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X) X ) / % Assessment Theterm assessment wasusedtomeandifferentthings.SomeWorkshopparticipantsusedthetermtomeananinventoryandreviewofpastorongoingprograms.AssessmentsinMAIAgenerallyinvolvecomparingavarietyofdatatodeterminethegeneralhealthoftheenvironmentandwhattheproblemsare.However,asusedinthissection,assessmentisanactivityfocusedonthecauses,predictionsandsolutionsrelatedtoaspecificproblem.Forexample,Cowling(1992)definesassessmentas aprocessbywhichscientificandtechnologicalevidenceismarshaledforthepurposesofpredictingtheoutcomesofalternativecoursesofaction. Hefurtherwritesthat assessmentisfocusedonreportinganintegratedviewofcurrentconditionsandfutureprojections,includingcausesandeffects,controloptions,costsandbenefitsofcontrols,andsufficientanalysisoffuturescenariostoidentifypotentiallyefficientandeffectivecontrolapproaches. + z A Z " A r i a l R e g u l a r T a b l e _ D T a b l e _ E T a b l e _ F xz A ` " A r i a l N a r r o w T T T a b l e _ G
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'! X ExecutiveSummary !!t !.
! v
1. ' Introduction !!t !.
! 1 0
2. ' WorkshopScopeandStrategy !!t !. 0 3 3. ' UtilityoftheCENRFrameworkintheMidAtlanticRegion !!t !. M 5 H
4. ' ReferenceIssuesfortheMidAtlanticRegion !!t !. ;;A 7 $ 5. ' OpportunitiesandNeeds 4!4!s !.
, 11 ` ' TheAtmosphere 4!4!s !. W W # 11 ' TerrestrialEnvironments 4!4!s !.
- 13 < ' AquaticEnvironments 4!4!s !.
) 16 2 ' CoastalEnvironments 4!4!s !. ) 19 x ' RegionalSynthesis 4!4!s !. ' 23 6. ' FunctionalImplementation 4!4!s !. ww. 27 J ' IntegrationandCoordinationofMonitoringPrograms 4!4!s !. H 27 ! ' IntegrationofResearchandMonitoring 4!4!s !. {{; 29 "& ' InformationandDataManagement 4!4!s !. 4 31 $l ' AssessmentandInformationTransfer 4!4!s !. 8 33 b% ' RegionalPilotImplementation 4!4!s !. 2 35 &! 7. ' References 4!4!s !. 39 4)$ Appendix1.WorkshopParticipants 4!4!s !. 2 41 +' Appendix2.ChairsandRapporteursforTopicalBreakoutGroups 4!4!s !. O 45 -V( 7 M
d d 7
Appendix3.ExplanationofAbbreviationsandAcronymsUsed 4!4!s !. L 47 Appendix4.MajorEnvironmentalMonitoringandResearchNetworksandPrograms 4!4!s !. X X ^ 49 F M
X X3 B . ` h p x (# '!B ! ' ` X! ExecutiveSummary X3
X
M ' TheCommitteeonEnvironmentandNaturalResources(CENR)oftheNationalScienceandTechnologyCouncilisdevelopingaNationalEnvironmentalMonitoringandResearchFramework.AttheinvitationofthePresident sOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP)approximately110individuals,includingrepresentativesofstateenvironmentandnaturalresourceagenciesandregionalcommissions,universityscientists,representativesofnongovernmentalorganizationsandcorporations,andfederalagencyprogrammanagers,metonApril1012,1996todeterminewhetherandhowbesttoimplementaRegionalPilotintheMidAtlanticareaunderthisFramework.Workshopparticipantswerechargedtoidentify:(1)thekeyresourcemanagementissuesintheregionaroundwhichtointegrateenvironmentalmonitoringandresearch;(2)monitoringandsupportingresearchneededtoprovideinformationrelevanttoresolvingtheseissues;and(3)nextstepsforimplementinganintegratedregionalframeworkbyusing,modifying,andbuildingonexistingfederalandnonfederalprograms. ' ForthepurposesoftheRegionalPilot,theMidAtlanticregionincludesthestatesofPennsylvania,WestVirginia,Maryland,Delaware,andVirginia(FederalRegionIII),theDelawareBay,ChesapeakeBayandAlbemarlePamlicoSoundcomplexandtheirwatersheds(whichaddsportionsofNewYork,NewJerseyandNorthCarolina),andthecoastaloceanextendingtotheedgeofthecontinentalshelf.Itisalsorecognizedthatthedirectinfluenceofatmosphericsourcesandprocessesinthisregionextendstoanevenlarger airshed whichrequiresmonitoring. ' Ingeneral,participantsrepresentingorganizationswithintheregionstronglysupportthegoalofintegratedenvironmentalmonitoringandresearchasarticulatedintheCENRNationalFramework.Participantsbelievethatsignificantvaluewouldbeaddedbybetterintegrationofmonitoringprogramsandofmonitoringandresearchwithintheregion.ThisisparticularlysobecausemanyoftheenvironmentalproblemsfacedintheMidAtlanticregioninvolveinteractionsofatmosphericchanges,landuseandcover,andaquaticandcoastalhabitatsandresources. ' ParticipantsfoundthattheNationalFrameworkcanbeimprovedbymoreattentiontolinkageswiththeusersofmonitoringinformation,including:responsivenesstodecisionmakers informationneeds;interpretationofresults;integrationofenvironmentalandresourcedatawithsocialandeconomicconsiderationsinassessments;disseminationofinformationtodecisionmakersandthepublic;andanticipatoryprediction.Inaddition,inordertoeffectintegrationofmonitoringprograms,thereisaneedfordrivinghypothesesandmodels;moreinclusionofmonitoringofconditionsthatdirectlyaffecthumanhealthandwellbeing;developmentofmethodsthatlinkspacebasedandsitebasedmeasurements;andmoreaggressiveinclusionofnonfederalparticipantsthanisreflectedintheworkingdraftFramework.Finally,theintegrationbetweenresearchandmonitoringmustprogressandaddresssuchdifficultissuesasqualitycontrolofresearchandmonitoringperformedwithinallsectors,detectabilityofchange,andthedevelopmentofhumanresourcesneededforeffectivelyintegratedmonitoringandassessmentoverthelongterm. ' ReferenceIssueswereidentifiedasrepresentativeofthekindsofenvironmentalandnaturalresourceissueswhichareatpresentandfortheforeseeablefuture,subjecttoprotection,managementandrestorationactivitiesintheregion.Intheviewoftheregionalparticipants,iftheimplementation +3'( oftheMidAtlanticRegionalFrameworkdoesnotproduceinformationwhichcanimprovetheeffectivenessofprotectionandmanagementactivitieswhichaddresstheseissues,itwillnotbeperceivedasrelevant,notproduceincentivesforadaptationofexistingmonitoringprograms,andultimatelynotbeembracedandsustained.TheReferenceIssuesidentifiedareChangesinLandUseandCover,NutrientOverenrichment,WaterResourcesforHumanUse,AtmosphericConditionandDeposition,StreamandWetlandHabitatProtectionandRestoration,CoastalFisheriesResources,andEnvironmentalQualityandHumanHealthinUrbanAreas. ' WorkshopparticipantsidentifiedimportantcontributingelementsfortheRegionalPilotandkeygapsinbreakoutsessionsorganizedbyenvironmentalmedia:theatmosphereandterrestrial,aquaticandcoastalenvironments.TheythenconsideredstepstowardimplementingtheRegionalPilotwithrespecttoinformationanddatamanagement,integrationofexistingmonitoringprograms,integrationofresearchandmonitoring,assessment,andorganizationalrequirements.ImplementationoftheMidAtlanticPilotwillrequirehighlevelandlongtermcommitmentandparticipationamongfederalandstateagenciesthroughanExecutiveCommitteeandsteadfastattentiontoexecutionbyaProgramCoordination/ImplementationCommittee.Inaddition,anExecutiveSecretaryandsupportofficewillberequired.However,tobesuccessfultheMidAtlanticPilotmusttakeadvantageofongoingmanagementandassessmentactivitieswhichincludemonitoringorheavilyusemonitoringresults,suchastheMidAtlanticIntegratedAssessment,theChesapeakeBayProgram,theOzoneTransportCommission,NationalEstuaryProgram,andtheMidAtlanticHighlandsCoordinatingCouncil. ' IndiscussionoftheimplementationoftheMidAtlanticPilotamongallparticipantsattheconclusionoftheWorkshop,thecentralimportanceofadditionalassessmentwasstressed,bothinthesenseofmoreindepthappraisalofwhatneedstobeknowntosupportwiseenvironmentalmanagementandinthesenseofdeterminingourabilitytotrulyintegrateexistingregionalprograms.ItwasthewidelyheldviewofWorkshopparticipantsthatassessment,i.e.themarshallingofscientificevidencetodeterminethenatureandrelationshipofenvironmentalproblemsandpredictoutcomesofactions,begivenprimacyintheimplementationofintegratedmonitoringwithintheregion.OneofthekeyWorkshoprecommendationsisthatacoreassessmentbeinitiatedimmediately,priortomajorstructuralreorganizationsorcommitmentswhicharedifficulttoreverse.ThisassessmentshouldincludeaninventoryofenvironmentaldataandinformationcurrentlyavailableandprovidedirectionfortheRegionalPilotandtheNationalFrameworksonaregularbasisinsupportoftheirincrementalimplementationandresultinacomprehensiveassessmentinapproximatelytwoyears.Thatassessmentwillprovidelongtermguidanceforsustainedintegratedmonitoring. ' Akeyneedintheseassessmentsandforunderpinningtheintegrationofvariousprogramsisintheareaofscaling.ItwastheconsensusoftheWorkshopthattheRegionalPilotshouldaddresstheentireregion,butitisclearthatsomesubregionsarebeingandwillbemonitoredmuchmoreintensivelyandatdifferenttimescales.Thus,ourabilitytoextrapolateandinterpolateinformationacrossspaceandtimescaleswillbecriticaltothesuccessofregionalmonitoring"asitwillbefornationalmonitoring. D+&( ' Finally,itwaspointedoutthatthereareregionalissuesandexistingassessmentprogramswhichshouldserveasastrongfoundationforregionalmonitoringintheMidAtlantic,suchastheMidAtlanticHighlandsAssessmentandtheChesapeakeBayProgram.Theseprogramsaddresstheissuesofairquality,atmosphericsources,landuseandcover,andwaterqualityinanintegratedwayandtherebyprovidean inherentcomparativeadvantage fortheregion. p
X X 1.Introduction X
X ? . ' ` h p x (# '? ' Monitoringoftheenvironmentisconductedforvariousresources"soil,water,air,plantsandanimals"forawidevarietyofpurposes,onabroadrangeofscales,andbyanextensivearrayoforganizations.Thecombinedexperienceofscientistsandresourcemanagershasmadeitclearthatecosystemsarenotsimplycomposedofindependentresourcesbutthattheseresourcesinteractonarangeofspatialandtemporalscales.Yet,currentenvironmentalmonitoringprograms,whileofteneffectiveintrackingspecificcomponentsofecosystemsarefoundbyresourcemanagerstobeinadequateandinefficientinprovidingcriticalinformationonhowthesedifferentcomponentsinteract(NSTC,1996).Thishasledtoeffortstoestablishandimplementanationalenvironmentalmonitoringstrategywhich,tothispoint,havebeenunsuccessfulinprovidingtheneededcomprehensivenessandintegration.AmbitiousnationalenvironmentalprogramssuchastheEnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessmentProgram(EMAP)havefailedtointegratemonitoringacrossresourcesandtakeadvantageofotherexistingnationalandregionalmonitoringactivities.Ontheotherhand,effortstocoordinateexistingprogramshavenotyetsucceededinachievingintercomparability,functionallyintegratingresources,orfillingcriticalgaps. ' Shortlyafteritsformationin1993,theNationalScienceandTechnologyCouncil(NSTC)convenednationalexpertsoutsideofgovernmenttorecommendprioritiesforfederalenvironmentalscienceprograms(NSTC,1995a).ThatledtofollowupactivitiesbytheCouncil sCommitteeonEnvironmentandNaturalResources(CENR),includingonetodeterminehowtoreachthenationalgoalforecosystemscience(NSTC,1995b)tounderstand,predictandmanageourecologicalsystemsforsustaineduseandenjoyment.Itspecificallyrecommended: afocusedresearchandmonitoringprogramthatimprovestheinformationbaseneededtoconductregional,national,andinternationalsyntheses. Toactonthisrecommendation,CENRconvenedateamoffederalscientistsand < programmanagers,theEnvironmentalMonitoringTeam, todevelopanationalframeworkforintegrationandcoordinationofenvironmentalmonitoringandrelatedresearchthroughcollaborationandbuildinguponexistingnetworksandprograms. TheEnvironmentalMonitoringTeamproducedaproposedFrameworkforintegratingtheNation smajorenvironmentalmonitoringandresearchnetworksandprograms toallowunderstanding,assessment,evaluation,andforecastingoftheNation srenewablenaturalresourcesatnationalandregionalscales (NSTC,1996). ' TheguidingprinciplesfortheFrameworkrequireittobedrivenbypolicyneeds(effectivelyaddressingenvironmentalissuesofpresentandfutureconcern),scientificunderstanding(basedonsoundscientificandstatisticalmethods),andinteragencycooperation(involvingappropriatefederal,state,tribal,privateandinternationalorganizations).Inadditionitshouldbebuiltusingsuccessful keystone monitoringandresearchprogramsandmustbecosteffective,continuous,interoperable,adaptiveandaccessible(NSTC,1996).TheCENRFrameworkenvisionsahierarchicalstructureforintegratingmonitoringthat:(1)characterizesspecificpropertiesoflargeregionsbycontinuousmeasurement(e.g.remotesensing);(2)characterizesspecificpropertiesoflargeregionsbysampling;and(3)focusesonthepropertiesandprocessesofspecificlocations. ' AsacriticalsteptowardimplementingtheFrameworkasaNationalIntegratedEnvironmental
MonitoringProgramtheCENREnvironmentalMonitoringTeamrecommendedconveninga *4&' workshoptodevelopanimplementationplanfortheFrameworkinapilotregion.Itreasonedthat implementationfirstonaregionalscaleratherthannationallyhastheadvantageofrequiringsmallermodificationsofagencybudgetsandprogrammaticobjectiveswhileallowingafieldtestoftheproposedFramework.TheMidAtlanticregionwasselectedasthefirstpilotregionbecauseregionalscaleenvironmentalassessmentsarealreadyongoingandmultijurisdictionalenvironmentalmanagementprogramsinthisregion(e.g.theChesapeakeBayProgram)relyonenvironmentalmonitoringprogramswhichcouldbenefitfrombetterintegration. ' FromaMidAtlanticperspective,thetypeofintegratedmonitoringconceptualizedbytheCENRFrameworkisparticularlytimely.Notonlyarepolicymakersandmanagersstrugglingtobettermanageenvironmentalissueswhichinvolvemultiplemedia(air,soil,water,andbiota)andaffectseveralresources(e.g.,agriculture,forests,andfisheries),butscientistsarebeginningtomakeadvancesinunderstandingphenomenaoperableondifferentspaceandtimescales.Asweprogresstowardthegoalsofecosystemmanagement(InteragencyEcosystemManagementTaskForce,1995)andsustainabledevelopment(President sCouncilonSustainableDevelopment,1996),innovativeandresponsiveenvironmentalmonitoringmustbeakeyelement. ' TheMidAtlanticRegionalPilotWorkshopwasheldonApril112,1996,atCollegePark,Maryland.Thisreportsummarizesthedeliberationsandrecommendationsofthatworkshop.ItisintendedthatthisreportprovideguidancefortheimplementationofaMidAtlanticIntegratedEnvironmentalMonitoringProgramandusefulinputtoasubsequentworkshoptodevelopanationalimplementationplanfortheFramework. 8 $
'! ' ` X$
X X 2.WorkshopScopeandStrategy X
X B . ' ` h p x (# '!B ' TheobjectivesoftheWorkshopwereto:(1)obtaintheviewsofregionalenvironmentalmanagersandscientistsregardingtheFrameworkanditsutilityintheMidAtlanticregion;(2)identifyimportantregionalenvironmentalissuestowhichintegratedmonitoringshouldberesponsive(referenceissues);(3)identifyongoingmonitoringandresearchprogramswhichcouldcontributeandimportantgapswhichpresentlyexist;and(4)recommendimplementationstrategiesandactivities. ' Q A = x |
` @ HK K K K E : Ny> NN Fig NN ure1.TheMidAtlanticRegionasdefinedforthepurposesoftheRegionalPilotIntegratedMonitoringProgram. ' ForthepurposeoftheRegionalPilot,theMidAtlanticRegionisoperationallydefinedas $h FederalRegionIII(includingthestatesofPennsylvania,Delaware,Maryland,VirginiaandWestVirginia)plusthoseregionsofthecatchmentbasinsoftheDelawareBay,ChesapeakeBay,andAlbemarleandPamlicoSoundswhichfallinneighboringstates(portionsofthestatesofNewJersey,NewYork,andNorthCarolina,Figure1).Thus,theregionisdefinedbyacombinationofphysiographic(thethreelargeestuariesandtheirwatersheds)andgeopoliticalcriteria.ItslandareaisidenticaltothatconsideredbytheEnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessmentProgramLandscapescomponent(Kepner,etal.,1995),buttheregionalsoincludestheestuarine *%! environmentsandcoastalocean(includingthecontinentalshelf). ' ParticipantsintheWorkshopincludedapproximately110individualsrepresentingawidevarietyoffederalagencies(DepartmentsofAgriculture,Commerce,EnergyandInterior,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,NationalScienceFoundation,andCentralIntelligenceAgency),agenciesofthestatesofDelaware,Maryland,NewYork,NorthCarolina,Pennsylvania,SouthCarolina,WestVirginia,andVirginia,multistatecommissions,universitieswithinandoutsideoftheregion,nongovernmentalorganizationsandcorporations.AlistingoftheseparticipantsisgiveninAppendix1. ' DuringtheopeningsessionoftheWorkshop,presentationsbyDr.RosinaBiernbaumofthePresident sOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy,Dr.RobertHuggett,EPAAssistantAdministratorforResearchandDevelopment,andDr.MichaelRuggierooftheNationalBiologicalServiceandCoLeaderoftheCENREnvironmentalMonitoringTeam,providedbackgroundonthedevelopmentoftheFrameworkandthecontextforrecommendationsonitsimplementation.Messrs.J.RandyPomponioandThomasDeMossofEPARegionIIIreviewedtheobjectivesoftheMidAtlanticIntegratedAssessment(MAIA)anditsresultstodate.Theremainderoftheworkshopconsistedofthreebreakoutsessions,eachfollowedbyaplenarymeetingtoreportanddiscusstherecommendationsofeachbreakoutgroup.TheseplenarydiscussionsweremoderatedbytheWorkshopChair,Dr.DonaldBoeschoftheUniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmentalandEstuarineStudies,whowasalsoresponsibleforeditingtheProceedings. ' ThebreakoutsessionswerepartofthethreestepstrategytomeettheWorkshopobjectives: E +
h p x (# ' ` XE
.0 UtilityoftheFrameworkandReferenceIssues .Duringthefirstsession,fivegroupsof 0 participants(randomlyassigned)eachconsideredtheutilityoftheIntegratedMonitoringFrameworkappliedtotheMidAtlanticregionandidentifiedpotentialreferenceissues.
(#(#
.0 OpportunitiesandNeeds .Duringthesecondbreakoutsession,fourgroupsofparticipants \ identifiedongoingmonitoringandresearchprogramswhichcouldcontributewithinseparateenvironmentalmedia(atmospheric,terrestrial,aquatic,andcoastal),opportunitiesforbetterintegration,andsignificantgaps.Afifthgroupaddressedopportunitiesandneedsforregionalsynthesisacrossenvironmentalmedia.
(#(#
.0 FunctionalImplementationofMidAtlanticRegionalPilot .Duringthefinalbreakout !h session,groupsidentifiedimplementationstrategiesandactionstobetterintegratemonitoringandresearcheffortsintoausefulregionalframework,withseparategroupsaddressinginformationanddatamanagement;integrationofresearchandmonitoring;integrationofmonitoringprograms;assessmentandtransferofinformation;andRegionalPilotimplementation.
(#(# H . ' ` h p x (# XH ' TheparticipantsinthevariousbreakoutgroupsareidentifiedinAppendix1.ThebreakoutgroupchairsandrapporteursarelistedinAppendix2.Inadditiontothereportsoftherapporteurs,usefulinputtothisWorkshopReportwasprovidedinadetailedproceedingsoftheWorkshopthatwaspreparedbyEMS,Inc. )4%% $
'! ' ` X$
X X 3.UtilityoftheCENRFrameworkintheMidAtlanticRegion X
X E 1 ' 4
< D L ! T$ '!E ' Ingeneral,Workshopparticipants,representingboththescientificcommunityandorganizations 0 thatconductandusetheresultsofmonitoringwithintheregion,stronglysupportthegoalofintegratedenvironmentalmonitoringandresearcharticulatedintheFrameworkproposedbytheCommitteeonEnvironmentandNaturalResources(NSTC,1996).Participantsbelievethatsignificantvaluewouldbeaddedbybetterintegrationofmonitoringprogramsandofmonitoringandresearchwithintheregion.ThisisparticularlysobecausemanyoftheenvironmentalproblemsfacedintheMidAtlanticregioninvolveinteractionsofatmosphericchanges,landuseandcover,andaquaticandcoastalhabitatsandresources.Thenexusofairquality,spreadingurbandevelopment,habitatdestruction,anddegradedwaterqualityrequiresthatenvironmentalmonitoringandassessmentbemuchbetterintegratedthanitpresentlyisifthevariousresponsiblefederalandstateagenciesaretomeettheirresponsibilities.K 1 4
< D L ! T$ ' 4XK ParticipantsfoundthattheFrameworkcanbeimprovedbymorespecificattentionto linkageswiththeusersofmonitoringinformation ,including:
K 1 4
< D L ! T$ 4XK
0 responsivenesstodecisionmakers informationneeds; h (#(#
0 interpretationofresults; d (#(#
0 morespecificattentiontodatamanagementandaccess; (#(#
0 integrationofenvironmentalandresourcedatawithsocialandeconomicconsiderationsin L assessments;
(#(#
0 disseminationofinformationtodecisionmakersandthepublic;and 8 (#(#
0 anticipatoryprediction. (#(# E 1 4
< D L ! T$ XE Inaddition,inordertoeffect integrationofmonitoringprograms ,thereisaneedformore thanisreflectedintheworkingdraftFrameworkintermsof: K 1 4
< D L ! T$ 4XK
0 drivinghypothesesandmodels; \ (#(#
0 moreinclusionofmonitoringofconditionsthatdirectlyaffecthumanhealthandwellbeing; X (#(#
0 developmentofmethodsthatlinkspacebasedandsitebasedmeasurements; (#(#
0 inclusionofIndexSitesthatareintenselyused,manipulated,ormanaged(inordertoassess !@ managementpractices,remediation,andrestoration),inadditiontorelativelynaturalsites;and
(#(#
0 moreaggressiveinclusionofnonfederalparticipants,particularlyasthismayhelp %l incorporatemorespatiallyfocused,nonfederalmonitoringprogramswithintheFramework..
(#(# Finally,the integrationbetweenresearchandmonitoring mustprogressbeyond lipservice X'" andaddresssuchdifficultissuesas: E 1 4
< D L ! T$ XE
0 qualitycontrolofresearchandmonitoringperformedwithinallsectors; )$! (#(#
0 detectabilityofchange;and (#(#
0 thedevelopmentofhumanresourcesneededforeffectivelyintegratedmonitoringand L assessmentoverthelongterm. < (#(# Ѐ
X X 4.ReferenceIssuesforMidAtlanticRegion X
X L E 1 ' 4
< D L ! T$ XE ' ThefirstbreakoutgroupswereaskedtoidentifyfiveimportantenvironmentalornaturalresourceissueswhichareparticularlyimportantintheMidAtlanticregion.Theconcurrentgroupsuseddifferentlevelsofspecificity.Furthermore,constrainingthenumberofissuestofiveoftenproducedlistsofhighlygeneralizedtopics.Theplenarydiscussionwasspirited,buteventuallyledtogeneralconsensusontheparticularimportanceofthefollowingsevenissuesintheMidAtlanticregion.Thesearenottheonlyimportantissuesfortheregion,nordotheynecessarilyrepresentthemostdirectconcernsofthepublic.Also,obviouslytheydonotincludeissueswhichare,atthemoment,unknownorunderappreciatedbutmayemergeasimportantinthefuture.Rather,theyhavebeenselectedtoas referenceissues torepresentthekindsofenvironmentalandnaturalresourceissueswhichareatpresent,andfortheforeseeablefuture,subjecttoprotection,managementandrestorationactivitiesintheregion. ' Itisalsoacknowledgedthattheissuescouldbedescribedindifferentways,e.g.fromaresourceorprocessperspective.Also,itisclearthatmanyoftheseissuesareclearlyinterrelatedandthatintegratedregionalmonitoringultimatelymustreflecttheseinterrelationships. ' ThepurposeofidentifyingReferenceIssuesintheWorkshopistoprovideatestofrelevanceforanIntegratedMonitoringandResearchFrameworkfortheMidAtlanticRegion.IftheimplementationofthisRegionalFrameworkdoesnotproduceinformationwhichcanimprovetheeffectivenessofprotectionandmanagementactivitieswhichaddresstheseissues,itwillnotbeperceivedasrelevant,notprovideincentivesforadaptationofexistingmonitoringprograms,andultimatelynotbeembracedandsustained.K 1 4
< D L ! T$ ' 4XK ChangesinLandUseandCover: Whatarethechangesinlanduseandlandcoverandthe P consequencesofthesechangestobioticandabioticresourcesandthequalityofhumanlife? ' TheMidAtlanticRegionischaracterizedbyextensiveforestsandagriculturallandsandalsobysubstantialurbanandsuburbandevelopmentwhichisexpandingthreetimesfasterthanthepopulationisgrowing.Foodandfiberproduction,wildliferesources,biodiversity,waterquality,andhumanqualityoflifeandrecreationareallaffectedbythedynamicchangesinlanduseandcoverintheregion.Importantmanagementgoalsintheregion(nopriorityorderimplied)include:(1)urban/suburbangrowthmanagement(whichhasimportantimplicationsforinfrastructurecosts,socialgoals,andqualityoflifeaswellasair,waterandsoilqualityandhabitatconservation);(2)agriculturallandpreservation;and(3)maintenanceofhealthyforests(forsustainableuseofresources,conservationofbiologicalresources,andmaintenanceofwaterquality). ' K 1 4
< D L ! T$ 4XK NutrientOverenrichment :Whatarethesourcesandtransportratesofnutrients(particularly '"" nitrogenandphosphorus)andtheeffectsofincreasednutrientloadingonterrestrial,aquaticandmarineecosystems?Towhatextentarecontrolstrategieseffective? ' B . ' ` h p x (# XB TheMidAtlanticRegionischaracterizedbylargeinputsofplantnutrientsfromagriculture, * &% foodconsumption,wastedisposalandthecombustionoffossilfuelsandbyextensiveestuarieswithlongresidencetimes.Itisalsocharacterizedbyactivities(urbandevelopment,agriculture,anddeforestation)whichdiminishthenutrientretentivecapacitiesofthelandscape.Thisisanexplosivemixturewhichhasresultedineutrophicationofsomeriversandlakesandvirtuallyalloftheestuariesintheregion(andpossiblyevencontinentalshelfwaters)withundesirableconsequencestoresources.ReductionofeutrophicationvianutrientcontrolstrategiesthroughoutthewatershedsisacentralobjectiveoftheambitiousecosystemmanagementeffortsinChesapeakeBay,theAlbemarlePamlicoSoundsystem,theNewYorkCitywatersupplyandelsewhere.Anewmonitoringframeworkthatdoesnotenhanceourcapabilityforassessingatmosphericinputs,landscapeconditionsandhydrologicalprocessesaffectingnutrienttransport,andtheresponsesofaquaticandcoastalecosystemsisnotlikelytobeembracedbytheimportantregionalmanagementprogramsthatfocusonnutrientcontrol. ' H 1 4
< D L ! T$ ' XH WaterResources :Whatarethepresentstatusandfuturetrendsinthequantityandqualityofwater L forhumanuse? ' B . ' ` h p x (# XB Populationgrowthandsprawlandtheuseoffreshwaterresourcesforagricultureandindustryareplacingincreasingpressuresonthis waterrich region.Groundwaterdrawdownandcontamination(e.g.withnitrate)andwateruseconflictsinwaterlimitedareaswhererapiddevelopmentistakingplace(e.g.urbansoutheasternVirginia)areharbingersofproblemstobefacedinthefutureelsewhere. ' AirQualityandAtmosphericDeposition :Whatarethestatusandtrendsofairqualityandthe depositionofnutrientsandtoxicantsfromtheatmosphere?Whataretheeffectsofemissioncontrolstrategies? ' Theatmospherethroughouttheregionismodifiedbyhumanactivities,particularlybychangesinitschemicalcompositionasaresultofcombustionoffossilfuels,notonlythoseactivitieswithintheregionbutbyactivitiesinthebroader airshed. Humanrespiratoryproblemsandstresstoforestscausedbyincreasedgroundlevelozone;increasedhaze;acidicdepositionwithresultingeffectsonsoils,forests,streamsandlakes;andeutrophicationaggravatedbydepositionofnitrogenareamongtheconsequences.Theatmosphericsourcesarenowknowntobeasignificantsourceofnitrogenandcertaintoxicantsinpartsoftheregion. ' StreamandWetlandHabitatProtectionandRestoration :Whataretheextentandnatureof ! streamandwetlandhabitats,howhavetheirfunctionsbeenimpaired,andhoweffectiveareeffortstoprotectandrestorethem? ' Thestreams,rivers,andwetlandsthroughoutthemultiplewatershedsoftheMidAtlanticregionfunctionasthecirculatorysystem"andtoalargeextentthekidneys"ofregionalecosystems.Thesehabitatshavebeensignificantlydegradedbysedimentation,acidminedrainage,andmodificationofriparianzones,impairingtheirhydrologic,assimilatoryandhabitatfunctions.Protectionandrestorationofstreamsandwetlandsarecommongoalsthroughouttheregion,beitforfishandwildlife,recreation,ornonpointsourcecontrol.Integratedmonitoringintheregionshouldcontributetoassessmentsofthemosteffectiveprotectionandrestoration x*%& strategiesandofprogresstowardmanagementgoalsthroughouttheregion. ' H 1 4
< D L ! T$ ' XH CoastalFisheriesResources :Whatisthestatusofcoastalfisheryresourcesandhowcandepleted L resourcesberebuiltandsustained? ' B . ' ` h p x (# XB CoastalfisheriesareintroublethroughouttheMidAtlanticregionasaresultofunsustainableutilization,obstructionstomigration,habitatdegradationanddiseases.Majoreffortsareunderway,rangingfromrestorationofstreamaccessbyanadromousspeciestorebuildingoysterreefstosevererestrictionsofharvest,inordertorebuildstocksandmanagesustainableuse.TheseeffortsinvolveFederalandstateagenciesandprivateandnongovernmentalorganizations.Althoughfisheriesmanagementissuesareimportantinmanyotherregionsofthecountry,theinterconnectednessofcoastalocean,estuarineandriverinehabitatsandpopulationsisanimportantcharacteristicintheMidAtlanticwhichposesparticularrequirementsforintegratedenvironmentalmonitoring. ' H 1 4
< D L ! T$ ' XH UrbanEnvironmentalQualityandHumanHealth :Whataretheexposureconditionsofurban T andnearbypopulationstoimportantenvironmentalhealthrisks? WhiletheMidAtlanticRegionprovidesarelativelyhealthyenvironmentforitsmillionsofresidents,concernsabouttheenvironmentaleffectsonhumanhealthremaininspecificpartsoftheregion,particularlyinurbanandsurroundingregions.Ofparticularconcernaregroundlevelozone,notonlyincitiesbutinsuburbanandruralareasdownwind,andexposuretotoxicsubstancesandenvironmentallybornepathogensforurbanpopulationswhosesocioeconomiccircumstancespresentgreaterrisks. @
X X L 5.OpportunitiesandNeeds X
X Fourmediaspecificgroupsidentifiedongoinglocal,regionalandnationalmonitoringprograms 0 fortheatmosphereandterrestrial,freshwater,andcoastalenvironments,usingtheReferenceIssuesasatouchstoneofrelevance.Afifthgroupaddressedregionalsynthesis,specificallyidentifyingthecurrentstateofintegrationacrossenvironmentalmediaandusefulmodelsandmanagementstrategiesthatcouldfosterintegration.Allgroupswerealsoaskedtoidentifysignificantgapsinenvironmentalmonitoringandrelatedresearchandopportunitiesforbetterintegrationofmonitoringprogramsandconsiderthecurrentstateofenvironmentalresearchintheregion.
X X Q ( ! ! ! !
l Q Table1.Atmosphericmonitoringprogramswhichcouldcontributetointegrated M
monitoringintheMidAtlanticregion.SeeAppendix3forlistofabbreviationsandacronymsandAppendix4foraninventoryofmajorfederalenvironmentalmonitoringandresearchnetworksandprograms. I & ! ! ! ! 0
! ! 1 ! ! I *q ! " d d d X d d X d d X (#(#q , rd D , d D , d D , Xd D , d D , d T +
7 &
Q
P` - 7 & & # & & & & Program
N ? 0 p 3|| N Deposition
@ 1 " " " @ Air
@ - " " " @ Visibility G = * " "
` -
P P` - G
& k & Wet
9 * { " 9 Dry
9 * { " 9 O3
9 * { " 9 (SOx,NOx)
= * { " = Q $ B * {
` -
P P - Q NADP
0 $ ! D $ 0 weekly
9 $ * D " $ 9
9 $ * D " $ 9
9 $ * D " $ 9
= $ * D " $ = Q B * D "
-
P $ P` - Q AIRMoNwet
0 ! = 0 daily
9 * = " 9
9 * = " 9
9 * = " 9
= * =! " = Q B * =" "
` -
P P` - Q AIRMoNdry
0 ! # 0
9 * $ " 9 hourlyweekly
9 * p& " 9
9 * ' " 9 weekly
= * ( " = Q B * ) "
` -
P P` - Q CASTNet
0 ! i* 0
9 * i+ " 9 weekly
9 * i, " 9 hourly
9 * i- " 9 weekly
= * i. " = Q B * i/ "
` -
P P` - Q NARSTO/PAMS
0 ! 0 0
9 * 1 " 9
9 * 2 " 9 hourly
9 * 3 " 9 hourly
= * 4 " = Q B * 5 "
` -
P P` - Q NPS
0 ! k 6 0
9 * k 7 " 9
9 * k 8 " 9
9 * k 9 " 9 hourly
= * k : " = Q B * k ; "
` -
P P` - Q IMPROVE
0 ! !d < 0
9 * !d = " 9
9 * !d > " 9
9 * !d ? " 9 daily
= * !d @ " = hourly S B * !d A "
` -
P P` = S STATES(NAMS/SLAMS)
2 ! $[ C 2
; * "
D " ;
; * "
E " ;
; * "
F " ;
= * "
G " = : 0 . "
H "
` =
P
: S ( ! ! ! ! d% ! ! ! ! ! S I & ! ! ! ! &2"! ! 1 A 1 I # &# & # TheAtmosphere X
X Q(#J MonitoringofatmosphericvariablesisimportantforassessmentofanumberoftheReference )B%K IssuesfortheMidAtlanticregion.Thesevariablesincludewetanddrydepositionofnutrientsandtoxics;ambientairquality(O3,SO2,NOx,chlorinatedorganics,andorganicparticles);atmospheric emissions(SO2,NOx,VOC,toxics,andgreenhousegases);andmeteorologicaldata.These indicatorsshouldbeconsideredintermsoftheirspatialandtemporalvariations,loadings,andconcentrations.OngoingmonitoringprogramsrangefromcompliancemonitoringrequiredbytheStatestonationalandregionalnetworksthataddressdeposition,airqualityandvisibilityassummarizedinTable1. & &
X X # & & & & Thebreadthofissuesaddressedbytheatmosphericmonitoringactivityextendsacrossthespectrumfrom . ecologytohealthandtoaesthetics,correlatingstronglywiththetabularheadingsdeposition,concentrationandvisibilityinTable1. ThepriorityenvironmentalissueforatmosphericmonitoringintheMidAtlanticregionisozoneanditsconsequences.Itaffectsbothhumanhealthandecosystemsviadirecteffectsonvegetationandindirectlyviaitsrelationshiptothedepositionofoxidizednitrogen(NOx),whichcontributestoacidityandexcess nitrogenloadingofterrestrial,aquaticandcoastalsystems.Thefactorsresponsibleforozoneformationthusalsoinfluenceaciddeposition,eutrophicationandairborneparticleswhichaffecthumanhealthandaesthetics.Thisisoneinterrelatedsystemwhichhastobedealtwithsimultaneously.Asecondissueconcernstheintegrationandassessmentoftheeffectivenessofairqualityregulationswithrespecttohumanandecosystemhealth.Questionsraisedincludethefollowing:Whatisthehealthoftheecosystemandhowisitchanging(amonitoringandresearchissue)?Whyisitchangingandwhatiscausingthechanges(asourcequantificationandresearchissue)?Whatcanbedoneaboutundesirablechanges(anassessmentissue)?And,istheactiontakenhavingthedesiredeffect(amonitoringissue)? Gapsandresearchneedsidentifiedincludethefollowing:E 1 4
< D L ! T$ XE
0 theabilitytoaccuratelyquantifypointestimatesofdrydepositionversusthatofwetdeposition, P especiallyincomplexterrain;
(#(#
0 theabilitytoaccuratelyquantifydrydepositionatagivenpoint; ( x (#(#
0 theabilitytopredictwetanddrydepositionbyinterpolationorextrapolation,whichrequiresbetter v models;
(#(#
0 integrationofdatafromruralandurbanmonitoringsites,includingdeterminationoftheeffectsof urbansourcesonruralareas;
(#(#
0 refinedestimatesofemissions(SO2,NOx,plusCO2,CFCs,etc.)frombothnaturalandanthropogenic ! sourcesandhowthesesourcesvaryacrosstheregionandtemporally;
(#(#
0 qualitycontrolforstateruntoxicsmonitoring; #> (#(#
0 timelyintegrationbetweenmodelingandmonitoring;and <% (#(#
0 measurementsofatmosphericconditionsoveropencoastalwaters. &!! (#(# K 1 4
< D L ! T$ 4XK RegardingotherelementsoftheFramework,theselectionofIndexSitesshouldbeinfluencedbytheregionalReferenceIssuesandandtheappropriatenessofthesitesfortestinghypothesesaswellasbyecoregionconsiderations.However,thefocusonintensemeasurementatIndexSitesshouldnotcomeattheexpenseofthenumberofvaluablemonitoringsitesalreadyinexistence.ColocationofIndexSiteswith f*%% existingsitesshouldbeconsideredwhenexistingsitesprovidetheregionalrepresentationrequired.Oneoftheobjectivesintheinitialphasesoftheprogramistocharacterizetheamountofvariabilityinmeasurementsamongsitesanddeterminetheoptimalnumberofsitesrequiredtodelivertheneededlevelofcertaintyfromthedata. Reductionsinthenumberofmonitoringsitesgenerallyimposesgreaterrelianceonmodelingpredictionsforinterpolatingandextrapolatingmeasurements.But,modelscurrentlyrequiremoreobservationsinordertoincreaseconfidenceintheirpredictions.Surveys,orsynopticmeasurementsoverlargeareas,arenotveryrelevantinatmosphericmonitoring.Rather,monitoringofhighlydynamicatmosphericconditionsrequirelongtermobservationsatfixedlocations. Finally,E 1 4
< D L ! T$ XE theMidAtlanticregionisinfluencedbyatmosphericsourcesandprocessesfromoutsideoftheregionitself.The airsheds aremuchlargerthanthewatersheds.Forthisandotherreasons,ambientairandmeteorologicalmeasurementsarenecessaryfortheinterpretationofmodelingresultsandarecriticalforintegratingenvironmentalmanagementconcerns.K 1 4
< D L ! T$ 4XK # &# & # TerrestrialEnvironments X
X ?
IntegratedmonitoringofterrestrialenvironmentsintheMidAtlanticregionmustconsider: 0
0 Landuseandmanagement,whichaffectsecosystemgoodsandservices,environmentalquality, M andthesustainabilityofanygivenuse.Management,planning,andanalysisofeffectsmusttakeintoaccountinteractingcomponentsoflandscapestructuresandprocesses,includingcoveragetypeandarea,intensityofuse,structureofthebioticandabioticenvironment,andthespatialextentanddistributionofdifferentlandusetypes.
(#(#
0 Humanactivities,whichhavebecometheprimaryshorttermdriverofnaturalecosystem z structure,processandstabilityintheMidAtlanticregion.Atthesametime,Wemustalsoconsidertheimpactsofthenaturalecosystemontheconditionofthehumaneconomicandsocialsystems.Issueswhichareparticularlyrelevantinthatregardincludelinksandfeedbacksbetweenhumanandnaturalsystems(rangingfrompublichealthandrecreationtospeciespreservation);economicsandsustainableresourceuse;socialpriorities;humandemographics;hydrologicfunctions,includingwaterresourcesandwaterpurificationfunctions;ecosystemsustainability,health,andproduction;andclimatechange(increasingCO2andchanging
Z temperatureandprecipitation).
(#(# Avarietyoflocal,regionalandnationalmonitoringandassessmentactivitiesthatarerelevant g" tointegratedmonitoringintheMidAtlanticregionwereidentified.Onlysomeoftheseoflargerscopearelistedbelow(seealsoAppendix4).FromthislistingitisclearthatthereismuchmonitoringofterrestrialenvironmentsintheMidAtlantic,butthemonitoringisgenerallyconductedforaparticularassessmentpurposeandtheprogramsarepoorlylinked. E 1 ' 4
< D L ! T$ XE
.0 MultiResourceLandCharacterization(MRLC)involvescollectionandanalysisofremotely '"" senseddatafromLandsatThematicMapper(TM)andMultispectralScanner(MSS)coordinatedbyEPA.Itsobjectiveisthereportingofchangesinlandcover.Atpresentithasnoformallinktoassessments,remainstobeadequatelygroundtruthed,andisnotcalibrated d*%% toStateefforts.
(#(#
.0 USGSLandCoverMappinginvolvescollectionandanalysisofremotelysenseddatavia > AVHRR.Itsobjectiveistoidentifyecotypecomplexity.Thisprogramisnotlinkedtoanyplannedassessmentactivityortostateorlocalefforts.Groundtruthingisinitsinfancy.
(#(#
.0 SouthernAppalachianAssessmentemploysdatafromTM,ForestInventoryandAnalysis andtheHeritageProgramforthepurposeofspecificassessments.ItcoversthreemountainouscountiesinVirginiaandWestVirginiaandinvolvescooperationwiththeManandtheBiosphere(MAB)ProjectincooperationwithstatesandtheUnitedStatesForestService.Itsobjectivesaretoassesslandusefragmentation,foresthealthandspeciesdiversity.Thereisasocioeconomiccomponentlinkinghumanpopulationgrowth,demographicsandrecreationneedstotheenvironmentalcomponent.
(#(#
.0 StateGapAnalysisPrograms(GAP)areassessmentdrivenandinvolvecooperationamong theNationalBiologicalService,StatesandStateheritageprograms.Theirobjectiveistoexaminethedistributionofspeciesandhabitat,askingthequestion:"Doconservationprogramsactuallyprotectspecies?"TheyemployTMandaerialvideographyandarelinkedtoonthegroundbiodiversitysurveys.
(#(#
.0 ForestHealthMonitoringProgram(FHM)coverageincludes20statesnationwide,including Delaware,Maryland,Virginia,WestVirginiaandNewJerseyintheMidAtlantic.BasedonastateFederalpartnership,itsobjectiveistoassessforesthealth.InthisprogramaerialphotographyislinkedtoplotbasedsamplingconductedbythestatesandtheU.S.ForestService.Datacollectionisunderwayandanqualityassurance/qualitycontrolprogramisinplace.Anassessmentframeworkisunderdevelopmentandafewassessmentshavebeenrecentlycompleted.
(#(#
.0 CoastalChangeAnalysisProgram(CCAP)isconductedbyNOAAandhasasitsobjective " thequantificationofcoastalhabitatchangeonapproximatelyfiveyearintervals.LandSatTMisusedtomeasurechangesinemergentwetlandsandcoastaluplandvegetationandaerialphotographyisusedtomeasurechangesinsubmersedaquaticvegetation.Muchofthegroundverificationisprovidedbycooperatingstateagencies.CCAPisinitiatingasecondchangedetectionfortheChesapeakeBayestuarinedrainageareafortheperiod19891994.
(#(#
.0 BaltimoreWashingtonCollaboratoryhastheobjectiveofprovidingaspatialdataframework #/ tocalibrateandassesslandscapechangemodels.Itsapproachincludesthedevelopmentofgroundtruthdataandhistoricalanalysisoflanduse.Theassessmentobjectiveistodetermineandimprovethequalityofresourceassessmentsforuseinwaterquality,landuse,andwateruseplanningintheBaltimoreWashingtonarea.
(#(#
.0 NationalResourcesInventoryoftheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturehastheobjectiveof )\$# determiningthelinkagesbetweenlandmanagement,landcover,commodityproduction, )L%$ waterquality,andsoilquality.Itincludesprivatelandssurveysandprovides groundobservation asopposedtogroundtruth.TherearenoformallinkagestoothermediaorlandownershipsurveysandassociatedassessmentshavebeendrivenbyCongressionalmandate.
(#(# K 1 4
< D L ! T$ ' 4XK Importantneedsforimprovingtheabilitytomonitor,assessandreportonchangesinterrestrial n environmentsintheMidAtlanticregionincludethefollowing: E 1 ' 4
< D L ! T$ XE
0 S accurateinformationonthechangesinlanduse,bothintermsoftheirspatialdimensions {
andintensityofmanagement;
S(#S(#
0 S measurementsofchangesandeventsatthe"edges"betweenlandusesandecozoneswhere ( dynamicchangesmakeestablishmentof stable measurementsitesdifficult;.
S(#S(#
0 S sufficientcoverageatmosphericdepositionmonitoringsitestolinkdepositiontoresponse; 5
S(#S(#
0 S quantitativesoilsurveys,basedonproabalisticsamplingandupdatedfrequentlyenoughto
keepabreastofchangingsoilconditions;
S(#S(#
0 S integrationofsampling,samplingprotocols,datasetsandanalysisandassessmentefforts O todeterminecauseeffectrelationships;
S(#S(#
0 S thecapabilitytoprojecttheimpactsofeconomicanddemographicchangesonterrestrial \ ecosystems;
S(#S(#
0 S regionalassessmentsofnetprimaryproductivityandCO2flux; S(#S(#
0 S adequatecharacterizationofwatershedhydrology; &v S(#S(#
0 S adiseaseinformationsystem(plant,animal,human); S(#S(#
0 S coordinatedinformationonthestatusandtrendsofexoticspecies; P S(#S(#
0 S anassessmentframeworkincludingcommunityecology,biodiversity,andinteraction m dynamicsastheyaffectnutrientcycling,disease,speciessurvival,etc.
S(#S(# K 1 4
< D L ! T$ ' 4XK Thefollowingwouldhelpmeettheseneeds: H 4 ' 4
< D L ! T$ XH 1.0 S Dataandinformationonwhyprivatelandmanagersmakethedecisionstheydo. 7! S(#S(# 2.0 S Informationdistributionsystemsthatareresponsivetouserneeds. " S(#S(# 3.0 S Techniquesfortheinterpretationofurbanimagery. $a S(#S(# 4.0 S Integratedreferenceinformationthatprovidesmorecompletecoverage(includingIndex ~% Sitesandintegratedsurveys).
S(#S(# 5.0 S Integrationtools(conceptualandassessmentmodels)thatdefineexpectationsofecosystem '+# goodsandservices.Theseshouldcodify,intermsusablebymultipleperspectives(environmentalists,extractioncompanies,municipalmanagementcommissions,gamemanagementagencies,etc.),whatismeantby"healthy ecosystems,forestsorfisheries. *% S(#S(# 6.0 S Indicatorsforuseinintegrationmodelsthatreflectecosystemcondition,distinguish ! changesfromnormalvariability;andarelogisticallyfeasibleandcostefficient.
S(#S(# 7.0 S Methods(statistics,empiricalandconceptualmodels,valuationtechniques,etc.)to .~ aggregatemeasurementsintoindicatorindices.
S(#S(# 8.0 S Approachestocomparetransfereffectsbetweendifferentsystems. S(#S(# 9.0 S ImprovedtechniquesforthemeasurementofCO2fluxandthelinkagebetweenfluxand
H ecosystemnetprimaryproductivity.
S(#S(# 10.0 S Methodsformorecompleteandsimplecharacterizationsofwatershedhydrologic U
framework(source,routing,timing).
S(#S(# 11.0 S Newtechniquesfororganismalprofilesthatincorporatethepopulationdynamicsand functionalrolesintheecosystemoftheorganism.
S(#S(# N 1 4
< D L ! T$ ' 4XN
X X AquaticEnvironments X
X _
Considerationofaseriesofquestionsconcerningaquaticenvironmentsandresourcesishelpful inassessingthepotentialcontributionsofexistingprogramstoanintegratedregionalmonitoringprogramandthegapswhichneedtobefilled:B .
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.0 Aquaticorganisms,includingnonindigenousspecies: M (#(# K 1
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0 Arepopulationsofaquaticorganismsandwater-dependentreptilesandmammals j changing?Wherehavechangesoccurredandwhyhavetheyoccurred(e.g.,UV-B,acidrain,agriculturalrunoff,endocrinedisruption)?
(#(#
0 Aremanagementpracticesandregulationshavingtheirintendedeffects? (#(# N 1 4
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.0 Streamhabitatandsubstratealterations: $ t (#(# K 1
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0 Areflowsadequatetosupportfisheriesandbenthicinvertebrates? (#(#
0 Whichhumanactivitieshaveaffectedaquatichabitatsandtowhatextent? N (#(#
0 Whataretheeffectsofwetlandsloss,channelization,impoundmentsandsubsidence? k! (#(#
0 Aremanagementpracticeshavingtheintendedeffect? "( (#(# K .
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XK
.0 Hydrologyandwatersupply: E$ (#(# K 1
< D L ! T$ XK
0 Havewatersupplies,distributions,andrunoffcharacteristicschangedduetowateruse %! (urbandevelopment,landuse,salt-waterintrusion)?Whereandwhyhavechangesoccurred?Howmighttheychangeinthefuture,particularlyasaconsequenceofclimatechanges?
(#(#
0 Arewatersuppliesadequatetoservefuturepopulations? )?% (#(# K .
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XK
.0 Waterquality: ! (#(# K 1
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0 Howhaswaterqualityinsurfaceandsub-surfacewaterschanged?Wherehavechanges > occurredandwhyhavetheyoccurred(landuse,climatechange,landfills)?
(#(#
0 Havemanagementpracticeshadtheintendedeffect? (#(#
0 Whatfactorscontrolorinfluencewaterquality(e.g.,sedimentation,acidification,
X eutrophicationincludingtrophicstatus,acidminedrainage,salt-waterintrusion,geology)?
(#(# K .
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XK
.0 Wetlandsandriparianzones: U
(#(# K 1
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0 Arewetlandsintheregioncontinuingtochange?
(#(#
0 Wherehavethechangesoccurredandwhyhavetheyoccurred(e.g.,landuse,climate / change,restoration,wastetreatment)?
(#(#
0 Havemanagementpracticeshadtheintendedeffects?
(#(#
0 Whatfactorscontrolorinfluencewetlandfunction?Dowetlandsprovidefunctional I valuesfordownstreamwaterquality,stormflowattenuation,andsedimentcontrol?Havethosefunctionalvalueschangedovertime(e.g.asaresultofphysical,thermalorchemicaleffects)?
(#(#
0 Towhatdegreedoartificialandrestoredwetlandsprovidethefunctionalvaluesof 6 naturalwetlands?
(#(# K .
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.0 Impoundments: (#(# K 1
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0 Whatisthecurrentdistributionoffree-flowingstreams? P (#(#
0 Whathavebeentheeffects