(# агN1м9щA ™ ёIЁљQЉYБ! $„Œ ‹XNгвмвн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нStorm„water€managementаД!(#(# авмвгK1„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м9щŒXKгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нHas€stormflow€runoff€in€surface€and€sub-surface€waters€in€the€region€changed?а!#q(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhere€have€the€changes€occurred€and€why€have€they€occurred€(e.g.,€land€use,€climateа Ž$о аchange)?а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нHave€management€practices€had€intended€effects?аы&;"(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWhat€factors€control€or€influence€stormwater€(sedimentation,€decreased€imperviousа X(Ј# ат тsurfaces,€agriculture,€eutrophication€including€trophic€status,€acid€mine€drainage)?аH)˜$(#(# агK.м„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$„Œ ‹XKгвмвн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нHistoric€preservation€and€esthetics:аб!(#(# ат тгK1„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„‚„ф ŠXKгвмвн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нHave€the€socially-valued€aspects€of€our€wild€and€scenic€rivers€changed?а>Ž(#(# авАвгN1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$„Œ ‹XNгр м рWith€this€background€of€questions,€performance-based€tests€can€then€be€applied€for€any€effortsЯto€monitoring€freshwater€ecosystems.€€Defining€such€performance€measures€should€be€a€high€priorityЯearly€in€the€Regional€Pilot€planning€process.€€The€following€list€of€performance€measures€may€turnЯout€to€be€appropriate€for€any€environmental€medium€and€could€be€applied€after€the€first€two€yearsЯof€implementation€and€subsequently:ЬвАвн ƒ џџџн№№р0 4 рн  н€€test€of€the€concept€across€scales€using€existing€data,€i.e.,€a€preliminary€assessment;аи (4(#4(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 4 рн  н€€a€demonstrable€effect€of€the€Framework€on€policy;аE• 4(#4(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 4 рн  н€€examples€of€increased€efficiency€and€successful€collaboration;€аВ 4(#4(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 4 рн  н€€examples€of€integration€across€scales€that€improves€understanding;аo 4(#4(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 4 рн  н€€significantly€increased€accessibility€to€data;€аŒм 4(#4(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 4 рн  н€€increased€public€awareness;€and€аљI 4(#4(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 4 рн  н€€effective€participation€by€the€research€community.аfЖ 4(#4(# авАвгE1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгр м рIn€addition€to€the€monitoring€programs€that€have€been€included€in€the€inventory€of€major€federalЯenvironmental€monitoring€and€research€networks€and€programs€(Appendix€4),€the€followingЯpotential€contributory€programs€were€identified€as€potential€contributors€to€integrated€monitoringЯin€the€Mid„Atlantic:€€Shenandoah€SWAS,€VTSSS,€New€York€City€water€quality€information€system,ЯOtter€Creek/Dolly€Sodds€and€the€USGS€ground€water€network.Ьр м рIn€consideration€of€what€is€missing€from€the€current€array€of€monitoring€programs€of€aquaticЯenvironments€it€was€first€noted€that€a€thorough€and€critical€assessment€of€the€current€state€ofЯunderstanding€should€be€a€high€priority.€€Generation€of€existing€data€has€not€been€sufficientlyЯhypothesis„driven€and€such€an€assessment€is€required€for€effective€design€of€future€monitoringЯnetworks€within€the€integrated€regional€and€national€frameworks.€€In€addition,€approaches€shouldЯbe€kept€simple€(bigger€is€not€necessarily€better).€€Beyond€these€admonitions,€the€following€needsЯwere€identified:€ЬгB.м„Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXBгвмАвн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нMulti-media€index€areas€to€evaluate€the€relationship€of€atmospheric€processes,€terrestrialа  #] аecosystems€and€aquatic€ecosystems.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нNested€watershed€monitoring€stations€that€help€address€important€scale€issues.аj%К (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нSites€representing€the€range€of€relevant€conditions€operable€for€specific€environmental€issues,а з&'" аparticularly€sites€providing€opportunities€for€monitoring€along€gradients€of€exposure€andЯtolerance.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нResearch€on€quantification€of€change€and€how€change€affects€ecological€function.а$*t% (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нModeling€and€integration€tools€which€allow€spatial€extrapolation.аб!(#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нNetworks€for€integrating€index€site€and€survey„based€measurements.а>Ž(#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нAssessments€of€the€comparability€of€databases€in€a€test€watershed.аЋћ(#(# авАмвгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„‚„ф ŠXKгђ ђд€МЪ М XXЛХдCoastal€Environmentsд€XЛХ X ММЪда  h аѓ ѓр м рThe€Mid„Atlantic€region€contains€some€of€the€nation№№s€largest€estuarine€ecosystems,€includingа Й  аDelaware€Bay,€Chesapeake€Bay,€and€the€Albemarle„Pamlico€Sound€system,€as€well€as€severalЯsmaller€coastal€lagoon€systems€along€the€Delmarva€Peninsula.€€All€of€these€estuarine€ecosystems€areЯheavily€influenced€by€activities€and€processes€in€the€watersheds€which€drain€into€them.€€They€areЯthus€linked€with€most€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€region€as€defined€here,€except€for€those€portions€ofЯVirginia,€West€Virginia,€Maryland€and€Pennsylvania€which€drain€into€the€Ohio€and€Tennessee€basinsЯand€ultimately€into€the€Gulf€of€Mexico.€€Similarly,€these€large€estuarine€ecosystems€are€intimatelyЯtied€to€the€coastal€ocean€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€Bight,€extending€across€the€continental€shelf.€€ThisЯrelationship€with€the€coastal€ocean€is€not€only€via€tidal€influence€and€the€supply€of€salt€water,€butЯalso€is€influenced€by€the€migration€and€passive€movement€of€organisms€between€estuaries€and€theЯcoastal€ocean.€€For€these€reasons,€it€is€important€that€integrated€monitoring€and€research€within€theЯregion€encompass€the€coastal€ocean,€estuaries€and€watersheds€of€the€region.€€Many€existing€programsЯcould€contribute€to€integrated€monitoring€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region.€€A€partial€list€is€given€in€TableЯ2.€€Ьр м рOf€the€reference€issues€for€the€Mid„Atlantic€(Section€4)€all€have€direct€or€indirect€consequencesЯin€coastal€environments€of€the€region.€€Even€those€that€appear€to€focus€on€land€(Changes€in€Land€UseЯand€Cover),€the€atmosphere€(Air€Quality€and€Atmospheric€Deposition)€and€freshwater€environmentsЯ(Stream€Habitat€Protection€and€Restoration)€affect€the€delivery€of€materials€to€estuaries€and€theЯcoastal€zone€and€are€now€major€focal€issues€for€estuarine€restoration€in€the€region.€€However,€twoЯof€these€issues€are€of€particularly€direct€and€widespread€relevance€to€coastal€environments€of€theЯregion:€€Nutrient€Over„enrichment€and€Coastal€Fisheries€Resources.€€The€monitoring€and€researchЯprograms€which€could€contribute€to€regional€coastal€assessments€related€to€these€two€ReferenceЯIssues€were€considered€in€depth€in€the€Workshop.€€Other€issues€are,€nonetheless,€also€important€inЯat€least€some€parts€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€coastal€zone.€€For€example,€major€urban€areas€such€asЯPhiladelphia,€Baltimore,€Washington,€and€Hampton€Roads€are€located€on€estuaries,€where€exposureЯof€humans€(as€well€as€estuarine€organisms)€to€toxicants€and€pathogens€is€of€significant€concern.€€InЯaddition,€the€coastal€ecosystems€of€the€region€may€be€particularly€vulnerable€to€climate€change€asЯit€affects€not€only€ambient€temperatures,€but€also€sea€level€rise,€freshwater€inflows€and€coastal€ЬгS€(€˜!!!!ѓ%C!!!!!!SгTable€2.€€Monitoring€and€research€programs€relevant€to€coastal€environments€which€could€contributeЯto€a€Mid„Atlantic€Integrated€Environmental€Monitoring€Program.€€Names€and€descriptions€of€majorЯfederal€programs€(abbreviated)€are€provided€in€Appendix€4.ЬгI€&€!!!!q)С$!!1!!Iгт та ’)т$# ад*Єƒ%& d drdD ЯdD ЯdD XdD мdD dT !"А(#А(#Єдд,ћdT дд,}dd дд+  да 3€$" б! €P€‚e‚ƒZƒ„„3ат тAgencyа =€$*WЇ"$ „„=аProgramsа Q€B*WЇ" eZ P $ €P€‚U‚ƒ*ƒ„„Qад€єЎє XXЛХдNOAAа 4€!8ˆ „„4аC„CAP,€NS&T,€COP€(including€Chesapeake€Bay€cumulative€effects€research),€CBOS,ЯChesapeake€Bay€Research€Program€(environmental€effects,€remote€sensing,€stockЯassessment),€NWS,€NBP,€NERR,€PANDA,€SEAMAP/MARMAP,€Coast€Watchа H€9!Ш U* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаInteriorа 4€!a Б „„4аGAP,€NWI,€NAWQA,€NASQAN,€NADP,€NPS€Ecological€Monitoring€Programа H€9!a Б e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаEPAа 4€!њ J  „„4аEMAP,€CBP,€CASTNet,€NAMS/SLAMS,а H€9!њ J  e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаEnergyа 4€!“ у  „„4аOcean€Margins€Program€(off€Cape€Hatteras)а H€9!“ у  e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаNSFа 4€!,|  „„4аLTER€(Coastal€Virginia),€LMER€(Chesapeake€Bay)а H€9!,|  e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаSmithsonianЯInstitutionа 4€!н  „„4аSERC€long„term€research€on€Rhode€River€and€other€watershedsа H€9!Х  e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаArmy€Corps€ofЯEngineersа 4€!ю> „„4аDistrict€Office€programs,€Coastal€Environmental€Research€Center€(Duck,€NC),€water€levelЯnetworkа H€9!ю> e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаCIAа 4€!‡з „„4аGlobal€Fiducial€Monitoringа H€9!‡з e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаNASAа 4€! p „„4аvarious€remote€sensing€activities€based€at€Goddard,€Langley,€Wallops€Islandа J€9! p e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ:ƒ„„JаStatesа 4€!Й  „„4аwater€quality,€pathogen€and€living€resource€monitoringд€XЛХ XєєЎда1'%Й  e: P  1авeАвгS€(€˜!!!!§M!!!!!SггE1‘„4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгЬгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$‘„4ŒXKггI€&€!!!!zЪ!!!1!IгвАeвЬstorms.€€An€assessment€of€priorities€for€research,€monitoring€and€modeling€to€address€key€coastalЯenvironmental€quality€issues€has€been€provided€by€the€NRC€(1994).Ьђ ђNutrient€Over„enrichmentѓ ѓ:€Over„enrichment€of€coastal€ecosystems€with€nitrogen€(N)€andа eЕ аphosphorus€(P)€is€a€concern€throughout€the€Mid„Atlantic€region,€but€is€manifest€in€different€waysЯas€a€result€of€great€physiographic€differences€among€the€estuaries€within€the€region.€€Delaware€BayЯis€an€open€system€and€is€well€flushed.€€Nutrient€over„enrichment€with€P€is€mainly€a€problem€in€theЯupper€reaches€of€the€estuary.€€The€Chesapeake€Bay€is€also€an€open€coastal€plain€estuary,€but€its€lowerЯflushing€rates,€reduced€tidal€energies,€and€physiography€allow€greater€nutrient€retention,€thus€moreЯsevere€consequences€of€eutrophication€(by€both€N€and€P€inputs).€€The€Albemarle€and€PamlicoЯSounds€are€lagoons€with€very€restricted€tidal€exchange€and,€although€shallow,€are€susceptible€to€algalЯblooms€and€episodic€hypoxia.€€The€Delmarva€coastal€bays€are€also€lagoons,€but€are€open€to€exchangeЯwith€the€ocean€to€varying€degrees.€€Consequently,€they€vary€in€their€susceptibility€to€eutrophication.€ЯThere€is€also€concern€that€the€continental€shelf€waters€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€Bight€are€also€enrichedЯwith€nutrients€escaping€from€the€estuaries€or€falling€in€the€form€of€atmospheric€deposition.€€а Е)%* ађђр м рѓѓђ ђЬѓ ѓгS€(€˜!!!!>Ž!!!!!SгTable€3.€€Status€of€understanding€and€addressing€eutrophication€in€Mid„Atlantic€coastal€ecosystems.€а oП аЬгI€&€!!!!Ь!!1!!Iгд*`ƒ'( d dћdT }dd %&А(#А(#`дд,4dT дд,dT дд,АdT дд,АdT дд,dT дд,Аdd дд+  да 3€$" э= €P€‚f‚ƒUƒ„„3ад€єЎє XXЛХдг  гKey€Questionа ;€$*t Ф $ „„;аChesapeakeЯBayа ;€$*< Œ"$ „„;аAlbemarle„МPamlico€Soundа ;€$*< Œ"$ „„;аDelaware€Bayа ;€$*t Ф "$ „„;аг  гCoastalЯBaysа =€$*< Œ $ „„=аCoastal€Oceanа Q€B*t Ф " fU P $ €P€‚V‚ƒ%ƒ„„QаHow€extensive?а 0€!ё A  „„0аknownа 0€!ё A „„0аpartly€knownа 0€!ё A „„0аknownа 0€!ё A „„0аpartlyЯknownа 4€!Й  „„4аpoorly€knownа H€9!ё A V% P  €P€‚f‚ƒ%ƒ„„HаGetting€better€or€worse?а 0€!Nž  „„0аdecreased€P,ЯincreasedЯsubmersedЯaquaticЯvegetationа 0€!nО  „„0аunknown,ЯneedЯmonitoringЯprogramа 0€!Іі  „„0аincreasedЯoxygen€inЯupper€estuaryа 0€!о.  „„0аvariesЯamong€baysа 4€!f " „„4аunknown€butЯloadings€haveЯincreasedа H€9!о. % f% P  €P€‚f‚ƒ%ƒ„„HаCauses?а 0€!S& „„0аreasonablyЯwell€known;ЯatmosphericЯ&€ground„Мwater€inputsЯlittle€knownа 0€!ы;, „„0аpartly€knownа 0€!S- „„0аorganicЯloading€inЯupper€estuary;ЯnutrientЯloadings€toЯcoastal€ocean?а 0€!ы;3 „„0аpreliminaryЯmodelsЯavailableа 4€!“у6 „„4аnew€oceanЯcolor€andЯatmosphericЯdepositionЯmeasurementsЯwill€helpа H€9!ы;< f% P  €P€‚f‚ƒ%ƒ„„HаKnow€solutions?а 0€!€а= „„0аreduce€pointЯandЯnonpointЯsources€ofЯnutrientsа 0€! №B „„0аeffectivenessЯof€agriculturalЯnon„pointЯsourceЯcontrol?а 0€! №G „„0аreduce€BOD€а 0€!€аH „„0аvaries;ЯnonpointЯsources€andЯatmosphereЯimportantа 4€! №M „„4аRequiresЯregionalЯcoordination,ЯfocusedЯprogramа J€9! №R f% P  €P€‚f‚ƒ5ƒ„„JаEffectiveness€in€reducing?а 2€!5…S „„2аpartly,ЯeffectivenesМs€ofЯnonpointЯsourceЯcontrols?а 2€!!mY „„2аunknown,ЯmanagementЯplan€not€yetЯimplementedа 2€!н] „„2аimproved€DO,ЯfisheriesЯfollowingЯBODЯreductionsа 2€!U Ѕb „„2аunknown,Яplans€underЯdevelopmentа 4€!Хe „„4аnot€attemptedа1'%5…f f5 P   1агS€(€˜!!!!\"Ќ!!!!! Sгд€XЛХ XєєЎдЬгI€&€!!!!й#)!!!1! Iгђ ђЬѓ ѓр м рTable€3€presents€a€comparison€of€present€understanding€of€eutrophication,€or€nutrient„а g%З h аoverenrichment,€and€efforts€to€control€it€in€Mid„Atlantic€coastal€ecosystems.€€Responses€to€nutrientЯinputs,€completeness€of€understanding€of€the€trends,€causes€and€solutions,€and€progress€of€controlЯstrategies€clearly€vary€greatly€among€these€ecosystems.€€As€exemplified€in€the€Chesapeake€Bay,Яintegrated€monitoring€and€research,€can€make€significant€contributions€in€identifying€managementЯstrategies€and€judging€their€effectiveness.€€Although€the€coastal€ecosystems€of€the€region€vary€inа *g%m аterms€of€their€physical€and€ecological€characteristics€and€sources€of€nutrients€and€monitoringЯrequirements€vary€accordingly;€a€regional€Framework€for€integrated€monitoring,€modeling€andЯresearch€would€allow€greater€comparability,€synthesis€of€applicable€results,€and€extension€ofЯmanagement€approaches.Ьр м рIn€contrast€to€other€important€environmental€issues€in€coastal€ecosystems€such€as€habitat€change,Яtoxic€contamination,€or€living€resources,€monitoring€of€environmental€characteristics€pertinent€toЯeutrophication€cannot€easily€be€done€by€periodic€inventories€and€surveys.€€Parameters€which€reflectЯresponses€to€nutrient€enrichment,€including€nutrient€levels,€phytoplankton€biomass€and€communityЯstructure,€and€dissolved€oxygen€are€temporally€highly€variable€and€are€poorly€characterized€byЯyearly,€monthly,€or€in€some€cases€even€weekly€surveys.€€In€addition€it€is€important€to€monitor€rateЯprocesses€(production,€flux,€etc.)€and€physical€forcing€functions€(currents,€mixing,€etc.)€as€well€asЯstate€variables€(concentrations,€population€density,€biomass,€cover,€etc.).€€Consequently,€there€is€aЯparticular€need€to€include€more€near„continuous,€ђђin€situѓѓ€measurements€of€both€state€and€processа Žо  аvariables€in€monitoring€of€eutrophication€effects.€€For€example,€the€Chesapeake€Bay€ObservingЯSystem€(a€series€of€permanent€buoys€equipped€with€a€variety€of€environmental€sensors€beingЯdeployed€via€a€partnership€among€regional€universities,€NOAA€and€other€federal€agencies)€offersЯa€promising€approach€for€monitoring€dynamic€environmental€conditions€in€coastal€ecosystems.€ЯAlso,€integration€of€monitoring€and€research€is€particularly€critical€for€assessments€of€coastalЯeutrophication.€€The€Chesapeake€Bay€Program€has€been€a€particularly€effective€test€bed€for€suchЯintegration€and€that€experience€could€be€extended€to€other€coastal€ecosystems€in€the€region€andЯnationally.ђ ђ€а ^ аCoastal€Fisheries€Resourcesѓ ѓ:€Management,€sustainable€harvest,€restoration€and€habitatа {Ы аrequirements€of€coastal€fisheries€resources€are€of€wide„spread€concern€throughout€the€Mid„AtlanticЯregion.€€Parameters€which€are€monitored€for€various€stocks€include€catch,€fishing€effort,€bioprofilesЯwhich€assess€growth€and€reproductive€maturity,€age„specific€harvesting€mortality,€and€bycatch€(i.e.Яnon„target€species€which€are€captured€in€the€harvesting€process).€€These€data€are€used€to€developЯpopulation€assessements€and€estimates€of€spawning€stocks.€€Coupled€with€knowledge€of€naturalЯmortality€and€the€physical,€habitat,€and€biological€(e.g.€predation€and€disease)€factors€which€affectЯmortality,€these€inputs€are€needed€for€models€which€predict€sustainable€harvest€levels.€€Defining€theЯsustainability€of€coastal€fisheries€resources€is€a€challenge€throughout€the€Mid„Atlantic€region.€ЯFederal,€regional€and€State€management€systems€are€in€place,€but€frequently€are€relegated€to€№ №playingЯcatch„up№№€in€managing€the€resource,€particularly€for€species€which€have€not€yet€been€well€studiedЯor€for€which€exploitation€is€expanding.€€Even€when€catch€statistics€or€fishery„independent€samplingЯand€assessment€indicate€overfishing,€economic€and€political€considerations€may€prevent€harvestЯrestrictions€needed€to€maintain€stocks.€€Ьр м рMonitoring€of€fishery€stocks€can€indicate€if€they€are€declining,€but€there€is€usually€a€high€degreeЯof€uncertainty€associated€with€such€estimates.€€Furthermore,€it€is€also€important€to€determine€whatЯmay€be€causing€the€decline,€but€the€complexity€and€variability€of€population„environment„harvestЯrelationships€make€this€difficult€to€accomplish.€€Without€good€knowledge€of€the€variability€ofа ш)8%& аenvironmental€conditions€and€the€resulting€effect€on€fishery€populations,€there€is€a€risk€that€harvestЯrestrictions€imposed€because€of€declining€populations€may€have€no€effect€on€sustaining€the€resource.€ЯNonetheless,€continued€monitoring€of€catches€and€populations€can€be€useful€in€determining€whetherЯmanagement€strategies€have€been€effective€in€conserving€the€resource.€€Ьр м рMuch€of€the€monitoring€data€produced€on€coastal€fisheries€is€generated€by€state€agencies,€whichЯgenerally€lack€effective€mandatory€catch€reporting€systems.€€Consequently,€it€is€difficult€to€obtainЯaccurate€catch„per„unit„effort€data€and€assessments€tend€to€be€reactive,€rather€than€proactive,€inЯmeeting€management€needs.€€Furthermore,€there€are€generally€poor€data€on€recreational€catches€andЯeffort.€€Programs€need€to€be€institutionalized€and€better€coordinated€in€order€to€achieve€an€integratedЯresearch,€monitoring,€and€assessment€system€for€coastal€fisheries.Ьђ ђInternational€Linkages:ѓ ѓ€€The€Mid„Atlantic€region€is€arguably€the€world€leader€in€monitoring€andа +{  аresearch€in€coastal€ecosystems€because€of€the€presence€of€three€large€estuarine€systems€and€anЯunparalleled€concentration€of€university€research€institutions€which€emphasize€coastal€research.€€AnЯimportant€dimension€of€a€Mid„Atlantic€Integrated€Monitoring€Framework€should,€therefore,€beЯinnovative€contribution€to€monitoring€globally€relevant€phenomena€in€the€coastal€zone€(sea€level,Яchanges€in€runoff€and€the€flux€of€biologically€important€materials,€etc.).€€Although€the€presentЯmonitoring€effort€and€any€new€ones€that€develop€under€this€Framework€should,€first€and€foremost,Яaddress€domestic€environmental€issues,€they€should€also€be€a€linked€component€of€the€emergingЯGlobal€Ocean€Observing€System€(GOOS).€€By€combining€cutting„edge€remote€sensing€and€in€situЯmeasurement€technology€with€the€intensive€conventional€monitoring,€the€Mid„Atlantic€should€beЯa€world€leader€in€Coastal€GOOS.€€Ьђ ђд€МЪ М XXЛХдRegional€Synthesisд€XЛХ X ММЪда јH аѓ ѓд€)XЛХ X XXЛХдр м рThe€breakout€group€defined€regional€synthesis€as:€"deliberate€planning€of€environmentalа ™щ аmonitoring€and€research€to€allow€integration€and€assessment€across€spatial,€temporal,€media€andЯinstitutional€units."€€It€is€clear€that€most€of€the€Reference€Issues€identified€for€the€Mid„AtlanticЯRegion€(Section€4)гE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEг€affect€multiple€media€and€require€a€synthesis€approach€for€assessment€ofЯproblems€or€solutions,€e.g.€Land€Use€and€Cover,€Atmospheric€Condition€and€Deposition,€NutrientЯOver„enrichment,€and€Coastal€Fisheries€Resources.€Ьр ' рFor€example,€coastal€fisheries€are€impacted€by€land€use,€soil€destabilization,€coastal€habitat€loss,Яand€water€quality.€€Furthermore,€fish€populations€may€be€influenced€by€the€conditions€of€theЯdifferent€environments€through€which€they€migrate.€€Although€there€are€significant€amounts€of€dataЯon€both€the€resources€and€driving€environmental€factors,€combining€these€data€to€predict€outcomesЯis€problematic.€€In€order€to€bridge€the€gap€between€fisheries€management€needs€and€water€qualityЯmonitoring€and€environmental€research,€the€Chesapeake€Bay€Program€is€developing€an€ecosystemЯmodel€to€link€environmental€processes€and€conditions€across€environmental€media€to€living€resourceЯproduction€in€the€Bay.Ьр ' рIt€is€important€to€remember€that€the€Integrated€Monitoring€Framework€cannot€be€simply€aЯnetwork€of€intensive€monitoring€and€research€sites€(i.e.,€Index€Sites).€€Rather€it€is€based€on€theа Ѓ*ѓ%% аintegration€and€interdependence€among€these€intensive€activities€and€broader€resource€surveys,Яinventories€and€remote€sensing€programs€(NSTC,€1996).€€Surveys€and€inventories€that€provideЯcontinuous€coverage,€such€as€those€done€by€satellite€or€aircraft€remote€sensing,€are€particularly€usefulЯfor€regional€synthesis.€€Land„use€and€vegetation€characteristics€are€гK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгrelatively€well€covered€for€theЯregion€and€coordination€and€integration€among€programs€such€asгE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEг€C„CAP,€NAWQA,€and€FIA€(seeЯAppendix€3€for€list€of€abbreviations)€are€proceeding,€although€formal€integration€across€spatial€andЯtemporal€scales€is€hindered€by€methodological€differences€and€the€lack€of€common€models€of€multi„Мstress€interactions.€€Additional€effort€is€now€needed€in€ground€truthing€to€verify€and€inter„relateЯexisting€remotely€sensed€information.€€There€is,€however,€limited€spatially€continuous€coverage€ofЯenvironmental€properties€of€coastal€ecosystems.€€For€example,€maps€of€nearshore€or€coastal€oceanЯtopography€(bathymetry),€bottom„type,€and€sediment„type€analogous€to€those€of€terrestrial€propertiesЯdo€not€exist.€€д€XЛХ X X)XЛХдGaps€in€continuous€spatial€coverage€of€environmental€characteristics,€such€as€bottomа !q  аsubstrate€properties,€could€be€filled€by€employing€new€techniques€(e.g.,€side„scan€sonar)€which€nowЯmake€spatially€continuous€information€relatively€easy€to€collect.€€Focused€and€coordinated€effortsЯby€COE,€NOAA€and€USGS€would€help€accomplish€this.д€)XЛХ X XXЛХда ёA  агK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгр м рFrom€another€aspect,€integration€of€biotic€surveys€and€inventories€across€taxonomic€groups€(orЯwithin€taxonomic€groups€among€different€monitoring€efforts)€is€weak€or€non„existent€and€should€beЯimproved.€€Notable€exceptions€are€bгE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгirds€and€some€coastal€fishes.€€For€many€taxa€and€environmentsЯour€present€ability€to€д€XЛХ X X)XЛХдmonitor€and€assess€status€and€trends€in€biodiversity€is€extremely€limited.€а .~ аDeliberate€and€concerted€planning€of€biodiversity€monitoring€is€needed€across€spatial€and€€temporalЯscales€and€among€institutions.д€)XЛХ X XXЛХда ^ агK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгр м рAlso,€access€to€some€д€XЛХ X X)XЛХдimportant€data€setsд€)XЛХ X XXЛХд€is€restricted;€however,€opportunities€to€increase€use€ofа {Ы аsuch€restricted€information€are€emerging:€Ьв‘АвгE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нfor€the€Forest€Inventory€and€Analysis€the€possibility€exists€for€potential€users€to€askа и( аquestions€about€trends€without€accessing€the€data€(which€are€restricted€under€the€terms€ofЯagreement€with€private€property€owners);€andа (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нthere€is€a€slowly€growing€opportunity€to€gain€access€to€previously€restricted€data€gatheredа %u аby€military€and€intelligence€satellite€assets.а (#(# авА‘вгK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгр м рA€particularly€useful€integrating€framework€for€synthetic€assessments€using€monitoring€data€areЯecological€cycles€or€models.€€These€include€the€гE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгhydrologic€cycle,€nutrient€cycles,€andЯbiogeochemical€and€mass€balance€approaches.€€The€hydrologic€cycle,€in€particular,€is€useful€inЯevaluating€and€integrating€monitoring,€research€and€assessment€within€watersheds.€€Following€waterЯand€the€materials€associated€with€it€through€the€watershed€to€the€estuary€provides€an€opportunity€toЯdetermine€where€existing€monitoring€and€research€can€contribute€to€assessments,€where€there€areЯgaps€in€information€or€understanding,€and€where€modification€of€monitoring€and€better€integrationЯwould€yield€improved€results.€€The€development€of€the€linked€Chesapeake€Bay€atmosphere„Мwatershed„Bay€models€provide€an€advanced€example€of€this€approach€toward€regional€integration.€ЯInterestingly€though,€although€the€models€are€reasonably€well€developed,€efforts€to€integrate€theа ђ)B%% аvarious€monitoring€activities€(land€use,€deposition,€stream€flux,€water€quality,€living€resources)Яassociated€with€the€CBP€are€just€being€launched€in€the€development€of€a€strategic€monitoringЯframework.€€This€provides€a€timely€opportunity€for€joint€planning€and€implementation€between€theЯCBP€and€the€CENR€Mid„Atlantic€Regional€Pilot.€€Ьр ' рAnother€approach€to€regional€synthesis€involves€the€comparison€of€distributions€of€various€Яenvironmental€indicators€over€space€or€time€without€explicit€functional€linkage€among€them.€€ThisЯis€essentially€the€approach€used€in€д€XЛХ X X)XЛХдEPA€Region€III№№sд€)XЛХ X XXЛХд€Mid„Atlantic€Integrated€Assessment€(MAIA),а ю > аwhich€includes€extensive€use€of€data€from€the€Environmental€Monitoring€and€Assessment€ProgramЯ(EMAP)€as€well€as€other€sources.€€For€example,€land„use€patterns€are€compared€to€stream€healthЯindicators€and€inferences€drawn€about€relationships.€€The€ideal€framework€for€synthesis€combinesЯspatial€analyses€such€as€these€with€process€models€of€flows€and€functional€interactions.€€SpatiallyЯexplicit€functional€models€have€been€developed€for€the€Patuxent€River€estuary€and€watershed€in€theЯChesapeake€Bay€region€(Bockstael€et€al.,€1995)€which€are€now€incorporating€socioeconomic€patternsЯand€processes€as€well€as€biophysical€ones.€€These€гK1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгmodels€will€ultimately€allow€one€to€address€theЯconsequences€of€location„specific€changes€(e.g.,€changes€in€land„cover€or€land„use)€to€ecosystemЯfunctions,€goods€and€services€(e.g.€nutrient€flux).€€гK1А„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгд€)МЪ М X)XЛХдд€МЪ М М)МЪдђ ђа  ^Ў аа  б! а6.€€Functional€Implementationд€XЛХ X ММЪда б! ар м рѓ ѓConcurrent€breakout€groups€addressed€various€aspects€of€the€implementation€of€a€Mid„Atlanticа rТ аPilot€Integrated€Monitoring€Program.€€They€had€as€guidance€the€National€Framework€and€the€Mid„МAtlantic€Reference€Issues€and€used€the€previous€deliberations€on€Opportunities€and€Needs€as€input.€ЯTheir€goal€was€to€identify€implementation€strategies€and€actions€to€better€integrate€ongoingЯmonitoring€and€research€efforts€into€an€effective€regional€framework,€asking€the€questions:€WhatЯchanges€would€reduce€barriers€to€integration?€€What€are€the€benefits€and€risks€of€integration?€€ToЯwhat€degree€are€existing€programs€adaptable€for€achieving€better€integration?€€Where€areЯinvestments€needed€to€fill€critical€gaps€or€build€required€networks?€€What€steps€need€to€be€taken€nowЯand€where€should€we€strive€to€be€in€five€years?€€By€what€criteria€should€performance€be€judged?Ьђ ђд€МЪ М XXЛХдIntegration€and€Coordination€of€Monitoring€Programsд€XЛХ X ММЪда _Џ  аѓ ѓд€)XЛХ X XXЛХдр м рA€major€challenge€to€the€implementation€of€integrated€environmental€monitoring,€whether€it€beа P  аfor€the€nation,€a€region,€or€even€locally,€is€the€adaptation,€linkage€and€coordination€of€the€componentЯelements€(across€agency€lines,€media€and€scales).€€It€is€helpful,€then,€to€examine€some€examplesЯwhere€there€has€been€deliberate€integration€of€monitoring€programs€and€monitoring€needs€asЯpotentially€useful€models.€€Those€considered€during€the€Workshop€include€NARSTO„Northeast€andЯSOS€for€air€monitoring,€the€Interagency€Task€Force€for€Monitoring€of€Water€Quality€(ITFM)€forЯwater€monitoring,€and€Multi„Resolution€Land€Characteristics€(MRLC)€for€land€cover.€€Obstacles€toЯgreater€and€more€effective€coordination€and€integration€of€monitoring€programs€includeЯpersonalities,€money€(lack€of€or€too€much),€management€barriers€and€inflexibility,€insularity€of€theЯtechnical€communities,€statutory€constraints,€and€lack€of€commitment€or€dependability.Ьр м рSeveral€dimensions€of€integration€are€relevant€and€need€to€be€articulated€in€the€interest€of€clearЯcommunication:Ьр м рђ ђEcosystem€integrationѓ ѓ€involves€the€conceptual€linkage€and€coordination€of€monitoring€ofа :Š аdifferent€media€and€resources€within€an€ecosystem.€€Examples€include€relating€measurements€ofЯwater€quality,€concentrations€of€toxicants€and€living€resources€or€measurements€of€atmosphericЯdeposition,€soil€chemistry,€stream€transport€and€ecosystem€responses.€€Ecosystem€integrationЯrequires€(a)€the€availability€of€relevant€scalable€data;€(b)€models€that€extend€to€the€full€range€ofЯecosystem€questions;€and€(c)€technology€that€matches€the€resource€base€and€the€data€needs.Ьр м рђ ђSpatial€integrationѓ ѓ€involves€the€linkage€of€measurements€made€at€different€spatial€scales€andа W#Ї аcomparisons€among€different€ecosystems€and€regions.€€It€requires€(a)€measurement€and€researchЯprograms€conducted€at€intercomparable€scales;€(b)€interpolation€techniques€to€integrate€scalar€data;Яд€XЛХ X X)XЛХд(c)д€)XЛХ X XXЛХд€data€management€capabilities€to€manage€multi„scale€data;€and€(d)€conceptual€understanding€ofа '&w!  аscalar€ecological€processes.€€Therefore,€an€effective€monitoring€framework€must€integrate€data€fromЯa€broad€range€of€ecosystem€scales.Ьр м рђ ђTemporal€integrationѓ ѓ€involves€linkage€of€measurements€made€over€different€time€scales€andа t)Ф$# аmust€take€into€account€the€different€characteristic€time€scales€of€variation€among€ecosystemа d*Д%$ аproperties€and€processes€and€among€different€ecosystem€types.€€Using€stream€flow€as€an€example,Яhow€does€one€integrate€measurements€of€short„term€events,€mean€monthly€flows,€interannualЯvariations,€and€long„term€hydrologic€and€climatic€trends,€any€of€which€may€be€the€most€importantЯdepending€on€the€question€asked.€€Temporal€integration€requires:€(a)€data€management€techniquesЯfor€appropriate€archives;€(b)€clear€articulation€of€€issues€of€concern;€(c)€periodic€and€timelyЯproduction€of€information;€(d)€long„term€commitment;€and€(e)€measurement€and€research€programsЯbridging€temporal€scales€at€common€sites€or€areas.€€.€€Ьр м рIn€addition,€other€essential€dimensions€of€integration€must€be€addressed,€including:Ьв‘АвгE1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„ŽXEгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нinstitutional€issues€affecting€communications,€missions,€authorities,€and€resources;аK ›(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нdata€and€information,€including€management,€access,€standards,€and€archiving;€andаИ (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нquality€assurance€and€quality€control.а%u (#(# авА‘вр ' рFinally,€the€following€steps€must€be€undertaken€towards€the€goal€of€program€integration:ЬвАвн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нIdentify€and€clearly€articulate€the€issues€and€needs,€including€consideration€of€whichа џO  аmethods€and€measurements€are€mandated€versus€which€can€be€adjusted€slightly.€€ThisЯstep€also€implies€that€deliberate€discussions€are€occurring€between€programs€that€haveЯidentified€a€common€opportunity.а (#(# ад€XЛХ X X)XЛХдн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нд€)XЛХ X XXЛХдAnalyze€and€evaluate€existing€programs€and€data€resources.а<Œ(#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нIdentify€the€gaps,€overlaps€and€specific€opportunities€for€integration.аЉљ(#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нDesign€the€required€monitoring.€€аf(#(# авАвр ' рWithin€the€above€steps,€effective€communication€systems€need€to€be€in€place;€stakeholders€andЯpartners€need€to€be€involved€and€educated;€resources€for€effective€coordination€(people,€and€funding)Яneed€to€be€committed€to€the€effort;€mechanisms€must€be€instituted€to€support€integration;€and€bothЯtop„down€and€bottom„up€independent€reviews€should€be€periodically€conducted.€€Ьр ' рAn€important€opportunity€exists€for€the€Mid„Atlantic€Pilot€to€work€synergistically€with€theЯChesapeake€Bay€Program€(CBP)€toward€the€integration€and€coordination€of€monitoring€programs.€ЯUp€to€this€point,€the€extensive€monitoring€efforts€used€within€the€region€have€been€implemented€andЯinterpreted€in€a€fragmented€manner.€€For€example,€the€CBP€Implementation€Committee€is€embarkingЯon€a€strategic€plan€for€monitoring€with€a€key€emphasis€on€achieving€more€effective€integration€ofЯmonitoring€of€estuarine€water€quality,€living€resources,€riverine€fluxes,€land€use/cover€andЯatmospheric€deposition.€€The€CBP€has€the€advantage,€not€only€of€very€extensive€monitoring€efforts,Яbut€also€management„oriented€models€which€integrate€among€the€environmental€media€which€canЯbe€used€in€assessing€critical€monitoring€needs€and€linkages.€€The€CBP€effort€could€help€toЯsignificantly€advance€the€integration€of€monitoring€throughout€the€region.€€Conversely,€the€Mid„МAtlantic€Pilot€could€stimulate€and€assist€the€strategic€integration€of€CBP€monitoring€activities€andЯthose€of€other€regional€assessments€such€as€the€Mid„Atlantic€Integrated€Assessment€(MAIA)€and€theа *`%" аMid„Atlantic€Highlands€Integrated€Assessment€(MAHA).€€Ьђ ђд€)МЪ М X)XЛХдд€МЪ М М)МЪдIntegration€of€Research€and€Monitoringд€XЛХ X ММЪда >Ž аѓ ѓр ' рImplementation€of€the€Environmental€Monitoring€and€Research€Framework€should€advanceа п/ аresearch€to€understand€ecosystem€processes€relevant€to€environmental€change€in€the€following€ways:ЬвмАвгN4м„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXNгн ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нCurrent€programs€have€scale€problems.€€Most€studies€are€less€than€two€years€long,€considerа < Œ аonly€one€or€two€species€as€indicators,€and€are€limited€in€spatial€scale.€€Studies€that€addressЯmultiple€species€are€usually€limited€to€relatively€small€spatial€scales.€€There€is€a€need€to€beЯable€to€integrate€and€extend€results€over€a€range€of€scales,€small€to€large,€short„term€to€long„Мterm,€and€limited€to€inclusive.€€Several€opportunities€are€provided€in€the€IntegratedЯFramework.€€The€nested€watershed€concept€of€Index€Sites€provides€a€useful€way€to€relateЯintensive€research€in€a€small€watershed€to€larger€scale€processes.€€Longer€term€or€moreЯspatially€extensive€data€from€monitoring€programs€can€provide€critical€background€forЯinterpreting€the€results€of€shorter€term€or€more€localized€research.а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нSome€current€monitoring€programs€are€long„term€but€they€need€better€ways€of€disseminatingа )y  аdata€to€users,€more€systematization€of€units€(interoperability),€and€ways€to€move€newЯtechnologies€into€operational€monitoring€programs€(flexibility€and€adaptability€to€emergingЯtechnologies).€€Time€is€needed€to€plan€and€test€new€methods€against€the€old€and€then€assessЯthe€appropriateness€of€bringing€them€on€line.€€For€example,€incorporation€of€new€methodsЯthroughout€the€LTER€network€requires€about€2„2№№€years€to€come€to€consensus€andЯimplement€new€methods.€€а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нData€and€information€management€and€access€have€to€be€considered€in€light€of€the€revolutionа 6† аin€information€technology.€€Who€will€interpret€and€publish€data€and€how€will€results€beЯcommunicated€to€both€the€user€audience€and€the€general€public?€€Should€raw€data€beЯpublished€to€allow€users€to€analyze€and€interpret€them?€€How€should€research€data€beЯhandled€versus€monitoring€data?€€What€distinctions€should€be€made€between€communalЯ(basic€monitoring€data,€available€immediately)€and€proprietary€(individual€researchers№№€data,Яmaximum€holding€time€2€years)€data?€€а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нThe€Framework€provides€mechanisms€and€impetus€for€multidisciplinary€research€and€№ №cross„а C!“ аpollination№№€among€working€in€different€disciplines€and€environmental€media.ђђа3"ƒ(#(# авАмвгN1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„'4ŒXNгѓѓр ' рResearch€can€also€contribute€to€the€Integrated€Framework€by€improving€the€effectiveness€ofа  #№ аmonitoring€and€interpretation€of€monitoring€results.€€Focal€points€for€research€which€can€improveЯmonitoring€include€the€following:€€ЬгN4‘„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXNгв‘Авн ƒ џџџн№№р0 ' рн  нformulation€of€testable€hypotheses€based€on€management€questions€for€monitoring€programа э&="  аdesign;а '(#'(# ат тн ƒ џџџн№№р0 ' рн  нdetermining€the€key€parameters€to€be€measured€and€frequency€of€measurement;аJ)š$"'(#'(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 ' рн  нdevelopment€of€new€technologies€for€use€in€monitoring;аб!'(#'(# ат тн ƒ џџџн№№р0 ' рн  нscale€integration;а>Ž'(#'(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 ' рн  нrelating€structural€(e.g.€population€abundance,€biomass,€species€composition)€and€functionalа Ћћ а(production,€biogeochemical€rates,€etc.)€characteristics€of€ecosystems;а '(#'(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 ' рн  нoptimal€design€of€monitoring;а X'(#'(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 ' рн  нmethods€for€dealing€with€extreme€or€infrequent€events;€andаu Х'(#'(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 ' рн  нmanipulative€experiments€to€understand€the€responses€of€populations,€communities€orа т 2 аecosystems;а '(#'(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0 ' рн  нstatistical€and€other€tools€for€trend€detection.€€а? '(#'(# авА‘вгN1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$‘„'4ŒXNгр ' рA€challenging€requirement€for€research€integration€into€the€Framework€relates€to€the€need€toЯconsider€social€and€economic€processes€in€environmental€assessments€posing€the€followingЯrequirements:€ЬгK1м„4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXKгвмАвн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нdevelopment€of€more€effective€communications€between€natural€and€social€scientists;аљI (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нdata€management€systems€to€serve€both€natural€and€social€scientists;аfЖ (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нmore€research€on€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€aspects€of€the€Reference€Issues;аг#(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нresearch€on€the€design€of€environmental€assessments€which€incorporate€socioeconomics€withа @ аnatural€sciences;а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нmethods€to€develop€valuation€methods€to€estimate€costs€of€impairing€environmental€systems;а э аandа (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нworkshops€to€introduce€social€scientists€to€the€Framework€process.ањJ(#(# авАмвгK1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„4ŒXKгр ' рThe€Framework€calls€for€the€increased€use€of€remote€sensing€and€in„situ€observing€systems€inЯregional€monitoring.€€This€presents€opportunities€for€advancing€research€as€well:ЬвмАвгN4м„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„'4ŒXNгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нjoint€sponsorship€of€shared€capabilities€and€products€(for€example,€federal€agencies€haveа Ф  аbenefited€by€sharing€in€the€acquisition€and€use€of€remote€sensing€imagery);а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нgreater€involvement€of€the€international€community;а!#q(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нcalibration,€ground€truth,€and€sensor€development;аŽ$о(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нdevelopment€of€spatially€explicit€models€based€on€remote€sensing€products;€аћ%K!(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нspatial€and€temporal€scaling;аh'И"(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нresearch€on€data€and€information€management€required€to€handle€remote€sensing€data€on€realа е(%$ аtime€basis;€аХ)%(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нintroduction€of€other€remote€sensing€tools,€including€ground„penetrating€radar€and€seismic€а б! аand€conductivity€methods,€etc.;€and€а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нincreased€access€to€supercomputer€facilities.а.~(#(# авАмвгN1А„'4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„'4ŒXNгр ' рThe€Framework€includes€the€operation€of€Index€Sites,€where€more€intense,€long„termЯmonitoring€and€research€activities€will€be€focused.€€Considerations€for€the€selection€and€support€ofЯthese€Index€Sites€include€the€following:€ЬвмАвгK1мА` И hРpШ xа (#€%А„'4ŒXKгн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нfully€open€competition€based€on€proposals€as€has€been€done€for€LMER€and€LTER€sites€mayа ш 8 аnot€provide€appropriate€distribution€of€sites€geographically€or€by€habitat;€а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нsites€representative€of€range€of€different€land€uses,€e.g.€pristine,€agricultural,€urban/suburbanа E•  аetc.,€should€be€included;€а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нlong„term€support€for€sites€should€be€assured€and€this€may€require€multi„agency€and€multi„а Ђђ  аinstitutional€participation;а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нsite€visitation€committees€are€needed€to€periodically€review€and€evaluate€individual€siteа џO  аprograms;а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нa€management€structure€for€the€site€network€to€provide€leadership,€services,€informationа \Ќ аmanagement,€and€quality€assurance;а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нsite€selection€criteria€should€include€stratification€(ecosystem€type,€use,€ecoregions,€etc.),а Й  аgoals€and€site€characteristics€(representativeness,€external€influences,€etc.);€а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нsome€criteria€for€selecting€coastal€Index€Sites€are€different€that€those€for€terrestrial€sites;€and€аf(#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нsites€should€contribute€to€regional€assessment€of€environmental€change.€€аƒг(#(# авАмвђ ђд€МЪ М XXЛХдгE1А„А'Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$мАŽXEгInformation€and€Data€Managementд€XЛХ X ММЪда №@ аѓ ѓр ' рThis€breakout€group€believed€strongly€that€the€objectives€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€Pilot€needed€toа ‘с аbe€defined€prior€to€the€design€of€the€appropriate€supporting€data€management€activities.€€Specifically,Яdata€management€should€provide€a€service€to€the€Pilot's€issue„oriented€program(s)€and€be€an€integralЯpart€of€each€issue's€planning€from€the€beginning.Ьр ' рAs€a€general€principle,€it€was€recommended€that€the€objective€be€to€provide€the€best€possibleЯintegrated€products,€including€both€remote€and€in€situ€observations€as€appropriate,€even€though€thisЯmight€mean€that€the€data€on€which€these€products€were€based€might€not€be€openly€available€due€toЯtheir€restricted€or€proprietary€nature.€Ьр ' рA€possible€immediate€activity€could€be€an€inventory€of€environmental€data€and€informationЯcurrently€available€for€the€Mid-Atlantic€region.€Several€breakout€groups€deliberating€onЯOpportunities€and€Needs€recommended€such€stock„taking€for€several€reasons,€including€helpingЯdecide,€after€extensive€assessments,€whether€any€modifications€to€the€existing€observing€system€wereЯneeded,€providing€the€best€possible€basis€for€follow-on€specific€issue€assessments€and€helping€withа Ы*&! аthe€development€of€regional€environmental€baselines.€Ьр ' рThe€actions€recommended€for€such€a€possible€initial€Pilot€activity€were€the€development€andЯdissemination€via€the€Internet,€CDs,€and€paper€copy€of€(1)€a€catalogue€of€existing€regionalЯenvironment€related€documents,€including€earlier€assessments;€and€(2)€an€index€of€the€existingЯregional€environmental€data,€whether€current€or€historical.€€For€each€data€set,€an€attempt€would€beЯmade€to€obtain€its€high€level€descriptors€listed€below.€(The€list€is€limited€to€10€descriptors€so€as€toЯnot€discourage€possible€contributors.)ЬвНАв1.€€ContentЬ2.€€Intended€useЬ3.€€Location/extent€and€collection€dateЬ4.€€Spatial€and€temporal€scaleЬ5.€€Quality€estimateЬ6.€€FormatЬ7.€€Source€of€originЬ8.€€Point€of€contactЬ9.€€AvailabilityЬ10.€Media€of€availabilityЬвАНвр ' рAlso,€there€was€consensus€that€the€Pilot€should€have€specific€assessment€issues€(e.g.€theЯReference€Issues)€identified€to€focus€its€efforts.€€While€the€objective€of€the€Integrated€MonitoringЯFramework€requires€functional€unity€and€comparability€of€the€databases,€it€is€likely€that€the€variousЯconstituent€programs€of€the€Mid€Atlantic€Pilot€will€have€somewhat€different€data€formats€andЯrequirements.€€Data€managers€from€those€constituent€programs€should€be€included€in€a€coordinationЯgroup€to€provide€focused€data€management€activities€that€would€include:ЬвАв1.€Data€and€information€acquisitionЬ2.€Establishment€of€a€GIS€interfaceЬ3.€Metadata€documentationЬ4.€Data€assessment€and€product€generationЬ5.€Data€distribution€and€user€accessЬ6.€Results/products€distributionЬвАвр ' рAt€the€Workshop€State€and€regional€managers€and€monitoring€program€directors€stressed€thatЯspecific€and€important€assessment€products€should€be€produced€within€the€first€two€years€of€the€Mid„а 8*ˆ% аAtlantic€Pilot€for€it€to€find€application€and€retain€participation.€€Coupling€this€time€constraint€withЯthe€limited€resources€available€for€the€Pilot€makes€it€doubly€clear€that€at€least€the€initial€list€of€PilotЯassessment€issues€needs€to€constrained.Ьр ' рIt€was€recognized€that€the€integrated€assessment€products€in€particular€must€be€in€forms,Яincluding€hard€copy,€that€can€not€only€be€used€with€confidence€by€a€broad€user€community€but€beЯgenerally€recognized€as€better€than€such€products€that€now€exist.€€Included€in€this€broad€userЯcommunity€that€must€be€"sold"€on€the€Pilot's€importance€are€the€general€public,€educators,€and€policyЯmakers€at€all€levels€as€well€as€researchers.Ьр ' рFinally,€it€was€recommended€that€to€be€successful€the€data€management€program€required€forЯthe€Pilot€be€guided€by€a€team€with€federal,€state,€regional,€and€NGO€representation,€with€operationalЯsupport€provided€from€the€federal€agencies.€The€support€team€would€be€responsible€forЯimplementing€the€data€management€backbone€for€this€Pilot.€Ьђ ђд€МЪ М XXЛХдAssessment€and€Information€Transferд€XЛХ X ММЪда ˆи  аѓ ѓд€)XЛХ X XXЛХдр ' рThis€breakout€group€examined€how€can€we€best€integrate€information€across€scales€to€allowа )y  аinformed,€scientifically€rigorous€management€decisions€for€the€Mid„Atlantic€Region.€€WhatЯcharacteristics€of€the€assessment€process€will€ensure€success?Ьп}€-.G73zC 0€ €@ Pdddd@EьЙ<PttTh$ёЬр}пт А$А$А(#А(#тр ' рThe€assessment€pд€XЛХ X X)XЛХдrocess€must€involveа vЦ аscience€and€management€components,€and€allЯmust€understand€the€roles€and€linkages€amongЯquestions,€monitoring,€assessments,€andЯdecisions€and€the€adaptive€nature€(feedbackЯloops)€among€these€components€of€the€process.д€)XЛХ X XXЛХд€а &v аThe€major€obstacles€to€successful€assessmentsЯinclude€the€following:€ЬгQ4м„А'Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„А'Œ ‹XQгвмАвн ƒџџџнт м$м$м(#м(#т.р0  рн  нFailure€to€recognize€the€need€toа sУ аintegrate€science€with€management,Яpolicy€making€and€public€involvement.€ЯAssessments€must€be€question€drivenЯand€policy€or€management€relevant.а $(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нArtificial€boundaries€between€publicа  #№ аand€private€institutions€(federal,€stateЯand€local€agencies,€universities,€non„Мgovernmental€organizations,€landЯowners.)€prevent€efficient€resolution€ofЯproblems€and€issues.а $(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нLack€of€institutional€commitment€toа Н) %# ат м(#(#м$$тlong„term€needs,€frequently€changing€priorities,€and€failure€to€assign€the€best€talent€to€theа ­*§%$ аproblem€means€that€assessments€are€not€successfully€completed.€а (#(# ан ƒџџџн.р0  рн  нFailure€to€recognize€and€fill€the€need€for€education€at€all€levels€in€the€assessment€process.€а>Ž(#(# авАмвгQ1А„А'Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$м„А'Œ ‹XQгр ' рA€key€ingredient€of€successful€assessment€is€involvement№"№involvement€of€technicalЯcontributors,€decisionmakers€and€stakeholders.€€In€addition,€some€important€lessons€from€otherЯassessements€includeЬв‘Авн ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нThe€Chesapeake€Bay€Program€continues€to€demonstrate€that€public€awareness,€high„levelа ј H аpolitical€commitment,€and€responsiveness€to€technical€information€are€key€ingredients.€а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нThe€National€Acid€Precipitation€Assessment€Program€demonstrates€the€need€to€tightly€coupleа U Ѕ аmonitoring€and€assessment€(NAPAP,€1991).а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нThe€International€Joint€Commission€of€the€Great€Lakes€demonstrates€the€value€of€hypothesis„а В  аdriven€assessments.€€а (#(# ан ƒ џџџн№№р0  рн  нWaquoit€Bay,€Cape€Cod,€is€an€example€of€the€ability€of€management€to€adapt€to€changingа _  аassessment€resulting€from€new€research€discoveries.€€а (#(# авА‘вр ' рThese€and€other€№ №lessons№№€give€rise€to€a€number€of€guiding€principles€for€environmentalЯassessment:€€(a)€a€simple€statement€of€the€problem€is€required;€(b)€assessment€is€an€iterative€processЯwhich€must€contend€with€ignorance€at€all€levels€of€policy,€management€and€science€and€inherentЯuncertainty;€(c)€all€assessments€are€interim€assessments;€(d)€science,€policy,€management€and€theЯpublic€should€be€encouraged€to€be€involved€in€assessment€process;€(e)€all€levels€of€assessmentЯactivity€go€on€simultaneously;€and€(f)€the€assessment€process€must€be€hypothesis„€driven€toward€theЯgoal€of€prognosis.Ьр ' рBased€on€these€considerations,€the€following€recommendations€are€offered€for€implementationЯof€the€Integrated€Monitoring€Pilot€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€region:Ьн ƒџџџн.р0 ' рн  нGive€assessment€primacy.€€Experience€has€shown€that€without€the€clear€designation€thatа ж& аmonitoring€and€research€serve€assessment€to€inform€decisionmaking,€data€collection€consumesЯtime€and€resources,€leaving€assessment€as€a€hurried,€under„funded€after€thought.€€Without€soundЯassessment,€collecting€more€data€makes€no€difference.а '(#'(# агN1А„АrŒ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„А'Œ ‹XNгд€XЛХ X X)XЛХдн ƒџџџн.р0 r рн  нAssessment€must€start€immediately€with€clear€motivation€and€commitment.а"cr(#r(# ан ƒџџџн.р0 r рн  нApportion€financial€support€according€to€what€it€takes€to€get€the€job€done,€with€assessmentа €#а аactivities€of€modeling,€analysis,€interpretation€and€translation€as€an€equal€priority€to€monitoringЯand€research.а r(#r(# ан ƒџџџн.р0 r рн  нIntegrated€(multi„disciplinary,€cross„media)€teams€are€needed€for€integrated€assessments.аЭ&"r(#r(# ан ƒџџџн.р0 r рн  нSocial,€cultural€and€economic€effects€must€be€explicitly€addressed.а:(Š#r(#r(# ан ƒџџџн.р0 r рн  нEducation€of€scientists,€managers€and€the€public€is€needed€to€understand€the€assessment€inа Ї)ї$  аcontext.а—*ч%!r(#r(# ан ƒџџџн.р0 r рн  нUncertainties€associated€with€prognosis€must€be€evident.д€)XЛХ X XXЛХдђђаб!r(#r(# аѓѓгN1А„А'Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А„АrŒ ‹XNгђ ђд€)МЪ М X)XЛХдд€МЪ М М)МЪдRegional€Pilot€Implementationд€XЛХ X ММЪда >Ž аAssessments€Must€Guide€Monitoringѓ ѓ:€€Implementation€of€an€integrated€monitoring€program€forа п/ аthe€Mid„Atlantic€region€must€be€founded€on€clear€goals€and€objectives,€which€require€furtherЯrefinement€beyond€this€workshop.€€Assessments,€in€the€sense€of€(a)€more€in„depth€appraisal€of€theЯmost€important€environmental€and€natural€resource€issues,€(b)€the€information€needed€to€supportЯwise€management,€and€(c)€determining€our€ability€to€truly€integrate€existing€regional€programs,€areЯof€central€importance.€€The€Workshop€produced€a€consensus€that€ђ ђa€core€assessment€should€beа  п аinitiated€immediately,€prior€to€major€structural€reorganizations€or€commitments€that€areЯdifficult€to€reverseѓ ѓ.€€This€assessment€should€provide€direction€for€the€Regional€Pilot€and€Nationalа oП  аFrameworks€on€an€regular€basis€in€support€of€their€incremental€implementation€and€should€resultЯin€a€comprehensive€assessment€in€approximately€two€years€which€will€provide€long„term€guidance.Ьр ' рA€key€need€in€these€assessments€and€for€underpinning€the€integration€of€various€programs€isЯin€the€area€of€scaling.€€It€was€the€consensus€of€the€Workshop€that€the€Regional€Pilot€should€addressЯthe€entire€region,€but€it€is€clear€that€some€sub„regions,€such€as€the€Chesapeake€Bay€and€its€watershedЯand€the€Mid„Atlantic€Highlands,€are€being€and€will€be€monitored€much€more€intensively€and€atЯdifferent€time€scales.€€Thus,€developing€the€ability€to€extrapolate€and€interpolate€information€acrossЯspace€and€time€scales€will€be€critical€to€the€success€of€regional€as€well€as€national€monitoring.€€Ьр ' рIt€is€critical€that€the€Mid„Atlantic€Pilot€and€the€National€Framework€implementation€continueЯto€address€important€policy,€management€and€regulatory€needs.€€Strong€linkages€between€scienceЯand€policy€are€essential€for€both€policy€and€technical€decisions€regarding€risk€and€ecosystemЯmanagement€and€sustainable€development.€€It€is€important€to€ensure€that€research€programs€areЯanticipatory€to€prevent,€not€just€mitigate,€environmental€threats.€€The€National€Framework€shouldЯdefine€critical€policy€questions€and€issues€relevant€to€environmental€monitoring€and€research,€suchЯas€the€Reference€Issues€used€to€guide€the€deliberations€of€this€Workshop.€€The€scientific€knowledgeЯand€corresponding€research€necessary€to€meet€those€policy€challenges€should€then€be€identified€andЯan€interagency/state€implementation€plan€be€developed.Ьр ' рAdditionally,€there€are€regional€issues€and€existing€assessment€programs€which€should€serveЯas€a€strong€foundation€for€regional€monitoring€in€the€Mid„Atlantic,€such€as€the€Mid„AtlanticЯHighlands€Assessment€(MAHA),€the€Mid„Atlantic€Integrated€Assessment€(MAIA)€being€conductedЯby€EPA€Region€III,€the€Chesapeake€Bay€Program,€and€management€and€monitoring€activities€relatedЯto€ground€level€ozone€(Ozone€Transport€Commission,€CASTNet,€AIRMoN,€PAMS,€etc.).€€TheseЯprograms€already€address€the€issues€of€air€quality,€atmospheric€sources,€land€use€and€cover,€andЯwater€quality€in€a€relatively€comprehensive€way€and€thereby€provide€an€№ №inherent€competitiveЯadvantage№№€for€the€region.Ьр ' рA€key€element€of€the€National€Framework€is€that€intensive€monitoring€and€research€will€beЯcarried€out€at€a€limited€number€of€sites,€called€Index€Sites.€€The€selection€of€these€Index€Sites€isЯbound€to€produce€differences€of€opinion€among€agencies€and€regional€interests.€€On€one€hand,€thereа Ѓ*ѓ%% аis€a€sense€of€urgency€to€select€and€begin€monitoring€at€Index€Sites€so€that€we€can€begin€to€establishЯlong„term,€systematic€observations€and€learn€by€doing.€€On€the€other€hand,€there€is€a€reluctance€toЯselect€Index€Sites€without€careful€assessment€of€the€issues€of€concern€and€the€criteria€for€siteЯselection.€€A€majority€of€participants€in€the€Workshop€felt€strongly€that€certain€assessments€andЯsurveys€need€to€be€completed€prior€to€selection€of€Index€Sites€within€the€Mid„Atlantic€Region.€ЯHowever,€postponing€the€selection€of€Index€Sites€until€the€completion€of€a€protracted€assessment€ofЯseveral€years€would€result€in€the€failure€to€include€a€key€element€of€the€National€Framework€in€theЯRegional€Pilot.€€A€reasonable€middle€ground€would€be€to€focus€attention€to€the€issue€of€Index€SiteЯselection€in€the€early€stages€of€the€core€assessment€described€above.€€This€could€then€beЯaccomplished€over€a€period€of€months€rather€than€years,€but€still€involve€informed€decisions€andЯmulti„party€consensus.€€The€Regional€Pilot€thus€offers€the€opportunity€to€test€an€early€set€of€IndexЯSite€selection€criteria€before€advancing€to€the€national€level.€€Ьђ ђOrganizational€Requirementsѓ ѓ:€€Implementation€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€Regional€Pilot€will€requireа Žо  аhigh„level€commitment€and€participation€among€Federal€and€State€agencies€through€an€ExecutiveЯCommittee€and€steadfast€attention€to€the€execution€by€a€Program€Coordination€and€ImplementationЯCommittee.€€In€addition,€an€Executive€Secretary€and€support€staff€will€be€required.€€A€number€ofЯtechnical€working€groups,€which€support€the€Program€Coordination€and€Implementation€Committee,Яmust€address€specific€issues€such€as€information€and€data,€integration€of€research€and€monitoring,Яassessment€(including€modeling€and€scaling€considerations),€and€communications€both€within€theЯfederal€and€state€agencies€as€well€as€with€external€groups.€€It€is€essential€to€the€success€of€theЯprogram€that€the€states€and€private€stakeholders€be€involved€at€all€levels€of€the€program,€fromЯdevelopment€of€the€National€Framework€to€its€regional€implementation.€€Ьр ' рThe€ђ ђExecutive€Committeeѓ ѓ€should€be€comprised€of€Assistant€Secretary„level€representativesа kЛ аfrom€the€federal€agencies€and€the€Office€of€Science€and€Technology€Policy€and€high„level€stateЯofficials.€€It€should€be€the€policy€decision„making€body€for€the€Regional€Program€and€be€responsibleЯfor€budget€formulation,€i.e.€making€institutional€and€financial€commitments.€€Ьр ' рThe€ђ ђProgram€Coordination€and€Implementation€Committeeѓ ѓ€should€be€composed€of€bothа Јј аfederal€and€state€program€managers€(e.g.€NAWQA€Director,€EMAP€Director)€and€representativesЯof€the€regional€environmental€research€community.€€This€committee€should€be€the€science€andЯtechnology€body€for€the€Regional€Program€and€responsible€for€execution€of€the€program€within€theЯbudget€formulated€by€the€Executive€Committee.€€This€is€the€level€where€breaking€down€existingЯbarriers€to€effective€integration€and€tendencies€to€protect€turf€is€of€the€utmost€importance.€€TheЯProgram€Coordination€and€Implementation€Committee€(PCIC)€should€meet€frequently€and€reportЯto€the€Executive€Committee,€which€should€meet€infrequently€to€set€direction€and€reaffirmЯcommitments.€€€Critical€next€steps€for€the€PCIC€include€(a)€setting€goals;€(b)€developing€performanceЯevaluation€criteria;€and€(c)€developing€a€state€and€public€involvement€strategy.Ьр ' рAn€ђ ђExecutive€Secretaryѓ ѓ€(coordination€lead)€and€support€staff€should€be€established€to€ensureа …(е#$ аthat€the€decisions€of€the€Executive€Committee€and€PCIC€are€implemented.€€This€office€may€beЯsupported€by€interagency€pooling€of€resources€and€by€seconding€staff.€€There€should€also€be€aа e*Е%& аdesignated€communication€lead€whose€goal€is€to€get€№ №buy„in№№€at€all€levels€for€the€Mid„Atlantic€PilotЯand€the€National€Framework.€€This€includes€both€№ №inreach№№€(to€federal€and€state€agencies)€as€wellЯas€outreach€activities.€€Deliberate€planning€for€both€coordination€and€communication€is€essential€ifЯthe€Regional€Pilot€and€National€Framework€are€to€be€successful.€€Ьр ' рThe€technical€working€groups€should€be€comprised€of€scientific€and€technical€staff€from€theЯfederal€and€state€agencies,€academia€and€other€partner€organizations.€€The€working€groups€are€theЯheart€of€the€program€and€provide€the€scientific€and€outreach€underpinnings€for€the€Regional€Pilot.Ьр ' рIn€developing€the€organization€and€operations€for€Regional€Monitoring€Implementation€it€isЯimportant€to€look€for€lessons€learned€by€similar€activities,€e.g.€the€Chesapeake€Bay€Program€OfficeЯand€Southern€Appalachian€Mountain€Initiative€(SAMI).€€By€the€same€token,€it€is€realized€thatЯorganizational€structure€alone€does€not€guarantee€success.€€Rather,€committed€and€talented€leadersЯare€the€key€ingredients.€€It€is€important€to€foster€and€support€the€emergence€of€such€№ №champions№№€atЯboth€the€science€and€policy€levels€to€carry€this€initiative€forward.€€Ьђ ђResource€Requirementsѓ ѓ:€€While€a€catch€phrase€of€the€day€is€№ №do€more€with€less№№€and€it€is€clearlyа xШ  аthe€implicit€expectation€of€the€National€Monitoring€Framework€that€existing€efforts€could€beЯmodified€and€coordinated€to€yield€significantly€improved€results,€it€should€be€recognized€thatЯresources€will€be€required€for€implementation€of€the€Mid„Atlantic€Regional€Pilot.€€First,€there€mustЯbe€the€will€and€flexibility€to€adapt€existing€programs№"№including€reallocating€resources€asЯappropriate№"№to€accomplish€the€goal€of€integrated€monitoring.€€Secondly,€the€intense€monitoring€andЯresearch€projected€for€index€sites€under€the€National€Framework€is€not€now€taking€place€and€willЯrequire€resources€to€implement.€€Thirdly,€several€existing€programs€that€would€be€importantЯcontributors€to€integrated€environmental€monitoring€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€have€been€recently€scaledЯback€or€are€slated€for€termination.€€These€efforts€need€to€be€adapted€and€sustained€if€regionalЯmonitoring€goals€are€to€be€met.€€Finally,€strategic€investments€are€required€to€fill€critical€gaps€andЯprovide€the€№ №glue№№€(e.g.€for€coordination,€assessment€and€information€management)€needed€forЯintegration.€€While€it€may€be€realistic€to€expect€that€in€the€end€significant€efficiencies€and€resourceЯsavings€may€be€accomplished€through€integrated€environmental€monitoring€in€the€region,€theЯpractical€reality€is€that€it€will€take€an€additional€investment€of€resources€to€catalyze€theЯimplementation€of€the€integrated€monitoring€program.а  ˆ и а€а  б! ад€МЪ М XXЛХдђ ђ7.€€Referencesѓ ѓд€XЛХ X ММЪда б! агK.'Ћ  [Г cЛkУ!s#Ы%А„А'Œ ‹XKгBockstael,€N.€R.€Costanza,€I.€Strand,€W.€Boynton,€K.€Bell€and€L.€Wainger.€€1995€EcologicalЯeconomic€modeling€and€valuation€of€ecosystems.€€ђђEcological€Economicsѓѓ€14:€143„159.а bВ аCowling,€E.B.€€1992.€€The€performance€and€legacy€of€NAPAP.€€ђђEcological€Applicationsѓѓ€2:€111„116.€а Я аInteragency€Ecosystem€Management€Task€Force.€€1995.€€ђђThe€Ecosystem€Approach:€Healthyа П  аEcosystems€ђђandѓѓ€Sustainable€Economiesѓѓ.€€Volume€II€„€Implementation€Issues.€[referenceа Џ џ 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аfor€Prosperity,€Opportunity,€and€a€Healthy€Environment€for€the€Futureѓѓ.€€Executive€Office€of€theа '$w аPresident,€Washington,€D.C.€186€p.€€а  %g  аа  б! ађ ђг  гAppendix€1.€€Workshop€Participants€and€the€Breakout€Groups€а б! аin€Which€They€Participated.€ѓ ѓа >Ž аг  гд*Єƒ01 dd4dT dT АdT АdT dT Аdd '(А(#А(#Єдд,Sdd дд,Іdd дд,dd дд+  да 3€" Ћћ €€‚‚ƒƒ„„3аг дўгNAMEа ;€*м," „„;аORGANIZATIONа ;€*м," „„;аGROUPS(S)а LB*м,"    €€‚‚ƒƒ„„Lад€єЎє XXЛХдJohn€Aberа   n „„аComplex€Systems€Research€Centerа   n „„аа 6, n  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMary€Beth€Adamsа  ( x  „„аU.S.€Forest€Serviceа  ( x  „„аTerrestrial,€Researchа 6,( x   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRaymond€Alden€IIIа  2 ‚  „„аODU„Applied€Marine€Research€Labа  2 ‚  „„аCoastal,€Pilotа 6,2 ‚  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аTabor€Allisonа  < Œ „„аNational€Science€Foundationа  < Œ „„аа 6,< Œ  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJ.€Scott€Angleа  F – „„аUniv.€Maryland€Agric.€Experiment€Stationа  F – „„аTerrestrial,€Pilotа 6,F –  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMary€Barberа  P   „„аEcological€Society€of€Americaа  P   „„аSynthesis,€Assessmentа 6,P    €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRoger€Barlowа  ZЊ  „„аU.S.€Geological€Survey,€Data€Prod.€&€Integrationа  ZЊ  „„аSynthesis,€Informationа 6,ZЊ   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аThomas€Barnwell,€Jr.а  dД  „„аU.S.€EPA/NERLа  dД  „„аSynthesis,€Researchа 6,dД   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRichard€Batiukа  nО  „„аU.S.€EPA/Chesapeake€Bayа  nО  „„аCoastalа 6,nО   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJim€Bensonа  xШ ! „„аU.S.€Department€of€Agriculture/NRCSа  xШ " „„аа 6,xШ #  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRosina€Bierbaumа  ‚в$ „„аOffice€of€Science€and€Technology€Policy/ENVа  ‚в% „„аа 6,‚в&  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRona€Birnbaumа  Œм' „„аU.S.€EPA/Office€of€Air€and€Radiationа  Œм( „„аAtmospheric,€Pilotа 6,Œм)  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDonald€Boeschа  –ц* „„аUniv.€Maryland/CEESа  –ц+ „„аPilotа 6,–ц,  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аWalter€Boyntonа   №- „„аUniv.€Maryland„„Chesapeake€Biological€Lab.а   №. „„аCoastal,€Researchа 6, №/  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аOwen€Brickerа  Њњ0 „„аU.S.€EPA/ORDа  Њњ1 „„аAquatic,€Researchа 6,Њњ2  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аCarolyn€Brownа  Д3 „„аNational€Marine€Fisheries€Service/OREIа  Д4 „„аCoastal,€Researchа 6,Д5  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJohn€Cairns,€Jr.а  О6 „„аVirginia€Polytechnic€Institute/State€Universityа  О7 „„аа 6,О8  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аTony€Clarkа  Ш9 „„аNorth€Carolina€State€Universityа  Ш: „„аCoastalа 6,Ш;  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аEmery€Cleavesа  в"< „„аMaryland€Geological€Surveyа  в"= „„аSynthesis,€Researchа 6,в">  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJeff€Cornwellа  м,? „„аUniv.€Maryland„„Horn€Point€Environmental€Lab.а  м,@ „„аCoastal,€Coordinationа 6,м,A  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аEllis€Cowlingа  ц6B „„аN.C.€State€Univ./School€of€Forest€Resourcesа  ц6C „„аAtmospheric,€Assessmentа 6,ц6D  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMichael€Crosbyа  №@E „„аNOAA/NOS/ORCMа  №@F „„аCoastal,€Assessmentа 6,№@G  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аFord€Crossа  њJH „„аNOAA/NMFS/Beaufort€Lab/SEFSCа  њJI „„аCoastalа 6,њJJ  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDoug€Curtisа  !TK „„аNational€Park€Serviceа  !TL „„аAquatic,€Assessmentа 6,!TM  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аThomas€DeMossа  "^N „„аU.S.€EPA€Region€3а  "^O „„аSynthesisа 6,"^P  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRobin€Dennisа  #hQ „„аU.S.€EPA/NOAA„ASMDа  #hR „„аAtmospheric,€Assessmentа 6,#hS  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDonald€Drevesа  "$rT „„аNOAA/CIA€(ORD„EPG)/Global€Env.а  "$rU „„аSynthesis,€Informationа 6,"$rV  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аPaul€Dunnа  ,%| W „„аU.S.€Forest€Serviceа  ,%| X „„аа 6,,%| Y  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аWilliam€Eichbaumа  6&†!Z „„аWorld€Wildlife€Fundа  6&†![ „„аа 6,6&†!\  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аKeith€Eshlemanа  @'"] „„аUniv.€Maryland„„Appalachian€Environmental€Labа  @'"^ „„аAquatic,€Researchа 6,@'"_  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDiana€Esherа  J(š#` „„аU.S.€EPA€Region€3а  J(š#a „„аа 6,J(š#b  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аL.€Keith€Evansа  T)Є$c „„аWest€Virginia€DEPа  T)Є$d „„аAquatic,€Informationа 6,T)Є$e  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аPeter€Finkelsteinа  ^*Ў%f „„аU.S.€EPA/NOAA„ASMDа  ^*Ў%g „„аAtmospheric,€Researchа 6,^*Ў%h  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMiguel€Floresа  б! „„аNational€Park€Serviceа  б! „„аAtmospheric,€Coordinationа 6,б!  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аTimothy€Foresmanа  л+ „„аUniv.€Maryland„„Baltimore€Countyа  л+ „„аTerrestrial,€Pilotа 6,л+  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аHerb€Freibergerа  х5 „„аU.S.€Geological€Surveyа  х5 „„аAquatic,€Pilotа 6,х5   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аBob€Friedmanа  я?  „„аJohn€Heinz€Centerа  я?  „„аSynthesisа 6,я?   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аPhilip€Galvinа  љI  „„аNY€State€Dept.€of€Env.€Conservationа  љI „„аа 6,љI  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRobert€Gardnerа   S „„аUniv.€Maryland„„Appalachian€Environmental€Lab.а   S „„аTerrestrial,€Assessmentа 6, S  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJerry€Garegnaniа   ] „„аNASA€Headquartersа   ] „„аа 6, ]  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аElizabeth€Gillelanа   g „„аNational€Marine€Fisheries€Serviceа   g „„аSynthesis,€Assessmentа 6, g  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJeffery€Goebelа  ! q „„аUSDA/NRCSа  ! q „„аа 6,! q  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJames€Goszа  +{  „„аUniv.€New€Mexicoа  +{  „„аSynthesis,€Researchа 6,+{   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аFrederick€Grassleа  5…  „„аRutgers€Universityа  5…  „„аSynthesis,€Researchа 6,5… !  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRoger€Griffisа  ? " „„аNOAAа  ? # „„аSynthesis,€Assessmentа 6,? $  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аM.€Grant€Grossа  I™ % „„аChesapeake€Research€Consortiumа  I™ & „„аCoastal,€Pilotа 6,I™ '  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аLawrence€Hardingа  SЃ ( „„аUniv.€Maryland„„€Horn€Point€Environmental€Lab.а  SЃ ) „„аCoastal,€Researchа 6,SЃ *  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аTom€Hartа  ]­+ „„аU.S.€Army€Corps€of€Engineersа  ]­, „„аа 6,]­-  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аBruce€Haydenа  gЗ. „„аUniv.€Virginia,€Environ.€Sciencesа  gЗ/ „„аCoastal,€Researchа 6,gЗ0  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аKarl€Hermanа  qС1 „„аNational€Biological€Service/Univ.€Tennesseeа  qС2 „„аTerrestrial,€Informationа 6,qС3  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аBruce€Hicksа  {Ы4 „„аNOAAа  {Ы5 „„аAtmosphericа 6,{Ы6  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аFred€Hollandа  …е7 „„аMarine€Resources€Research€Instituteа  …е8 „„аCoastal,€Pilotа 6,…е9  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJerrald€Hollowellа  п: „„аSusquehanna€River€Basin€Commissionа  п; „„аAquatic,€Coordinationа 6,п<  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRobert€Huggettа  ™щ= „„аU.S.€EPA/ORDа  ™щ> „„аа 6,™щ?  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMichael€Hustonа  Ѓѓ@ „„аDOE„ORNL/Env.€Sciencesа  ЃѓA „„аTerrestrial,€Researchа 6,ЃѓB  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аLaura€Jacksonа  ­§C „„аU.S.€EPA/ORDа  ­§D „„аCoordinationа 6,­§E  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJohn€W.€Jonesа  ЗF „„аU.S.€Geological€Surveyа  ЗG „„аа 6,ЗH  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аSteve€Jordanа  СI „„аCooperative€Oxford€Laboratoryа  СJ „„аCoastal,€Coordinationа 6,СK  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аChris€Justiceа  ЫL „„аUniv.€Maryland„„Geographyа  ЫM „„аSynthesis,€Coordinationа 6,ЫN  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аCharles€Kanetskyа  е%O „„аU.S.€EPA€Region€3а  е%P „„аSynthesis,€Pilotа 6,е%Q  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аPaul€Kapinosа  п /R „„аU.S.€Geological€Surveyа  п /S „„аAtmospheric,€Assessmentа 6,п /T  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJohn€Karishа  щ!9U „„аNational€Park€Serviceа  щ!9V „„аSynthesis,€Pilotа 6,щ!9W  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJack€Kaye€а  ѓ"CX „„аNASAа  ѓ"CY „„аAtmospheric,€Assessmentа 6,ѓ"CZ  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJames€Lynchа  §#M[ „„аPenn€State€Univ./Forest€Resourcesа  §#M\ „„аAtmospheric,€Researchа 6,§#M]  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRobert€Magnienа  %W ^ „„аMaryland€Dept.€Natural€Resourcesа  %W _ „„аSynthesis,€Coordinationа 6,%W `  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMargaret€Maizelа  &a!a „„аNat.€Center€for€Resource€Innovationsа  &a!b „„аTerrestrial,€Informationа 6,&a!c  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRobert€Mangoldа  'k"d „„аU.S.€Forest€Serviceа  'k"e „„аTerrestrial,€Pilotа 6,'k"f  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аSuzanne€Marcyа  %(u#g „„аU.S.€EPA/NCEAа  %(u#h „„аа 6,%(u#i  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDavid€Mathisа  /)$j „„аU.S.€Army€Corps€of€Engineersа  /)$k „„аа 6,/)$l  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аLisa€Matthewsа  9*‰%m „„аOffice€of€Science€and€Technology€Policy/ENVа  9*‰%n „„аPilotа 6,9*‰%o  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аLes€Meredithа  б! „„аU.S.€Department€of€Agriculture/TFODMа  б! „„аInformationа 6,б!  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJarvis€Moyersа  л+ „„аNational€Science€Foundationа  л+ „„аа 6,л+  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аPeter€Murdochа  х5 „„аU.S.€Geological€Surveyа  х5 „„аAquatic,€Coordinationа 6,х5   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аCurtis€Olsenа  я?  „„аDepartment€of€Energy/Health,€Env.€Researchа  я?  „„аCoastal,€Researchа 6,я?   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аPaul€Orlandoа  љI  „„аNOAA/NOSа  љI „„аCoastal,€Assessmentа 6,љI  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJohn€F.€Paulа   S „„аU.S.€EPA/ORD/NHEERL/AEDа   S „„аSynthesis,€Pilotа 6, S  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аThomas€Pheifferа   ] „„аU.S.€EPA/ORDа   ] „„аа 6, ]  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аHarry€Pionkeа   g „„аAgricultural€Research€Serviceа   g „„аTerrestrial,€Pilotа 6, g  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRandy€Pomponioа  ! q „„аU.S.€EPA€Region€3а  ! q „„аа 6,! q  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDana€Porterа  +{  „„аUniv.€Maryland„„Baltimore€County,€Geographyа  +{  „„аа 6,+{   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMichael€Principeа  5…  „„аNew€York€City€Dept.€Env.€Prot.а  5…  „„аAquaticа 6,5… !  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аWalter€Rawlsа  ? " „„аAgricultural€Research€Serviceа  ? # „„аResearchа 6,? $  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJim€Rawsonа  I™ % „„аWV€Dept.€Natural€Resourcesа  I™ & „„аAquatic,€Assessmentа 6,I™ '  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аAdelaide€Rhodesа  SЃ ( „„аNOAA€Coastal€Ocean€Programа  SЃ ) „„аа 6,SЃ *  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аAndrew€Robertsonа  ]­+ „„аNOAA/NOSа  ]­, „„аCoastal,€Pilotа 6,]­-  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аBarbara€Rosenbaumа  gЗ. „„аU.S.€EPAа  gЗ/ „„аResearchа 6,gЗ0  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMichael€Ruggieroа  qС1 „„аOffice€of€Science€and€Technology€Policy/ENVа  qС2 „„аPilotа 6,qС3  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMarc€Safleyа  {Ы4 „„аUSDA/NRCSа  {Ы5 „„аSynthesis,€Informationа 6,{Ы6  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDan€Salkovitzа  …е7 „„аVA€Dept.€of€Env.€Qualityа  …е8 „„аAtmospheric,€Coordinationа 6,…е9  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDonald€Scaviaа  п: „„аNOAAа  п; „„аа 6,п<  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аAnne„Marie€Schmoltnerа  ™щ= „„аNational€Science€Foundationа  ™щ> „„аAtmosphericа 6,™щ?  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аKent€Schreiberа  Ѓѓ@ „„аNational€Biological€Service/Leetown€Science€Centerа  ЃѓA „„аAquatic,€Assessmentа 6,ЃѓB  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDenice€Shawа  ­§C „„аU.S.€EPA/ORDа  ­§D „„аSynthesis,€Coordinationа 6,­§E  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аDavid€Shrinerа  ЗF „„аDepartment€of€Energyа  ЗG „„аа 6,ЗH  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJohn€Silvasiа  СI „„аU.S.€EPA/OAQPSа  СJ „„аAtmospheric,€Coordinationа 6,СK  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMichael€Slimakа  ЫL „„аU.S.€EPA/ORDа  ЫM „„аа 6,ЫN  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRoland€Steinerа  е%O „„аInterstate€Comm.€Potomac€River€Basinа  е%P „„аPilotа 6,е%Q  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJohn€Stoddardа  п /R „„аDynamac€Corp.а  п /S „„аSynthesis,€Assessmentа 6,п /T  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аTimothy€Stricklandа  щ!9U „„аUSDA/CSREESа  щ!9V „„аTerrestrial,€Pilot,€Researchа 6,щ!9W  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аTimothy€Stuartа  ѓ"CX „„аCouncil€on€Environmental€Qualtiyа  ѓ"CY „„аа 6,ѓ"CZ  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аNancy€Tostaа  §#M[ „„аDepartment€of€Interior/Geographic€Data€Comm.а  §#M\ „„аа 6,§#M]  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аBo€Tumaszа  %W ^ „„аU.S.€EPA/ORD„EPGа  %W _ „„аа 6,%W `  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRobert€Unnaschа  &a!a „„аThe€Nature€Conservancyа  &a!b „„аTerrestrial,€Coordinationа 6,&a!c  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аMark€Walbridgeа  'k"d „„аGeorge€Mason€University/Biologyа  'k"e „„аTerrestrial,€Researchа 6,'k"f  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJeff€Waldonа  %(u#g „„аVirginia€Tech./Fisheries„Wildlifeа  %(u#h „„аSynthesis,€Information,€Pilotа 6,%(u#i  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJanice€Wardа  /)$j „„аU.S.€Geological€Surveyа  /)$k „„аAquaticа 6,/)$l  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аRick€Webbа  9*‰%m „„аUniv.€of€VA/Env.€Sciencesа  9*‰%n „„аAquatic,€Informationа 6,9*‰%o  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аStephen€Weisbergа  б! „„аVersar,€Inc.а  б! „„аCoastal,€Coordinationа 6,б!  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аJeffrey€Westа  л+ „„аGENCO/GPUа  л+ „„аAtmospheric,€Coordinationа 6,л+  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аR.€Kelman€Wiederа  х5 „„аVillanova€Univ./Biologyа  х5 „„аAquatic,€Researchа 6,х5   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аBruceWiersma€а  я?  „„аUniv.€of€Maineа  я?  „„аTerrestrial,€Coordinationа 6,я?   €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аHelen€Wigginsа  љI  „„аUniv.€Maryland„„Baltimore€Countyа  љI „„аTerrestrial,€Informationа 6,љI  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аSteven€Wofsyа   S „„аHarvard€Universityа   S „„аAtmospheric,€Assessmentа 6, S  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„6аGarth€Youngbergа   ] „„аWallace€Inst.€for€Alternative€Agricultureа   ] „„аTerrestrialа$ ]  r $ад€XЛХ XєєЎдЬд€МЪ М XXЛХдђ ђа  „ д аг  гд€XЛХ X ММЪдAppendix€2.€€Chairs€and€Rapporteurs€for€Topical€Breakout€GroupsЬг дўгг  ггА'Ћ ŒXгд*qƒ23 dsdSdd Іdd dd 01А(#А(#qдд,A dT дд,A dT дд,A dd дд+  да 3€$" >Ž €P€‚e‚ƒZƒ„„3аGroupа ;€$*Ф"$ „„;аChair(s)а =€$*Ф"$ „„=аRapporteurа Q€B*Ф" eZ P $ €P€‚U‚ƒ*ƒ„„Qаѓ ѓThe€Atmosphereа 0€!Ѕѕ „„0аJames€Lynchа 4€!Ѕѕ „„4аBruce€Hicksа H€9!Ѕѕ U* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаTerrestrial€Environmentsа 0€!f Ж „„0аBruce€Wiersmaа 4€!f Ж  „„4аTim€Stricklandа H€9!f Ж  e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаAquatic€Environmentsа 0€!' w  „„0аKeith€Eshlemanа 4€!' w  „„4аPeter€Murdochа H€9!' w  e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаCoastal€Environmentsа 0€!ш 8  „„0аFord€Crossа 4€!ш 8  „„4аAndrew€Robertsonа H€9!ш 8  e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаRegional€Synthesisа 0€!Љљ  „„0аJ.€Frederick€Grassleа 4€!Љљ  „„4аRoger€Griffisа H€9!Љљ  e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаIntegration€and€CoordinationЯof€Monitoring€Programsа 0€!ZЊ  „„0аRobert€MagnienЬSteve€JordanЬа 4€!D” „„4аDenice€Shawа H€9!jК  e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаIntegration€of€Research€andЯMonitoringа 0€!ѕE „„0аBruce€Haydenа 4€!U „„4аOwen€Brickerа H€9!U e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаInformation€and€DataЯManagementа 0€!Іі „„0аKarl€Hermanа 4€!Ж  „„4аLes€Meredithа H€9!Ж! e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ*ƒ„„HаAssessment€and€InformationЯTransferа 0€!WЇ# „„0аRobert€Gardnerа 4€!gЗ$ „„4аRoger€Griffisа J€9!gЗ% e* P  €P€‚e‚ƒ:ƒ„„JаRegional€PilotЯImplementationа 2€!X' „„2аJohn€Karishа 4€!h( „„4аLisa€Matthewsа1'%h) e: P  1ађ ђа  t Ф) аа  б! аг  гAppendix€3.€€Explanation€of€Abbreviations€and€Acronyms€Used.ѓ ѓа б! аг  гг9+А ЪŒ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!T$А9гAIRMoNр Ъ рAtmospheric€Integrated€Research€Monitoring€Networkа >Ž аAVHRRр Ъ рAdvancedVery€High€Resolution€Radiometryа Ћћ аCASTNetр Ъ рClean€Air€Status€and€Trends€Networkа  h аCBOSр Ъ рChesapeake€Bay€Observing€Systemа … е аCBPр Ъ рChesapeake€Bay€Programа ђ B аC„CAPр Ъ рCoastal€Change€Analysis€Programа _ Џ аCOPр Ъ рCoastal€Ocean€Programа Ь  аEMAPр Ъ рEnvironmental€Monitoring€and€Assessment€Programа 9‰  аEPAр Ъ рEnvironmental€Protection€Agencyа Іі  аFHMр Ъ рForest€Health€Monitoring€Programа c  аFIAр Ъ рForest€Inventory€and€Analysisа €а  аGAPр Ъ рGap€Analysis€Programа э=  аGISр Ъ рGeographic€Information€Systemа ZЊ  аGOOSр Ъ рGlobal€Ocean€Observing€Systemа Ч аIMPROVEр Ъ рInteragency€Monitoring€of€Protected€Visual€Environmentsа 4„ аITFMр Ъ рIntegrated€Task€Force€for€Monitoring€of€Water€Qualityа Ёё аLMERр Ъ рLand€Margin€Ecosystem€Researchа ^ аLTERр Ъ рLong€Term€Ecological€Researchа {Ы аMABр Ъ рMan€and€the€Biosphereа ш8 аMAHAр Ъ рMid„Atlantic€Highlands€Assessmentа U!Ѕ аMAIAр Ъ рMid„Atlantic€Integrated€Assessmentа Т" аMARMAPр Ъ рMarine€Resource€Monitoring,€Assessment,€and€Predictionа /$ аMRLCр Ъ рMulti„Resource€Land€Characterizationа œ%ь  аMSSр Ъ рMulti„Spectral€Scannerа  'Y" аNADPр Ъ рNational€Atmospheric€Deposition€Programа v(Ц# аNAMSр Ъ рNational€Air€Monitoring€Systemа у)3% аNAPAPр Ъ рNational€Acid€Precipitation€Assessment€Programа б! аNARSTOр Ъ рNorth€American€Research€Strategy€for€Tropospheric€Ozoneа >Ž аNASAр Ъ рNational€Aeronautics€and€Space€Administrationа Ћћ аNASQUANр Ъ рNational€Surface€Water€Quality€Networkа  h аNAWQAр Ъ рNational€Water€Quality€Assessmentа … е аNBSр Ъ рNational€Biological€Serviceа ђ B аNOAAр Ъ рNational€Oceanic€and€Atmospheric€Administrationа _ Џ аNPSр Ъ рNational€Park€Serviceа Ь  аNRCр Ъ рNational€Research€Councilа 9‰  аNS&Tр Ъ рNational€Status€and€Trendsа Іі  аNSTCр Ъ рNational€Science€and€Technology€Councilа c  аOSTPр Ъ рOffice€of€Science€and€Technology€Policyа €а  аPAMSр Ъ рPhotochemical€Air€Monitoring€Systemа э=  аPANDAр Ъ рProgram€on€Atmospheric€Nutrient€Deposition€Assessmentа ZЊ  аPCICр Ъ рProgram€Coordination€and€Implementation€Committeeа Ч аSAMIр Ъ рSouthern€Appalachian€Mountain€Initiativeа 4„ аSAMSр Ъ рState€and€Local€Air€Monitoring€System€а Ёё аSEAMAPр Ъ рSoutheast€Monitoring€and€Assessment€Programа ^ аSERCр Ъ рSmithsonian€Environmental€Research€Centerа {Ы аSOSр Ъ рSouthern€Oxidants€Studyа ш8 аSWASр Ъ рShenandoah€Watershed€Studyа U!Ѕ аTMр Ъ рThematic€Mapper€(associated€with€Landsat€imagery)а Т" аUSDAр Ъ рUnited€States€Department€of€Agricultureа /$ аUSGSр Ъ рUnited€States€Geological€Surveyа œ%ь  аVTSSSр Ъ рVirginia€Trout€Stream€Sensitivity€Studyа   'Y" аЬ€Appendix€4.р0 Œ рDescription€of€Major€Federal€and€other€Environmental€Monitoring€and€Researchа >Ž аNetworks€and€Programs€with€Relevance€to€the€Mid„Atlantic€Region.а .~Œ (#Œ (# абрАбврАвврАвбббTRPи'33и' и'3Note Landscapeџ3и'TбгHгд*qƒ45 d dA dT A dT A dd 23рА1рА1qдд,И dT дд,ЪdT дд, dT дд,ЪdT дд,add дд+  дд€6XЯX XXЛХда 1€ б! €k€„„……1аЬр@  5IрMAJOR€FEDERAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа N€;'к* k  €#€„„……Nар@IIWIрд€6МбМX6XЯдˆЙг  гInventories€and€Remote€Sensing€Programsа F€7'|Ь  #  €숄„Fад€64KМ6МбдProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*šъ „„9аC„CAPа 9€*šъ" „„9аGAPа 9€*šъ" „„9аMRLCа =€*šъ" „„=аNWIа C€4$šъ " м  €숄„CаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*v Ц  „„9аCoastal€Change€Anal€Pr.а 9€*v Ц " „„9аGap€Analysis€Programа 9€*v Ц " „„9аMulti€Resol.Land€Charact.а =€*v Ц " „„=аNatl€Wetlands€Inventoryа C€4$v Ц" м  €숄„CаAgencyа 9€*R Ђ „„9аNOAAа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аNBSа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аEPA/USGS/NOAA/NBSа =€*R Ђ" „„=аDOI,Fish€&€Wildlife€Serv.а C€4$R Ђ" м  €숄„CаYear€Initiatedа 9€*. ~ „„9а1990а 9€*. ~" „„9а1988,1994€fundedа 9€*. ~" „„9а1992а =€*. ~" „„=а1978а C€4$. ~" м  €숄„CаMeasuresа 9€* Z „„9аLand€cover€changeа 9€* Z" „„9а4€basic€data€layersа 9€* Z" „„9аElectromag,radia,lnd€covа =€* Z" „„=аDetermine€extent€&€type...а C€4$ Z" м  €숄„CаCollection€Sourceа ?€ *ц 6 „„?аа ?€ *ц 6"  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6 "  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6!"  „„?аа C€4$ц 6"" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Pointа 9€*Т  # „„9а„а 9€*Т  $" „„9аxа 9€*Т  %" „„9а„а =€*Т  &" „„=аxа C€4$Т  '" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Sourceа 9€*žю ( „„9а„а 9€*žю )" „„9аxа 9€*žю *" „„9аxа =€*žю +" „„=аxа C€4$žю ," м  €숄„Cа€€€€Transectа 9€*zЪ - „„9а„а 9€*zЪ ." „„9аxа 9€*zЪ /" „„9а„а =€*zЪ 0" „„=аxа C€4$zЪ 1" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*VІ 2 „„9аSatellt.imag€&€aerial€ph.а 9€*VІ 3" „„9аSatellite€imageryа 9€*VІ 4" „„9аTM€imageа =€*VІ 5" „„=аColor€infrared€photographyа C€4$VІ 6" м  €숄„CаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*2‚ 7 „„9аIn€16€states,coastal€USа 9€*2‚ 8" „„9а40€states€involvedа 9€*2‚ 9" „„9а540€scenes€all€over€U.S.а =€*2‚ :" „„=аDone€85%/US€land€coverа C€4$2‚ ;" м  €숄„CаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*^ < „„9аEvery€1„5€yearsа 9€*^ =" „„9аOptimal„every€5€yearsа 9€*^ >" „„9а1992„1995(every€10€yrs)а =€*^ ?" „„=а10€year€intervalsа C€4$^ @" м  €숄„CаSampling€Designа ?€ *ъ:A „„?аа ?€ *ъ:B"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:C"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:D"  „„?аа C€4$ъ:E" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Randomа 9€*ЦF „„9а„а 9€*ЦG" „„9а„а 9€*ЦH" „„9а„а =€*ЦI" „„=аxа C€4$ЦJ" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЂђK „„9а„а 9€*ЂђL" „„9а„а 9€*ЂђM" „„9а„а =€*ЂђN" „„=а„а C€4$ЂђO" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Synopticа 9€*~ЮP „„9аxа 9€*~ЮQ" „„9аxа 9€*~ЮR" „„9аxа =€*~ЮS" „„=а„а C€4$~ЮT" м  €숄„CаData€Availableа 9€*ZЊU „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊV" „„9аSomeа 9€*ZЊW" „„9аYesа =€*ZЊX" „„=аYesа C€4$ZЊY" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*6†Z „„9аCD€ROMS€sold€at€costа 9€*6†[" „„9аIn€10€states€now„Internetа 9€*6†\" „„9аUSGS€EROS€data€centerа =€*6†]" „„=аMaps,€internetа C€4$6†^" м  €숄„CаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*b_ „„9аBy€estuar.€drainage€areaа 9€*b`" „„9аUS€(starting€1€in€Hawaii)а 9€*ba" „„9аContinental€U.S.а =€*bb" „„=а50€states,4€sq.mi.plotsа C€4$bc" м  €숄„CаPartnersа ?€ *ю>d „„?аа ?€ *ю>e"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>f"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>g"  „„?аа C€4$ю>h" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Ъi „„9а„а 9€*Ъj" „„9а„а 9€*Ъk" „„9а„а =€*Ъl" „„=а„а C€4$Ъm" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Ііn „„9аNumerous€Federalа 9€*Ііo" „„9аEPA,€Dept.of€Defenseа 9€*Ііp" „„9аEMAP,GAP,NAWQA,CCAPа =€*Ііq" „„=аFederal€Resource€Agenа C€4$Ііr" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Stateа 9€*‚вs „„9аState€cooperatorsа 9€*‚вt" „„9аState€agenciesа 9€*‚вu" „„9а„а =€*‚вv" „„=аAll€50€statesа C€4$‚вw" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Localа 9€*^Ўx „„9аLocal€cooperatorsа 9€*^Ўy" „„9аLocal€agenciesа 9€*^Ўz" „„9а„а =€*^Ў{" „„=аPrivate€sector,€local€govt.а C€4$^Ў|" м  €숄„CаAuthorities/Reason€for€Running€Prg.а 9€*:Š} „„9аStudy€cov.change€&€eff.а 9€*:Š~ „„9аFish€&€Wild.€Coord.€A.а 9€*:Š" „„9аLand€cover€data€requiredа =€*:Š€" „„=аEmerg€Wetland€Resour.Aа C€4$:Ё" м  €숄„CаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*f‚ „„9аHundredsа 9€*fƒ" „„9а800€a€month€on€internetа 9€*f„" „„9а200а =€*f…" „„=а1.6€million€paper€NWI€mapsа C€4$f†" м  €숄„CаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Standardsа 9€*ђB‡ „„9аYesа 9€*ђBˆ" „„9аYesа 9€*ђB‰" „„9аPartlyа =€*ђBŠ" „„=аYesа C€4$ђB‹" м  €숄„CаExpansion€of€Prog€(Needed/Not)а 9€*ЮŒ „„9аNeededа 9€*Ю" „„9аNeededа 9€*ЮŽ" „„9аNeededа =€*Ю" „„=аNeededа C€4$Ю" м  €숄„CаContact€Personа 9€*Њ њ‘ „„9аDon€Fieldа 9€*Њ њ’" „„9аMichael€Jenningsа 9€*Њ њ“" „„9аDenice€Shawа =€*Њ њ”" „„=аDr.€Bill€O.€Wilenа I€8$Њ њ•" м  €м€ƒ@ƒ„„IаPhone€#а ;€*†!ж– „„;а803„974„6233а ;€*†!ж—" „„;а208„885„3565а ;€*†!ж˜" „„;а919„541„2698а =€*†!ж™" „„=а703„358„2161т та:0.†!жš" d@ м   :ад*“ƒ78 d dИ dT ЪdT  dT ЪdT add 45рА1рА1“дд,ф dT дд,dT дд,4dT дд,щdT дд,dd дд+  дд€6XЯX64Kда 1€ б! €k€„„……1ат тЬр@Ё Ё 4чрMAJOR€FEDERAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа N€;'к* k  €#€„„……NаЬд€6МбМX6XЯдг  гNational€and€Regional€Surveys€„€Part€1а F€7'|Ь  #  €숄„Fад€64KМ6МбдProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*šъ „„9аBBSа 9€*šъ" „„9аCASTNETа 9€*šъ" „„9аEMAPа =€*šъ" „„=ађ ђFHMѓ ѓа C€4$šъ " м  €숄„CаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*v Ц  „„9аBreeding€Bird€Surveyа 9€*v Ц " „„9аClean€Air€S&T€Networkа 9€*v Ц " „„9аEnvir.Mon€&€Assess€Proа =€*v Ц " „„=аForest€Health€Monitoringа C€4$v Ц" м  €숄„CаAgencyа 9€*R Ђ „„9аNBSа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аEPA€mainly,multi„agencyа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аEPAа =€*R Ђ" „„=аMulti„ag.,EPA€&€USDAа C€4$R Ђ" м  €숄„CаYear€Initiatedа 9€*. ~ „„9а1966а 9€*. ~" „„9а1988„lst€data€1991„frmdа 9€*. ~" „„9а1988а =€*. ~" „„=а1990а C€4$. ~" м  €숄„CаMeasuresа 9€* Z „„9аAnim€species,€weatherа 9€* Z" „„9аSulfate,nitrate,cationsа 9€* Z" „„9аmulti„resource€eco„ind.а =€* Z" „„=аCollect€data€trees,plantsа C€4$ Z" м  €숄„CаCollection€Sourceа ?€ *ц 6 „„?аа ?€ *ц 6"  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6 "  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6!"  „„?аа C€4$ц 6"" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Pointа 9€*Т  # „„9а„а 9€*Т  $" „„9аxа 9€*Т  %" „„9а„а =€*Т  &" „„=а„а C€4$Т  '" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Sourceа 9€*žю ( „„9а„а 9€*žю )" „„9а„а 9€*žю *" „„9аxа =€*žю +" „„=аxа C€4$žю ," м  €숄„Cа€€€€Transectа 9€*zЪ - „„9а„а 9€*zЪ ." „„9а„а 9€*zЪ /" „„9а„а =€*zЪ 0" „„=а„а C€4$zЪ 1" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*VІ 2 „„9аRouteа 9€*VІ 3" „„9а„а 9€*VІ 4" „„9а„а =€*VІ 5" „„=аRadiation,remote€sensingа C€4$VІ 6" м  €숄„CаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*2‚ 7 „„9а3000€routes„50€pointsа 9€*2‚ 8" „„9а55€sites€in€U.S.а 9€*2‚ 9" „„9а12,600€sites€in€U.S.а =€*2‚ :" „„=а4,000€forested€plotsа C€4$2‚ ;" м  €숄„CаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*^ < „„9аYearlyа 9€*^ =" „„9аWeeklyа 9€*^ >" „„9аAnnualа =€*^ ?" „„=аа C€4$^ @" м  €숄„CаSampling€Designа ?€ *ъ:A „„?аа ?€ *ъ:B"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:C"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:D"  „„?аа C€4$ъ:E" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Randomа 9€*ЦF „„9аxа 9€*ЦG" „„9а„а 9€*ЦH" „„9аxа =€*ЦI" „„=аа C€4$ЦJ" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЂђK „„9а„а 9€*ЂђL" „„9аxа 9€*ЂђM" „„9а„а =€*ЂђN" „„=аAnnual(June€15„Sept€15)а C€4$ЂђO" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Synopticа 9€*~ЮP „„9а„а 9€*~ЮQ" „„9а„а 9€*~ЮR" „„9а„а =€*~ЮS" „„=а„а C€4$~ЮT" м  €숄„CаData€Availableа 9€*ZЊU „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊV" „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊW" „„9аYesа =€*ZЊX" „„=аxа C€4$ZЊY" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*6†Z „„9аInternet,CD€ROM,€diskа 9€*6†[" „„9аData€Clearinghouseа 9€*6†\" „„9аInternet,CD€ROMа =€*6†]" „„=аDeveloping€it€on€Internetа C€4$6†^" м  €숄„CаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*b_ „„9а24.5€mile€routesа 9€*b`" „„9а1„10€square€kmа 9€*ba" „„9а640€square€kmа =€*bb" „„=а1€hect.plot€&€4€subplotsа C€4$bc" м  €숄„CаPartnersа ?€ *ю>d „„?аа ?€ *ю>e"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>f"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>g"  „„?аа C€4$ю>h" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Ъi „„9аMexico,Canadaа 9€*Ъj" „„9аCanadian€governmentа 9€*Ъk" „„9аSoviet€Union,€Can,€Czechа =€*Ъl" „„=а„а C€4$Ъm" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Ііn „„9аWildlife€agenciesа 9€*Ііo" „„9аFederal€agenciesа 9€*Ііp" „„9аFederal€agenciesа =€*Ііq" „„=аBureau€Land€Mgt.,NRC№№sа C€4$Ііr" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Stateа 9€*‚вs „„9аPriv.€org.€state€govt.а 9€*‚вt" „„9аState€agenciesа 9€*‚вu" „„9аState€universitiesа =€*‚вv" „„=аState€forestryа C€4$‚вw" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Localа 9€*^Ўx „„9аUniversitiesа 9€*^Ўy" „„9аUniversitiesа 9€*^Ўz" „„9а„а =€*^Ў{" „„=а„а C€4$^Ў|" м  €숄„CаAuthorities/Reason€for€Running€Programа 9€*:Š} „„9аN.Am.€€migratory€bird€actа 9€*:Š~ „„9аClean€Air€A,€Cana€AQAа 9€*:Š" „„9аClean€Air€Act,NEPAа =€*:Š€ „„=а88€For.€Ec€&€Atm€Re€Actа C€4$:Ё" м  €숄„CаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*f‚ „„9аThousandsа 9€*fƒ" „„9а150а 9€*f„" „„9аThousandsа =€*f…" „„=аHundredsа C€4$f†" м  €숄„CаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Standardsа 9€*ђB‡ „„9аNot€Yetа 9€*ђBˆ" „„9аNoа 9€*ђB‰" „„9аYesа =€*ђBŠ" „„=аWorking€on€itа C€4$ђB‹" м  €숄„CаExpansion€of€Program€(Needed/Not€Needed)а 9€*ЮŒ „„9аNeededа 9€*Ю" „„9аNeededа 9€*ЮŽ" „„9аNeededа =€*Ю" „„=аNeededа C€4$Ю" м  €숄„CаContact€Personа 9€*Њ њ‘ „„9аBruce€Peterjohnа 9€*Њ њ’" „„9аJim€Vickeryа 9€*Њ њ“" „„9аLaura€Jacksonа =€*Њ њ”" „„=аRobert€Loomisа I€8$Њ њ•" м  €м€ƒ@ƒ„„IаPhone€#а ;€*†!ж– „„;а301„497„5841а ;€*†!ж—" „„;а919„541„2184а ;€*†!ж˜" „„;а919„541„3088а =€*†!ж™" „„=а919„549„4020а:0.†!жš" d@ м   :аб€9бббб  ба ў!Nš аб9=бббб  ббTRPи'3Pи'3 и'3Note Landscape и'3Note LandscapeTбб  ббTRPи'3Letter (Landscape)Pи'3 и'3Note Landscape и'3Note Landscape==Tбд*“ƒ:; d dф dT dT 4dT щdT dd 78рА1рА1“дд,ф dT дд,dT дд,4dT дд,щdT дд,dd дд+  дд€6XЯX64Kда 1€ б! €k€„„……1ад€6МбМX6XЯд€д€6XЯXМ6Мбда VІ ар@Ё Ё 4чрMAJOR€FEDERAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа N€;'к* k  €#€„„……NаЬд€6МбМX6XЯдг  гNational€and€Regional€Surveys€„€Part€2а F€7'|Ь  #  €숄„Fад€64KМ6МбдProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*šъ „„9аFIAа 9€*šъ" „„9аNADP/NTNа 9€*šъ" „„9аNAMS/SLAMSа =€*šъ" „„=аNASQANа C€4$šъ " м  €숄„CаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*v Ц  „„9аForest€Inventory€Analysisа 9€*v Ц " „„9аNatl€Atmos€Dep€Pr/Trendsа 9€*v Ц " „„9аNat€Air€Mon€sta/st.€&€locа =€*v Ц " „„=аNat€Stream€Qu€Acct€Netа C€4$v Ц" м  €숄„CаAgencyа 9€*R Ђ „„9аUSDA€Forest€Serviceа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аUSGSа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аEPA,State€&loc€agen€owа =€*R Ђ" „„=аUSGSа C€4$R Ђ" м  €숄„CаYear€Initiatedа 9€*. ~ „„9а1930а 9€*. ~" „„9а1978а 9€*. ~" „„9а1979а =€*. ~" „„=а1973а C€4$. ~" м  €숄„CаMeasuresа 9€* Z „„9аForest€attribts,type,sizeа 9€* Z" „„9аPrecip.chem.cation,anionsа 9€* Z" „„9аCriteria€pollutnts,metallicа =€* Z" „„=аMajor€ions,nutr.,DOCа C€4$ Z" м  €숄„CаCollection€Sourceа ?€ *ц 6 „„?аа ?€ *ц 6"  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6 "  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6!"  „„?аа C€4$ц 6"" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Pointа 9€*Т  # „„9аxа 9€*Т  $" „„9аxа 9€*Т  %" „„9аxа =€*Т  &" „„=аxа C€4$Т  '" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Sourceа 9€*žю ( „„9аxа 9€*žю )" „„9а„а 9€*žю *" „„9а„а =€*žю +" „„=а„а C€4$žю ," м  €숄„Cа€€€€Transectа 9€*zЪ - „„9а„а 9€*zЪ ." „„9а„а 9€*zЪ /" „„9а„а =€*zЪ 0" „„=а„а C€4$zЪ 1" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*VІ 2 „„9а„а 9€*VІ 3" „„9а„а 9€*VІ 4" „„9а„а =€*VІ 5" „„=а„а C€4$VІ 6" м  €숄„CаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*2‚ 7 „„9а1€plot€per€1500„7500€ac.а 9€*2‚ 8" „„9а192€sites€in€U.S.,€1€in€Can.а 9€*2‚ 9" „„9а5000€samplrs,3150€sitesа =€*2‚ :" „„=а1996€35€sitesа C€4$2‚ ;" м  €숄„CаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*^ < „„9а7„12€yearsа 9€*^ =" „„9аWeeklyа 9€*^ >" „„9аHourly,Pb&PM10€variableа =€*^ ?" „„=аPres€to€future,18€t.€Yrly.а C€4$^ @" м  €숄„CаSampling€Designа ?€ *ъ:A „„?аа ?€ *ъ:B"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:C"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:D"  „„?аа C€4$ъ:E" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Randomа 9€*ЦF „„9аxа 9€*ЦG" „„9а„а 9€*ЦH" „„9а„а =€*ЦI" „„=а„а C€4$ЦJ" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЂђK „„9а„а 9€*ЂђL" „„9а„а 9€*ЂђM" „„9аxа =€*ЂђN" „„=аxа C€4$ЂђO" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Synopticа 9€*~ЮP „„9а„а 9€*~ЮQ" „„9аxа 9€*~ЮR" „„9ар@a#a#zs#р„ˆа =€*~ЮS „„=а„а C€4$~ЮT" м  €숄„CаData€Availableа 9€*ZЊU „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊV" „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊW" „„9аг  гYesа =€*ZЊX  „„=аYesа C€4$ZЊY" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*6†Z „„9аDisc,see€attachmentа 9€*6†[" „„9аPub.yrly€in€data€summaryа 9€*6†\" „„9аEPA€reg€offices,AIRSа =€*6†]" „„=аNWISа C€4$6†^" м  €숄„CаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*b_ „„9а1/6€to€2.5€acresа 9€*b`" „„9аPoints€create€isoplethsа 9€*ba" „„9аPrimarily€urban,some€ruraа =€*bb „„=аTrend€anal.€at€rivr€flx€pt.а C€4$bc" м  €숄„CаPartnersа ?€ *ю>d „„?аа ?€ *ю>e"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>f"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>g"  „„?аа C€4$ю>h" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Ъi „„9а„а 9€*Ъj" „„9а„а 9€*Ъk" „„9а„а =€*Ъl" „„=аMexico,€Rio€Grande...а C€4$Ъm" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Ііn „„9аFederal€agenciesа 9€*Ііo" „„9аEPA,D.of€Agr.€NPS,NOAAа 9€*Ііp" „„9аEPA€Regionsа =€*Ііq" „„=аUSGSа C€4$Ііr" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Stateа 9€*‚вs „„9аState€resource€agenciesа 9€*‚вt" „„9аState€govt.,wildlife€serviceа 9€*‚вu" „„9аState€agenciesа =€*‚вv" „„=а„а C€4$‚вw" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Localа 9€*^Ўx „„9аCitz.,envir€grps,fores.indа 9€*^Ўy" „„9аPrivate€utilities,universitiesа 9€*^Ўz" „„9аLocal€agencies,contrctrsа =€*^Ў{" „„=а„а C€4$^Ў|" м  €숄„CаAuthorities/Reason€for€Running€Programа 9€*:Š} „„9аOrganic€Act€1897,PL93а 9€*:Š~" „„9аClean€Air€Act€of€1990а 9€*:Š" „„9а40CFR58а =€*:Š€" „„=аPart€of€Basic€Water€Dataа C€4$:Ё" м  €숄„CаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*f‚ „„9аThousandsа 9€*fƒ" „„9аHundredsа 9€*f„" „„9а450а =€*f…" „„=аThousandsа C€4$f†" м  €숄„CаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Standardsа 9€*ђB‡ „„9аWorking€on€itа 9€*ђBˆ" „„9аYesа 9€*ђB‰" „„9аNoа =€*ђBŠ" „„=аWill€meet€ITFM€standardsа C€4$ђB‹" м  €숄„CаExpansion€of€Program€(Needed/Not€Needed)а 9€*ЮŒ „„9аNeededа 9€*Ю" „„9аNot€neededа 9€*ЮŽ" „„9аNot€neededа =€*Ю" „„=аNeededа C€4$Ю" м  €숄„CаContact€Personа 9€*Њ њ‘ „„9аBrad€Smithа 9€*Њ њ’" „„9аPaul€Kapinosа 9€*Њ њ“" „„9аDavid€Lutzа =€*Њ њ”" „„=аRick€Hooperа I€8$Њ њ•" м  €м€ƒ@ƒ„„IаPhone€#а ;€*†!ж– „„;а202„205„0841а ;€*†!ж—" „„;а703„648=6876а ;€*†!ж˜" „„;а919„541„5476а =€*†!ж™" „„=а770„903„9146т та:0.†!жš" d@ м   :ад*“ƒ<= d dф dT dT 4dT щdT dd :;рА1рА1“дд,ф dT дд,dT дд,щdT дд,dT дд,dd дд+  дд€6XЯX64Kда 1€ б! €k€„„……1ат тд€6МбМX6XЯд€д€6XЯXМ6Мбда VІ ар@Ч Ч 4 рMAJOR€FEDERAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа N€;'к* k  €#€„„……NаЬд€6МбМX6XЯдг  гNational€and€Regional€Surveys€„€Part€3а F€7'|Ь  #  €숄„Fад€64KМ6МбдProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*šъ „„9аа 9€*šъ" „„9аNRIа 9€*šъ" „„9аNS€&€Tа =€*šъ" „„=аа C€4$šъ " м  €숄„CаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*v Ц  „„9аNat€Stream€Gaging€Netа 9€*v Ц " „„9аNatl€Resources€Inventoryа 9€*v Ц " „„9аNational€Status€&€Trendsа =€*v Ц " „„=аNMFS€Stock€Assessmentа C€4$v Ц" м  €숄„CаAgencyа 9€*R Ђ „„9аUSGSа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аUSDA„NRCSа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аNOAAа =€*R Ђ" „„=аNOAA/NMFSа C€4$R Ђ" м  €숄„CаYear€Initiatedа 9€*. ~ „„9а1888а 9€*. ~" „„9а1956„CNI,1977„now€TRIа 9€*. ~" „„9а1984а =€*. ~" „„=а1871а C€4$. ~" м  €숄„CаMeasuresа 9€* Z „„9аH20€disch,levels,temp.а 9€* Z" „„9аStatus€&€trends€of€soil€H20а 9€* Z" „„9аChem.contam.in€mussels...а =€* Z" „„=аFisheries€catch€and€effort...а C€4$ Z" м  €숄„CаCollection€Sourceа ?€ *ц 6 „„?аа ?€ *ц 6"  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6 "  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6!"  „„?аа C€4$ц 6"" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Pointа 9€*Т  # „„9аxа 9€*Т  $" „„9аxа 9€*Т  %" „„9аxа =€*Т  &" „„=аxа C€4$Т  '" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Sourceа 9€*žю ( „„9а„а 9€*žю )" „„9аxа 9€*žю *" „„9а„а =€*žю +" „„=аxа C€4$žю ," м  €숄„Cа€€€€Transectа 9€*zЪ - „„9а„а 9€*zЪ ." „„9аxа 9€*zЪ /" „„9а„а =€*zЪ 0" „„=аxа C€4$zЪ 1" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*VІ 2 „„9а„а 9€*VІ 3" „„9а„а 9€*VІ 4" „„9а„а =€*VІ 5" „„=а„а C€4$VІ 6" м  €숄„CаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*2‚ 7 „„9а7200€stationsа 9€*2‚ 8" „„9а800,000€samp€sites€US/Carа 9€*2‚ 9" „„9а260€sites€in€U.S.а =€*2‚ :" „„=а200€naut€mile€zone€off€coastа C€4$2‚ ;" м  €숄„CаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*^ < „„9аContinuousа 9€*^ =" „„9аEvery€5€yearsа 9€*^ >" „„9аAnnualа =€*^ ?" „„=аAnnualа C€4$^ @" м  €숄„CаSampling€Designа ?€ *ъ:A „„?аа ?€ *ъ:B"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:C"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:D"  „„?аа C€4$ъ:E" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Randomа 9€*ЦF „„9а„а 9€*ЦG" „„9аxа 9€*ЦH" „„9а„а =€*ЦI" „„=а„а C€4$ЦJ" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЂђK „„9а„а 9€*ЂђL" „„9а„а 9€*ЂђM" „„9аxа =€*ЂђN" „„=аxа C€4$ЂђO" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Synopticа 9€*~ЮP „„9аxа 9€*~ЮQ" „„9а„а 9€*~ЮR" „„9а„а =€*~ЮS" „„=а„а C€4$~ЮT" м  €숄„CаData€Availableа 9€*ZЊU „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊV" „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊW" „„9аYesа =€*ZЊX" „„=аYesа C€4$ZЊY" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*6†Z „„9аWATSTORE,NAWDEXа 9€*6†[" „„9аCD€ROM,Internet,officesа 9€*6†\" „„9аInternet,€disketteа =€*6†]" „„=аReports,€Internet,€CD,€diskа C€4$6†^" м  €숄„CаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*b_ „„9аPuerto€Rico,Guam,U.S.а 9€*b`" „„9аAny€geographic€unitа 9€*ba" „„9а20€km€between€sitesа =€*bb" „„=аMultiple€scalesа C€4$bc" м  €숄„CаPartnersа ?€ *ю>d „„?аа ?€ *ю>e"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>f"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>g"  „„?аа C€4$ю>h" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Ъi „„9аU.S.Territoriesа 9€*Ъj" „„9а„а 9€*Ъk" „„9аUnited€Nationsа =€*Ъl" „„=аUniv,€Commissions,€Agenciesа C€4$Ъm" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Ііn „„9аFed.Ener.Reg€licenseesа 9€*Ііo" „„9аAgencies,Nat.Resour€grpsа 9€*Ііp" „„9аEPA...а =€*Ііq" „„=а13€€federalа C€4$Ііr" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Stateа 9€*‚вs „„9аState€agenciesа 9€*‚вt" „„9аForest€Serv.,Iowa€State€U.а 9€*‚вu" „„9аState€governmentsа =€*‚вv" „„=а66€State€&€Territorial€€agenciesа C€4$‚вw" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Localа 9€*^Ўx „„9аLocal€agenciesа 9€*^Ўy" „„9аLocal€convervation€districtsа 9€*^Ўz" „„9аLocal€municipalitiesа =€*^Ў{" „„=а„а C€4$^Ў|" м  €숄„CаAuthorities/Reason€for€Running€Programа 9€*:Š} „„9аOrganic€Act.Sundry€Civilа 9€*:Š~" „„9аRural€Devel€Act.Security€Aа 9€*:Š" „„9аMarine€Prot.,R€&€S€Actа =€*:Š€" „„=а4€federal€statutesа C€4$:Ё" м  €숄„CаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*f‚ „„9аNo€ideaа 9€*fƒ" „„9аNo€ideaа 9€*f„" „„9а1,000а =€*f…" „„=а1,000sа C€4$f†" м  €숄„CаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Standardsа 9€*ђB‡ „„9аDon№№t€knowа 9€*ђBˆ" „„9аNot€yetа 9€*ђB‰" „„9аYesа =€*ђBŠ" „„=аYesа C€4$ђB‹" м  €숄„CаExpansion€of€Program€(Needed/Not€Needed)а 9€*ЮŒ „„9аNeededа 9€*Ю" „„9аNeededа 9€*ЮŽ" „„9аNeededа =€*Ю" „„=аNeededа C€4$Ю" м  €숄„CаContact€Personа 9€*Њ њ‘ „„9аErnest€F.€Hubbardа 9€*Њ њ’" „„9аJeff€Goebelа 9€*Њ њ“" „„9аTom€O№№Connorа =€*Њ њ”" „„=аCarolyn€Brownа I€8$Њ њ•" м  €м€ƒ@ƒ„„IаPhone€#а ;€*†!ж– „„;а703„648„5312а ;€*†!ж—" „„;а202„720„9032а ;€*†!ж˜" „„;а301„713„3028€ext€151а =€*†!ж™" „„=а301„713„2363т та:0.†!жš" d@ м   :ад*“ƒ>? d dф dT dT щdT dT dd <=рА1рА1“дд,ф dT дд,dT дд,4dT дд,щdT дд,щdd дд+  дд€6XЯX64Kда 1€ б! €k€„„……1ат тЬр@V V 3œрMAJOR€FEDERAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа N€;'к* k  €#€„„……NаЬд€6МбМX6XЯдг  гNational€and€Regional€Surveys€„€Part€4а F€7'|Ь  #  €숄„Fад€64KМ6МбдProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*šъ „„9аPAMSа 9€*šъ" „„9аRAWS€or€AWSа 9€*šъ" „„9аSNOTELа ?€ *šъ" „„?аа C€4$šъ " м   €숄„CаProgram€Naд€6МбМ64Kдд џџ дЬŽд€64KМ6Мбдд€64K64Kдme€(Full)Žд  да :€+ v Ц  „„:аPhotoch.Asses.Mon€Stat.а 9€*v Ц " „„9аRemote€Auto€Weatherа 9€*v Ц " „„9аSnowpack€Telemetryа ?€ *v Ц " „„?аа C€4$v Ц" м   €숄„CаAgencyа 9€*R Ђ „„9аEPA,State&€loc€agen€owа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аMulti„Agencyа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аNRCSа ?€ *R Ђ" „„?аа C€4$R Ђ" м   €숄„CаYear€Initiatedа 9€*. ~ „„9а1994а 9€*. ~" „„9аLate€70's,early€80'sа 9€*. ~" „„9а1978а ?€ *. ~" „„?аа C€4$. ~" м   €숄„CаMeasuresа 9€* Z „„9аBckgrnd€conc,hydrocarbа 9€* Z" „„9аFire€danger,€wind,€air...а 9€* Z" „„9аSnow€H20€cont.,precip...а ?€ * Z" „„?аа C€4$ Z" м   €숄„CаCollection€Sourceа ?€ *ц 6 „„?аа ?€ *ц 6"  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6 "  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6!"  „„?аа C€4$ц 6"" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Pointа 9€*Т  # „„9аxа 9€*Т  $" „„9аxа 9€*Т  %" „„9аxа ?€ *Т  &" „„?аа C€4$Т  '" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Sourceа 9€*žю ( „„9а„а 9€*žю )" „„9а„а 9€*žю *" „„9а„а ?€ *žю +" „„?аа C€4$žю ," м   €숄„Cа€€€€Transectа 9€*zЪ - „„9а„а 9€*zЪ ." „„9а„а 9€*zЪ /" „„9а„а ?€ *zЪ 0" „„?аа C€4$zЪ 1" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*VІ 2 „„9а„а 9€*VІ 3" „„9а„а 9€*VІ 4" „„9а„а ?€ *VІ 5" „„?аа C€4$VІ 6" м   €숄„CаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*2‚ 7 „„9а57€sites€in€US,grow€rapidа 9€*2‚ 8" „„9а500€weather€stationsа 9€*2‚ 9" „„9а560€sites/West€of€100mer.а ?€ *2‚ :" „„?аа C€4$2‚ ;" м   €숄„CаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*^ < „„9аContinuousа 9€*^ =" „„9аGenerally€hourlyа 9€*^ >" „„9аDaily„hourlyа ?€ *^ ?" „„?аа C€4$^ @" м   €숄„CаSampling€Designа ?€ *ъ:A „„?аа ?€ *ъ:B"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:C"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:D"  „„?аа C€4$ъ:E" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Randomа 9€*ЦF „„9а„а 9€*ЦG" „„9а„а 9€*ЦH" „„9а„а ?€ *ЦI" „„?аа C€4$ЦJ" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЂђK „„9аxа 9€*ЂђL" „„9аxа 9€*ЂђM" „„9аxа ?€ *ЂђN" „„?аа C€4$ЂђO" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Synopticа 9€*~ЮP „„9а„а 9€*~ЮQ" „„9а„а 9€*~ЮR" „„9а„а ?€ *~ЮS" „„?аа C€4$~ЮT" м   €숄„CаData€Availableа 9€*ZЊU „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊV" „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊW" „„9аYesа ?€ *ZЊX" „„?аа C€4$ZЊY" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*6†Z „„9аEPA€reg.offices,AIRSа 9€*6†[" „„9аWest€Region€Climate€Ctr.а 9€*6†\" „„9аWorking€towards€internetа ?€ *6†]" „„?аа C€4$6†^" м   €숄„CаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*b_ „„9а4€types€of€monitorsа 9€*b`" „„9а„а 9€*ba" „„9а100€square€milesа ?€ *bb" „„?аа C€4$bc" м   €숄„CаPartnersа ?€ *ю>d „„?аа ?€ *ю>e"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>f"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>g"  „„?аа C€4$ю>h" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Ъi „„9а„а 9€*Ъj" „„9а„а 9€*Ъk" „„9аCanada,Mexicoа ?€ *Ъl" „„?аа C€4$Ъm" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Ііn „„9аEPA€Regional€Officesа 9€*Ііo" „„9аUSDA,USDI/BLM,NPS,BIAа 9€*Ііp" „„9аBOR,€COE,€NWSа ?€ *Ііq" „„?аа C€4$Ііr" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Stateа 9€*‚вs „„9аState€agenciesа 9€*‚вt" „„9аFire€Protection€Agenciesа 9€*‚вu" „„9аWater€Resour,€state€eng.а ?€ *‚вv" „„?аа C€4$‚вw" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Localа 9€*^Ўx „„9аLocal€agency,Contractorsа 9€*^Ўy" „„9аFire€Protection€Agenciesа 9€*^Ўz" „„9аMunicipalities,€tribesа ?€ *^Ў{" „„?аа C€4$^Ў|" м   €숄„CаAuthorities/Reason€for€Running€Programа 9€*:Š} „„9аClean€Air€A.Amen„1990а 9€*:Š~" „„9аTo€protect€public€landsа 9€*:Š" „„9аPL46,€Mem.€870,€USDAа ?€ *:Š€" „„?аа C€4$:Ё" м   €숄„CаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*f‚ „„9а450а 9€*fƒ" „„9а2000а 9€*f„" „„9а3000а ?€ *f…" „„?аа C€4$f†" м   €숄„CаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Standardsа 9€*ђB‡ „„9аNo„not€FGDC€standardsа 9€*ђBˆ" „„9аYesа 9€*ђB‰" „„9аNoа ?€ *ђBŠ" „„?аа C€4$ђB‹" м   €숄„CаExpansion€of€Program€(Needed/Not€Needed)а 9€*ЮŒ „„9аNeededа 9€*Ю" „„9аNeededа 9€*ЮŽ" „„9аNeededа ?€ *Ю" „„?аа C€4$Ю" м   €숄„CаContact€Personа 9€*Њ њ‘ „„9аNash€Geraldа 9€*Њ њ’" „„9аKolleen€Shelleyа 9€*Њ њ“" „„9аGarry€Schaeferа ?€ *Њ њ”" „„?аа I€8$Њ њ•" м   €м€ƒ@ƒ„„IаPhone€#а ;€*†!ж– „„;а919„541„5652а ;€*†!ж—" „„;а208„476„8362а ;€*†!ж˜" „„;а503„541„3068а ?€ *†!ж™" „„?ат та:0.†!жš" d@ м    :ад*“ƒ@A d dф dT dT 4dT щdT щdd >?рА1рА1“дд,ф dT дд,dT дд,4dT дд,щdT дд,dd дд+  дд€6XЯX64Kдд€XЛХ XX6XЯда 1€ б! €k€„„……1ат тЬд€BXя“ X XXЛХдр@4чрMAJOR€FEDERAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа N€;'к* k  €#€„„……NаЬд€BМF "М XBXя“дг  гIntensive€Monitoring€&€Research€Sites€„€Part€lа F€7'|Ь  #  €숄„Fађ ђд€BШЕ$"МBМF дProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*šъ „„9аа 9€*šъ" „„9аARS€Water€Databaseа 9€*šъ" „„9аForest€Serv€Experimentalа =€*šъ" „„=аLMERа C€4$šъ " м  €숄„CаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*v Ц  „„9аAcid€Rain€Watershedsа 9€*v Ц " „„9аAgricul€Research€Serviceа 9€*v Ц " „„9аForest€&€Rangeland€Sitesа =€*v Ц " „„=аLand€Margin€Eco€Res.а C€4$v Ц" м  €숄„CаAgencyа 9€*R Ђ „„9аUSGSа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аUSDAа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аUSDAа =€*R Ђ" „„=аNSFа C€4$R Ђ" м  €숄„CаYear€Initiatedа 9€*. ~ „„9а1982а 9€*. ~" „„9а1937а 9€*. ~" „„9а1909а =€*. ~" „„=а1988а C€4$. ~" м  €숄„CаMeasuresа 9€* Z „„9аCa,Mg.ph,K,SO4,NO3а 9€* Z" „„9аPrecip,stream€flow,air€tempа 9€* Z" „„9аHydrologic,wildlife,soilа =€* Z" „„=аChanges€in€coastal€zoneа C€4$ Z" м  €숄„CаCollection€Sourceа ?€ *ц 6 „„?аа ?€ *ц 6"  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6 "  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6!"  „„?аа C€4$ц 6"" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Pointа 9€*Т  # „„9аxа 9€*Т  $" „„9аxа 9€*Т  %" „„9аxа =€*Т  &" „„=аxа C€4$Т  '" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Sourceа 9€*žю ( „„9а„а 9€*žю )" „„9а„а 9€*žю *" „„9аxа =€*žю +" „„=аxа C€4$žю ," м  €숄„Cа€€€€Transectа 9€*zЪ - „„9а„а 9€*zЪ ." „„9а„а 9€*zЪ /" „„9аxа =€*zЪ 0" „„=аxа C€4$zЪ 1" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*VІ 2 „„9а„а 9€*VІ 3" „„9а„а 9€*VІ 4" „„9аSatellite€imagery,€remoteа =€*VІ 5" „„=аWatershedа C€4$VІ 6" м  €숄„CаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*2‚ 7 „„9а15€sites€U.S.3€still€oper.а 9€*2‚ 8" „„9а333€watershed€areas/USа 9€*2‚ 9" „„9а83€experimental€forestsа =€*2‚ :" „„=а4€sitesа C€4$2‚ ;" м  €숄„CаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*^ < „„9аWeekly„monthlyа 9€*^ =" „„9аEvery€minuteа 9€*^ >" „„9аVaries„some€continuousа =€*^ ?" „„=аVariable„Weekly€to€qurtllyа C€4$^ @" м  €숄„CаSampling€Designа ?€ *ъ:A „„?аа ?€ *ъ:B"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:C"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:D"  „„?аа C€4$ъ:E" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Randomа 9€*ЦF „„9а„а 9€*ЦG" „„9а„а 9€*ЦH" „„9аxа =€*ЦI" „„=а„а C€4$ЦJ" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЂђK „„9аxа 9€*ЂђL" „„9аxа 9€*ЂђM" „„9аxа =€*ЂђN" „„=аxа C€4$ЂђO" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Synopticа 9€*~ЮP „„9а„а 9€*~ЮQ" „„9а„а 9€*~ЮR" „„9аxа =€*~ЮS" „„=а„а C€4$~ЮT" м  €숄„CаData€Availableа 9€*ZЊU „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊV" „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊW" „„9аYesа =€*ZЊX" „„=аYesа C€4$ZЊY" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*6†Z „„9аUSGS€Databaseа 9€*6†[" „„9аREPHLEX€II,€Internetа 9€*6†\" „„9аProfess,literature,recordsа =€*6†]" „„=аFrom€individual€sitesа C€4$6†^" м  €숄„CаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*b_ „„9а10€square€km€or€lessа 9€*b`" „„9а.2€hect€to€12,400€sq€kmа 9€*ba" „„9аPuerto€Rico,€US(Hawaii)а =€*bb" „„=аCoastal€U.S.а C€4$bc" м  €숄„CаPartnersа ?€ *ю>d „„?аа ?€ *ю>e"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>f"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>g"  „„?аа C€4$ю>h" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Ъi „„9а„а 9€*Ъj" „„9а„а 9€*Ъk" „„9аPuerto€Ricoа =€*Ъl" „„=а„а C€4$Ъm" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Ііn „„9аNational€Park€Serviceа 9€*Ііo" „„9аNRCS,€Hydrology€Labа 9€*Ііp" „„9аEPA,NBS,USGS,NOAAа =€*Ііq" „„=аNOAA,€EPA,€USGSа C€4$Ііr" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Stateа 9€*‚вs „„9аMD€Dept.Natural€Res.а 9€*‚вt" „„9аState€cooperative€stationа 9€*‚вu" „„9аState€agenciesа =€*‚вv" „„=аState€agenciesа C€4$‚вw" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Localа 9€*^Ўx „„9аState€agenciesа 9€*^Ўy" „„9аUniversitiesа 9€*^Ўz" „„9аUniv.,priv.ind€&landownrа =€*^Ў{" „„=аAgen.,conserv.assoc.а C€4$^Ў|" м  €숄„CаAuthorities/Reason€for€Running€Programа 9€*:Š} „„9аNat.€Acid€Rain€Programа 9€*:Š~" „„9аReason€for€researchа 9€*:Š" „„9аRenewable€Resource€Aа =€*:Š€ „„=аPred.coast€resp€to€changа C€4$:Ё м  €숄„CаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*f‚ „„9а„а 9€*fƒ" „„9а100а 9€*f„" „„9аNo€ideaа =€*f…" „„=аUnknownа C€4$f†" м  €숄„CаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Standardsа 9€*ђB‡ „„9аYesа 9€*ђBˆ" „„9аYesа 9€*ђB‰" „„9аNoа =€*ђBŠ" „„=аYesа C€4$ђB‹" м  €숄„CаExpansion€of€Program€(Needed/Not€Needed)а 9€*ЮŒ „„9аNeededа 9€*Ю" „„9аNeededа 9€*ЮŽ" „„9аNeededа =€*Ю" „„=аNeededа C€4$Ю" м  €숄„CаContact€Personа 9€*Њ њ‘ „„9аOwen€Brickerа 9€*Њ њ’" „„9аJane€Thurmanа 9€*Њ њ“" „„9аDick€Clineа =€*Њ њ”" „„=аJ.E.Hobbieа I€8$Њ њ•" м  €м€ƒ@ƒ„„IаPhone€#а ;€*†!ж– „„;а202„260„5793а ;€*†!ж—" „„;а301„504„9411а v€e†!ж˜" 5-@i@202 i@205а—@15245„„ˆ2‚ˆvа-1527а x€eZ†!ж™"2‚ 5-@i@202 i@205а—@15245  „„xа508„548„3705€ext€7470а:0.†!жš" d@ м   :аа ў!Nš абTRPи'3Pи'3Letter (Landscape) и'3Note Landscape и'3Note LandscapeTбд*“ƒCD d dф dT dT 4dT щdT dd @AрА1рА1“дд,ф dT дд,dT дд,4dT дд,щdT дд,dd дд+  дд€BXя“ X$BШЕдд€6XЯX XBXя“да 1€ б! €k€„„……1ад€6МбМX6XЯд€д€6XЯXМ6Мбда VІ ар@Ё Ё 4чрMAJOR€FEDERAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа N€;'к* k  €#€„„……NаЬд€6МбМX6XЯдг  гIntensive€Monitoring€&€Research€Sites€„€Part€2а F€7'|Ь  #  €숄„Fад€64KМ6МбдProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*šъ „„9аLTERа 9€*šъ" „„9аMABа 9€*šъ" „„9аа =€*šъ" „„=аNOAA€COPа C€4$šъ " м  €숄„CаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*v Ц  „„9аL.Term€Eco€Mon€&€Researа 9€*v Ц " „„9аMan€&€Biosphere€Prog.а 9€*v Ц " „„9аNatl€Park€Eco€Mon€Progа =€*v Ц " „„=аCoastal€Ocean€Programа C€4$v Ц" м  €숄„CаAgencyа 9€*R Ђ „„9аNSFа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аVoluntary€interagen€progа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аDOI/Natl€Park€Serviceа =€*R Ђ" „„=аNOAAа C€4$R Ђ" м  €숄„CаYear€Initiatedа 9€*. ~ „„9а1980а 9€*. ~" „„9а1976а 9€*. ~" „„9а1991а =€*. ~" „„=а1990а C€4$. ~" м  €숄„CаMeasuresа 9€* Z „„9аAround€5€core€areasа 9€* Z" „„9аList€of€measures€on€discа 9€* Z" „„9аH20€quality,veg.,birdsа =€* Z" „„=а3€major€program€areasа C€4$ Z" м  €숄„CаCollection€Sourceа ?€ *ц 6 „„?аа ?€ *ц 6"  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6 "  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6!"  „„?аа C€4$ц 6"" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Pointа 9€*Т  # „„9а„а 9€*Т  $" „„9аxа 9€*Т  %" „„9аxа =€*Т  &" „„=аxа C€4$Т  '" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Sourceа 9€*žю ( „„9аxа 9€*žю )" „„9аxа 9€*žю *" „„9аxа =€*žю +" „„=аxа C€4$žю ," м  €숄„Cа€€€€Transectа 9€*zЪ - „„9аxа 9€*zЪ ." „„9аxа 9€*zЪ /" „„9аxа =€*zЪ 0" „„=аxа C€4$zЪ 1" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*VІ 2 „„9аGrid€system€&€satellite€im.а 9€*VІ 3" „„9аInternational€Networkа 9€*VІ 4" „„9аRemote€sensingа =€*VІ 5" „„=аSatellite€imagery,remote€senа C€4$VІ 6" м  €숄„CаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*2‚ 7 „„9а18€sites€in€US,€Puerto,Anaа 9€*2‚ 8" „„9а47€US,€100€W.Hem,€324а 9€*2‚ 9" „„9а5€funded€prog,€11€not€ytа =€*2‚ :" „„=а9€sitesа C€4$2‚ ;" м  €숄„CаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*^ < „„9аHourly„annuallyа 9€*^ =" „„9аVariableа 9€*^ >" „„9аVaries€from€park€to€parkа =€*^ ?" „„=аMinutes„yearlyа C€4$^ @" м  €숄„CаSampling€Designа ?€ *ъ:A „„?аа ?€ *ъ:B"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:C"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:D"  „„?аа C€4$ъ:E" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Randomа 9€*ЦF „„9аxа 9€*ЦG" „„9аxа 9€*ЦH" „„9аxа =€*ЦI" „„=аxа C€4$ЦJ" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЂђK „„9аxа 9€*ЂђL" „„9аxа 9€*ЂђM" „„9аxа =€*ЂђN" „„=аxа C€4$ЂђO" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Synopticа 9€*~ЮP „„9аxа 9€*~ЮQ" „„9аxа 9€*~ЮR" „„9аxа =€*~ЮS" „„=аxа C€4$~ЮT" м  €숄„CаData€Availableа 9€*ZЊU „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊV" „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊW" „„9аSomeа =€*ZЊX" „„=аYesа C€4$ZЊY" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*6†Z „„9аContact€sites,€Internetа 9€*6†[" „„9аInternet,homepage,UCDа 9€*6†\" „„9аHard€copy€&€floppy€discа =€*6†]" „„=аStorets,€thru€prog€man,univа C€4$6†^" м  €숄„CаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*b_ „„9аVaries/plots€1€sq€m„.10€hectа 9€*b`" „„9аWorld„wide„114€nationsа 9€*ba" „„9аEcosystem€being€rep.а =€*bb" „„=аVery€narrow€„€infiniteа C€4$bc" м  €숄„CаPartnersа ?€ *ю>d „„?аа ?€ *ю>e"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>f"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>g"  „„?аа C€4$ю>h" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Ъi „„9аYesа 9€*Ъj" „„9аYesа 9€*Ъk" „„9а„а =€*Ъl" „„=а„а C€4$Ъm" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Ііn „„9аUSDA„ARS,Nat.Conservа 9€*Ііo" „„9аEPA,NASA,NBS,AID...а 9€*Ііp" „„9аNat.Con.,NBS,EPA,FWSа =€*Ііq" „„=аEPA,USDA,D.of€Int,USACOEа C€4$Ііr" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Stateа 9€*‚вs „„9аForest€Serviceа 9€*‚вt" „„9а„а 9€*‚вu" „„9аUniversitiesа =€*‚вv" „„=аState€agencies,universitiesа C€4$‚вw" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Localа 9€*^Ўx „„9а„а 9€*^Ўy" „„9а„а 9€*^Ўz" „„9аVolunteer€groupsа =€*^Ў{" „„=аPrivate€industriesа C€4$^Ў|" м  €숄„CаAuthorities/Reason€for€Running€Programа 9€*:Š} „„9а1.keep€fund.base€2...а 9€*:Š~" „„9аVoluntary€Programа 9€*:Š" „„9аNPS€Organic€Act€1916а =€*:Š€ „„=аPart€of€NOAA№№s€responsibа C€4$:Ё" м  €숄„CаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*f‚ „„9аa€lotа 9€*fƒ" „„9аabout€1€millionа 9€*f„" „„9а„а =€*f…" „„=аNo€ideaа C€4$f†" м  €숄„CаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Standardsа 9€*ђB‡ „„9аDevelopingа 9€*ђBˆ" „„9аYesа 9€*ђB‰" „„9аWorking€on€itа =€*ђBŠ" „„=аYesа C€4$ђB‹" м  €숄„CаExpansion€of€Program€(Needed/Not€Needed)а 9€*ЮŒ „„9аNeededа 9€*Ю" „„9аNeededа 9€*ЮŽ" „„9аNeeded€(250€parks)а =€*Ю" „„=аNeededа C€4$Ю" м  €숄„CаContact€Personа 9€*Њ њ‘ „„9аScott€Collinsа 9€*Њ њ’" „„9аRoger€Solesа 9€*Њ њ“" „„9аGary€Williamsа =€*Њ њ”" „„=аLarry€Pughа I€8$Њ њ•" м  €м€ƒ@ƒ„„IаPhone€#а ;€*†!ж– „„;а703„306„1483а ;€*†!ж—" „„;а202„776„8318а ;€*†!ж˜" „„;а970„225„3539а =€*†!ж™" „„=а301„713„3338а:0.†!жš" d@ м   :ар њ рр М рр  рр l рр Ф рЬд€6XЯX64Kдд€EXя“ XX6XЯдт та ‚"в› ад*“ƒFG d dф dT dT 4dT щdT dd CDрА1рА1“дд,ф dT дд,dT дд,4dT дд,щdT дд,щdd дд+  да 1€ б! €k€„„……1ат т€Ьр@BB3œрMAJOR€FEDERAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа N€;'к* k  €#€„„……NаЬд€EМF "М XEXя“дг  гIntensive€Monitoring€&€Research€Sites€„€Part€3а F€7'|Ь  #  €숄„Fад€EШЕ$"МEМF дProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*šъ „„9аа 9€*šъ" „„9аNOAA€NEERSа 9€*šъ" „„9аUSGS€Benchmarkа =€*šъ" „„=аUSGS€Coop€Programа C€4$šъ " м  €숄„CаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*v Ц  „„9аNatl€Marine€Sanctuary€Prа 9€*v Ц " „„9аNatl€Estuar€Res€Reserv€Systа 9€*v Ц " „„9аBenchmark€Networkа =€*v Ц " „„=аBisc.Brk.Wtrshd,Bnchmrkа C€4$v Ц" м  €숄„CаAgencyа 9€*R Ђ „„9аNOAAа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аNOAAа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аUSGSа =€*R Ђ" „„=аUSGSа C€4$R Ђ" м  €숄„CаYear€Initiatedа 9€*. ~ „„9а1972а 9€*. ~" „„9а1972а 9€*. ~" „„9а1965а =€*. ~" „„=а1983а C€4$. ~" м  €숄„CаMeasuresа 9€* Z „„9аIdent€desig€mgmt€areasа 9€* Z" „„9аWater€qual,€temp,€salinityа 9€* Z" „„9аStream€disch.,major€ions...а =€* Z" „„=аSoils,water€quality,Al,Siа C€4$ Z" м  €숄„CаCollection€Sourceа ?€ *ц 6 „„?аа ?€ *ц 6"  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6 "  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6!"  „„?аа C€4$ц 6"" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Pointа 9€*Т  # „„9аxа 9€*Т  $" „„9аxа 9€*Т  %" „„9аxа =€*Т  &" „„=аxа C€4$Т  '" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Sourceа 9€*žю ( „„9аxа 9€*žю )" „„9а„а 9€*žю *" „„9а„а =€*žю +" „„=аxа C€4$žю ," м  €숄„Cа€€€€Transectа 9€*zЪ - „„9аxа 9€*zЪ ." „„9а„а 9€*zЪ /" „„9аxа =€*zЪ 0" „„=аxа C€4$zЪ 1" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*VІ 2 „„9а„а 9€*VІ 3" „„9а„а 9€*VІ 4" „„9а„а =€*VІ 5" „„=а„а C€4$VІ 6" м  €숄„CаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*2‚ 7 „„9а14€sites€in€US€(&€territories)а 9€*2‚ 8" „„9а21€sites,€21€data€loggersа 9€*2‚ 9" „„9а50€sites€(Decrease€in€96)а =€*2‚ :" „„=аl€watershed/tons€stationsа C€4$2‚ ;" м  €숄„CаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*^ < „„9аmonthly„annualа 9€*^ =" „„9аEvery€half€hourа 9€*^ >" „„9аQuarterlyа =€*^ ?" „„=а15€minutes„monthlyа C€4$^ @" м  €숄„CаSampling€Designа ?€ *ъ:A „„?аа ?€ *ъ:B"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:C"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:D"  „„?аа C€4$ъ:E" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Randomа 9€*ЦF „„9а„а 9€*ЦG" „„9а„а 9€*ЦH" „„9аxа =€*ЦI" „„=а„а C€4$ЦJ" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЂђK „„9аxа 9€*ЂђL" „„9аxа 9€*ЂђM" „„9аxа =€*ЂђN" „„=аxа C€4$ЂђO" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Synopticа 9€*~ЮP „„9а„а 9€*~ЮQ" „„9а„а 9€*~ЮR" „„9аа =€*~ЮS" „„=аxа C€4$~ЮT" м  €숄„CаData€Availableа 9€*ZЊU „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊV" „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊW" „„9аYesа =€*ZЊX" „„=аYesа C€4$ZЊY" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*6†Z „„9аThru€site€managersа 9€*6†[" „„9аThru€sites€&€on€internetа 9€*6†\" „„9аDistrict€office€sites,Kathyа =€*6†]" „„=аWATSTOR,pmurdoch@а C€4$6†^" м  €숄„CаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*b_ „„9аUS€territorial€watersа 9€*b`" „„9аNERRSа 9€*ba" „„9аTotal€export€of€watershedа =€*bb" „„=аWatershed€scale„66€sq€miа C€4$bc" м  €숄„CаPartnersа ?€ *ю>d „„?аа ?€ *ю>e"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>f"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>g"  „„?аа C€4$ю>h" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Ъi „„9аUS€territoriesа 9€*Ъj" „„9аMexicoа 9€*Ъk" „„9а„а =€*Ъl" „„=а„а C€4$Ъm" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Ііn „„9аDOI,€NPS,€Navyа 9€*Ііo" „„9аEPA,€DOI,€DOCа 9€*Ііp" „„9аNatl€Park€Service,€Forestа =€*Ііq" „„=аEPAа C€4$Ііr" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Stateа 9€*‚вs „„9аState€governmentsа 9€*‚вt" „„9аState€agenciesа 9€*‚вu" „„9а„а =€*‚вv" „„=аUniv.€Of€N.H.,€Syracuse€U.а C€4$‚вw" м  €숄„Cа€€€€Localа 9€*^Ўx „„9аPrivate€industry,€volunteersа 9€*^Ўy" „„9аLocal€agen,€landownersа 9€*^Ўz" „„9а„а =€*^Ў{" „„=аNYC€Dept€of€Envir€Protectа C€4$^Ў|" м  €숄„CаAuthorities/Reason€for€Running€Programа 9€*:Š} „„9аMarine€Prot€Resource€&€Sancа 9€*:Š~" „„9аCoastal€Zone€Mgmt€Actа 9€*:Š" „„9аOrganic€Actа =€*:Š€" „„=аResearch€&€Monitoringа C€4$:Ё" м  €숄„CаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*f‚ „„9аDon't€knowа 9€*fƒ" „„9а.5€mill„prog€info/100's„techа 9€*f„" „„9а30а =€*f…" „„=аDozensа C€4$f†" м  €숄„CаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Standardsа 9€*ђB‡ „„9аEventuallyа 9€*ђBˆ" „„9аYesа 9€*ђB‰" „„9аNoа =€*ђBŠ" „„=аNeed€to€reviewа C€4$ђB‹" м  €숄„CаExpansion€of€Program€(Needed/Not€Needed)а 9€*ЮŒ „„9аNeededа 9€*Ю" „„9аNeededа 9€*ЮŽ" „„9аNeededа =€*Ю" „„=аNeededа C€4$Ю" м  €숄„CаContact€Personа 9€*Њ њ‘ „„9аJim€Lawlessа 9€*Њ њ’" „„9аRandall€Schneiderа 9€*Њ њ“" „„9аKathy€Fitzgeraldа =€*Њ њ”" „„=аPete€Murdochа I€8$Њ њ•" м  €м€ƒ@ƒ„„IаPhone€#а ;€*†!ж– „„;а301„713„3155€x194а ;€*†!ж—" „„;а301„713„3132€x126а ;€*†!ж˜" „„;а703„648„6902а =€*†!ж™" „„=а518„285„5663а:0.†!жš" d@ м   :аа  ў!Nš ад*“ƒHI d dф dT dT 4dT щdT щdd FGрА1рА1“дд,ф dT дд,щdT дд,QdT дд,ъdT дд,ъdd дд+  дд€EXя“ X$EШЕдд€BXя“ X XEXя“да 1€ б! €k€„„……1а€Ьр@‡‡0срMAJOR€FEDERAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа N€;'к* k  €#€„„……NаЬд€BМF "М XBXя“дг  гIntensive€Monitoring€&€Research€Sites€„€Part€4а F€7'|Ь  #  €숄„Fад€BШЕ$"МBМF дProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*šъ „„9аUSGS€NAWQAа 9€*šъ" „„9аUSGS€WEBBа ?€ *šъ" „„?аа ?€ *šъ"  „„?аа C€4$šъ " м   €숄„CаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*v Ц  „„9аNatl€Water„Quality€Assesа 9€*v Ц " „„9аWater,energy,biog.budgа ?€ *v Ц " „„?аа ?€ *v Ц "  „„?аа C€4$v Ц" м   €숄„CаAgencyа 9€*R Ђ „„9аUSGSа 9€*R Ђ" „„9аUSGSа ?€ *R Ђ" „„?аа ?€ *R Ђ"  „„?аа C€4$R Ђ" м   €숄„CаYear€Initiatedа 9€*. ~ „„9а1986€pilot,1991„full€prog.а 9€*. ~" „„9а1991а ?€ *. ~" „„?аа ?€ *. ~"  „„?аа C€4$. ~" м   €숄„CаMeasuresа 9€* Z „„9аAssess€qual,€H20(stream)а 9€* Z" „„9аWater€&€biogeoch€processа ?€ * Z" „„?аа ?€ * Z"  „„?аа C€4$ Z" м   €숄„CаCollection€Sourceа ?€ *ц 6 „„?аа ?€ *ц 6"  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6 "  „„?аа ?€ *ц 6!"  „„?аа C€4$ц 6"" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Pointа 9€*Т  # „„9аxа 9€*Т  $" „„9аxа ?€ *Т  %" „„?аа ?€ *Т  &"  „„?аа C€4$Т  '" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Sourceа 9€*žю ( „„9аxа 9€*žю )" „„9аxа ?€ *žю *" „„?аа ?€ *žю +"  „„?аа C€4$žю ," м   €숄„Cа€€€€Transectа 9€*zЪ - „„9аxа 9€*zЪ ." „„9аxа ?€ *zЪ /" „„?аа ?€ *zЪ 0"  „„?аа C€4$zЪ 1" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*VІ 2 „„9а„а 9€*VІ 3" „„9аSatellite€imageryа ?€ *VІ 4" „„?аа ?€ *VІ 5"  „„?аа C€4$VІ 6" м   €숄„CаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*2‚ 7 „„9а60€units,€2/3€nations€H20а 9€*2‚ 8" „„9а5€sitesа ?€ *2‚ 9" „„?аа ?€ *2‚ :"  „„?аа C€4$2‚ ;" м   €숄„CаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*^ < „„9а3€years€of€intens,€7€lowа 9€*^ =" „„9аMinutes„dailyа ?€ *^ >" „„?аа ?€ *^ ?"  „„?аа C€4$^ @" м   €숄„CаSampling€Designа ?€ *ъ:A „„?аа ?€ *ъ:B"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:C"  „„?аа ?€ *ъ:D"  „„?аа C€4$ъ:E" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Randomа 9€*ЦF „„9а„а 9€*ЦG" „„9аxа ?€ *ЦH" „„?аа ?€ *ЦI"  „„?аа C€4$ЦJ" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЂђK „„9аxа 9€*ЂђL" „„9аxа ?€ *ЂђM" „„?аа ?€ *ЂђN"  „„?аа C€4$ЂђO" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Synopticа 9€*~ЮP „„9аxа 9€*~ЮQ" „„9аxа ?€ *~ЮR" „„?аа ?€ *~ЮS"  „„?аа C€4$~ЮT" м   €숄„CаData€Availableа 9€*ZЊU „„9аYesа 9€*ZЊV" „„9аYesа ?€ *ZЊW" „„?аа ?€ *ZЊX"  „„?аа C€4$ZЊY" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*6†Z „„9аDistributed€info€systemа 9€*6†[" „„9аDatabase,€Home€pageа ?€ *6†\" „„?аа ?€ *6†]"  „„?аа C€4$6†^" м   €숄„CаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*b_ „„9аStudy€unit€is€52,029€sq€kmа 9€*b`" „„9а100's€of€square€kmа ?€ *ba" „„?аа ?€ *bb"  „„?аа C€4$bc" м   €숄„CаPartnersа ?€ *ю>d „„?аа ?€ *ю>e"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>f"  „„?аа ?€ *ю>g"  „„?аа C€4$ю>h" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Ъi „„9аMexico,€Canadaа 9€*Ъj" „„9аPuerto€Ricoа ?€ *Ъk" „„?аа ?€ *Ъl"  „„?аа C€4$Ъm" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Ііn „„9аEPAа 9€*Ііo" „„9аArmy€Corps€of€Eng,NPSа ?€ *Ііp" „„?аа ?€ *Ііq"  „„?аа C€4$Ііr" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Stateа 9€*‚вs „„9аState€water€agenciesа 9€*‚вt" „„9аUniversitiesа ?€ *‚вu" „„?аа ?€ *‚вv"  „„?аа C€4$‚вw" м   €숄„Cа€€€€Localа 9€*^Ўx „„9аLocal€water€agenciesа 9€*^Ўy" „„9аMunicipalities,€tribesа ?€ *^Ўz" „„?аа ?€ *^Ў{"  „„?аа C€4$^Ў|" м   €숄„CаAuthorities/Reason€for€Running€Programа 9€*:Š} „„9аCharged€by€Congressа 9€*:Š~" „„9аGlobal€Change€Programа ?€ *:Š" „„?аа ?€ *:Š€"  „„?аа C€4$:Ё" м   €숄„CаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*f‚ „„9а40,000а 9€*fƒ" „„9а100а ?€ *f„" „„?аа ?€ *f…"  „„?аа C€4$f†" м   €숄„CаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Standardsа 9€*ђB‡ „„9аYesа 9€*ђBˆ" „„9аDon№№t€knowа ?€ *ђB‰" „„?аа ?€ *ђBŠ"  „„?аа C€4$ђB‹" м   €숄„CаExpansion€of€Program€(Needed/Not€Needed)а 9€*ЮŒ „„9аNot€neededа 9€*Ю" „„9аNeededа ?€ *ЮŽ" „„?аа ?€ *Ю"  „„?аа C€4$Ю" м   €숄„CаContact€Personа 9€*Њ њ‘ „„9аTim€Millerа 9€*Њ њ’" „„9аGeorge€Leavesleyа ?€ *Њ њ“" „„?аа ?€ *Њ њ”"  „„?аа I€8$Њ њ•" м   €м€ƒ@ƒ„„IаPhone€#а ;€*†!ж– „„;а703„648„6868а ;€*†!ж—" „„;а303„236„5026а ?€ *†!ж˜" „„?аа ?€ *†!ж™"  „„?аа:0.†!жš" d@ м    :аѓ ѓд€BXя“ X$BШЕдт та ў!Nš ад*“ƒJK d dф dT щdT QdT ъdT ъdd HIрА1рА1“дд,Ћ dT дд,4dT дд, dT дд,4dT дд,з dd дд+  да 9€& б! €g€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……9ат т€а SЃ ар@UU3чрMAJOR€REGIONAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа \€I-з' a. g  €С€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……\аг  гЬMid„Atlantic€Region€Monitoring€Programs€„€Part€2а T€E-tФ  a. С  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Tад€BШЕ$ XBXя“дProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*Б „„9аCBP€Water€Qualityа 9€*Б" „„9аVAGAPа 9€*Б" „„9аCBPа =€*Б" „„=аSWASа Q€B*Б " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€* н  „„9аChesapeake€Bay€Programа 9€* н " „„9аVA€Gap€Analysis€Projectа 9€* н " „„9аChesapeake€Bay€Progrmа =€* н " „„=аShenandoah€Watershed€Studyа Q€B* н" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAgencyа 9€*i Й „„9аEPAа 9€*i Й" „„9аD.€Of€Fish€&€WildlifeSc.„VA€Techа 9€*i Й" „„9аEPA„Region€III,€leadа =€*i Й" „„=аU.€Of€VA,National€Park€Svc.а Q€B*i Й" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаYear€Initiatedа 9€*E • „„9а19€4а 9€*E •" „„9а1994а 9€*E •" „„9а1983а =€*E •" „„=а1979а Q€B*E •" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаMeasuresа 9€*! q „„9аphysical,€chemicalа 9€*! q" „„9аLand€Cover/Wildlife€Habitatа 9€*! q" „„9аhuman€impact€on€Bayа =€*! q" „„=аAcid„base€chem.of€strms€&€precip.а Q€B*! q" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаCollection€Sourceа 9€*§ M „„9аа 9€*§ M" „„9аLandsat€TM€&€anc.€dataа 9€*§ M " „„9аа =€*§ M!" „„=аа Q€B*§ M"" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Pointа 9€*й ) # „„9аxа 9€*й ) $" „„9аxа 9€*й ) %" „„9аxа =€*й ) &" „„=а17€routine€sampling€sites,€syn.€Surveysа Q€B*й ) '" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Sourceа 9€*Е ( „„9аа 9€*Е )" „„9аxа 9€*Е *" „„9аxа =€*Е +" „„=аа Q€B*Е ," a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Transectа 9€*‘с - „„9аа 9€*‘с ." „„9аxа 9€*‘с /" „„9аа =€*‘с 0" „„=аfish€habitat€surveysа Q€B*‘с 1" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*mН 2 „„9аа 9€*mН 3" „„9аа 9€*mН 4" „„9аxа =€*mН 5" „„=аа Q€B*mН 6" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*I™ 7 „„9а50€stations€Chesapeake€Bayа 9€*I™ 8" „„9аstatewideа 9€*I™ 9" „„9а6€States€in€Ches.Basinа =€*I™ :" „„=аdesignated€stream€sampling€sitesа Q€B*I™ ;" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*%u < „„9аMonthly,€twice€monthlyа 9€*%u =" „„9аsingle€point/91„93€imageryа 9€*%u >" „„9аа =€*%u ?" „„=аweekly€and€quarterlyа Q€B*%u @" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаSampling€Designа 9€*QA „„9аа 9€*QB" „„9аа 9€*QC" „„9аа =€*QD" „„=аroutine€program,€hierarchal€designа Q€B*QE" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Randomа 9€*н-F „„9аа 9€*н-G" „„9аа 9€*н-H" „„9аа =€*н-I" „„=аа Q€B*н-J" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Selectedа 9€*Й K „„9аxа 9€*Й L" „„9аselectedа 9€*Й M" „„9аа =€*Й N" „„=аminimally€disturbed€upland€watershedsа Q€B*Й O" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Synopticа 9€*•хP „„9аа 9€*•хQ" „„9аа 9€*•хR" „„9аа =€*•хS" „„=аmultiple€synoptic€surveysа Q€B*•хT" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаData€Availableа 9€*qСU „„9аYesа 9€*qСV" „„9аat€present,€clustered€imageryа 9€*qСW" „„9аYesа =€*qСX" „„=аreported€annually€to€sponsoring€agencyа Q€B*qСY" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*MZ „„9аInternetа 9€*M[" „„9аyesа 9€*M\" „„9аа =€*M]" „„=аа Q€B*M^" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*)y_ „„9аStationа 9€*)y`" „„9аby€scene,county,hydro.unitа 9€*)ya" „„9аа =€*)yb" „„=аShenandoah€National€Park,€VAа Q€B*)yc" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаPartnersа 9€*Ud „„9аа 9€*Ue" „„9аNBS,VA€Dept€of€Gameа 9€*Uf" „„9аover€40rа L€9Ug"  # „„ˆ2‚ˆLа.а `€Q9Uh"2‚ # a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„`а€€€€Internationalа 9€*с1i „„9аа 9€*с1j" „„9аа 9€*с1k" „„9аа =€*с1l" „„=аа Q€B*с1m" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Н n „„9аFederal€Agenciesа 9€*Н o" „„9аUSEPA,USFS,USFWS€&€Othersа 9€*Н p" „„9аFederal,€Universitiesа =€*Н q" „„=аNational€Park€Service,€US€EPAа Q€B*Н r" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Stateа 9€*™щs „„9аState€Agenciesа 9€*™щt" „„9аа 9€*™щu" „„9аxа =€*™щv" „„=аUniversity€of€Virginiaа Q€B*™щw" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Localа 9€*uХx „„9аUniversitiesа 9€*uХy" „„9аа 9€*uХz" „„9аxа =€*uХ{" „„=аа Q€B*uХ|" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAuthorities/Reason€for€Progа 9€*QЁ} „„9аNEPA/CWAа 9€*QЁ~" „„9аcontract€thru€NBSа 9€*QЁ" „„9аrestore€living€resourcesа =€*QЁ€" „„=аWatershed€Ecosy.€Monitoring€&€Res.а Q€B*QЁ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*-}‚ „„9аthousandsа 9€*-}ƒ" „„9аn/aа 9€*-}„" „„9аContract€EPAа =€*-}…" „„=аа Q€B*-}†" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Stand.а 9€* Y‡ „„9аNot€Yetа 9€* Yˆ" „„9аyesа 9€* Y‰" „„9аstarting€implementationа =€* YŠ" „„=аа Q€B* Y‹" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExpansion€of€Prog(Needed/Not)а 9€*х5Œ „„9аNotа 9€*х5" „„9аneededа 9€*х5Ž" „„9аа =€*х5" „„=аneededа Q€B*х5" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаContact€Personа 9€*С ‘ „„9аRichard€Batiukа 9€*С ’" „„9аJeff€Waldonа 9€*С “" „„9аBill€Matuszeskiа =€*С ”" „„=аRick€Webbа S€B*С •" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ>ƒ„„SаPhone€#а ;€*!э– „„;а410„267„5731а ;€*!э—" „„;а540„231„7348а ;€*!э˜" „„;а410„267„5700а =€*!э™" „„=а804„924„7817а:0.!эš" a> м   :аа  "hš ад*“ƒLM d dЋ dT 4dT  dT 4dT з dd JKрА1рА1“дд,Ћ dT дд,И dT дд,і dT дд,щdT дд,Нdd дд+  да 9€& б! €g€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……9ад€BXя“ X$BШЕдд€NXя“ X XBXя“д€а SЃ ар@UU3чрMAJOR€REGIONAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа \€I-з' a. g  €™€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……\аг  ггHгMid„Atlantic€Region€Monitoring€Programs€„€Part€3д€OXя“ X XNXя“да T€E-№@  a. ™  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Tад€OШЕ$ XOXя“дгHгProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*­§ „„9аVTSSа 9€*­§" „„9аа 9€*­§" „„9аа =€*­§" „„=аа Q€B*­§" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*‰ й  „„9аVa.€Trout€Stream€Sensitivity€Studyа 9€*‰ й " „„9аOtter€Cr./Dolly€Sods€Water€Qu.Surv.а 9€*‰ й " „„9аEstuary€Tributariesа =€*‰ й " „„=аа Q€B*‰ й " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAgencyа 9€*e Е „„9аU.of€V.,VA€Dept€of€Game€&€Inl.Fisheriesа 9€*e Е" „„9аUniv.€Of€Virginia,€Forest€Serviceа 9€*e Е" „„9аDel.Riv.Basin€Comm.а =€*e Е" „„=аа Q€B*e Е" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаYear€Initiatedа 9€*A ‘ „„9а1987а 9€*A ‘" „„9а1994а 9€*A ‘" „„9а1980а =€*A ‘" „„=аа Q€B*A ‘" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаMeasuresа 9€* m „„9аAcid„base€chemistry€of€streamsа 9€* m" „„9аAcid„base€chemistry€of€streamsа 9€* m" „„9аAmbient€Water€Qualityа =€* m" „„=аа Q€B* m" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаCollection€Sourceа 9€*љ I „„9аа 9€*љ I" „„9аа 9€*љ I" „„9аPA€tribs€&€head€of€tideа =€*љ I " „„=аа Q€B*љ I!" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Pointа 9€*е % " „„9аreg.€synpotic€survey,€60€routine€samp.sitesа 9€*е % #" „„9аSpring€№№94€syn.€survey:€125€sitesа 9€*е % $" „„9аxа =€*е % %" „„=аа Q€B*е % &" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Sourceа 9€*Б ' „„9аа 9€*Б (" „„9аа 9€*Б )" „„9аа =€*Б *" „„=аа Q€B*Б +" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Transectа 9€*н , „„9аа 9€*н -" „„9аа 9€*н ." „„9аа =€*н /" „„=аа Q€B*н 0" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*iЙ 1 „„9аа 9€*iЙ 2" „„9аа 9€*iЙ 3" „„9аа =€*iЙ 4" „„=аа Q€B*iЙ 5" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*E• 6 „„9аdesignated€stream€sampling€sitesа 9€*E• 7" „„9аdesignated€stream€sampling€sitesа 9€*E• 8" „„9а10€PA€tribs,€1€riverа =€*E• 9" „„=аа Q€B*E• :" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*!q ; „„9аstream€water:€quarterlyа 9€*!q <" „„9аone€time€surveyа 9€*!q =" „„9а1/monthа =€*!q >" „„=аа Q€B*!q ?" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаSampling€Designа 9€*§M@ „„9аroutine€program:€hierarchal€designа 9€*§MA" „„9аsystematic€spatially€intensiveа 9€*§MB" „„9аMajor€tributariesа =€*§MC" „„=аа Q€B*§MD" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Randomа 9€*й)E „„9аа 9€*й)F" „„9аа 9€*й)G" „„9аDatesа =€*й)H" „„=аа Q€B*й)I" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЕJ „„9аminimally€disturbed€upland€watershedsа 9€*ЕK" „„9аClass€I€wilderness€areaа 9€*ЕL" „„9аа =€*ЕM" „„=аа Q€B*ЕN" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Synopticа 9€*‘сO „„9аsingle€synoptic€surveyа 9€*‘сP" „„9аsingle€synoptic€surveyа 9€*‘сQ" „„9аа =€*‘сR" „„=аа Q€B*‘сS" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаData€Availableа 9€*mНT „„9аreported€annually€to€sponsoring€agencyа 9€*mНU" „„9аreported€to€sponsoring€agencyа 9€*mНV" „„9аYesа =€*mНW" „„=аа Q€B*mНX" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*I™Y „„9аа 9€*I™Z" „„9аа 9€*I™[" „„9аSTORET€&€Hardcopyа =€*I™\" „„=аа Q€B*I™]" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*%u^ „„9а22€western€Virginia€countiesа 9€*%u_" „„9аMonongahela€Nat.€For.€Class€I€areasа 9€*%u`" „„9аDelaware€Estuaryа =€*%ua" „„=аа Q€B*%ub" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаPartnersа 9€*Qc „„9аVa.€Council€of€Trout€Unlimitedа 9€*Qd" „„9аа 9€*Qe" „„9аа =€*Qf" „„=аа Q€B*Qg" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Internationalа 9€*н-h „„9аа 9€*н-i" „„9аа 9€*н-j" „„9аа =€*н-k" „„=аа Q€B*н-l" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Й m „„9аа 9€*Й n" „„9аUSDA€Forest€Serviceа 9€*Й o" „„9аа =€*Й p" „„=аа Q€B*Й q" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Stateа 9€*•хr „„9аVa.Dept€of€Game€&€Inl.Fish,€U.€Of€V.а 9€*•хs" „„9аUniversity€of€Virginiaа 9€*•хt" „„9а2€states€„coll.€&€analysisа =€*•хu" „„=аа Q€B*•хv" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Localа 9€*qСw „„9аа 9€*qСx" „„9аа 9€*qСy" „„9аа =€*qСz" „„=аа Q€B*qС{" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAuthorities/Reason€for€Progа 9€*M| „„9аMonitoring€change€in€acid„base€statusа 9€*M}" „„9аColl.€Of€Class€I€area€baseline€dataа 9€*M~" „„9аStatus,Trend,Modelingа =€*M" „„=аа Q€B*M€" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*)y „„9аа 9€*)y‚" „„9аа 9€*)yƒ" „„9аScoresа =€*)y„" „„=аа Q€B*)y…" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Stand.а 9€*U† „„9аа 9€*U‡" „„9аа 9€*Uˆ" „„9аYesа =€*U‰" „„=аа Q€B*UŠ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExpansion€of€Prog(Needed/Not)а 9€*с1‹ „„9аNeededа 9€*с1Œ" „„9аNeededа 9€*с1" „„9аNeededа =€*с1Ž" „„=аа Q€B*с1" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаContact€Personа 9€*Н  „„9аRick€Webbа 9€*Н ‘" „„9аRick€Webbа 9€*Н ’" „„9аPaul€J.€Scollyа =€*Н “" „„=аа S€B*Н ”" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ>ƒ„„SаPhone€#а ;€*™!щ• „„;а804„924„7817а ;€*™!щ–" „„;а804„924„7817а ;€*™!щ—" „„;а609„883„9500а =€*™!щ˜" „„=аа:0.™!щ™" a> м   :ад€BШЕ$$OШЕдт та "d™ ад*“ƒPQ d dЋ dT И dT і dT щdT Нdd LMрА1рА1“дд,Ћ dT дд,И dT дд,4dT дд,щdT дд,dd дд+  да 9€& б! €g€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……9ат тд€BXя“ X$BШЕдд€NXя“ X XBXя“д€а SЃ ар@UU3чрMAJOR€REGIONAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа \€I-з' a. g  €™€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……\агHгMid„Atlantic€Region€Monitoring€Programs€„€Part€4д€OXя“ X XNXя“да T€E-№@" a. ™  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Tад€OШЕ$ XOXя“дгHгProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*­§ „„9аVCR€LTERа 9€*­§" „„9аARS€Water€Databaseа 9€*­§" „„9аCBSAC„WDSа =€*­§" „„=аODASа Q€B*­§" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*‰ й  „„9аVA€Coast€Res.€Long„Term€Ecol.Resrchа 9€*‰ й " „„9аAgricultural€Research€Serviceа 9€*‰ й " „„9аChes.Bay€Stock€Asses.Comа =€*‰ й " „„=аOcean€Data€Acquisitionд џџ дЯSystemŽд  да R€C+‰ й " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„RаAgencyа 9€*e Е „„9аNSFа 9€*e Е" „„9аUSDAа 9€*e Е" „„9аNOAAа =€*e Е" „„=аNOAAа Q€B*e Е" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаYear€Initiatedа 9€*A ‘ „„9аVCR€came€on€line€in€1987а 9€*A ‘" „„9а1957а 9€*A ‘" „„9а1989а =€*A ‘" „„=а1989а Q€B*A ‘" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаMeasuresа 9€* m „„9аData€on€5€core€areas€+€them.studies€dataа 9€* m" „„9аPrecip,StreamFlow,Air€Tempа 9€* m" „„9аC.Bay€Blue€crab€dynamicsа =€* m" „„=аsurface€chlorophyllа Q€B* m" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаCollection€Sourceа 9€*љ I „„9аа 9€*љ I" „„9аа 9€*љ I" „„9аа =€*љ I " „„=аа Q€B*љ I!" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Pointа 9€*е % " „„9аxа 9€*е % #" „„9аxа 9€*е % $" „„9аа =€*е % %" „„=аа Q€B*е % &" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Sourceа 9€*Б ' „„9аxа 9€*Б (" „„9аа 9€*Б )" „„9аа =€*Б *" „„=аа Q€B*Б +" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Transectа 9€*н , „„9аxа 9€*н -" „„9аа 9€*н ." „„9аа =€*н /" „„=аxа Q€B*н 0" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*iЙ 1 „„9аGrid,Satellite,Aircraft,GPSа 9€*iЙ 2" „„9аа 9€*iЙ 3" „„9аrandom€dredge€sampleа =€*iЙ 4" „„=аChesapeake€Bayа Q€B*iЙ 5" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*E• 6 „„9аVA€Barrier€Islands,Lagoons,Marshesа 9€*E• 7" „„9а17€Watershed€areas/USа 9€*E• 8" „„9аBaywide(1,000„1,400€sites)а =€*E• 9" „„=а45€transectsа Q€B*E• :" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*!q ; „„9аHrly€to€Annual€depending€on€measurementа 9€*!q <" „„9аEvery€minuteа 9€*!q =" „„9аAnnualа =€*!q >" „„=аweeklyа Q€B*!q ?" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаSampling€Designа 9€*§M@ „„9аа 9€*§MA" „„9аа 9€*§MB" „„9аа =€*§MC" „„=аа Q€B*§MD" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Randomа 9€*й)E „„9аxа 9€*й)F" „„9аа 9€*й)G" „„9аx€stratifiedа =€*й)H" „„=аа Q€B*й)I" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЕJ „„9аxа 9€*ЕK" „„9аxа 9€*ЕL" „„9аа =€*ЕM" „„=аxа Q€B*ЕN" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Synopticа 9€*‘сO „„9аxа 9€*‘сP" „„9аа 9€*‘сQ" „„9аа =€*‘сR" „„=аxа Q€B*‘сS" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаData€Availableа 9€*mНT „„9аYesа 9€*mНU" „„9аYesа 9€*mНV" „„9аYesа =€*mНW" „„=аYesа Q€B*mНX" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*I™Y „„9аPublished€on€Internet€(Prog.Homepage)а 9€*I™Z" „„9аREPllLEX€II,€Internetа 9€*I™[" „„9аNCBO€Tables€„€Internet€Acc.а =€*I™\" „„=аInternetа Q€B*I™]" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*%u^ „„9аVaries€1sq.meter€to€100s€hectа 9€*%u_" „„9а3€ha€„€1237haа 9€*%u`" „„9аChesapeake€Bayа =€*%ua" „„=аl€km€gridа Q€B*%ub" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаPartnersа 9€*Qc „„9аа 9€*Qd" „„9аа 9€*Qe" „„9аа =€*Qf" „„=аа Q€B*Qg" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Internationalа 9€*н-h „„9аHungary€ILTERа 9€*н-i" „„9аа 9€*н-j" „„9аа =€*н-k" „„=аа Q€B*н-l" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Й m „„9аUS€Fish€and€Wildlifeа 9€*Й n" „„9аNRCS,€Hydrology€Labа 9€*Й o" „„9аа =€*Й p" „„=аFederal€Agenciesа Q€B*Й q" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Stateа 9€*•хr „„9аSea€Grant€(VMSC)а 9€*•хs" „„9аState€Cooperative€Staа 9€*•хt" „„9аMD€&€VA,Univ€of€MD,VIMSа =€*•хu" „„=аа Q€B*•хv" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Localа 9€*qСw „„9аNorthhampton€Countyа 9€*qСx" „„9аUniversitiesа 9€*qСy" „„9аа =€*qСz" „„=аUniversitiesа Q€B*qС{" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAuthorities/Reason€for€Progа 9€*M| „„9аStudy€long€change€in€ecosyst.(NSF€grant)а 9€*M}" „„9аReason€for€researchа 9€*M~" „„9аFish€&€Wildlife€Actа =€*M" „„=аNEPA/CWAа Q€B*M€" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*)y „„9а84,898€in€1995а 9€*)y‚" „„9а10а 9€*)yƒ" „„9аUnknownа =€*)y„" „„=а100а Q€B*)y…" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Stand.а 9€*U† „„9аLTER€Metadata€Stand.(partially€in€place)а 9€*U‡" „„9аYesа 9€*Uˆ" „„9аdon№№t€knowа =€*U‰" „„=аnot€yetа Q€B*UŠ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExpansion€of€Prog(Needed/Not)а 9€*с1‹ „„9аRisser€Study:LTER€sites€need€3x€fundsа 9€*с1Œ" „„9аNeededа 9€*с1" „„9аnot€neededа =€*с1Ž" „„=аnotа Q€B*с1" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаContact€Personа 9€*Н  „„9аDr.€Bruce€P.€Haydenа 9€*Н ‘" „„9аJane€L.€Thurmanа 9€*Н ’" „„9аAnne€Langeа =€*Н “" „„=аBess€Gillelanа S€B*Н ”" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ>ƒ„„SаPhone€#а ;€*™!щ• „„;а804„924„0545а ;€*™!щ–" „„;а301„504„9411а ;€*™!щ—" „„;а410„267„5660а =€*™!щ˜" „„=а410„267„5660а:0.™!щ™" a> м   :ад€BШЕ$$OШЕдт та "d™ ад*“ƒRS d dЋ dT И dT 4dT щdT dd PQрА1рА1“дд,Ћ dT дд,dT дд,dT дд,ždT дд,ždT дд,ždd дд+  да 9€& б! €g€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……9ат тд€BXя“ X$BШЕд€а SЃ ар@  42рMAJOR€REGIONAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа \€I-з' a. g  €™€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……\агHгг  гMid„Atlantic€Region€Monitoring€Programs€„€Part€5д€BМF "М XBXя“да T€E-№@  a. ™  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„TагHгд€BШЕ$"МBМF дProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*­§ „„9аа 9€*­§" „„9аNARSTO€„€NEа 9€*­§" „„9аNAMS/SLAMSа 9€*­§" „„9аа =€*­§" „„=аа Q€B*­§ " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*‰ й  „„9аAssoc.€Soils,Hydr€&€Veg.а 9€*‰ й " „„9аа 9€*‰ й " „„9аNat.€Air€Monitoring€Stationsа 9€*‰ й " „„9аAmbient€Laks,Strms,Estuarа =€*‰ й" „„=аState€Stream€Gauging€Netа Q€B*‰ й" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAgencyа 9€*e Е „„9аLower€Del.€Peninsulaа 9€*e Е" „„9аPublic€/€Privateа 9€*e Е" „„9аVA,DEQ,€Fairfax,€VAа 9€*e Е" „„9аDEQа =€*e Е" „„=аDEQа Q€B*e Е" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаYear€Initiatedа 9€*A ‘ „„9а1993а 9€*A ‘" „„9а1995а 9€*A ‘" „„9аа 9€*A ‘" „„9а1969а =€*A ‘" „„=а1925а Q€B*A ‘" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаMeasuresа 9€* m „„9аHydrol.,Soil€Morph,Veg.а 9€* m" „„9аMet,€NO,€VOC,€Ozoneа 9€* m" „„9аCriteria€Pollutantsа 9€* m" „„9аа =€* m " „„=аа Q€B* m!" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаCollection€Sourceа 9€*љ I" „„9аа 9€*љ I#" „„9аа 9€*љ I$" „„9аа 9€*љ I%" „„9аа =€*љ I&" „„=аWells,€Streamsа Q€B*љ I'" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Pointа 9€*е % ( „„9аа 9€*е % )" „„9аxа 9€*е % *" „„9аxа 9€*е % +" „„9аxа =€*е % ," „„=аxа Q€B*е % -" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Sourceа 9€*Б . „„9аа 9€*Б /" „„9аxа 9€*Б 0" „„9аа 9€*Б 1" „„9аа =€*Б 2" „„=аа Q€B*Б 3" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Transectа 9€*н 4 „„9аxа 9€*н 5" „„9аxа 9€*н 6" „„9аа 9€*н 7" „„9аа =€*н 8" „„=аа Q€B*н 9" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*iЙ : „„9аа 9€*iЙ ;" „„9аxа 9€*iЙ <" „„9аа 9€*iЙ =" „„9аа =€*iЙ >" „„=аа Q€B*iЙ ?" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*E• @ „„9аWorcester€Co.,€MDа 9€*E• A" „„9аNortheast€U.S.а 9€*E• B" „„9аа 9€*E• C" „„9а1,100€Siesа =€*E• D" „„=а82€„€700€Wellsа Q€B*E• E" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*!q F „„9аbiweekly€(Hydrology)а 9€*!q G" „„9аOzone€Seasonа 9€*!q H" „„9аа 9€*!q I" „„9аQuarterly€/€Monthlyа =€*!q J" „„=аContinuous,€Quarterlyа Q€B*!q K" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаSampling€Designа 9€*§ML „„9аа 9€*§MM" „„9аа 9€*§MN" „„9аа 9€*§MO" „„9аа =€*§MP" „„=аа Q€B*§MQ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Randomа 9€*й)R „„9аа 9€*й)S" „„9аа 9€*й)T" „„9аа 9€*й)U" „„9аxа =€*й)V" „„=аа Q€B*й)W" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Selectedа 9€*ЕX „„9аxа 9€*ЕY" „„9аxа 9€*ЕZ" „„9аxа 9€*Е[" „„9аxа =€*Е\" „„=аа Q€B*Е]" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Synopticа 9€*‘с^ „„9аа 9€*‘с_" „„9аxа 9€*‘с`" „„9аа 9€*‘сa" „„9аxа =€*‘сb" „„=аxа Q€B*‘сc" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаData€Availableа 9€*mНd „„9аа 9€*mНe" „„9аyesа 9€*mНf" „„9аyesа 9€*mНg" „„9аyesа =€*mНh" „„=аYesа Q€B*mНi" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*I™j „„9аxа 9€*I™k" „„9аInternetа 9€*I™l" „„9аAIRSа 9€*I™m" „„9аSTORET,EPA,CBP,in€houseа =€*I™n" „„=аWATSTOREа Q€B*I™o" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*%up „„9аа 9€*%uq" „„9аа 9€*%ur" „„9аа 9€*%us" „„9аStatewideа =€*%ut" „„=аVirginia,€USа Q€B*%uu" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаPartnersа 9€*Qv „„9аа 9€*Qw" „„9аа 9€*Qx" „„9аа 9€*Qy" „„9аа =€*Qz" „„=аа Q€B*Q{" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Internationalа 9€*н-| „„9аа 9€*н-}" „„9аCanadaа 9€*н-~" „„9аа 9€*н-" „„9аа =€*н-€" „„=аа Q€B*н-" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Agencyа 9€*Й ‚ „„9аа 9€*Й ƒ" „„9аа 9€*Й „" „„9аа 9€*Й …" „„9аUSGS,€EPAа =€*Й †" „„=аUSGSа Q€B*Й ‡" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Stateа 9€*•хˆ „„9аUMCP,€MAESа 9€*•х‰" „„9аOzone€Transport€Regionа 9€*•хŠ" „„9аа 9€*•х‹" „„9аDCR,VIMS,MRCа =€*•хŒ" „„=аа Q€B*•х" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Localа 9€*qСŽ „„9аа 9€*qС" „„9аа 9€*qС" „„9аFairfax€Co.а 9€*qС‘" „„9аа =€*qС’" „„=аа Q€B*qС“" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAuthorities/Reason€for€Progа 9€*M” „„9аWetland€IDа 9€*M•" „„9а1990€eAAAа 9€*M–" „„9аа 9€*M—" „„9аClean€Wtr€Act,Ch€Bay€Actа =€*M˜" „„=аWater€Resource€&€Mgmtа Q€B*M™" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*)yš „„9аа 9€*)y›" „„9аа 9€*)yœ" „„9аHundredsа 9€*)y" „„9а1,000€+а =€*)yž" „„=а?а Q€B*)yŸ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Stand.а 9€*U  „„9аа 9€*UЁ" „„9аUnder€Developmentа 9€*UЂ" „„9аNoа 9€*UЃ" „„9аpartiallyа =€*UЄ" „„=а?а Q€B*UЅ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExpansion€of€Prog.€(Needed/Not)а 9€*с1І „„9аа 9€*с1Ї" „„9аneededа 9€*с1Ј" „„9аNeededа 9€*с1Љ" „„9аNeed€to€expand€parametersа =€*с1Њ" „„=аNeededа Q€B*с1Ћ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаContact€Personа 9€*Н Ќ „„9аRokenhorstа 9€*Н ­" „„9аJeffrey€L.€Westа 9€*Н Ў" „„9аMarshall€Ervineа 9€*Н Џ" „„9аRonа =€*Н А" „„=аPaul€Hegmanа S€B*Н Б" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ>ƒ„„SаPhone€#а ;€*™!щВ „„;а301„405„1347а ;€*™!щГ" „„;а610„921„6448а ;€*™!щД" „„;а804„290„7734а ;€*™!щЕ" „„;а804„678„4472а =€*™!щЖ" „„=а804„698„4464а:0.™!щЗ" a> м   :аа "dЗ ад*ЄƒTU d dЋ dT dT dT ždT ždT ždd RSрА1рА1Єдд,Ћ dT дд,dT дд,dT дд,ždT дд,ždT дд,ždd дд+  дд€BXя“ X$BШЕда 9€& б! €P€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……9ад€ XŽKX XBXя“дЬр@32рMAJOR€REGIONAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€AND€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа \€I-з' a. P  €P€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……\аг  гЬMid„Atlantic€Region€Monitoring€Programs€„€Part€6д€ ШЕ$X XŽKда T€E-tФ  a. P  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„TаProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*н „„9аа 9€*н" „„9аа 9€*н" „„9аа 9€*н" „„9аа =€*н " „„=аSOS„SONа Q€B*н " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*i Й  „„9аExperimental€Forestsа 9€*i Й " „„9аNutrient€Reductionа 9€*i Й " „„9аInterstateа 9€*i Й" „„9аSubbasin€Intensiveа =€*i Й" „„=аSo.Oxid.Stdy„Spat.Oxid.Netа Q€B*i Й" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAgencyа 9€*E • „„9аUSDA€Forest€Serviceа 9€*E •" „„9аSRBCа 9€*E •" „„9аSRBCа 9€*E •" „„9аа =€*E •" „„=аEPA,TVA,SE€Statesа Q€B*E •" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаYear€Initiatedа 9€*! q „„9а1931„64а 9€*! q" „„9а1984а 9€*! q" „„9а4/86а 9€*! q" „„9а1980а =€*! q" „„=а1990а Q€B*! q" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаMeasuresа 9€*§ M „„9аа 9€*§ M" „„9аNutrients€&€S.Sedа 9€*§ M" „„9аBiological€&€Chemа 9€*§ M " „„9аBiological€&€Chemа =€*§ M!" „„=аOzone,€Met.а Q€B*§ M"" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаCollection€Sourceа 9€*й )# „„9аа 9€*й )$" „„9аа 9€*й )%" „„9аа 9€*й )&" „„9аа =€*й )'" „„=аа Q€B*й )(" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Pointа 9€*Е  ) „„9аxа 9€*Е  *" „„9аxа 9€*Е  +" „„9аxа 9€*Е  ," „„9аxа =€*Е  -" „„=аа Q€B*Е  ." a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Sourceа 9€*‘с / „„9аxа 9€*‘с 0" „„9аа 9€*‘с 1" „„9аа 9€*‘с 2" „„9аа =€*‘с 3" „„=аа Q€B*‘с 4" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Transectа 9€*mН 5 „„9аxа 9€*mН 6" „„9аxа 9€*mН 7" „„9аа 9€*mН 8" „„9аа =€*mН 9" „„=аа Q€B*mН :" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*I™ ; „„9аа 9€*I™ <" „„9аа 9€*I™ =" „„9аа 9€*I™ >" „„9аа =€*I™ ?" „„=аа Q€B*I™ @" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*%u A „„9а4€experimental€forestsа 9€*%u B" „„9а13€sitesа 9€*%u C" „„9а91€sitesа 9€*%u D" „„9а600а =€*%u E" „„=а30€sites€in€8€statesа Q€B*%u F" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*Q G „„9аcontinuous€to€decadesа 9€*Q H" „„9а6€„€monthlyа 9€*Q I" „„9аquarterlyа 9€*Q J" „„9а10€yearsа =€*Q K" „„=аHourlyа Q€B*Q L" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаSampling€Designа 9€*н-M „„9аа 9€*н-N" „„9аа 9€*н-O" „„9аа 9€*н-P" „„9аа =€*н-Q" „„=аа Q€B*н-R" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Randomа 9€*Й S „„9аxа 9€*Й T" „„9аа 9€*Й U" „„9аа 9€*Й V" „„9аа =€*Й W" „„=аа Q€B*Й X" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Selectedа 9€*•хY „„9аxа 9€*•хZ" „„9аxа 9€*•х[" „„9аxа 9€*•х\" „„9аа =€*•х]" „„=аRural€Sitesа Q€B*•х^" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Synopticа 9€*qС_ „„9аxа 9€*qС`" „„9аа 9€*qСa" „„9аа 9€*qСb" „„9аxа =€*qСc" „„=аа Q€B*qСd" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаData€Availableа 9€*Me „„9аyesа 9€*Mf" „„9аyesа 9€*Mg" „„9аyesа 9€*Mh" „„9аyesа =€*Mi" „„=аPub.Yearly,Data€on€Disksа Q€B*Mj" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*)yk „„9аа 9€*)yl" „„9аHard€copy,€discsа 9€*)ym" „„9аHard€copy€/€discа 9€*)yn" „„9аHard€copy€/€discа =€*)yo" „„=аYesа Q€B*)yp" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*Uq „„9аа 9€*Ur" „„9а27,000€sq.mi.€w/shedа 9€*Us" „„9аа 9€*Ut" „„9а5000€sq€mi€w/shedа =€*Uu" „„=аPoints€create€isoplethsа Q€B*Uv" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаPartnersа 9€*с1w „„9аа 9€*с1x" „„9аPennsylvania€DEPа 9€*с1y" „„9аStates€/€EPAа 9€*с1z" „„9аStates€/€EPAа =€*с1{" „„=аа Q€B*с1|" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Н } „„9аNADPа 9€*Н ~" „„9аа 9€*Н " „„9аа 9€*Н €" „„9аа =€*Н " „„=аа Q€B*Н ‚" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Agencyа 9€*™щƒ „„9аNSF,€NBSа 9€*™щ„" „„9аxа 9€*™щ…" „„9аxа 9€*™щ†" „„9аxа =€*™щ‡" „„=аEPA€Region€IVа Q€B*™щˆ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Stateа 9€*uХ‰ „„9аState€Agenciesа 9€*uХŠ" „„9аxа 9€*uХ‹" „„9аxа 9€*uХŒ" „„9аxа =€*uХ" „„=а8€Statesа Q€B*uХŽ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Localа 9€*QЁ „„9аUniv.,€private€ind.а 9€*QЁ" „„9аа 9€*QЁ‘" „„9аа 9€*QЁ’" „„9аа =€*QЁ“" „„=аа Q€B*QЁ”" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAuthorities/Reason€for€Progа 9€*-}• „„9аа 9€*-}–" „„9аCBPа 9€*-}—" „„9аSRBCа 9€*-}˜" „„9аSRBCа =€*-}™" „„=аOzone€climatologyа Q€B*-}š" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€* Y› „„9аthousandsа 9€* Yœ" „„9аStates€?а 9€* Y" „„9а100а 9€* Yž" „„9а100а =€* YŸ" „„=а100€per€yearа Q€B* Y " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Stand.а 9€*х5Ё „„9аNoа 9€*х5Ђ" „„9аа 9€*х5Ѓ" „„9аyesа 9€*х5Є" „„9аyesа =€*х5Ѕ" „„=аyesа Q€B*х5І" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExpansion€of€Prog(Needed/Not)а 9€*СЇ „„9аNeededа 9€*СЈ" „„9аNeededа 9€*СЉ" „„9аnotа 9€*СЊ" „„9аNeededа =€*СЋ" „„=аyesа Q€B*СЌ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаContact€Personа 9€* э­ „„9аM.B.Adamsа 9€* эЎ" „„9аJerry€Hollowellа 9€* эЏ" „„9аJerry€Hollowellа 9€* эА" „„9аJerry€Hollowellа =€* эБ" „„=аCassandra€Wylieа S€B* эВ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ>ƒ„„SаPhone€#а ;€*y!ЩГ „„;а304„438„2000а ;€*y!ЩД" „„;а717„238„0423а ;€*y!ЩЕ" „„;а717„238„0423а ;€*y!ЩЖ" „„;а717„238„0423а =€*y!ЩЗ" „„=а423„632„1645т та:0.y!ЩИ" a> м   :ад*ЄƒVW d dЋ dT dT dT ždT ždT ždd TUрА1рА1Єдд,Ћ dT дд,` dT дд, dT дд,` dT дд,dd дд+  да 9€& б! €g€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……9ад€ XŽKX$ ШЕд€Ьт тр@UU3чрMAJOR€REGIONAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа \€I-з' a. g  €l€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……\агHгMid„Atlantic€Region€Monitoring€Programs€„€Part€7€€€€а T€E-№@" a. l  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„TагHгд€ ШЕ$X XŽKдProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*\Ќ „„9аSOS„SCIONа 9€*\Ќ" „„9аSOS„SEMORа 9€*\Ќ" „„9аSOS„Atlantaа =€*\Ќ" „„=аSOS„Nashville,€Mid.TNа Q€B*\Ќ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*8 ˆ  „„9аSo.Oxid.Stdy„SE.Cons.Int.Oxid.Netа 9€*8 ˆ " „„9аSo.Oxid.Stdy„SE€Net€Int€Ox€Resа 9€*8 ˆ " „„9аSo.Oxid.Stdy„91„92€Atlanta€Intens.а =€*8 ˆ " „„=аSo.Oxid.Stdy„94„95€Nash/MTN€а Q€B*8 ˆ " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAgencyа 9€* d „„9аEPA,TVA,So.€Comp.,EPRIа 9€* d" „„9аEPA,TVA,Ga.Tech,BNL,NCSU,etcа 9€* d" „„9аEPA,NOAA,TVA,BNL,20€U,35€Orgа =€* d" „„=аEPA,NOAA,TVA,BNL,20€U,35€а Q€B* d" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаYear€Initiatedа 9€*№ @ „„9а1992а 9€*№ @" „„9а1991„92а 9€*№ @" „„9а1991„1992а =€*№ @" „„=а1994„95а Q€B*№ @" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаMeasuresа 9€*Ь  „„9аOzone,NOx,VOC,Metа 9€*Ь " „„9аOzone,Spec.NOx,€Spec.VOC,Metа 9€*Ь " „„9аOzone€Accum.€In€Atlantaа =€*Ь " „„=аOzone€Accum.€In€Mid€TNа Q€B*Ь " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаCollection€Sourceа 9€*Ј ј „„9аа 9€*Ј ј" „„9аа 9€*Ј ј" „„9аа =€*Ј ј " „„=аа Q€B*Ј ј!" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Pointа 9€*„ д" „„9аа 9€*„ д#" „„9аа 9€*„ д$" „„9аа =€*„ д%" „„=аа Q€B*„ д&" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Sourceа 9€*`А ' „„9аа 9€*`А (" „„9аа 9€*`А )" „„9аа =€*`А *" „„=аа Q€B*`А +" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Transectа 9€*<Œ , „„9аа 9€*<Œ -" „„9аа 9€*<Œ ." „„9аа =€*<Œ /" „„=аа Q€B*<Œ 0" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*h 1 „„9аа 9€*h 2" „„9аа 9€*h 3" „„9аа =€*h 4" „„=аа Q€B*h 5" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*єD 6 „„9а3„11€sites€in€5€statesа 9€*єD 7" „„9а4€sites€in€4€statesа 9€*єD 8" „„9а88€sites€in€6€statesа =€*єD 9" „„=а111€sites€in€11€Statesа Q€B*єD :" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*а ; „„9а1€minuteа 9€*а <" „„9а5€minuteа 9€*а =" „„9аа =€*а >" „„=аа Q€B*а ?" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаSampling€Designа 9€*Ќќ @ „„9аа 9€*Ќќ A" „„9аа 9€*Ќќ B" „„9аа =€*Ќќ C" „„=аа Q€B*Ќќ D" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Randomа 9€*ˆиE „„9аа 9€*ˆиF" „„9аа 9€*ˆиG" „„9аа =€*ˆиH" „„=аа Q€B*ˆиI" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Selectedа 9€*dДJ „„9аRural€Sitesа 9€*dДK" „„9аRural€Sitesа 9€*dДL" „„9аUrban€&€Rural€Sitesа =€*dДM" „„=аUrban€&€Rural€Sitesа Q€B*dДN" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Synopticа 9€*@O „„9аа 9€*@P" „„9аа 9€*@Q" „„9аа =€*@R" „„=аа Q€B*@S" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаData€Availableа 9€*lT „„9аData€Archiveа 9€*lU" „„9аData€Archivesа 9€*lV" „„9аData€Archivesа =€*lW" „„=аData€Archivesа Q€B*lX" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*јHY „„9аYesа 9€*јHZ" „„9аYesа 9€*јH[" „„9аYesа =€*јH\" „„=аYes,€in€futureа Q€B*јH]" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*д$^ „„9аIntersite€Comp.а 9€*д$_" „„9аOzone€Accum.€Res.а 9€*д$`" „„9аRural€Urban€Exchangeа =€*д$a" „„=аRural€Urban€Exchangeа Q€B*д$b" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаPartnersа 9€*Аc „„9аа 9€*Аd" „„9аа 9€*Аe" „„9аа =€*Аf" „„=аа Q€B*Аg" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Œмh „„9аа 9€*Œмi" „„9аа 9€*Œмj" „„9аа =€*Œмk" „„=аа Q€B*Œмl" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Agencyа 9€*hИm „„9аEPA€Region€IVа 9€*hИn" „„9аNOAA,€TVA,€BNLа 9€*hИo" „„9аNOAA,€TVA,€BNL,€EPA€Reg€IVа =€*hИp" „„=аTVA,NOAA,BNL,EPA€Reg.IVа Q€B*hИq" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Stateа 9€*D”r „„9а5€States,€EPRIа 9€*D”s" „„9аа 9€*D”t" „„9а6€Soeast€Statesа =€*D”u" „„=а11€Soeast.€Statesа Q€B*D”v" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Localа 9€* pw „„9аа 9€* px" „„9аа 9€* py" „„9аа =€* pz" „„=аа Q€B* p{" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAuthorities/Reason€for€Progа 9€*ќL| „„9аOzone€Precursor€Relat.а 9€*ќL}" „„9аOzone€Precursor€Relat.а 9€*ќL~" „„9аReg.€Ozone€Res.а =€*ќL" „„=аReg.€Oxid.€Resа Q€B*ќL€" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*и( „„9а50€per€yearа 9€*и(‚" „„9а50€per€yearа 9€*и(ƒ" „„9а200€per€yearа =€*и(„" „„=а200„300€per€yearа Q€B*и(…" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Stand.а 9€*Д† „„9аYesа 9€*Д‡" „„9аYesа 9€*Дˆ" „„9аYesа =€*Д‰" „„=аYesа Q€B*ДŠ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExpansion€of€Prog(Needed/Not)а 9€*р‹ „„9аYesа 9€*рŒ" „„9аNoа 9€*р" „„9аNoа =€*рŽ" „„=аNoа Q€B*р" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаContact€Personа 9€*l М „„9аEric€Edgertonа 9€*l М‘" „„9аF.Fehsenfeld,€J.Meagherа 9€*l М’" „„9аM.Rodgers,€J.Meagherа =€*l М“" „„=аJ.Meagher,F.Fehsenfeldа S€B*l М”" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ>ƒ„„SаPhone€#а ;€*H!˜• „„;а919„544„3903а ;€*H!˜–" „„;а303„497„5819,€205„386„2342а ;€*H!˜—" „„;а401„894„5809,€205„386„2342а =€*H!˜˜" „„=а205„386„2342,€303„497„5819т та:0.H!˜™" a> м   :ад*“ƒXY d dЋ dT ` dT  dT ` dT dd VWрА1рА1“дд,Ћ dT дд,dT дд,dT дд,і dT дд,з dd дд+  дд€ XŽKX$ ШЕдд€6XЯXX XŽKда 9€& б! €g€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……9аЬт тр@s s 3чрMAJOR€REGIONAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа \€I-з' a. g  €l€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……\аг  ггHгMid„Atlantic€Region€Monitoring€Programs€„€Part€8д€6МбМX6XЯда T€E-№@  a. l  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Tад€64KМ6МбдгHгProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*\Ќ „„9аAmbient€Toxicityа 9€*\Ќ" „„9аCPSа 9€*\Ќ" „„9аATMETа =€*\Ќ" „„=аа Q€B*\Ќ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*8 ˆ  „„9аAmbient€Toxicity€Testingа 9€*8 ˆ " „„9аCoastal€Plain€Streamsа 9€*8 ˆ " „„9аAtrazne€/€Metal€Achlorа =€*8 ˆ " „„=аEffluent€Biomonitoringа Q€B*8 ˆ " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAgencyа 9€* d „„9аEPAа 9€* d" „„9аDNRа 9€* d" „„9аMDE/CIBA€GEIGYа =€* d" „„=аWye€Research€&€Education€Centerа Q€B* d" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаYear€Initiatedа 9€*№ @ „„9а1990а 9€*№ @" „„9а1992а 9€*№ @" „„9а1995а =€*№ @" „„=а1987а Q€B*№ @" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаMeasuresа 9€*Ь  „„9аBiological€Endpoints,€Contam.а 9€*Ь " „„9аFish,Phys.Hab.,Water€Quа 9€*Ь " „„9аAtrazine/Metal€Achlorа =€*Ь " „„=аToxicityа Q€B*Ь " a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаCollection€Sourceа 9€*Ј ј „„9аа 9€*Ј ј" „„9аа 9€*Ј ј" „„9аа =€*Ј ј " „„=аа Q€B*Ј ј!" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Pointа 9€*„ д" „„9аа 9€*„ д#" „„9аа 9€*„ д$" „„9аа =€*„ д%" „„=аNPDES€permitted€dischargesа Q€B*„ д&" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Sourceа 9€*`А ' „„9аа 9€*`А (" „„9аа 9€*`А )" „„9аа =€*`А *" „„=аа Q€B*`А +" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Transectа 9€*<Œ , „„9аа 9€*<Œ -" „„9аа 9€*<Œ ." „„9аа =€*<Œ /" „„=аа Q€B*<Œ 0" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*h 1 „„9аа 9€*h 2" „„9аа 9€*h 3" „„9аа =€*h 4" „„=аа Q€B*h 5" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*єD 6 „„9аTidal€Areas,€Ch.Bay€W/shedа 9€*єD 7" „„9аCoastal€Plain€Streamsа 9€*єD 8" „„9аMainstream€Bay,€Estuaries,€Str.а =€*єD 9" „„=аWye€Bioassay€Laboratoryа Q€B*єD :" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*а ; „„9аSpring,Summer,Fallа 9€*а <" „„9аSpring,Summer,Fallа 9€*а =" „„9аMarch„Aug,&€Novemberа =€*а >" „„=аYearly€for€Each€Siteа Q€B*а ?" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаSampling€Designа 9€*Ќќ @ „„9аа 9€*Ќќ A" „„9аа 9€*Ќќ B" „„9аа =€*Ќќ C" „„=аа Q€B*Ќќ D" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Randomа 9€*ˆиE „„9аа 9€*ˆиF" „„9аа 9€*ˆиG" „„9аа =€*ˆиH" „„=аа Q€B*ˆиI" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Selectedа 9€*dДJ „„9аSelectedа 9€*dДK" „„9аSelectedа 9€*dДL" „„9аSelectedа =€*dДM" „„=аYesа Q€B*dДN" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Synopticа 9€*@O „„9аа 9€*@P" „„9аа 9€*@Q" „„9аа =€*@R" „„=аа Q€B*@S" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаData€Availableа 9€*lT „„9аReportsа 9€*lU" „„9аReportsа 9€*lV" „„9аReportsа =€*lW" „„=аYesа Q€B*lX" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*јHY „„9аYesа 9€*јHZ" „„9аYesа 9€*јH[" „„9аYesа =€*јH\" „„=аElectronic€&€Hard€copyа Q€B*јH]" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*д$^ „„9аAnnualа 9€*д$_" „„9аAnnualа 9€*д$`" „„9аAnnualа =€*д$a" „„=аWeeklyа Q€B*д$b" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаPartnersа 9€*Аc „„9аа 9€*Аd" „„9аа 9€*Аe" „„9аа =€*Аf" „„=аа Q€B*Аg" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Œмh „„9аа 9€*Œмi" „„9аа 9€*Œмj" „„9аа =€*Œмk" „„=аа Q€B*Œмl" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Agencyа 9€*hИm „„9аа 9€*hИn" „„9аа 9€*hИo" „„9аа =€*hИp" „„=аа Q€B*hИq" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Stateа 9€*D”r „„9аDNB€MDEа 9€*D”s" „„9аа 9€*D”t" „„9аа =€*D”u" „„=аMaryland€Dept€of€Environmentа Q€B*D”v" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Localа 9€* pw „„9аа 9€* px" „„9аа 9€* py" „„9аа =€* pz" „„=аа Q€B* p{" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAuthorities/Reason€for€Progа 9€*ќL| „„9аAssess€Ambient€Toxicityа 9€*ќL}" „„9аDevelop€Bio.€Indicatorsа 9€*ќL~" „„9аEcological€Riskа =€*ќL" „„=аа Q€B*ќL€" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*и( „„9а?а 9€*и(‚" „„9а?а 9€*и(ƒ" „„9а?а =€*и(„" „„=аState€Govt,€Indstry,€Municip.а Q€B*и(…" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Stand.а 9€*Д† „„9а?а 9€*Д‡" „„9а?а 9€*Дˆ" „„9а?а =€*Д‰" „„=аYesа Q€B*ДŠ" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExpansion€of€Prog(Needed/Not)а 9€*р‹ „„9аNeededа 9€*рŒ" „„9аNeededа 9€*р" „„9аNoа =€*рŽ" „„=аNot€Neededа Q€B*р" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаContact€Personа 9€*l М „„9аLenwood€Hallа 9€*l М‘" „„9аLenwood€Hallа 9€*l М’" „„9аLenwood€Hallа =€*l М“" „„=аDaniel€J.€Fisherа S€B*l М”" a. м  €숂a‚ƒ>ƒ„„SаPhone€#а ;€*H!˜• „„;а410„827„8056а ;€*H!˜–" „„;а410„827„8056а ;€*H!˜—" „„;а410„827„8056а =€*H!˜˜" „„=а410„827„8456а:0.H!˜™" a> м   :ад€BШЕ$64Kда  У!™ ад*“ƒZ[ d dЋ dT dT dT і dT з dd XYрА1рА1“дд,Ћ dT дд,` dT дд, dT дд, dT дд,Ъdd дд+  дд€BXя“ X$BШЕдд€6XЯX XBXя“да 9€& б! €g€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……9аЬр@s s 3чрMAJOR€REGIONAL€ENVIRONMENTAL€MONITORING€&€RESEARCH€NETWORKS€&€PROGRAMSˆа \€I-з' a. g  €l€‚a‚ƒ.ƒ„„……\аг  ггHгMid„Atlantic€Region€Monitoring€Programs€„€Part€9д€6МбМX6XЯда T€E-№@  a. l  €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Tад€64KМ6МбдгHгProgram€Name€(Acronym)а 9€*\Ќ „„9аа ?€ *\Ќ" „„?аа ?€ *\Ќ"  „„?аа ?€ *\Ќ"  „„?аа Q€B*\Ќ" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Name€(Full)а 9€*8 ˆ  „„9аWye€Watershedsа ?€ *8 ˆ " „„?аа ?€ *8 ˆ "  „„?аа ?€ *8 ˆ "  „„?аа Q€B*8 ˆ " a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAgencyа 9€* d „„9аMAESа ?€ * d" „„?аа ?€ * d"  „„?аа ?€ * d"  „„?аа Q€B* d" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаYear€Initiatedа 9€*№ @ „„9а1984а ?€ *№ @" „„?аа ?€ *№ @"  „„?аа ?€ *№ @"  „„?аа Q€B*№ @" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаMeasuresа 9€*Ь  „„9аAnions,€pH€Ground€Water€Elev.а ?€ *Ь " „„?аа ?€ *Ь "  „„?аа ?€ *Ь "  „„?аа Q€B*Ь " a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаCollection€Sourceа 9€*Ј ј „„9аRunoff,€Leaching€&Groundwaterа ?€ *Ј ј" „„?аа ?€ *Ј ј"  „„?аа ?€ *Ј ј "  „„?аа Q€B*Ј ј!" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Pointа 9€*„ д" „„9аа ?€ *„ д#" „„?аа ?€ *„ д$"  „„?аа ?€ *„ д%"  „„?аа Q€B*„ д&" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Sourceа 9€*`А ' „„9аContinuous€for€Surface€Waterа ?€ *`А (" „„?аа ?€ *`А )"  „„?аа ?€ *`А *"  „„?аа Q€B*`А +" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Transectа 9€*<Œ , „„9аTransect€for€Groundwaterа ?€ *<Œ -" „„?аа ?€ *<Œ ."  „„?аа ?€ *<Œ /"  „„?аа Q€B*<Œ 0" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Other€areaа 9€*h 1 „„9аа ?€ *h 2" „„?аа ?€ *h 3"  „„?аа ?€ *h 4"  „„?аа Q€B*h 5" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаLocations€for€Data€Collectionа 9€*єD 6 „„9аWye€Research€&€Educ.€Centerа ?€ *єD 7" „„?аа ?€ *єD 8"  „„?аа ?€ *єD 9"  „„?аа Q€B*єD :" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаTemporal€Intervalа 9€*а ; „„9аContinuousа ?€ *а <" „„?аа ?€ *а ="  „„?аа ?€ *а >"  „„?аа Q€B*а ?" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаSampling€Designа 9€*Ќќ @ „„9аPaired€Watershedsа ?€ *Ќќ A" „„?аа ?€ *Ќќ B"  „„?аа ?€ *Ќќ C"  „„?аа Q€B*Ќќ D" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Randomа 9€*ˆиE „„9аа ?€ *ˆиF" „„?аа ?€ *ˆиG"  „„?аа ?€ *ˆиH"  „„?аа Q€B*ˆиI" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Selectedа 9€*dДJ „„9аа ?€ *dДK" „„?аа ?€ *dДL"  „„?аа ?€ *dДM"  „„?аа Q€B*dДN" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Synopticа 9€*@O „„9аа ?€ *@P" „„?аа ?€ *@Q"  „„?аа ?€ *@R"  „„?аа Q€B*@S" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаData€Availableа 9€*lT „„9аHard€Diskа ?€ *lU" „„?аа ?€ *lV"  „„?аа ?€ *lW"  „„?аа Q€B*lX" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Accessibleа 9€*јHY „„9аа ?€ *јHZ" „„?аа ?€ *јH["  „„?аа ?€ *јH\"  „„?аа Q€B*јH]" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExtent€for€Reportingа 9€*д$^ „„9аReports,€Publicationsа ?€ *д$_" „„?аа ?€ *д$`"  „„?аа ?€ *д$a"  „„?аа Q€B*д$b" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаPartnersа 9€*Аc „„9аа ?€ *Аd" „„?аа ?€ *Аe"  „„?аа ?€ *Аf"  „„?аа Q€B*Аg" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Internationalа 9€*Œмh „„9аа ?€ *Œмi" „„?аа ?€ *Œмj"  „„?аа ?€ *Œмk"  „„?аа Q€B*Œмl" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Agencyа 9€*hИm „„9аMAESа ?€ *hИn" „„?аа ?€ *hИo"  „„?аа ?€ *hИp"  „„?аа Q€B*hИq" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Stateа 9€*D”r „„9аDNR/MDAа ?€ *D”s" „„?аа ?€ *D”t"  „„?аа ?€ *D”u"  „„?аа Q€B*D”v" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„Qа€€€€Localа 9€* pw „„9аа ?€ * px" „„?аа ?€ * py"  „„?аа ?€ * pz"  „„?аа Q€B* p{" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаAuthorities/Reason€for€Progа 9€*ќL| „„9аа ?€ *ќL}" „„?аа ?€ *ќL~"  „„?аа ?€ *ќL"  „„?аа Q€B*ќL€" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаUsers€of€Data€per€Yearа 9€*и( „„9аScientists,Policy€Makers,Fed.Govt.а ?€ *и(‚" „„?аа ?€ *и(ƒ"  „„?аа ?€ *и(„"  „„?аа Q€B*и(…" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаProgram€Meets€Metadata€Stand.а 9€*Д† „„9аа ?€ *Д‡" „„?аа ?€ *Дˆ"  „„?аа ?€ *Д‰"  „„?аа Q€B*ДŠ" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаExpansion€of€Prog(Needed/Not)а 9€*р‹ „„9аа ?€ *рŒ" „„?аа ?€ *р"  „„?аа ?€ *рŽ"  „„?аа Q€B*р" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ.ƒ„„QаContact€Personа 9€*l М „„9аKenneth€Staverа ?€ *l М‘" „„?аа ?€ *l М’"  „„?аа ?€ *l М“"  „„?аа S€B*l М”" a. м   €숂a‚ƒ>ƒ„„SаPhone€#а ;€*H!˜• „„;а410„827„8056а ?€ *H!˜–" „„?аа ?€ *H!˜—"  „„?аа ?€ *H!˜˜"  „„?аа:0.H!˜™" a> м    :ад€BШЕ$64Kд