’WPC,4 Z”`øŻur7ŕ({óņc<2N¢eų|g¦ņß6bѾ ¾}‰ĻS¬Öåµāģ?2ŗ~åzõÄJŹFĢõR…œŌ!¾••?dšĶ* āh·Ōd;āįcģüE‡|=ö! čKAłķEźw†śÜqΤc@MMčJ$o™pŽxMwy“]9nnō˜v¬ū!Ź–{>"FēR·?„×%éƒ8’Hƒ<āać{SĀI‰ķ؄š ČòŸ|`c¶¢~ÄĘc_˜ŻyƉP|Š„żn ³õpń<Ā’KrēU9VƑź{7™šŠ.›FŸk: Ŗk&›T‰ŗ1,®1 Ž|Š»*ÉÓ>D}‹3ži×±ŌKƒŪ¼/BĪ9euż/Ŗ«0vÖń+ƒXµyąnc~^æS%+“óvv-å·bcN2ž£ŸéO˜Ét×,ėö9Všj½™D>°›I“ ĊӦ§é1/ 20…A¦·/‡J‹õ>Äļ+ŗyČ ×é)q\Ž(!œC¤3ßzT÷(Łŗ× ŪE[ąfNōą²č•!‰S†Öhl“é‰Wź©B§šjżłŪyśņŚe|"p°zC’G#ü.kUBŚ % 0$U" 0wU6~ U *“ 0īŽ 0IĢ U)< 0CQ ” Cœ U4¶ Eź Bģ ł ULfNaP Bœ*dU&4ŽfĀaÄfŲaŚU HīUH6~š hx²f*a,õ@ D+5UH` 0xØU< U&<\f˜ašĘ® 0Ot 0JĆ AM Znj 04p¤ AQ¬Ęż 0PĆ 0D! D/W! B†!f£!f„!a§!b»! 0Pæ!UH"UNW"UH„"bķ"ań"w@#4E#fY#a[#UHo#UH·#UH’#UHG$UH$UH×$"%A% h]% hc%UH|%| Ä%U<@/f|/a~/ h’/ h«/ h­±/ he^0fĆ0aÅ0 hKŁ0 hÓ$1 hķ÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1÷1UHä3<ž6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiX>’’$"Small Circleš"šą0..ą8wX’’6ProChapterŌ€¼¼¼ŌŌK€2ä2AArialBoldTTKŌą@ģ..mąŌ€000ŌŌ?€ ō\  `Roman?Ō2ä2AArialBoldTT ō\  `Roman2dX’’0SECTIONŌ€XXXŌŌK€2ä2AArialBoldTTKŌŌ€000ŌŌ?€ ō\  `Roman?Ō4 ’’2Quick 1..ą0..ąĢ ōŻz `$Book AntiquaTT(’’$ņņŚ  ŚŚ  Śóó žŻ ƒ/¤T!ŻÓ  ÓŻ  Ż€€€€€ņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóņņŌ‡GXŗćXXXŌ€Integrating€The€Nation's€Environmental€Monitoring€and€Research€Networks€andŠ ° ŠPrograms:€A€Proposed€Frameworkóó,€The€Environmental€Monitoring€Team,€Committee€onŠ Øų ŠEnvironment€and€Natural€Resources,€National€Science€and€Technology€Council,€Executive€OfficeĻof€the€President€(draft€of€September,€1996;€final€version€in€January,€1997).Ō#†XĪŹXXGXŗćK#Ō ’’’dż>P `CG TimesTT d ļŻ ƒ3 ¾"ŻÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ‡%X°’ XXXŌņņ"My€challenge€to€the€Federal€agencies€responsible€for€natural€resourceŠ  Šprograms€and€environmental€quality€is€to€work€in€partnership€with€state€andĻlocal€governments€and€non„governmental€organizations.€€We€must€develop€anĻintegrated€and€comprehensive€monitoring€system€out€of€the€many€separateĻnetworks€that€exist€today."€óó€Vice€President€Al€Gore,€September€24,€1996Ō#†XĪŹX X%X°’'#Ō.Ö*ä0 4CG TimesBold ItalicWN Table_H&’’0 d d2Ͼ¦ `CG TimesWNTable_CTable_F,±X^ Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular+±X^ Z ‹0Book Antiqua RegularFORESTS GROUPRANGE GROUP Table_G ėŻ ƒ$ć)$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż€ņņŌ‡JXNgXXXŌBuilding€A€Scientific€Basis€to€Ensure€the€Vitality€and€Productivity€of€U.S.€Ecosystemsóó,Š ° ŠEcosystem€Working€Group,€Committee€on€Environment€and€Natural€Resources,€National€ScienceĻand€Technology€Council,€Executive€Office€of€the€PresidentŌ#†XĪŹXXJXNgS#Ō€Ō‡jX.*XXXĪŹŌ(December,€1995).Ō#†XĪŹXXjX.*˜#Ō'ČČČČdxd,™ v Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular(((3ć)$¤¤Ż ƒ/¤T!ŻÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó ōŻz `$Book AntiquaTTōŻz `$Book AntiquaTTTable_I Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5('2/Ņ$££Ż ƒ/¤T!ŻÓ  ÓŻ  Ż("’’$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  ŚŚ  Śó ó)*+"A<< c’’3|x'«<ž6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxž6X@ÉJQX@2ä2AArialBoldTT10cpi¼™Œä2p±}wC¼ ō\  `RomandTT10cpi00Tō\  PŽ@Q0P2ä2AArialBoldTT10cpiX:xä2p±}wCX ōŻz `$Book AntiquaTTpiXXYōŻz PæÄQXP ō\  `RomanquaTTpi&&Sō\  PŽ@Q&P.Ö*ä0 4CG TimesBold ItalicWN 00|Ö*ä0 xģ}BQ0˜ ō\  `RomanBold ItalicWN ĀĀDō\  PŽ@QĀP2Ͼ¦ `CG TimesWNItalicWN XXĻ¾¦ PģjQXP/Ö*ä0 4CG TimesBold ItalicWN ĀĀdÖ*ä0 xģ}BQĀ˜ &z ,Book AntiquaBoldTTWN 00V&z šæéQ0ōŻz `$Book AntiquaTTpiWN 00SōŻz PæÄQ0P( ¤T$””Ó  Ó23*45Cž’<< C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5((3 ¾$¢¢Ż ƒ/¤T!ŻÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó ó66'÷’ dxdü’P PdTable_D!ł((3 ¾$©©Ż ƒ/¤T!ŻÓ  ÓŻ  Ż+±X^ Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular6Times New Roman Regular+±X^ Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular łTable_D ĄĄ D!Ą"D#Ą$D%Ą&Ą'Vź“k!dĻbalanced€sTable_E+’I} Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular,™ v Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular,™ v Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular+’I} Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular+±X^ Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular-+>ä Z ‹0Book Antiqua RegularFRESHWATER GROUPCOASTAL GROUP,™ v Z ‹0Book Antiqua Regular r Ż ƒ3 ¾"ŻÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ‡QXtXXXŌŌ‡Q&<&XQXtŌņ ņSetting€the€Toneó óŠ  ŠĢŌ#†QXtX&Q&ä Z ‹0Book Antiqua RegularŻ ƒ/¤T!ŻÓ  ÓŻ  Ż›ŁŁŌ€ X¬–XXXŌņ ņŃ€:ŃŃ7€=ŲĘ=XXdģdČ7ŃĢĢĢĢĢą@ģģ*ģąņņˆĢą@l l ģąNational€Environmental€MonitoringˆĢą@** ģąand€Research€WorkshopˆĢóóĢó óą@"""ģąņ ņDraft€Proceedingsó óˆŠ ¬ü  ŠĢĢĢĢĢą@t t ģąS.€Dillon€Ripley€Center,€Smithsonian€InstitutionˆĢą@’’#ģąWashington,€DCˆĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢą@44 ģąSeptember€25„27,€1996ˆĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢą@¶¶ģąExecutive€Office€of€the€PresidentˆĢÓ  ÓNational€Science€and€Technology€CouncilĢCommittee€on€Environment€and€Natural€ResourcesĢ̜DRAFT€„„€January€6,›€œ1997›Š  D+”&' ŠĢņ ņŌ‡ ¼Ås¼X X¬–ŌProceedings€of€a€National€Workshop€on€Š ¤ō ŠEnvironmental€Monitoring€and€ResearchŌ#† X¬–X¼ ¼ÅsŃ#Ōó óŠ ¼  ŠÓ  ÓĢĢĢÓ  Óņ ņContentsó óŠ °  ŠĢĢÓšÓExecutive€SummaryĢĢ1.€€œIntroduction›ą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąŠ tÄ  ŠĢœ2.€›€œPlenary€Talks›ą ø ąą  ąŠ \¬  ŠĢ3.€œ€Breakout€Sessions›€ą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąŠ D” Šą  ąĢœ4.€€Synthesis€TalksĢą  ąEcosystem›€Health:€Challenges€in€Synthesis€and€Predictioną Č ąą  ąŠ  p ŠĢœ5.›€€œNext€StepsĢą  ąReport€CardĢą  ąRegional€Pilot€ProjectsĢą  ąIndex€SitesĢĢAppendices›Ģ̜ą  ąLetter›€of€September€24,€1996€to€Workshop€Participants€from€œthe€Vice›€President€Ģ̜ą  ąBreakout›€Group€MembersĢ̜ą  ąWorkshop›€Participantsą h ąœŠ „"Ō ŠĢŠ  l$¼! ŠŌ‡ XM XX X¬–ŌÓ  ÓSUMMARYŠ ° Šof€theĢNational€Environmental€Monitoring€and€Research€WorkshopĢSeptember€25„27,€1996ĢSmithsonian€Institution,€Washington,€D.C.ĢÓūÓß?€' °= xdE°_ x?ߊ ` ° ŠĢĢThe€National€Science€and€Technology€Council's€Committee€on€Environment€and€NaturalĻResources€Research€convened€a€workshop€to€examine€the€Nation's€environmental€monitoringĻand€related€research.€€The€workshop€was€held€at€the€Smithsonian€Institution's€Ripley€Center€inĻWashington,€D.C.€during€September€25„27,€1996.€€More€than€160€stakeholders€representingĻthe€public€and€private€sectors€participated€in€the€workshop.€€The€overall€charge€to€theĻworkshop€participants€was:€€"How€can€we€[Federal€agencies]€improve€our€currentĻenvironmental€monitoring€and€research€programs€and€the€synthesis€of€that€information€toĻaddress€policy€issues€related€to€the€health€of€our€Nation's€ecosystems?"ĢĢThis€charge€was€expanded€by€Vice€President€Gore's€challenge€for€federal€agencies€to€workĻwith€the€scientific€community€and€other€interested€parties€to€produce€a€"report€card"€on€theĻhealth€of€the€nation's€ecosystems€by€the€year€2001.ĢĢDiscussions€were€carried€out€in€four€groups€representing€four€major€ecosystem€types:€forests,Ļcoastal/marine,€rangelands/croplands,€and€freshwater/rivers.€€The€discussion€topics€includedĻidentification€of€policy„relevant€scientific€questions,€variables€related€to€ecological€goods€andĻservices,€and€design€of€a€national€environmental€monitoring€and€research€framework.€€A€panelĻof€distinguished€speakers€from€the€federal€and€non„federal€sectors€explored€the€challenges€ofĻsynthesis€and€prediction€in€the€field€of€ecosystem€health.ĢĢThree€major€action€items€were€agreed€to€at€the€workshop:ĢĢ1.ą  ąComplete€within€18€months,€a€draft€national€assessment€that€will€iterate€to€the€2001€Š ļ? Šą  ąreport€card,€and€derive€from€existing€monitoring€and€research.ĢĢ2.ą  ąInitiate€a€series€of€regional€pilot€projects,€starting€in€the€Mid„Atlantic€Region,€that€Š æ"! Šą  ątakes€monitoring€and€assessment€to€a€more€detailed€level€and€addresses€institutional€¼ą  ąissues.ĢĢ3.ą  ąDevelop€a€pilot€study€to€explore€the€capability€of€a€national€network€of€index€sites,€Š &Ļ!% Šą  ąincluding:€€examining€what€we€have€now,€their€roles€in€the€overall€effort€(cause€and€¼ą  ąeffect),€and€what€would€be€needed€to€make€it€work,€and€establishing€pilot€sites€ą Š ąŠ _(Æ#' Šą  ąto€demonstrate€and€evaluate€this€role.ĢĢThese€recommendations€were€presented€to€and€accepted€by€the€CENR€EnvironmentalĻMonitoring€Steering€Committee€which€is€directing€implementation€actions.Ō#† X¬–X X XMÜ#Ō›ą x ąŠ  ,o'+ МŃ€?:Ńßd€10 ` 8ØżČ `€E±Č,d“Ä@°Xõdßā °@°@°(#°(#ā›ĢĢĢĢĢĢ̜Ģā °(#°(#°@°@āĢ›ĢœĢ›ĢÓ  Óņ ņ1.€€INTRODUCTIONó óŠ  p  ŠÓ  ÓĢą  ąThe€well„being€of€the€United€œStates›€œ,€its€people€and€their›€œeconomy,›€is€strongly€tied€toĻthe€health€of€its€renewable€resources€„€soil,€water,€air,€plants,€and€animals.€€Our€long„termĻsocial€and€economic€stability€depend€in€large€measure€on€our€ability€to€manage€ourĻrenewable€natural€resources€effectively€and€protect€them€from€degradation€and€depletion.€€WeĻmust€know€the€status€of€our€resources,€whether€changes€in€this€status€are€occurring€and,€ifĻso,€why€and€how€these€changes€are€taking€place.€€Because€the€natural€world€is€continuallyĻchanging€on€its€own,€it€is€also€vital€to€be€able€to€distinguish€between€the€causes€and€effectsĻof€anthropogenic€and€natural€change.ĢĢą  ąœMost€environmental›€programs€were€œestablished›€in€response€to€specific€resource€needsĻand€issues.€€œ€While€these€programs€are€generally€effective€at€tracking€specific€aspects€ofĻindividual€ecosystem€components,€they›€are€not€designed€to€support€comprehensive,Ļscientifically„based€evaluations€of€the€condition€of€the€Nation's€œecosystems.€›€Our€ability€toĻinterpret€observed€changes€in€the€environment,€make€future€predictions,€and€design€effectiveĻmanagement€strategies€requires€an€improved€understanding€of€the€structure€and€function€ofĻecosystems€and€the€interactions€among€their€components.ĢĢą  ąœThe›€need€for€an€integrated€monitoring€system€†was€œrecognized€by€the›€member€agenciesĻof€the€Committee€on€Environment€and€Natural€Resources€œ(CENR),€one€of€nine€committees€ofĻthe€National€Science€and€Technology€Council€(NSTC).›€€The€NSTC€was€created€by€the€PresidentĻin€1993€at€a€level€equivalent€to€the€National€Security€Council€and€Council€of€EconomicĻAdvisors.€€Its€purpose€is€to€œcoordinate›€science€agencies€and€overcome€the€€š šstovepipingšš€œof›Ļmonitoring€œand€research€programs.€›€CENR€is€composed€of€cabinet„level€representatives€of€allĻfederal€agencies€involved€in€environmental€research.€€œAs€the€committee€proceeeded€with€itsĻwork,€it€established€an€Ecosystems€Working€Group€recognizing€the€need€to€examine€federalĻprograms€from€a€perspective€of€ecological€systems€as€whole€entities.€€The€Working€GroupĻā ārecommended€a€comprehensive€research€program€supporting€integrated€assessments€atŠ Š* &( Šregional€and€national€scales׃!ׯ ƒ ’’ŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×.€€Š ° Šā āĢą  ąRecognizing€that€sound€understanding€of€the€environment,€€nationally€€and€regionally,Ļrequires€credible€and€defensible€data,€CENR€launched€the€National€Environmental€MonitoringĻInitiative.€€An€Environmental€Monitoring€Team€was€convened€and›€met€for€several€months€inĻ1995€to€develop€a€proposed€national€frameworkœ×ƒ tׯ ƒ ’’ŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  כ€for€integrating€the€Nation's€environmentalŠ t Ä Šmonitoring€and€research€programs.€€The€National€Environmental€Monitoring€and€ResearchĻWorkshop€was€designed€to€build€upon€this€framework€and€solicit€input€from€the€scientificĻcommunity€to€refine€and€revise€the€approaches€proposed€œtherein.Š  P   Šņ ņÓ  Ó2.€€PLENARY€TALKSó óŠ ° ŠÓAÓĢą  ą›Ģ̜ą  ąPlenary€talks€were€given€throughout€the€meeting€to€set€the€background€for€discussionsĻin€breakout€groups.€€The€first€of€these€was€given€by€Dr.€John›€H.€Gibbons,€Assistant€to€theĻPresident€for€Science€and€œTechnology.€ĢĢą  ąDr.€Gibbons›€pointed€out€that€the€United€States€already€has€the€world's€leadingĻscientific€infrastructure€for€collecting€and€analyzing€scientific€information€and€sharing€dataĻacross€agencies€and€with€scientists€everywhere.€€He€affirmed€that€environmental€monitoringĻcan,€and€will,€benefit€from€reinvention,€and€ingenuity€will€identify€ways€to€use€these€resourcesĻmore€effectively€across€scales€of€space€and€time€and€with€improved€science€and€technology.ĢĢą  ąDr.€Gibbons€then€presented€a€message€to€the€Workshop€from€the€Vice€President:€ĢĢą8  ąņņEnvironmental€monitoring€is€the€foundation€for€the€scientific€informationŠ š@ Šnecessary€to€œmake€wise€decisions€key€to€meeting€the€twin€goals€of€continued›Ļvigorous€economic€growth€and€preservation€of€our€environmental€heritage...€TheĻknowledge€we€gain€from€improved€monitoring€of€our€rivers,€forests,€oceans,€andĻair€is€the€knowledge€we€need€to€make€informed€decisions.€The€health€of€ourĻecosystems€is€integral€to€the€health€of€our€people.€We€are€making€wonderfulĻstrides€in€our€efforts€to€protect€the€public€health€from€environmentalĻthreats...however,€it€is€clear€that€we€need€the€best€environmental€observing,Ļunderstanding,€and€fore‚cas‚ting€capabilities€that€we€can€provide€to€supportĻecosystem€management.€Today's€challenge€is€to€improve€those€capabilities†š"š†¼initially€across€the€federal€agencies,€and€ultimately,€with€our€public€and€privateĻpartners.óóŠl¼Š Š  ŠĢœIn€his€letter€to€workshop€participants,€the€Vice€President€called€for€an€ecosystem€"reportĻcard",€a€call€which€became€a€focal€point€of€the€workshop:Ō‡XĪŹXX X¬–ŌŠ H!˜ ŠĢÓI€"&€!!!!@#TIÓҽ°ŅҰŅŌ#† X¬–XXXĪŹā&#ŌņņToday,€I€am€challenging€our€agencies€to€work€with€the€scientific€community€andŠ %#u  Šother€interested€parties€to€produce€a€š šreport€cardšš€on€the€health€of€our€nation'sĻecosystems€by€2001.€This€report€card€should€establish€an€environmental€baselineĻto€evaluate€the€status€of€our€ecosystems.€We€need€to€know€whether€or€not€ourĻwetlands€and€forests€are€improving,€whether€our€timber€productivity€isĻincreasing,€whether€our€croplands€are€as€fertile€as€they€can€be,€and€whetherĻour€fisheries€are€recovering.€We€need€to€understand€if€the€laws€we€have€put€inĻplace€to€protect€the€health€of€the€environment€are€working.ĢóóŠ ę*6&( Šßf€1P2"`xK’s< `€ED|!d“8 Sѐ·"fßā ½¾½¾½Š ½Š āŠ Ń!½¾½¾ ŠŅ°½Ņņ ņÓxd° ,X„°FÜ4` Œ ø ä <h”ĄģDpœČō Lx¤Š ü!(#°œXxÓÓ6ūϰ« …X,°„,FÜ™,6ÓEnvironmental€Monitoring€and€Research€Processó óŠ Ń! ŠĢ›ą ½ ąDr.ņ ņ€ó óJerry€Melillo,€€co„chair€of€the€Workshop€and€nominee€as€the€AssociateŠ ūK ŠDirector€for€Environment€in€the€President's€Office€of€Science€and€Technology€œPolicy,›Ļthen€stated€the€formal€challenge€to€the€Workshop:€ĢĢą0 ½ ą"How€can€we€improve€our€current€environmental€monitoring€and€researchĻprograms€(and€the€synthesis€of€data€derived€from€them)€to€address€policyĻquestions€related€to€the€health€of€the€nation's€ecosystems?"Š ½Š ½Š  ŠĢą ½ ąDr.€Melillo€pointed€out€that€the€Council€on€Environmental€Quality€(CEQ)€in€1970Ļreported€that€an€effective€strategy€for€national€environmental€quality€requiresĻinformation€on€status€and€trends.€CEQ€noted€that€we€could€react€to€problems,€butĻcould€not€prevent€or€predict€them,€and€called€for€a€comprehensive€program€ofĻenvironmental€monitoring.€CEQ's€comment€at€that€time€was€that€the€Federal€agenciesĻcollected€a€variety€of€fragmentary,€incompatible€data€that€did€not€provide€adequateĻinformation€or€coverage€of€the€national€environmental€condition.€After€26€years,Ļfederal,€state€and€local€agencies€still€collect€a€variety€of€data€that€are€fragmentaryĻand€incompatible€on€a€national€scale€in€type€and€coverage.€However,€we€are€muchĻbetter€off€than€we€were:€we€have€new€tools€such€as€remote€œsensing,›€sophisticatedϜinstrumentation€for€ņņin€situóó€data€collection,›€geographic€information€systems€(GIS),€andŠ §÷ Мsimulation›€modeling€techniques€to€aid€in€analysis€and€synthesis€of€data.ĢĢą ½ ąDr.€Melillo€then€presented€a€scheme€for€the€overall€process€within€whichĻenvironmental€monitoring€and€research€efforts€should€be€viewed:ĢĢ€€ššą0 ½ ąIdentify€policy€goals€and€questions.Šć3½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąRefine€the€policy€goals€and€questions,€defining€sub„goals€and€sub„questions.ŠųH½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąMap€the€policy€goals€and€questions€to€science€questions.Š !]½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąSelect€key€parameters€that€must€be€measured€to€answer€the€science€questionsŠ ""r Š(status„and„trends€questions€may€require€different€parameters€than€will€cause„¼and„effect€questions).Š ½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąChoose€the€best€techniques€for€measuring€the€key€parameters.Š%o ½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąDevelop€the€appropriate€sampling€design€for€making€the€measurements.Š4&„!!½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąDesign€a€data€management€scheme.ŠI'™""½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąDevelop€the€synthesis/†analysis€scheme€that€will€allow€us€to€speak€to€the€policyŠ ^(®## Šgoals€and€questions.Š ½Š ½Š  ŠĢThis€process€is€not€œnew,›€but€common€acceptance€of€it€may€be€useful€in€ensuring€thatŠ |+Ģ&& Šbasic€aspects€are€not€overlooked€as€we€seek€to€improve€environmental€monitoring€andĻresearch€œprograms€and€to€develop€a€š šreport€cardšš€on€the€health€of€our€NationššsĻecosystems.›€ĢœĢņ ņEnvironmental€Assessmentsó óŠ ć3 Š›Ģœą ½ ąThe€federally„prepared€"Natural€Resource€Assessments"€are€as€close€as€we€comeĻtoday€to€producing€a€report€card€on€the€health€of€the€Nation's€ecosystems.€€Of€course,Ļthey€are€not€just€one€report€card,€but€over€40€separate€documents,€addressing€bitsĻand€pieces€of€the€overall€picture€we€would€like€to€have.€€None€of€these€was€intended€toĻbe€a€comprehensive€report€card€„„€all€fulfill€important€information€needs€on€specificĻtopics.ĢĢą ½ ąTo€assist€the€workshop€participants,€a€summary€of€federal€natural€resourceĻassessments€was€developed€by€Robin€White€and€provided€to€participants€before€theĻmeeting.€€An€overview€was€presented€at€the€meeting€by€Dr.€Robert€Friedman,€ViceĻPresident€of€the€H.€John€Heinz€III€Center€for€Science,€Economics,€and€the€EnvironmentĻand€co„chair€of€the€workshop.€€For€this€summary,€assessment€was€defined€asĻinterpretation€and€evaluation€of€monitoring€results€for€the€purpose€of€answeringĻpolicy„relevant€questions€about€ecological€resources.€€The€objective€of€an€integratedĻassessment€is€to€be€able€to€determine€whether€our€ecosystems€can€provide€the€goodsĻand€services€that€society€values€at€the€level€which€we€desire.€€Ultimately,€we€wouldĻlike€to€know:Ģą ½ ąš"šą0 ` ąthe€health€of€the€Nationššs€ecological€resources,Фō` Š ` Š  Šą ½ ąš"šą0 ` ąthe€reasons€why€they€are€the€way€they€are,й ` Š ` Š  Šą ½ ąš"šą0 ` ąthe€choices€available€for€their€protection€and€improvement,ŠĪ` Š ` Š  Šą ½ ąš"šą0 ` ąthe€consequences€of€those€choices.Šć3` Š ` Š  ŠPresent€assessments€by€federal€agencies€are€able€to€only€partially€answer€theseĻquestions.ĢĢą ½ ąExamples€of€major€federal€assessments€include€Agricultureššs€ResourceĻConservation€Act€Assessment€and€its€Forest€and€Rangeland€Renewable€ResourcesĻPlanning€Assessment,€the€interagency€National€Acid€Precipitation€Assessment€Program,Ļand€EPAššs€Clean€Water€Act€Biennial€Assessment.€€The€assessments€all€focus€on€fairlyĻspecific€regions,€resources,€or€stresses€but€over€half€collect€information€on€theĻnational€or€large€regional€scale.€€None€of€the€major€ecosystem€categories€are€ignored.€ĻSystem€functions€(biogeochemical,€hydrological,€and€geomorphic)€are€broadly€covered.€ĻOther€characteristics,€such€as€diversity€and€aesthetic€or€existence€values,€are€less€wellĻcovered.€€The€assessments€focus€heavily€on€status€and€trends€of€the€resources€orĻenvironmental€goods€and€services€they€consider.€€Fewer,€but€still€a€considerableŠ Ŗ+ś&' Šnumber,€venture€further,€including€discussion€of€cause€and€effect€and€even€someĻforecasts.€ĢĢą ½ ąCould€these€assessments€be€stapled€together€to€provide€the€answers€beingĻsought?€€Why€hasnššt€a€comprehensive€report€card€been€produced€yet?€€Dr.€FriedmanĻsuggested€two€possible€reasons:€€1)€we€have€not€determined€how€to€synthesize€theĻvariety€of€data€and€assessments€available€to€us;€and€2)€we€are€not€doing€as€well€as€weĻmight€in€measuring€appropriate€parameters€at€the€appropriate€temporal€and€spatialĻscales.ĢĢņ ņEnvironmental€Monitoring€and€Research€Frameworkó óŠ Ż-  ŠĢą ½ ąThe€proposed€Framework€for€National€Environmental€Monitoring€and€ResearchĻNetworks€and€Programs€was€described€for€the€workshop€by€Dr.€Michael€Ruggiero,Ļleader€of€the€interagency€team€charged€by€CENR€to€develop€an€integrating€andĻcoordinating€mechanism.€€The€Framework€is€simultaneously€a€monitoring€frameworkĻand€a€strategy€for€assessment€and€synthesis€of€environmental€data.€€The€FrameworkĻhas€four€main€objectives:€to€summarize€information€about€major€federal€environmentalĻprograms€and€related€research€networks;€to€propose€a€structure€for€integratingĻnational€and€regional€environmental€monitoring€and€research€across€space,€time,€andĻnatural€resources;€to€provide€general€recommendations€for€integrating€monitoring€andĻresearch;€and€to€propose€immediate€actions€for€agencies€to€implement.€€In€general,Ļexisting€networks€consist€of€relatively€few€sites€that€take€frequent€measurements€of€aĻfew€variables€or€a€great€number€of€sites€that€monitor€many€variables€less€frequently.€ĢĢą ½ ąThe€guiding€principles€for€the€Framework€require€it€to€be€driven€by€policy€needsĻand€scientific€understanding,€with€complete€cooperation€among€federal,€state,€local,Ļtribal,€and€international€agencies.€€€It€should€be€based€upon€existing€successfulĻmonitoring€programs,€and€efficiently€designed€to€ensure€continuous,€adaptive,Ļinteroperable€and€accessible€coverage€over€the€long€term€(perhaps€50€to€100€years).€€AĻsuccessfully€integrated€program€must€be€able€to€address€the€variety€of€environ‚mentalĻissues€of€current€and€future€concern,€and€must€answer€questions€needed€forĻassessment€and€policy€questions:€Is€the€environment€getting€better€or€worse?€Why?ĻWhat€can€we€do€about€it?ĢĢą ½ ąThe€conceptual€paradigm€for€achieving€the€Framework's€multiple€goals€is€basedĻupon€a€multi„tiered€approach:€the€base€level€involves€spatially€continuous€surveys€andĻmonitoring€(remote€sensing),€the€intermediate€scale€involves€spatially€sub„sampledĻsurveys€and€monitoring,€and€the€top€level€requires€integrating€location„specific,Ļintensive€monitoring€with€the€broader„scale€surveys.€All€three€tiers€require€and€haveŠ G+—&' Šassociated€research€(methodological)€components.ĢĢą ½ ąThere€is€a€large€gap€between€intensive€sites€and€regional€surveys€of€the€firstĻand€third€tiers,€and€multiple€monitoring€approaches€are€required.€The€FrameworkĻrecognizes€the€need€for€š šindex€sitesšš†š"š†intensive€surveys€of€€relatively€small,€selectedĻareas€with€more€variables€monitored€than€those€typically€studied€at€extensive€arraysĻof€sites,€with€simultaneous€research€on€environmental,€physical,€and€ecologicalĻprocesses.€Monitoring€is€essential€to€assessment€of€natural€resources;€modeling€toolsĻare€used€to€tie€monitoring€over€various€scales€of€time€and€space€to€assessments€atĻvarious€scales.€€Any€environmental€monitoring€program€should€be€capable€of€fiveĻthings:ĢĢ€€ššą0 ½ ąDetermining€the€status€of€environmental€valuesŠÅ ½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąDetermining€changes€and€trendsŠŚ* ½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąDetermining€causes€and€effectsŠļ?½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąProviding€early€warnings€of€environmental€perturbationsŠT½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąProviding€information€to€evaluate€the€effectiveness€of€environmental€policiesŠi½Š ½Š  ŠĢIt€was€noted€that€the€design€of€a€system€to€do€any€one€of€these€things€might€be€quiteĻdifferent€from€that€of€a€system€to€optimize€all€aspects.ĢĢą ½ ąThe€National€Framework€recommended€four€actions:ĢĢą ½ ą(1)ą0 ` ąIntegrate€data€and€programs,€resources,€and€media,€space€and€time,€andŠ ‹Ū Šresearch€and€monitoring.Š ` Š ` Š  Šą ½ ą(2)ą0 ` ąIncrease€the€utility€of€inventories€and€remote€sensing.Š”ä` Š ` Š  Šą ½ ą(3)ą0 ` ąEnhance€national€and€regional€surveys.Š©ł` Š ` Š  Šą ½ ą(4)ą0 ` ąEstablish€a€network€of€index€sites.о ` Š ` Š  ŠĢThe€workshop€devoted€particular€attention€to€issues€of€what€parameters€should€beĻmonitored€in€order€to€understand€the€health€of€ecosystems€and€the€specific€role€thatĻindex€sites€should€play€in€effectively€making€measurements€and€doing€necessaryĻresearch.ĢĢņ ņSummary€of€Current€Federal€Monitoring€Efforts€ó óŠ ī'>#" ŠĢą ½ ąThere€is€a€substantive€national€infrastructure€in€place€for€monitoring€andĻrelated€research.€€An€objective€of€the€workshop€was€to€identify€ways€to€better€benefitĻfrom,€and€add€value€to,€that€infrastructure€to€move€closer€to€understanding€difficultŠ ,P'& Šecosystem„level€questions.€€€To€assist€in€that€effort,€a€summary€of€current€federalĻmonitoring€efforts€was€prepared,€provided€to€participants€before€the€workshop,€andĻreviewed€at€the€workshop€by€Dr.€Donald€Scavia,€Director€of€NOAAššs€Coastal€OceanĻProgram€and€co„leader€of€CENRššs€Environmental€Monitoring€Team.ĢĢą ½ ąThirty„three€major€federal€environmental€monitoring€programs,€national€inĻscope,€were€included€in€the€summary.€€Non„federally€supported€programs,€complianceĻmonitoring,€weather€observations,€and€programs€responsible€for€launching€andĻoperating€environmental€satellites€were€not€included.€€Of€€these€programs,€the€Departƒ¼ments€of€Interior€and€Agriculture,€the€Environmental€Protection€Agency,€and€theĻNational€Oceanic€and€Atmospheric€Administration€together€account€for€98€percent€ofĻthe€federal€environmental€monitoring€budget€estimated€to€be€about€$640€millionĻannually.ĢĢą ½ ąThe€programs€were€divided€into€three€levels€following€the€proposed€frameworkĻcategories:€š šinventories€and€remote€sensing,šš€š šnational€and€regional€surveysšš,€andĻš šintensive€monitoring€and€research€sites.šš€€The€first€category€represents€the€remoteĻsensing€programs€whose€support€is€about€$20€million€per€year€exclusive€of€satelliteĻhardware.€€These€programs€provide€a€capability€for€complete€census€of€specificĻproperties€and€are€based€primarily€on€satellite€sensing€and€aerial€photography.€ĻExamples€are€the€LANDSAT„based€programs,€including€the€multi„agency€Multi„¼Resolution€Land€Characteristics€program,€NOAAššs€Coastal€Change€Analysis€Program,€andĻInteriorššs€Gap€Analysis€Program,€and€the€National€Wetlands€Inventory.€€The€secondĻcategory€includes€sampling€networks€that€are€based€on€either€deterministic€orĻstatistical€survey€designs.€At€$330€million€per€year,€this€is€the€largest€of€the€threeĻcategories€in€terms€of€federal€investment.€€Included€in€this€category€are€NOAAššsĻNational€Marine€Fisheries€Service€stock€surveys,€USGSššs€National€Stream€GaugeĻNetwork,€EPAššs€state,€local,€and€national€air€monitoring€sites,€EPAššs€EMAP€program,€andĻthe€Forest€Serviceššs€Forest€Inventory€Analysis.€€The€third€category€includes€networks€ofĻintensive€ecosystem€research€and€monitoring€sites€whose€support€is€about€$290€millionĻannually.€€Among€the€14€programs€in€this€category€are€the€Forest€ServiceššsĻExperimental€Forests,€USGSššs€National€Water€Quality€Assessment€program,€€NOAA'sĻCoastal€Ocean€Program,€and€NSF's€Long„Term€Ecological€Research€program.€€Others,Ļsuch€as€DOEššs€National€Environmental€Research€Parks,€should€be€added.ĢĢą ½ ąThe€characteristics€of€these€programs€were€analyzed€and€presented€„„€theĻgeographic€distribution€of€environmental€monitoring€sites,€the€media€focus€(air,€water,Ļland,€and€cross„media),€the€discipline€focus€(physical,€chemical,€biological€and€cross„¼disciplinary),€and€the€temporal€and€spatial€sampling€rates.€€The€database€for€theseĻprograms€and€a€capability€for€structured€queries€are€now€available€on€the€World€WideĻWeb€at€http:/www.epa.gov/cludygxb.€€The€sense€of€this€evaluation€was€that€the€currentŠ ·+'( Šinfrastructure€appears€to€provide€sufficient€platforms€for€augmenting€parameterĻcoverage€and€frequency€and€that€it€can€be€enhanced€by€focusing€on€integrating€outputĻacross€time€and€space€scales.€€Table€3€is€a€summary€of€the€overall€characteristics€ofĻour€current€monitoring€and€research€networks.ĢĢŌ‡XÖęXX X¬–ŌÓ  ÓTABLE€1.€€BENEFITS€AND€CHARACTERISTICS€OF€VARIOUS€TYPES€OF€MONITORING€PROGRAMSŌ#† X¬–XXXÖę—c#ŌŠ × ' ŠÓ¶cÓĢŌ*qƒRS ddd Xdd Xdd X°Š °Š qŌŌ,<dT ŌŌ,<dd ŌŌ+  ŌŌ‡XÖęXX X¬–ŌŠ -€  Q €i€ƒ-ƒ„„-Šņ ņType€of€Programó óŠ 4€!† Ö „„4Šņ ņBenefits/Characteristicsó óŠ D€5!† Ö  d- i  €€ƒ-ƒ„„DŠRemote€Sensing€Š 4€!M  „„4ŠŻ ƒ’’’Żš"šą0 ] ąŻ  Żbiological€characteristics€of€landŠ M  ŠcoverŠ ]Ä"]Ä" ŠŻ ƒ’’’Żš"šą0 ] ąŻ  Żcontinuous€geographic€coverageŠV¦ ]Ä"]Ä" ŠŻ ƒ’’’Żš"šą0 ] ąŻ  Ż5„10€year€analysis€frequencyŠ N€?+k» ]Ä"]Ä" d-   €É€ƒ-ƒ„„NŠSurvey€ProgramsŌ#† X¬–XXXÖę e#ŌŌ‡XÖęXX X¬–ŌŠ 4€!2‚ „„4ŠŻ ƒ’’’Żš"šą0 ] ąŻ  Żš šmandatoryšš€issue„€or€resource„Š 2‚ Šspecific€informationŠ ]Ä"]Ä" ŠŻ ƒ’’’Żš"šą0 ] ąŻ  Żcoverage€at€hundreds€to€thousands€ofŠ ;‹ ŠsitesŠ ]Ä"]Ä" ŠŻ ƒ’’’Żš"šą0 ] ąŻ  Żweekly€to€annual€sampling€frequenciesŌ#† X¬–XXXÖęńg#ŌŌ‡XÖęXX X¬–ŌŠ G€6+D”]Ä"]Ä" d- É  €É€ƒ-ƒGŠIntensive€Research€SitesŌ#† X¬–XXXÖęĒi#ŌŌ‡XÖęXX X¬–ŌŠ +€ [ +ŠŻ ƒ’’’Żš"šą0 ] ąŻ  Żmultimedia€and€multidisciplinaryŠ  [ Šrate„process€informationŠ ]Ä"]Ä" ŠŻ ƒ’’’Żš"šą0 ] ąŻ  Żcoverage€at€5„50€sites€or€clusters€ofŠ d ŠsitesŠ ]Ä"]Ä" ŠŻ ƒ’’’Żš"šą0 ] ąŻ  Żminute€to€monthly€samplingŠ m ŠfrequenciesŌ#† X¬–XXXÖęhj#ŌŌ‡XÖęXX X¬–ŌŠa]Ä"]Ä" ŠŠ1'%&v d- É   1ŠŌ#† X¬–XXXÖęJl#ŌĢÓ  Óņ ņ3.€€BREAKOUT€SESSIONSó óŠ ž!ī ŠĢ›ĢÓ  Ӝą ½ ąWorkshop€participants€were€divided€among€four€ecosystem„based€breakoutĻgroups€„„€forests,€rangelands/croplands,€fresh€water,€and€coastal/marine.€€BreakoutĻsessions,€which€alternated€with€and€reported€back€to€plenary€sessions,€were€chargedĻwith€considering€several€aspects€of€the€environmental€monitoring€and€research€processĻoutlined€by€Dr.€Melillo€in€the€opening€session.€€The€first€breakout€session€was€asked€toĻconsider€the€policy€goals€and€science€questions€that€need€to€be€addressed€to€evaluateĻthe€health€of€the€Nationššs€ecosystems.Ģ€€Š Ŗ+ś&' Š›ą ½ ąOur€nationššs€ecosystems€provide€us€with€goods€and€services€that€society€values.€ĻWe€value€a€range€of€goods€including€timber€from€forests,€crops€from€agroecosystems,Ļwater€from€rivers,€and€fish€from€oceans.€€We€value€services€that€ecosystems€provideĻsuch€as€clean€air€and€water,€and€stable€landscapes.€€We€also€value€ecosystemĻattributes€such€as€the€beauty€of€wild€places€that€appeal€to€our€aesthetic€sense.ĢÓmÓĢÓ  Óą ½ ąMany€lists€of€these€valued€goods€and€services€have€been€developed.€€These€listsĻalmost€always€include:€1)€plant€and€animal€species€of€commercial€and/or€recreationalĻvalue;€2)€a€range€of€ecosystem€functions€associated€with€biogeochemistry,€hydrology,Ļand€geomorphology;€3)€various€aspects€of€biodiversity;€and€4)€ecosystem€attributesĻthat€have€subjective€value.€€Table€œ2,›€provided€to€participants€before€the€workshop,€Ļcontains€a€list€of€commonly€considered€goods,€services,€and€attributes€distilled€fromĻ44€federal€natural€resource€assessments.̜ĢĢÓ  ÓTABLE€2.€€VALUED€ECOSYSTEM€GOODS€AND€SERVICESĢÓ`sÓĢŌ‡ &xP&X X¬–Ōą ½ ąProductivity€of€commercially€valued€speciesŠ ģ< Šą ½ ąą ` ątimber€productionĢą ½ ąą ` ąlivestock€productionĢą ½ ąą ` ącrop€productionĢą ½ ąą ` ąfish€harvestingĢą ½ ąą ` ąshellfish€productionĢą ½ ąą ` ąother€commercially€valued€speciesĢą ½ ąą ` ąnatural€pest€controlĢĢą ½ ąProductivity€of€recreational€values€speciesĢą ½ ąą ` ąrecreational€fishingĢą ½ ąą ` ąhunting€of€game€animals,€water€fowl,€and€other€recreational€ą  ąą L ąą x ąą ¤ ąŠ Ÿ ļ Šą ½ ąą ` ąvalued€species€Ģą ½ ąBiogeochemical€functionsĢą ½ ąą ` ącarbon€storageĢą ½ ąą ` ąpollutant€detoxification,€dilution,€storageĢą ½ ąHydrological€functionsĢą ½ ąą ` ąflood€regulationĢą ½ ąą ` ągroundwater€rechargeĢą ½ ąą ` ąinstream€flow€needs€for€fish€and€wildlife€water€supplyĢą ½ ąą ` ąother€hydrologic€functionsĢą ½ ąGeomorphological€functionsĢą ½ ąą ` ąsediment€retentionĢą ½ ąą ` ąwind€and€wave€bufferingŠ *,z'( Šą ½ ąą ` ątopsoil€quantity€and€qualityĢą ½ ąEcosystem€diversityĢą ½ ąą ` ągenetic€diversity€Ģą ½ ąą ` ąspecies€diversityĢą ½ ąą ` ąhabitat€diversityĢą ½ ąAesthetic€and€existence€valuesĢą ½ ąą ` ąopen€space€for€recreation€(e.g.€hiking)Ģą ½ ąą ` ącultural,€heritage,€and€spiritual€valuesĢą ½ ąą ` ąother€aesthetic€valuesŌ#† X¬–X& &xP«s#ŌŠ ™ é ŠĢ›ą ½ ąIn€the€first€breakout€session,€workshop€participants€were€asked€to€augment€andĻrefine€the€list€of€ecosystem€services€and€marketed€environmental€goods€(as€policyĻgoals)€paying€special€attention€to€1)€policy€goals€that€need€operational€definition€toĻbecome€a€useful€category;€and€2)€emerging€goals€that€may€have€become€important€butĻhave€not€yet€been€articulated€by€policy€makers.ĢĢą ½ ąThe€Forests€group€proposed€some€additions€to€the€list€of€valued€goods€andĻservices€including:€water€quality€and€quantity,€atmospheric€functions€(air€quality€andĻvisibility,€forest„climate€interactions,€etc.),€landscape€diversity,€eco„tourism,€andĻspace€for€human€habitation.€€The€Rangelands/Croplands€breakout€group€reworked€theĻlist€of€valued€goods€and€services€and€came€up€with€three€broad€categories:€non„¼commercial€(or€non„commodity)€values,€services,€and€marketable€goods€and€services.€ĻThe€group€found€it€difficult€to€articulate€the€non„commodity€values,€especially€theĻaesthetic€and€existence€values.€€They€extended€the€list€of€services€to€include€biologicalĻand€atmospheric€services€and€expanded€on€the€recreational€opportunities€under€theĻmarketable€goods€category.€€The€Freshwater€group€recommended€adding€threeĻcategories:€œquality€and€quantity€of€public›€water€œsupply,›€functional€œlinkages›€toĻterrestrial,€marine,€estuarine,€and€atmospheric€systems,€and€human€health.€€InĻaddition,€they€felt€the€table€needed€to€address€refuges€for€important€species€andĻtransportation€uses€(such€as€waterways).€€€The€Coastal/Marine€group€extended€the€listĻof€valued€goods€and€services€by€adding€aquaculture,€atmospherics,€and€transportation.€ĻThey€proposed€reorganizing€the€list€by€splitting€pollutant/pathogen€storage€andĻdisposal€from€the€broader€geochemical€function€in€recognition€of€its€key€role€in€theĻcoastal€zone.€€They€also€wanted€to€acknowledge€the€very€large€role€of€tourism€in€theĻcoastal€environment,€which€they€distinguished€as€an€economic€value€distinct€fromĻš šrecreationšš.€€š šCharismaticšš€species€(endangered/threatened€and€popular)€that€wereĻneither€recreational€nor€commercial€was€missing€from€the€list,€but€could€fit€underĻš šAestheticsšš.€œĢ›Ģą ½ ąMonitoring€is€often€done€to€follow€the€status€and€trends€of€ecosystem€goods€andĻservices.€€Both€natural€and€anthropogenic€š šstressesšš€can€change€ecosystem€goods€andŠ Ć+'( Šservices.€€œTable€3›€contains€a€list€of€the€stresses€most€often€considered.€ĢœĢ›Ó  ÓTABLE€œ3.›€€STRESSES€ON€œECOSYSTEMSĢÓ„ÓŌ€ ōS‚ōX X¬–ŌĢą ½ ąš šNaturalšš›€processes€and€factorsĢ€ą ½ ąą ` ąfloodŠ ā 2 Šą ½ ąą ` ądroughtĢą ½ ąą ` ąhurricanesĢą ½ ąą ` ąfireĢą ½ ąą ` ąbiological€population€fluctuationsĢą ½ ąą ` ąclimatic€fluctuations€(e.g.€El€Nino)Ģą ½ ąLand€use€changesĢą ½ ąą ` ąconstruction€of€human€settlementsĢą ½ ąą ` ąconversion€of€ecosystems€for€agriculture,€siviculture,€etc.Ģą ½ ąą ` ąwater€resource€projectsĢą ½ ąą ` ąrecreational€land€usesĢą ½ ąHarvesting€and€extraction€of€natural€resourcesĢą ½ ąą ` ąforestryĢą ½ ąą ` ąagricultureĢą ½ ąą ` ącommercial€and€sport€fishingĢą ½ ąą ` ąaquacultureĢą ½ ąą ` ąwildlife€hunting€and€trappingĢą ½ ąą ` ąextraction€of€fossil€fuels,€minerals,€etc.Ģą ½ ąą ` ąsurface€and€groundwater€withdrawalĢą ½ ąReleases€of€substances€and€organismsĢą ½ ąą ` ąair€pollutants€(SOņņ2óó,€NOņņxóó,€VOC,€air€toxics,€etc.)Š f Šą ½ ąą ` ąglobal€atmospheric€pollutants€(greenhouse€gases,€etc.)Ģą ½ ąą ` ąwater€pollutants€(nutrients,€BOD,€pesticides,€etc.)Ģą ½ ąą ` ąland€disposal€of€wastesĢą ½ ąą ` ąexotic€species€and€native€š špestšš€speciesĢĢŌ€ X¬–Xō ōS‚Ōą ½ ąInformation€on€status€and€trends€is€frequently€combined€with€informationŠ Œ!Ü Šderived€from€monitoring€of€natural€and€anthropogenic€stresses€on€ecosystems€in€anĻattempt€to€attribute€causes€to€observed€changes€in€ecosystem€goods€and€services.€€TheĻscience€questions€related€to€environmental€monitoring€generally€derive€from€efforts€toĻestablish€cause€and€effect€relationships€and€build€predictive€capabilities.€ĢĢą ½ ąThe€breakout€groups€considered€the€usefulness€of€this€view€in€relatingĻecosystem€goods€and€services€to€key€scientific€questions.€€€The€Rangelands/CroplandsĻgroup€used€livestock€production€as€an€test€example.€€€Forests€group€preferred€toĻreplace€the€label€š šStressorsšš€with€š šChange€Agentsšš€because€the€former€implied€that€theĻagents€were€outside€the€system.Š V+¦&) ŠÓ  ӜĢņ ņ›Ó  ÓKey€Parameters€and€Measurementsó óŠ ę6 ŠĢą ½ ąœThe€breakout€groups€were€also€asked€to€identify€the€key€scientific€parametersĻand€questions€that€will€allow:€1)€tracking€the€status€and€trends€of€ecosystem€servicesĻand€marketed€environmental€goods;€and€2)€understanding€the€causes€of€changes€inĻthese€services€and€goods€and€thus€predicting€consequences€of€change.€€The€followingĻtables€summarize€the€results€of€the€breakout€group€discussions€on€key€parameters€forĻforest,€rangeland€and€cropland,€freshwater,€and€coastal/marine€systems.ĢĢņņForest€EcosystemsŠ žN  ŠĢóóą ½ ąThe€Forest€group€undertook€their€charge€to€identify€the€key€scientificŠ (x  Šparameters€and€questions€that€will€allow€policymakers€to€track€status€and€trends€ofĻchanges€in€ecosystems.€€The€group€adopted€the€tactic€of€first€going€through€the€list€ofĻitems€in€Table€2€(modified€as€noted€above)€and€identifying€key€parameters€and€scienceĻquestions€that€would€be€useful€for€monitoring€status€and€trends.ĢŌ€XM XX X¬–ŌŌ‡ X¬–X XXMŌĢŌ#†XM XX X¬–¦‘#ŌŌ‡#Xī¢X XXMŌÓ  ÓŠ  "r ŠTABLE›€4.€€KEY€PARAMETERS€FOR€TRACKING€STATUS€AND€TRENDS€IN€FOREST€œECOSYSTEMSņ ņŠ Ń! Š›ĢŌ#†XM XX#Xī¢é‘#ŌÓ’ÓŌ‡ X¬–X XXMŌó óŌ*`ƒ dd<dT <dd RS°Š °Š `ŌŌ,Š”d ŌŌ,€ td ŌŌ,( t” ŌŌ+  ŌŠ 1€" ūK €!€‚‚ƒƒ„„1Šņ ņÓ  ÓGoods€and€ServicesŠ 9€*l  „„9Šą@®®HąKey€œParameters€and€Considerations›ˆŠ =€*l „„=Šą@7„ąScientific€Questionsó óˆŠ Q€B*l !  €P€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠTimber€productionŠ 9€*"r „„9Š€€ššą0  ąBiomassŠ"rœœ Š€€ššą0  ąStand€inventoryŠ Wœœ Š€€ššą0  ąGrowth€and€change€in€growthŠģ < œœ Š€€ššą0  ąSite€indexŠŃ ! œœ Š€€ššą0  ąForest€area,€age€class€and€spatialŠ ¶   Šdistribution,€cover€typeŠ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąYield€and€removalŠ_ Æ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąAvailabilityŠD” œœ Š€€ššą0  ąReserved€and€unreserved€acreageŠ G€4))y œœ „„GŠAre€rates€and€spatialŠ "r Šdistributions€of€biomassĻproduction€changing?ĢĢAre€biological€tradeoffsĻoccurring?Š Q€B*8 ˆ P  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠOther€commerciallyŠ /  Švalued€speciesŠ 9€*óC  „„9Š€€ššą0  ąBiomass/standing€crop,€age€and€spatialŠ /  ŠdistributionŠ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąœInventories€of€species›ŠŲ( œœ Š€€ššą0  ąHierarchical€approach€to€monitoringŠ ½  Мfrom€genes›€œto›€landscapesŠ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąYieldsŠf¶œœ Š€€ššą0  ąœMost€of›€the€items€listed€under€TimberŠ K› ŠProduction€would€also€apply€here.Š G€4)_œœ „„GŠŠ Q€B*/    €S€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠStatus€of€natural€pestsŠ e! Šand€fireĢŠ 9€*¾# „„9Š€€ššą0  ąUnderstory€and€litter€biomass€fuel€loadŠe$œœ Š€€ššą0  ąIndex€of€fire€and€pest€susceptibilityŠśJ%œœ Š€€ššą0  ąTrends€in€pest€speciesŠ G€4)ß/&œœ „„GŠWhat€trends€are€their€in€fuelŠ e' Šloads€and€losses€to€pests?Š Q€B*Ł)( S  €…€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠHunting€of€game€animalsŠ å5) ŠŠ 9€*Ź* „„9Š€€ššą0  ąAnnual€harvestsŠå5+œœ Š€€ššą0  ąPopulation€propertiesŠŹ,œœ Š€€ššą0  ąBrowse€productionŠÆ’-œœ Š€€ššą0  ąHabitat€areaŠ”ä.œœ Š€€ššą0  ąœHerd›€health€(morbidity€and€mortality)Š G€4)yÉ/œœ „„GŠWhat€are€the€trends€inŠ å50 Šdistribution€and€abundance€ofĻrecreationally€valued€species?Š Q€B*m½2 …  €é€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠBiochemical€functionsŠ Ļ3 ŠŠ 9€*d“4 „„9Š€€ššą0  ąpHŠĻ5œœ Š€€ššą0  ąœTree€and€plant€species›Šd“6œœ Š€€ššą0  ąTotal€carbonŠI ™7œœ Š€€ššą0  ąChanges€in€areas€and€stand€ageŠ.!~8œœ Š€€ššą0  ąCarbon€dioxide€œfluxes›Š"c9œœ Š€€ššą0  ąœPlant€and›€œsoil›€C,€and€other€nutrientsŠ ų"H: Špools€over€space€and€timeŠ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąInput/output€budgets€and€cycling€ofŠ ”$ń< Šnutrients€and€trace€gases€at€fewer€sitesŠ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąSite€indexŠ G€4)J&š!>œœ „„GŠHow€are€pools€of€C€andŠ Ļ? Šnutritionally€importantĻelements€changing€over€timeĻand€space?ā āŠ Q€B*Ė B é  €Ņ€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠHydrological€functionsŠ 9€*Ń! „„9Š€€ššą0  ąHydrographyŠŃ!œœ Š€€ššą0  ąWeather€recordsжœœ Š€€ššą0  ąLand€cover€and€useŠ›ėœœ Š€€ššą0  ąPresence€of€dams/impoundmentsŠ€Šœœ Š€€ššą0  ąForest€wetlandsŠeµœœ Š€€ššą0  ąPulp€and€paper€production€effluentsŠJ šœœ Šā  ššą0  ąSediment€loadsŠ/ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąChemical€composition,€including€totalŠ  d  Šnutrients€and€pesticides€and€herbicidesĻin€stream€waterŠ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąApplication€rates€of€pesticides€andŠ  Ń  ŠherbicidesŠ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąWater€œtemperature›Š G€4)*z œœ „„GŠHow€do€trends€change€overŠ Ń! Štime?Š Q€B*•å Ņ  €€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠAtmospheric€functionsŠ 0€  ŠŠ 9€*e  „„9Š€€ššą0  ąAmbient€air€concentrationsŠ0€ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąInput/output€of€trace€gases€(deposition)Še œœ Š€€ššą0  ąOzone€concentrations€in€time€and€spaceŠśJ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąAlbedoŠß/œœ Š€€ššą0  ąDeposition€and€productionŠ Ä Š(input/output)€of€particulates,€water,Ļetc.Š G€4)Lœœœ „„GŠŠ Q€B*0€    €S€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠGeomorphologicalŠ R¢ ŠfunctionsĢŠ 9€*ūK „„9Š€€ššą0  ąStream€turbidityŠR¢œœ Š€€ššą0  ąErosion€ratesŠ7‡œœ Š€€ššą0  ąReservoir€siltationŠ G€4)l œœ „„GŠŠ Q€B*R¢! S  €é€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠEcosystem€diversityŠ 9€*"r" „„9Š€€ššą0  ąNumbers€of€species€by€functional€groupŠ "r# Š(ņņi.e.óó,€native,€non„native,€invasive,Š ę6$ Šendemic)Š œœ Š€€ššą0  ąœPopulation€properties€of€key€species›€Šß&œœ Š€€ššą0  ąComposition,€structure,€functionŠtÄ'œœ Š€€ššą0  ąSpatial€distribution€of€differentŠ Y©( Šcommunity€and€cover€types€(patchĻsizes,€fragmentation,€conversion)Š œœ Š€€ššą0  ąGenetic€œdiversity€of€key€species›ŠĘ+œœ Š€€ššą0  ąForests€converted€to€other€usesŠ« ū,œœ Š€€ššą0  ąChanges€in€boundaries€betweenŠ !ą- Šecosystem€typesŠ G€4)T"¤.œœ „„GŠŠ Q€B*"r/ é  €…€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠAesthetic/existence€valuesŠ Z#Ŗ0 ŠŠ 9€*?$1 „„9Š€€ššą0  ąRecreational€Opportunity€SpectrumŠ Z#Ŗ2 Š(ROS)Š œœ Š€€ššą0  ąLand€use€map€and€number€of€visitorŠ %S 4 ŠdaysŠ œœ Š€€ššą0  ąArea€in€wilderness,€park€statusЬ&ü!6œœ Š€€ššą0  ąWillingness€to€pay€to€set€up€protectionŠ ‘'į"7 Šprograms,€etc.Š œœ Š€€ššą0  ąIndices€of€sites€with€cultural€heritageŠ :)Š$9 Šand€spiritual€valueŠ G€4)ž)N%:œœ „„GŠā āŠ O€>*Z#Ŗ; …  €€€‚‚„„OŠCross„cutting€issuesŠ ;€*Ń! „„;ŠŠ =€*Ń! „„=Š€€ššą0  ąForest€managementŠ Ń! Špractices€affectĻā ālivestock,€crop,€fishĻproductionŠ ”"”" Š€€ššą0  ąStatus€of€riparianŠ R ŠhabitatŠ ”"”" Š€€ššą0  ąSome€products,€ņņe.g.óó,Š « ū  Šsalmon,€cross„cut€allĻecosystems€(forests,Ļmarine,€aquatic)ŠD:8÷ G ”"”" 0 €  DŠĢThe€group€reviewed€the€list€of€descriptors€and€variables€proposed€for€vegetation€andĻsoil€in€the€Framework€document.€€They€identified€which€of€the€parameters€could€beĻmeasured€at€intensive€sites€and€which€could€be€measured€nationally€at€extensive€sites.€ĻIn€a€similar€fashion€the€group€considered€measurements€related€to€biodiversity.Ō#†XM XX X¬–Ä’#ŌŌ‡ X¬–X XXMŌ€€Ō#†XM XX X¬–ś¶#ŌŠ n  ŠĢŌ‡#Xī¢X XXMŌÓ  ÓTABLE€5.€€DESCRIPTORS/€VARIABLES€TO€MEASURE€IN€VEGETATION€AND€œSOILŌ#†XM XX#Xī¢T·#ŌŌ‡X_¾$X XXMŌŌ‡0š×%0$XX_¾ŌŠ D” Š›ĢÓs·ÓŌ*qƒ7@ d dŠ”d € td ( t” °Š °Š qŌŌ,Ź l< ŌŌ,y Ll ŌŌ+  ŌŌ#†0ƒĘ&0%00š×å·#ŌŌ‡H0k°'0&00ƒĘŌŌ#†HXW (X'0H0k°ø#ŌŌ‡HĀŒš)Ā(XHXW ŌŠ 9€& V¦ €å€‚‚ƒƒ„„……9ŠŌ#†HXW (X)hHĀŒš`¹#ŌŌ‡HōX|,ō(ąHXW Ōņ ņą@cc!׹Intensive€Sitesó óˆŠ T€E-wĒ å  €Ŗ€‚‚ƒƒ„„TŠņņVegetationóóŠ U„ Š€€ššą0  ąLeaf€%€N,€PŠb , , Š€€ššą0  ąLeaf€%€ligninŠĻ , , Š€€ššą0  ąLeaf€C„13/C„12ŠŒÜ , , Š€€ššą0  ąLeaf€N„15/N„14ŠI™ , , Š€€ššą0  ąLitter€fallŠV , , Š€€ššą0  ąFloweringŠĆ , , Š€€ššą0  ąLeaf€budbreakЀР, , Š€€ššą0  ąAbove„ground€NPPŠ= , , Š€€ššą0  ąBelow„ground€NPPŠ G€4)śJ , , „„GŠņņSoilóóŠ U„  Š€€ššą0 Į ąWater€retention€curveŠb!ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąInfiltration€parametersŠĻ"ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąSoil€moistureŠŒÜ#ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąAvailable€NŠI™$ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąDenitrification€rateŠV%ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąC„13/C„12€in€SOMŠĆ&ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąN„15/N„14€in€SOMŠ€Š'ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ą%€water€stable€aggregatesŠ=(ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąTotal€N€(by€aggregate€size)ŠśJ)ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąTotal€C€(by€aggregate€size)Š·*ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąSoil€temperatureŠtÄ+ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąExchangeable€acidityŠ1,ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąToxic€contaminantsŠ c€P4ī>-ĮuĮu Ŗ  €å€‚‚ƒƒ„„……cŠņ ņą@WW!׹Extensive€Sitesó óˆŠ R€A-Ģ . å  €€‚‚„„RŠņņVegetationóóŠ Ŗ!ś/ Š€€ššą0  ą%€cover€by€speciesŠg"·0 , , Š€€ššą0  ąDemography€by€speciesŠ$#t1 , , Š€€ššą0  ąSize€(DBH,€height)Šį#12 , , Š€€ššą0  ąLeaf€Area€IndexŠž$ī3 , , Š€€ššą0  ąEstablishment€by€speciesŠ[%« 4 , , Š€€ššą0  ąPhenological€stagesŠ&h!5 , , Š€€ššą0  ąNecromassŠÕ&%"6 , , Š€€ššą0  ąLeaf€and€stem€lesionsŠ’'ā"7 , , Š€€ššą0  ąLeaf€wiltŠO(Ÿ#8 , , Š€€ššą0  ąChlorosisŠ G€4) )\$9 , , „„GŠņņSoilóóŠ Ŗ!ś: Š€€ššą0 Į ą%€organic€matterŠg"·;ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąWater€holding€capacityŠ$#t<ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąLitterŠį#1=ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąTotal€NŠž$ī>ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąMajor€cationsŠ[%« ?ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąMajor€anionsŠ&h!@ĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąpH€in€waterŠÕ&%"AĮuĮu Š€€ššą0 Į ąCECŌ#†ō©Ķ/ō,HōX|¹#ŌŌ‡ō¾Š1ō/ō©ĶŌŌ#†XqĖ3X1ō¾ŠŪ¹#ŌŠD:8’'ā"BĮuĮu 0    DŠŌ#†XM X3XXqĖ'Ę#ŌĢŌ‡#Xī¢X XXMŌÓ  ÓTABLE€6.€€DESCRIPTORS€AND€VARIABLES€TO€MEASURE€FOR€BIODIVERSITYŌ#†XM XX#Xī¢ŃĘ#ŌŠ ++{&C ŠÓšĘÓĢŌ*`ƒCD ddŹ l< y Ll 7@°Š °Š `ŌŌ,Ā l< ŌŌ,*Ll ŌŌ+  ŌŌ‡EXŖ.5X XXMŌŌ‡E±č6Ā5XEXŖ.ŌŠ /€ ā2 €D€‚L‚„„/ŠŌ#†EXŖ.5X6hE±čCČ#ŌŌ‡Eż?95ąEXŖ.ŌņņIntensive€SitesóóŠ OŸ Š€€ššą0 Ć ąDemographic€studiesŠš@ĆŠĆŠ Š€€ššą0 Ć ąImportance€of€species€diversity€to€ecosystem€functionŠ‘įĆŠĆŠ Š€€ššą0 Ć ąDevelop€comprehensive€species€listŠ2‚ĆŠĆŠ Š€€ššą0 Ć ąControlling€factorsŠÓ#ĆŠĆŠ Š€€ššą0 Ć ąGenetic€diversityŠt ÄĆŠĆŠ Š€€ššą0 Ć ąNatural€variabilityŠ eĆŠĆŠ Š€€ššą0 Ć ąHabitat€modelsŠ G€4)¶  ĆŠĆŠ „„GŠņņExtensive€SitesóóŠ OŸ  Š€€ššą0 e ąSpecies€abundance€(plants)Šš@ eŹeŹ Š€€ššą0 e ąConservation€status€(extinction€potential,€trends,€abundance€inŠ ‘į  Špopulation€at€species€to€ecosystem€levels)Š eŹeŹ Š€€ššą0 e ąHabitat„derived€metrics€from€plot€and€remote€sensingвeŹeŹ Š€€ššą0 e ąSpecies€distribution€of€common€speciesŠS £eŹeŹ Š€€ššą0 e ąExoticsŌ#†!;9@Eż?$Č#ŌŌ‡VŖ=;@!ŌŌ#†XqĖ3X=@VŖ“Č#ŌŌ‡ĀZu?Ā3ąXqĖŌŠD:8ō DeŹeŹ L0 D  DМŌ#†Ā~AĀ?ĀĀZu?Ķ#ŌŌ#†XM XAĀĀ~Ķ#ŌņņĢRangeland›€and€CroplandóóŠ ¹  ŠĢą ½ ąThe€discussion€of€the€group€focused€on€preparing€a€short€list€of€system„levelĻparameters€or€indicators€that€could€be€used€to€determine€the€capability€of€rangeland€andĻcropland€to€sustain€goods€and€services.€€Those€parameters€included€the€following:ĢĢą ½ ąNet€primary€production€monitored€remotely€to€provide€repetitive€œcoverage›€of€œ¼ą ½ ąą ` ąspatial€and›€temporal€patterns;Ģą ½ ąSoil€organic€matter;Ģą ½ ąSpecies€diversity€including€presence€and€abundance,€invasive€species,€and€œą ¤ ąŠ ļ? Šą ½ ąpest›€and€œdisease›€impacts€on€plants€and€animals;Ģą ½ ąClimate€data€(temporal€and€spatial)€as€needed€for€interpreting€œother€parameters;›Ģą ½ ąSurface/subsurface€hydrology€including€quantity€and€quality;Ģą ½ ąLand€cover/management€(land€use€change);Ģą ½ ąLandscape€patterns€and€metrics,€possibly€as€a€subset€to€land€œcover/management;›Ģą ½ ąSoil€erosion/sediment€production€including€fluvial,€eolian,€and€gully€œą L ąą x ąą ¤ ąŠ 4„  Šą ½ ąerosion;›Ģą ½ ąSoil€nutrients€and€toxics€status;Ģą ½ ąNutrient€and€toxic€inputs€including€agricultural€and€all€forms€of€irrigation€œand›€œ¼ą ½ ąą ` ądrainage›€œmanagement;›Ģą ½ ąRiparian€corridor€and€habitat€status;Ģą ½ ąSource/sink€for€trace€gases,€especially€COņņ2óó;Š X"Ø& Šą ½ ąAtmospheric€trace€gas€composition€(including€NOņņxóó,€hydrocarbons,€œand€ozone);›Š i#¹' Šą ½ ąSystem€biomass;Ģą ½ ąOptimized€distribution€of€monitoring€and€intensive€(index)€sites;Ģą ½ ąManagement€practice€change,€surveyed€regularly€(social€and€œeconomic€drivers›€œ¼ą ½ ąą ` ąincluding›€regulations€and€farming€practices).ĢĢVariables€to€measure€these€parameters€are€listed€in€the€following€table.ĢĢÓ  ÓTABLE€7.€€VARIABLES€TO€MEASURE€FOR€RANGELANDS/CROPLANDSŠ Š+ '/ ŠÓ½ÕÓŌ‡0ƒĘ&0 XXMŌŌ‡F0·aC0&00ƒĘŌĢŌ*`ƒ ddĀ l< *Ll CD°Š °Š `ŌŌ,ź`0 ŌŌ,6@` ŌŌ+  ŌŠ 1€" Ņ" €€‚`‚ƒƒ„„1ŠParameterŠ =€*S£ „„=ŠVariables€to€measureŠ Q€B*S£ `   €Š€‚@‚ƒƒ„„QŠ€€ššą0  ąPrimary€Production/†Š …Õ ŠbiomassŠ j j  ŠŠ =€* V „„=ŠSpatial€and€temporal€patterns€(need€research€on€remote€sensing€and€groundŠ …Õ Švalidation€techniques)Š Q€B*5… @ Š  €÷€‚@‚ƒƒ„„QŠ€€ššą0  ąSoil€quality/†fertilityŠ G€4)8 ˆ j j  „„GŠNutrients,€salinity,€pH,€minerals,€nitrogen,€phosphateŠ Q€B*8 ˆ  @ ÷  €÷€‚@‚ƒƒ„„QŠ€€ššą0  ąBiodiversityŠ G€4)j ŗ j j  „„GŠAbundance,€richness,€invasives,€exotics,€pests,€diseasesŠ Q€B*j ŗ  @ ÷  €÷€‚@‚ƒƒ„„QŠ€€ššą0  ąClimateŠ G€4)œ ģ j j  „„GŠPhysical,€chemicalŠ Q€B*œ ģ @ ÷  €÷€‚@‚ƒƒ„„QŠ€€ššą0  ąHydrologyŠ G€4)Ī  j j  „„GŠSurface€and€ground€water€quality;€spatial€and€temporal€variabilityŠ O€>*Ī   @ ÷  €'€‚@‚„„OŠ€€ššą0  ąLand€cover/†pattern/†Š P  ŠchangeŠ G€4)° j j  „„GŠLandscape€metrics;€intensity€of€management€practices;€landscape€patternsŠ:0.P  @0 '   :ŠŌ#†FX{—FXC0F0·a%Ö#Ō̜Ō#†XM XFXFX{—DÖ#ŌņņŌ€X_¾$X XXMŌŌ‡IX„OGX$XX_¾ŌŌ€I08ÅH0GXIX„OŌŌ‡IX„OGXH0I08ÅŌFreshwater›€EcosystemsóóŠ ē7  ŠĢą ½ ąThe€group€worked€to€define€the€œŌ#†X_¾$XGXIX„OKŽ#ŌŌ‡XÖęX$XX_¾Ōscience€questions€that€need€to€be€answeredŌ#†X_¾$XXXÖę&ß#ŌŌ#†0š×%0$XX_¾‰Ž#ŌŌ‡X_¾$X%00š×ŌŌ‡IX„OGX$XX_¾Ō€andŠ a Šthe€key›€parameters€that€need€to€be€measured€œto›€address€the€goods€and€servicesĻassociated€with€the€following€categories:€hydrology;€chemistry/†biology;€water€quantity;Ļproductivity€of€commercially€valued€species;€ecosystem€diversity;€and€œbiodiversity.€€The›Ļœ†questions›€identified€during€this€session€were€as€œfollows:Ģ›ĢŌ#†I08ÅH0GXIX„Oµß#Ō̜Ō#†0š×%0H0I08ÅŌß#ŌŌ‡0Ŗ%I0%00š×Ōņ ņWater€Quality€and€Human€Health€Questions††:ó óŠ  \ ŠŌ‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%Ō€€ššą0 ½ ąIs€the€water€safe€to€drink?€Š ]½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąWhat€are€the€Ō#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘžį#ŌŌ‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%ŌŌ#†ō”~LōKōōŁĘ™į#ŌŌ‡ōŁĘKōLōō”~Ōprocesses€of€transport,€storage,€and€transformation€of€pollutants€and€nutrientsŠ öF Šaffecting€water€quality?Š ½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąHow€will€natural€and€anthropogenic€stresses€effect€processes€and€modify€water€quality€trends?Ч÷!½Š ½Š  ŠŌ& ± Ō€€ššą0 ½ ąWhat€are€the€most€important€(practical€and€focused)€chemicals€to€measure?Аą"½Š ½Š  ŠŌ'±.äŌŌ#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘ¬ā#Ōņ ņWater€Quantity€Questions:ó óŠ y É# ŠŌ‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%Ō€€ššą0 ½ ąHow€much€water€is€there?€€What€are€the€trends€in€water€quantity?Šz!Ź$½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąWhere€is€the€water€(including€ground€water)?Šc"³%½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąWhat€are€the€water€levels€at€different€times€of€year?ŠL#œ&½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąHow€does€water€quantity€interact€with€land€use?Š5$…'½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąHow€is€water€quantity€affected€by€anthropogenic€influences?Š%n (½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąIs€there€enough€water€for€drinking,€recreation,€commercial€use,€and€sustainable€ecosystems?Š&W!)½Š ½Š  ŠŌ#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘå#Ōņ ņProductivity€of€Commercially„Valued€Species€Questions†:ó óŠ š&@"* ŠŌ‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%Ō€€ššą0 ½ ąAre€the€fish€safe€to€eat?Šń'A#+½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąWhat€areŌ#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘ>č#ŌŌ‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%ŌŌ#†ō”~LōKōōŁĘīā#ŌŌ‡ōŁĘKōLōō”~Ō€population€trends,€causes€of€decline,€and€mechanisms€of€restoration?ŠŚ(*$,½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąIn€which€species€and€toxins€is€there€Ō#†ō”~LōKōōŁĘ&é#ŌŌ‡ōŁĘKōLōō”~ŌŌ#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘäč#ŌŌ‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%Ōbioaccumulation?ŠĆ)%-½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąIn€which€species€and€toxins€is€thereŌ#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘEź#ŌŌ#†0š×%0I00Ŗ%ź#ŌŌ‡ō”~Lō%00š×ŌŌ‡ōŁĘKōLōō”~Ō€biomagnification?Ō#†ō”~LōKōōŁĘ.ė#ŌŌ‡ōŁĘKōLōō”~ŌŌ#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘė#ŌŌ‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%ŌŠ¬*ü%.½Š ½Š  ŠŌ#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘÄė#Ōņ ņEcosystem€Diversity€Questions:ó óŠ •+å&/ ŠŌ‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%Ō€€ššą0 ½ ąWhat€are€the€risks€when€species,€communities,€or€habitats€become€endangered€or€extinct?ŠŃ!½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąWhat€species,€communities,€or€habitats€are€endangered€or€extinct€and€why?Ō#†ō”~LōKōōŁĘ‚ė#ŌŠŗ ½Š ½Š  ŠŌ‡ōŁĘKōLōō”~Ō€€ššą0 ½ ąDoes€loss€of€species€degrade€the€ecosystem?Š£ó½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąIf€other€species€are€declining,€how€will€humans€be€affected?€€Or,€phrased€another€way,€is€speciesŠ ŒÜ Šloss€an€indicator€of€change€in€the€human€population?Š ½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąWhat€invasive€species€are€present?€Where€are€they?€€How€can,€or€should,€we€mitigate€them?Ō#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘ^ģ#ŌŠ= ½Š ½Š  ŠŌ& Ź Ōņ ņBiogeochemical€Flux€Questions:ó óŠ & v Š€€Ō‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%Ōššą0 ½ ąAre€agricultural€applications€affecting€water€supplies?Š' w½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąWhat€are€the€trends€of€nutrient€and€pollutant€fluxes€to€estuaries?Ō'Ź& ļŌŠ( x½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąAre€pesticides€contaminating€groundwater?€€Where?€€How€rapidly?€€How€long€do€pesticides€persistŠ  a  Šin€groundwater?Š ½Š ½Š  Š€€ššą0 ½ ąWhat€has€the€Clean€Air€Act€done€to€reduce€acidification€and€introduction€of€metals€to€ą x ąsurfaceŠ Ā  Šwater?Ō#†0Ŗ%I0KōōŁĘäļ#ŌŠŠŚ ½Š ½Š  Šņ ņBiodiversity€Questions:ó óŠ sĆ  ŠŌ‡ōŁĘKōI00Ŗ%Ō€€ššą0 ½ ąShould€we€choose€some€key€species€to€address€biodiversity?ŠtÄ ½Š ½Š  ŠŌ#†ō”~LōKōōŁĘ¢ķ#ŌŌ#†0š×%0Lōō”~„ņ#ŌŌ€X_¾$X%00š×ŌŌ€XM X$XX_¾ŌĢThese€questions€were€then€used€to€identify€key€parameters€to€be€measured€as€shown€inĻthe€following€table:ĢŌ‡X_¾$X XXMŌŌ‡0š×%0$XX_¾ŌŠ  oæ ŠŌ#†X_¾$X%00š×=ō#ŌŌ#†XM X$XX_¾ō#ŌŌ‡XÖęX XXMŌŌ‡&bM&XXÖęŌĢŌ*`ƒXY ddź`0 6@` °Š °Š `ŌŌ,)l< ŌŌ,L< ŌŌ,ŁL< ŌŌ,hLl ŌŌ+  ŌŠ 1€" Ź €Ś€‚‚ƒƒ„„1ŠCategory€Š 9€*ė; „„9ŠValued€Good/†ServiceŠ 9€*ė; „„9ŠNecessary€Monitoring€ParametersŠ =€*ė; „„=ŠCommentsŠ Q€B*ė; Ś  €ß€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠWater€QualityŠ 9€*Ż- „„9Šššą0 2 ąDrinking€Water/ŠŻ-2«2« Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Human€HealthĢššą0 2 ąSpecies€and€EcologicalŠ Ļ  ŠHealth/Š 2«2« Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€SustainabilityĢššą0 2 ąRecreationŠŃ ! 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąCommercial€UsesŌ#†XÖęXMø&bÖō#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&b·ō#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŠ C€4)¢ ņ 2«2« „„CŠmajor€ions,€plant€nutrients,€waterŠ Ż- Šclarity,€algal€biomass,€oxygenĻstress,€dissolved€organicĻcompounds,€pH,€ANC,€metals,Ļsalinity,€VOCs,€pesticides,Ļpathogens,€fecal€coliforms,ĻtemperatureŠ =€*ż M „„=Šmust€also€monitorŠ Ż- Šdriving€forces€forĻchange:€climate,€humanĻdemographics,€land€use,Ļindustrial,€urban,€andĻagricultural€outputs€toĻland,€air,€and€waterŠ Q€B*ż M ß  €ß€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠWater€QuantityŠ 9€*” ä „„9Šššą0 2 ąHuman€HealthŠ” ä2«2« Šššą0 2 ąAgricultural€NeedsŠe µ2«2« Šššą0 2 ąSpecies€and€EcologicalŠ 6†  ŠHealth/Š 2«2« Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€SustainabilityŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&bł#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&bÓų#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŠ · ! Šššą0 2 ąRecreationŠˆŲ "2«2« Šššą0 2 ąŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&bŪü#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&bż#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌCommercial€Uses€(incl.Š Y© # Šnavigability)Š 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąFlood€ControlŌ#†XÖęXMø&b’ż#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&b½ż#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŠ C€4)Ś*%2«2« „„CŠflow€rates,€water€levels,€sedimentŠ ” ä& Š(suspended€and€bed„velocity),Ļresidence€time,€size€of€hydrologicĻsystem€(surface€and€ground€water,Ļprecipitation,€connectivity,Ļwetlands,€disturbanceĻfrequency/intensityŠ =€*“ , „„=Šmust€also€monitorŠ ” ä- Šdriving€forces€forĻchange:€climate,€humanĻdemographics,€land€use,ĻindustrialŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&bļž#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&b­ž#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌ,€urban,€andŠ T¤ 1 Šagricultural€outputs€toĻland,€air,€and€waterŌ#†XÖęXMø&bE#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&b#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŠ Q€B*“ 3 ß  €M€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠProductivity€ofŠ Ģ4 ŠCommercially„ValuedĻSpeciesŠ 9€*,|6 „„9Šššą0 2 ąHuman€HealthŠĢ72«2« Šššą0 2 ąHuman€and€otherŠ ķ8 ŠSpeciesšš€Food€SupplyŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąSpecies€and€EcologicalŠ n: ŠHealth/Š 2«2« Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€SustainabilityŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&b#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&bŌ#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŠ Ÿļ< Šššą0 2 ąBiodiversityŠpĄ=2«2« Šššą0 2 ąRecreationŠA‘>2«2« Šššą0 2 ąGauge€for€AssessingŠ b? ŠBenefit€of€ManagementĻActionsŠ 2«2« Šą0 2 ąŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&b4#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&bv#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŠ C€4)C“B2«2« „„CŠorganism€health,€tissueŠ ĢC Šconcentrations€of€pollutants,€ratesĻof€bioaccumulation,€magnification,Ļtumors,€lesions,€pathogens,Ļendocrine€disruptors,Ļabnormalities,€recruitment,€harvestĻrates,€trophic€health,€food€supplies,Ļfood€web€status,€habitat€structureĻand€status,€area€of€suitableĻhabitat,€water€qualilty,€quantity,Ļtemperature,€habitatĻcharacteristics,€UV,€degree€ofĻalterationŠ =€* \O „„=Šmust€also€monitorŠ ĢP Šdriving€forces€forĻchange:€climate,€humanĻdemographics,€land€use,ĻindustrialŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&b¹#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&bū#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌ,€urban,€andŠ ŒÜT Šagricultural€outputs€toĻland,€air,€and€waterŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&bæ#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&b #ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŠ Q€B*ģ<V M  €q€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠEcosystem€DiversityŌ#†XÖęXMø&bŅ #ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&b #ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŠ 9€*5…W „„9Šššą0 2 ąNatural€SystemŠ 5…X ŠFunctionsŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąGenetic€and€SpeciesŠ ¶Z ŠDiversityŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąNatural€ProductsŠ7 ‡\2«2« Šššą0 2 ąŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&bŗ #ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&bx #ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌGauge€for€AssessingŠ !X] ŠBenefit€ofĻPolitical/ManagerialĻActionsŠ C€4)#h`2«2« „„CŠspecies€lists€(population€and€taxa),Š 5…a Šindicator€species,€ecologicalĻprocesses€(NPP,€biomass,€turnoverĻrates),€geomorphologicalĻcharacteristics€(areas€that€areĻprotected,€impounded,€flood€plain,Ļriparian,€wetlands,€developed,Ļconnectivity)Š =€*"Uh „„=Šmust€also€monitorŠ 5…i Šdriving€forces€forĻchange:€climate,€humanĻdemographics,€land€use,ĻindustrialŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&b/ #ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&bq #ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌ,€urban,€andŠ õEm Šagricultural€outputs€toĻland,€air,€and€waterŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&bõ#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&b7#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŠ S€B*U!„o q  €ą€‚‚ƒƒ„„SŠBiogeochemical€fluxesŠ ;€* $Zp „„;Šššą0 2 ąNatural€SystemŠ  $Zq ŠFunctions€andĻProductivityŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąHuman€HealthŠ;&‹!t2«2« Šššą0 2 ąEcosystemŠ  '\"u ŠSustainabilityŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąFood€SupplyŠ(Ż#w2«2« Šššą0 2 ąGauge€for€Assessing€theŠ ^)®$x ŠBenefit€ofĻPolitical/ManagerialĻActions€ą0Õ2«2«ąŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&bĘ#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&b#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŠ E€4)n+¾&{Õ«Õ« „„EŠecological€processes€(NPP,€biomass,Š  $Z| Šturnover€rates,€major€nutrientsĻand€ions,€pH,€ANC,€metals,€salinity,Ļnatural€disturbance€rates€andĻintensity,€human„causedĻdisturbance€rates€and€intensityŠ =€*z'Ź" „„=Šmust€also€monitorŠ  $Z‚ Šdriving€forces€forĻchange:€climate,€humanĻdemographics,€land€use,ĻindustrialŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&b‘#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŌ#†XÖęXMø&bÓ#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌ,€urban,€andŠ Ź&"† Šagricultural€outputs€toĻā āland,€air,€and€waterŌ#†XÖęXMø&b#ŌŌ‡&bM&ąXÖęŌŌ#†&ĆĖQ&Mø&bŪ#ŌŌ‡&bM&Qø&ĆĖŌŠ:0.*(z#ˆ ą   :ŠŌ#†XÖęXM&&b¶#ŌĢā āŌ#†XM XXXÖęų#ŌņņŌ‡XÖęX ąXMŌĢóóŌ#†XM XXXÖę„#ŌņņŅ([w¦@°Š °Š (ŅCoastal/Marine›€œEcosystemsóóŠ ģ< ŠŠ ģ< ŠŅ([w¦P° ° (ŅŌ€X_¾$X XXMŌŌ‡XędTX$XX_¾ŌĢThe›€group€listed€those€minimum€variables/†parameters€viewed€as€necessary€to€measureĻthe€capability€of€coastal€and€marine€ecosystems€to€provide€valued€goods€and€services.ĢŌ#†X_¾$XTXXęd¦#ŌŌ€XM X$XX_¾ŌŌ‡OXņĪUX XXMŌĢŌ*‚ƒ dd)l< L< ŁL< hLl XY°Š °Š ‚ŌŌ,)l< ŌŌ,L< ŌŌ,ŁL< ŌŌ,hLl ŌŌ+  ŌŠ 1€" Q ” €Ś€‚‚ƒƒ„„1ŠCategory€Š 9€*r Ā „„9ŠValued€Good/†ServiceŠ 9€*r Ā „„9ŠNecessary€MonitoringŠ r Ā  ŠParametersŠ =€*6 †  „„=ŠCommentsŠ Q€B*r Ā  Ś  €ß€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠPollutant/†pathogenŠ <Œ  Šdetoxification,€dilution,Ļand€storage€(split€fromĻš šBiogeochemicalĻFunctionsšš)Š 9€*Lœ  „„9Šššą0 2 ąCarbon€storageŠ<Œ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąNutrient€cyclingŠ!q 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąDepuration€andŠ V  ŠassimilationŠ C€4)Ź 2«2« „„CŠššą0 @ ąBiological€oxygenŠ <Œ  ŠdemandŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąSediment€oxygenŠ å5  ŠdemandŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąSedimentation/†Š ŽŽ  Šsediment€budgetŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąAssimilative€capacityŠ G€4)7‡@„@„ „„GŠPollutants€=Š <Œ  Šstressors,€not€goods/†¼servicesŠ Q€B*Ä  ß  €ß€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠBiogeochemicalŠ = ŠFunctionsŠ 9€*Q  „„9Šššą0 2 ąBiogenic€mineralŠ =! ŠproductionŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąAccretionŠ C€4)ę6#2«2« „„CŠššą0 @ ąStanding€crop€ofŠ =$ Šprimary€producers/†¼biomassŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąWetland€soil€accretion/†Š Ŗś' ŠlossŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąSoil/†benthic€sedimentŠ S£) Šcarbon€stockŠ G€4)g*@„@„ „„GŠPollutants€may€fitŠ =+ Šhere€if€they€affectĻbiogeochemicalĻfunctionsŠ Q€B*‰Ł. ß  €M€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠHydrological€FunctionsŠ 9€*m/ „„9Šššą0 2 ąFlood€controlŠm02«2« Šššą0 2 ąTidal€exchangeŠR12«2« Šššą0 2 ąSediment€retentionŠ C€4)ē722«2« „„CŠššą0 @ ąWater€level/†tidal€heightŠm3@„@„ Šššą0 @ ąWetlands€area/†Š R4 Šdistribution€(coastalĻfloodplains)Š @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąSalinity€distribution/†Š oæ7 ŠvariabilityŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ątemperatureŠ h9 ŠdistributionŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąOxygen,€total€carbonŠĮ ;@„@„ Šššą0 @ ąFresh€groundwaterŠ ¦!ö< ŠlevelsŠ G€4)j"ŗ=@„@„ „„GŠš šBoundariesšš€ofŠ m> Šcoastal/†marineĻecosystem€may€varyĻby€parameter†š"š†¼consistency€notĻnecessaryŠ Q€B*ńAC M  €q€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠGeomorphologicŠ p#ĄD ŠFunctionsŠ 9€*4$„E „„9Šššą0 2 ąNavigable€waters,Š p#ĄF Šports,€shippingŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąWind,€wave€buffetingŠ C€4)%i H2«2« „„CŠššą0 @ ąBathymetryŠp#ĄI@„@„ Šššą0 @ ąErosion/†accretionŠ G€4)U$„J@„@„ „„GŠā āŠ Q€B*p#ĄK q  €ą€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠEcosystem€DiversityŠ 9€*Ń! „„9Šššą0 2 ąGenetics€and€speciesŠ Ń! Šdiversity€(gene€bank)Š 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąNatural€products,Š zŹ ŠpharmaceuticalsŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąHabitat€diversityŠ C€4)#s2«2« „„CŠššą0 @ ąKeystone/†indicatorŠ Ń! ŠspeciesŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąBenthic€substrateŠzŹ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąHabitat€maps€(includingŠ _Æ  Šstock€assessments,Ļtypes,€sizes,€ages;Ļpelagic/†benthic/†¼planktonic)Š @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąGenetic€diversity€ofŠ T ¤ Špopulations€(geneĻpools)Š G€4)Ü ,@„@„ „„GŠHabitats€need€to€beŠ Ń! Šmapped€inĻconjunction€withĻsediments€andĻsubstrates€as€well€asĻin€relation€toĻhuman„inducedĻdisturbances.ĻHabitats€are€gettingĻless€diverse€due€toĻanthropogenicĻactivitiesĻ(sedimentation,Ļfishing).Š Q€B*Å  ą  €–€‚‚ƒƒ„„QŠAesthetics€and€ExistenceŠ Ė  ŠValuesŠ 9€*ß ! „„9Šššą0 2 ąSpace€for€living€andŠ Ė " ŠrecreationŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąCharismatic€speciesŠtÄ $2«2« Šššą0 2 ąTourismŠY© %2«2« Šššą0 2 ąEnvironmentalŠ >Ž& ŠqualityŠ 2«2« Šššą0 2 ąCultural/†spiritual/†Š ē7( ŠheritageŠ C€4)«ū)2«2« „„CŠššą0 @ ąLand€cover/†useŠ Ė * ŠcharacteristicsŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąTrash/†floatablesŠtÄ ,@„@„ Šššą0 @ ąWater€quality€(gross)ŠY© -@„@„ Šššą0 @ ąBeach€accessŠ>Ž.@„@„ Šššą0 @ ąDemographicsŠ G€4)#s/@„@„ „„GŠNeed€to€measureŠ Ė 0 Šsocio„economicĻparameters€such€asĻtourist„days€andĻdollars.Š O€>*Ū+4 –  €€‚‚„„OŠAtmospheric€andŠ ±5 ŠClimatological€FunctionŠ ;€*uÅ6 „„;Šššą0 2 ąDepositionб72«2« Šššą0 2 ąAir€qualityŠ E€4)–ę82«2« „„EŠššą0 @ ąCriteria€pollutants€andŠ ±9 ŠdepositionŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąAir€toxics€and€traceŠ ZŖ; ŠgasesŠ @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąMeteorology€(includingŠ S= Šrain)Š @„@„ Šššą0 @ ąVisibilityŠ G€4)¬ü?@„@„ „„GŠŠ:0.±@ 0    :ŠĢĢMeasurements€for€each€category€are€listed€in€the€following€table:ĢĢŌ#†XM XUXOXņγ#ŌŌ€ X¬–X XXMŌŌ*‚ƒ dd)l< L< ŁL< hLl °Š °Š ‚ŌŌ,`l< ŌŌ,Ņ L< ŌŌ,ī Ll ŌŌ+  ŌŠ 1€" 6!†D €€‚l‚ƒƒ„„1ŠGeneral€ParameterŠ 9€*Ć!E „„9ŠMeasuresŠ =€*Ć!F „„=ІCommentsŠ Q€B*Ć!G l   €"€‚L‚ƒƒ„„QŠHuman€activity€withinŠ #eH Šthe€coastal€zoneŠ 9€*Ł#)I „„9Š€€ššą0 i ąFishing€pressureŠ#eJi¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąTransportationŠś#JKi¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąConstruction/†infrastructureŠß$/ Li¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąPopulation/†urbanizationŠÄ%!Mi¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąDredging/†fillingŠ©&ł!Ni¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąGroundwater€†draw„downŠŽ'Ž"Oi¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąMineral€extractionŠs(Ć#Pi¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąRecreationŠX)Ø$Qi¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąDemographicsŠ G€4)=*%Ri¦i¦ „„GŠā āŠ Q€B*#eS L "  €|€‚L‚ƒƒ„„QŠGeomorphologyŠ 9€*m „„9Š€€ššą0 i ąShoreline€(topography)Šmi¦i¦ Šā  ššą0 i ąBathymetryŠtRi¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąErosion/†accretionŠY7i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąBenthic€mapping€(sedimentŠ >  Štype/†diversity,Ļfragmentation)Š i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąTides€and€sea€levelŠ« ‰i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąTemperature,€salinity,€wind,Š  n  Šwater€levelŠ G€4)T 2 i¦i¦ „„GŠCurrents€may€be€measured€at€keyŠ m  Špoints,€but€circulation€studies€willĻrequire€models,€which€require€a€lot€ofĻdata.€ĢĢŠ Q€B*„ ƒ L |  €Š€‚L‚ƒƒ„„QŠProductivity€ofŠ ¦„ Šeconomically€valuedĻspecies€(not€justĻcommercial)Š 9€*ņŠ  „„9Š€€ššą0 i ąStock€assessmentsЦ„i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąYield/†harvestŠ‹i i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąContaminant€body€burdenŠpN i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąPathologyŠU3 i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąArea/†volume€devoted€toŠ :  ŠaquacultureŠ G€4)žÜ i¦i¦ „„GŠMerge€the€Table€1€lists€of€goods/†¼services€for€commercially€valued€withĻaesthetics.€Debate€over€categorizationĻof€š šcommercially€valued€speciesĻproductivityšš€and€non„commercialĻvalues€like€aesthetics.Š Q€B*zX  L Š  €Ö€‚L‚ƒƒ„„QŠBiogeochemicalŠ P.! ŠTransformationsŠ 9€*ņ" „„9Š€€ššą0 i ąAssimilationŠP.#i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąProductivityŠ5$i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąNutrient€cyclingŠų%i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąDecomposition/†storageŠ’Ż&i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąSediment€input/†Š äĀ' ŠsedimentationŠ i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąCarbon,€oxygen,€nitrogen,Š k) Šsulfate,€organicsŠ G€4)Q/*i¦i¦ „„GŠŠ Q€B*P.+ L Ö  €Š€‚L‚ƒƒ„„QŠDiversityŠ 9€*£, „„9Š€€ššą0 i ąCoastal€benthic,€pelagic,Š £- Šand€planktonic€communityĻstructureŠ i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąKeystone/†indicator€speciesŠ G€4)ī0i¦i¦ „„GŠKeystone€species€implies€a€functionŠ £1 Šwithin€the€system.€Most€parametersĻalready€measured€routinely,€but€notĻconsistently€or€interoperably.€Need€toĻprepare€detailed€inventories€of€existingĻmonitoring€data.Š Q€B*wU6 L Š  €Š€‚L‚ƒƒ„„QŠAesthetics€and€ExistenceĻValuesŠ 9€*!k8 „„9Š€€ššą0 i ąLand€use/†tourism€(beachŠ É §9 Šuse,€living€space)Š i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąTrash/†floatables€on€theŠ r"P; ŠbeachŠ i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąEnvironmental€quality/†Š $ł= Šwater€qualityŠ i¦i¦ Š€€ššą0 i ąBeach€accessŠ G€4)Ä%¢?i¦i¦ „„GŠKeep€aesthetics€separate€from€humanĻactivities.€Demographics€moved€toĻHuman€Activity€function.Š O€>*Q"/B L Š  €€‚L‚„„OŠAtmospheric€andŠ 'ō C ŠClimatological€FunctionŠ ;€*Ś'ø!D „„;ŠŠ =€*'ō E „„=ŠAn€atmospheric€function€was€to€beŠ 'ō F Šprepared€for€the€workshop€as€a€whole;Ģnot€specific€to€coastal/†marine;€may€beĻuseful€to€other€groups€as€well.Š:0.ƒ)a#I L0    :Мņ ņÓ KÓÓ  Ó4.€€SYNTHESIS€TALKSŠ ¹*—$I ŠŌ‡XÖęXX X¬–Ō€††Ecosystem€Health:€Challenges€in€Synthesis€and€Predictionó óŠ Ī+¬%J ŠÓBIÓÓ K4IÓÓ X¼9ÓŌ€ōŁĘKōXXÖęŌĢŌ€XÖęXKōōŁĘŌThe€panel€on€"Ecosystem€Health:€Challenges€in€Synthesis€and€Prediction"Š ŗ  Šconsisted€of€four€senior€federal€scientists€and€four€senior€scientists€from€outside€theĻgovernment.€€Each€is€experienced€in€both€performing€and€managing€environmentalĻsynthesis€work.€€The€panel€members€were€asked€to€provide€their€perspectives€on€theĻchallenges€inherent€in€synthesis€and€prediction.ĢÓ X JÓÓ KÓŌ€ōŁĘKōXXÖęŌĢŌ  ŌŌ  Ōņ ņŌ€XÖęXKōōŁĘŌDr.€Catherine€WotekiŌ -LŌŠ ˆ Ų ŠActing€Undersecretary€for€Research,€Education,€and€Economics€€ĢÓ:°„,FÜ™,ūϰ« …X,Z+:ÓÓ9ūÜć;Ž…XĀ',°„,FÜ™,9ÓU.S.€Department€of€AgricultureĢó óŌ€ōŁĘKōXXÖęŌĢą Ü ąŌ€XÖęXKōōŁĘŌDr.€Woteki's€career€has€focused€predominantly€on€human€health€monitoring,€mostŠ °  Šrecently€through€the€National€Nutrition€Monitoring€System.€Because€human€health€andĻecosystem€monitoring€have€much€in€common,€she€offered€the€following€tenĻobservations€on€the€challenges€facing€the€environmental€monitoring€initiative:€€ĢŌ€ōŁĘKōXXÖęŌĢŌ€XÖęXKōōŁĘŌ(1)€The€first€challenge€is€monitoring€itself.€Most€federal€monitoring€programs€areŠ ŠŚ Šrequired€to€provide€specific€information€for€policy,€program,€or€regulatory€purposes.ĻIssues€fall€within€three€š šdomainsšš†š"š†the€monitoring/surveys/systems€domain;€the€publicĻpolicy€domain;€and€the€research€domain.€Policy€defines€the€scope€and€types€ofĻinformation€needed,€and€results,€in€turn,€help€refine€policy.€€Monitoring€also€providesĻhypotheses€to€be€tested€by€research,€thus€forming€a€closed€loop.ĢĢ(2)€The€second€challenge:€†modeling€and€synthesis€compete€with€data€collection€forĻresources€and€attention.€Historically,€funding€for€data€collection€has€greatly€exceededĻthat€for€synthesis.€€ĢĢ(3)€The€research€community€must€be€involved€in€analysis€of€the€monitoring€data,Ļwhich€requires€that€data€and€data€specifications€(meta„data)€be€disseminated€in€aĻtimely€and€well„documented€manner.€€Data€originators€and€users€must€recognizeĻeach€other's€needs.€€Policies€on€data€release€and€data€confidentiality€also€need€to€beĻdeveloped.ĢĢ(4)€Monitoring€data€and€resulting€analyses€must€be€scientifically€and€legally€credible.€ĻThis€requires€rigorous€quality€assurance€and€quality€control.€€The€data€must€also€beĻcomparable€through€time.€€ĢĢ(5)€Monitoring€methods€tend€to€lag€behind€the€state€of€the€art,€which€has€significantĻimplications€for€long€time„trend€analyses.€€ĢŠ Ÿ+ļ&' Š(6)€States€and€local€governments€will€want€comparable€data€to€answer€their€ownĻpolicy€questions,€and€are€likely€to€increase€pressure€for€technical€assistance€andĻexportable€technologies€to€be€able€to€build€on€federal€programs.ĢĢ(7)€The€baseline€is€critical€for€long„term€assessment€of€trends.€How€the€baseline€isĻreported€is€also€very€important€for€the€overall€credibility€of€the€program€and€itsĻresults.€€ĢĢ(8)€There€needs€to€be€genuine€commitment€at€all€levels€to€overcoming€significantĻinstitutional€barriers,€both€within€and€among€key€institutions,€as€well€as€amongĻscientists€(territoriality).ĢĢ(9)€The€credibility€of€the€š šNational€Report€Cardšš€will€be€based€on€who€does€theĻanalysis.€€A€well€respected€national€nutrition€report€card€that€is€produced€by€anĻexpert€panel€of€members€of€the€Federation€of€American€Societies€for€ExperimentalĻBiology€represents€one€successful€model,€€ĢĢ(10)€The€š šNational€Environmental€Report€Cardšš€is€a€good€idea,€but€we€may€not€be€ableĻto€assign€š šgradesšš€to€environmental€values.€Instead,€the€report€card€could€categorizeĻissues€of€concern,€issues€not€of€concern,€and€issues€where€insufficient€information€orĻunderstanding€exist.€USDA€has€found€this€approach€to€be€useful€for€human€nutrition.ĢĢŌ  Ōņ ņDr.€Robert€HuggettŌ  YŌŠ c ŠAssistant€Administrator€for€Research€and€DevelopmentĢU.S.€Environmental€Protection€AgencyĢó óĢÓBūć;Ž…XĀ',ūÜć;Ž…XĀ',BÓą  ąDr.€Huggett€touched€upon€a€variety€of€practical€considerations€that€need€to€beĻtaken€account€of€in€the€effort€to€integrate€and€synthesize€based€on€existing€programsĻfor€environmental€monitoring.€€First,€it€is€currently€common€practice€ņ ņnot€ó óto€analyzeŠ O!Ÿ Šdependent€and€independent€variables€concurrently,€either€in€time€or€place.€€WhileĻprograms€frequently€monitor€the€physical€characteristics€of€an€environment€(e.g.,Ļwater€quality€parameters),€it€is€rare€to€investigate€the€health€of€its€biologicalĻcomponents€at€the€same€time,€particularly€because€measurements€are€not€typicallyĻmade€in€support€of€environ‚mental€assessments,€but€rather€to€ensure€regulatoryĻcompliance.€€The€assumption€†that€compliance€with€the€law€means€that€theĻenvironment€is€healthy€is,€however,€usually€unwarranted.€€Second,€many€monitoringĻdata€are€of€limited€usefulness€because€they€are€collected€to€test€only€a€narrowĻhypothesis€or€no€hypothesis€at€all.€€€ĢĢą  ąMonitoring€programs€designed€years€ago€may€also€no€longer€be€appropriate€forŠ  ,]'' Šcurrent€needs€in€terms€of€spatial€or€temporal€variability.€€The€need€to€makeĻmeasurements€at€twice€the€frequency€of€the€events€being€monitored€(the€"NyquistĻFrequency")€should€be€recognized.€€The€best€techniques€(usually€based€on€the€mostĻrecent€methods)€are€often€not€used€for€fear€of€breaking€a€long€chain€of€monitoringĻdata.€€Resource€constraints€in€both€government€and€academia€can€also€make€dataĻcollection€efforts€more€difficult,€but€this€can€be€minimized€through€collaboration.€€ĢĢą  ąThe€production€of€a€credible€"report€card"€that€is€not€overly€simplistic€will€beĻmade€difficult€by€the€fact€that€science€really€doesn't€know€much€about€theĻenvironment.€€Clearly,€more€research€is€needed€to€understand€effects€at€higher€levelsĻof€biological€organization.€But€perhaps€the€most€serious€challenge€to€credible€analysesĻstems€from€the€fact€that€the€designers€of€monitoring€programs€are€often€notĻavailable€to,€or€capable€of,€conducting€the€necessary€synthesis.€€The€total€programĻshould€be€designed€up€front,€with€the€experts€involved€in€all€stages€„€design,€dataĻcollection,€and€synthesis.€€And€the€necessary€long„term€support€needs€to€be€assured.€ĻTo€have€a€š šreport€cardšš€in€five€years,€funds€must€be€committed€now,€and€there€is€noĻtime€to€waste.€€€Annual€budget€arguments€and€fluctuations€must€be€avoided.€€€TheĻVice€President€†wants€to€know€if€the€environment€is€getting€better€or€worse,€and€isĻasking€for€accountability€from€a€$500€million€annual€federal€program.€Since€thisĻseemingly€simple€question€cannot€now€be€answered,€we€must€get€started€immediatelyĻto€evaluate€our€existing€monitoring€systems€and€make€a€start€on€answering€theĻquestion.ĢĢŌ  Ōņ ņDr.€Bonnie€McGregorŌ AeŌŠ A‘ ŠAssociate€Director,€U.S.€Geological€SurveyĢó óĢą  ąDr.€McGregor€addressed€aspects€of€data€and€information€management:€includingĻdata€characteristics,€standards,€quality,€integration€and€interoperability.€€ĢĢą  ąData€have€temporal€(rate€of€change),€spatial,€and€frequency€characteristics€thatĻneed€to€be€considered,€framing€questions€and€issues€from€an€understanding€of€theĻsystem€that's€being€monitored€in€order€to€be€effective.€€The€challenge€is€to€design€aĻmonitoring€system€with€the€range€to€accommodate€both€averages€and€extremes.€€ForĻexample,€coastal€land€loss€in€Louisiana€averages€9€meters€per€year;€but€HurricaneĻAndrew€caused€a€loss€of€30€meters€in€one€event!€€Similarly,€temporal€variability†š"š€†¼whether€in€minutes€or€years†š"š†€must€be€an€inherent€design€characteristic.€€SpatialĻaspects€and€variability€control€the€number€and€locations€of€monitoring€sites.€ĻHowever,€monitoring€temporal€and€spatial€aspects€will€allow€an€understanding€ofĻprocesses€only€if€natural€variability€can€be€determined.€€Net€change€can€beĻdetermined€only€if€instruments€have€adequate€resolution.€€For€example,€modelingĻwater€flow€in€South€Florida€is€very€challenging,€given€the€centimeter„scale€resolutionŠ ,j'( Šneeded€to€model€flow€in€a€very€flat€terrain.€€ĢĢą  ąData€standards€are€also€critical.€€Although€adequate€metadata€standardsĻalready€exist,€they€need€to€be€used€more€effectively.€€The€National€Spatial€DataĻInfrastructure,€mandated€by€Executive€Order€12906,€directs€the€implementation€ofĻmeta„data€by€all€federal€programs€and€mandates€standards,€partnerships,€and€otherĻcritical€elements€for€data€management.€€The€National€Spatial€Data€ClearinghouseĻbrings€together€data€sets€and€serves€as€a€pointer€to€federal€data€repositories.€€It€isĻalso€necessary€to€know€what€analyses€(i.e.,€laboratory€or€analytical€techniques)€haveĻbeen€used€to€generate€the€data,€††the€data's€comparability,€and€its€original€purpose.€ĻThe€Federal€Geographic€Data€Committee,€which€Secretary€Babbitt€chairs,€serves€as€aĻhigh„level€forum€for€agencies€and€states€to€discuss€these€issues.€€We€know€thatĻfederal,€state,€and€non„governmental€organizations€can€work€together€successfully.€ĻThe€Strategy€for€Improving€Water„Quality€Monitoring€in€the€United€States,€aĻpublication€of€the€Intergovernmental€Task€Force€on€Monitoring€Water€Quality€(ITFM),€isĻa€good€example€of€how€the€process€can€work.€€ĢĢą  ąQuality€assurance€for€data€is€critical,€particularly€for€understanding€dataĻcomparability.€€Integration€and€interoperability€are€a€challenge,€and€š šstackingšš€layersĻof€data€is€not€enough.€€Integrating€data€from€multiple€disciplines€will€be€the€key.€ĻThe€underlying€parameters€of€the€data€are€necessary€to€understand€causality.€AnĻinteragency€team€that€looked€at€the€1993€floods€on€the€Mississippi€River†š"š€†andĻsubsequent€levee€failures†š"š€†as€a€model€for€analyzing€the€meaning€of€data€in€contextĻcan€serve€as€a€useful€model.€€Digital€data€and€geographic€information€systems€(GIS)Ļare€tools€that€allow€understanding€of€causality,€but€one€needs€more€than€landscapeĻdata€to€understand€water€quality.€Also€needed€are€coordinated€information€on€theĻbiology,€surface€and€subsurface€geology,€land€use,€and€many€other€elements.€ĻPrograms€such€as€the€Mid€Atlantic€Pilot€have€valuable€lessons€to€offer€and€make€aĻgood€starting€point.€What€is€working€well?€What€is€behind€successful€coordination?€IfĻthe€goal€is€to€understand€national€and€global€environmental€changes,€one€must€relateĻtrends€to€cause.€One€needs€to€predict,€model,€and€integrate.€ĢĢą  ąIn€summary,€the€mandatory€components€of€a€national€monitoring€data€programĻare:€data;€a€clearinghouse;€data€management;€data€comparability;€data€coordination;Ļand€the€use€of€existing€pilot€studies€to€learn€how€to€improve€linkages€amongĻnetworks.ĢĢŌ  Ōņ ņDr.€Robert€HarrissŌ {tŌŠ )m$% ŠChief€Scientist,€Mission€to€Planet€EarthĢNational€Aeronautics€and€Space€AdministrationŠ G+—&' Šó óĢą  ąDr.€Harriss€used€the€example€of€the€Earth€Observing€System€(EOS)€to€illustrateĻsome€recommendations€for€a€national€strategy€for€environmental€monitoring.€€TheĻoriginal€EOS€was€universally€attacked€as€unresponsive€to€scientific€needs,€cumbersomeĻand€expensive.€€NASA's€leadership€responded€with€a€complete€redesign,€drawing€onĻlessons€learned€as€well€as€state„of„the„art€technology.€€They€recognized€thatĻrevolutionary€change€does€not€seek€marginal€improvement,€but€rather€returns€toĻfundamental€principles.€€The€redesign€of€EOS€was€based€on€an€important€NASA€coreĻprinciple:€maintaining€the€necessary€measurements€while€allowing€for€technologyĻdiffusion.€The€move€to€small,€cheap€satellites€produced€the€same€measurements€atĻhalf€the€cost€and€still€provides€greater€scientific€responsiveness.ĢĢą  ąA€national€strategyņ ņ€ó ófor€environmental€monitoring€is€quite€different€from€aŠ ¤ō  Šdesign€or€plan€for€monitoring.€€A€strategy€can€provide€a€forum€for€all€stakeholders,Ļfrom€end€users€to€component€providers,€to€participate€early,€and€can€help€to€balanceĻsupport€among€an€array€of€long„term€and€short„term€activities.€€Most€importantly,€aĻstrategy€can€be€used€to€define€its€core€principles.€While€core€principles€were€impliedĻin€much€of€the€workshop€discussion,€they€had€not€been€explicitly€articulated.€€Dr.ĻHarriss€was€consequently€concerned€that€key€concepts,€such€as€a€commitment€toĻcontinuous€technology€innovation€and€diffusion,€had€not€been€addressed.€€FormulatingĻthe€needed€strategy€would€provide€an€opportunity€to€ensure€that€the€link€betweenĻcore€research€and€a€technology€program€is€made.€€He€offered€several€more€examplesĻof€what€he€believes€are€"core€principles":ĢĢ€€ššą0  ąThere€is€a€need€for€integrated,€rather€than€isolated,€observations€to€understandŠ V¦ Šenvironmental€systems.€€The€monitoring€now€in€place€was€designed€in€an€eraĻwhen€single„discipline€science€was€common.Š Š Š  ŠĢ€€ššą0  ąProtocols,€measurements,€and€meta„data€must€be€documented€and€published.Š h ø ŠThe€documentation€can€serve€as€a€š šfilteršš€for€selecting€appropriate€monitoringĻsites€and€data€sets.Š Š Š  ŠĢ€€ššą0  ąRegular€scientific€assessments€of€the€state€of€understanding€must€be€part€ofŠ z$Ź  Šthe€design.€He€suggested€that€the€embedded€evaluations€in€the€StratosphericĻOzone€Program€represent€a€successful€model€for€this.€€Š Š Š  ŠĢ€€ššą0  ąMetrics,€which€already€exist€for€stressors,€must€also€be€developed€for€efficientŠ Œ(Ü#$ Šcharacterization€of€inputs.€Better€metrics€will€engage€a€broader€segment€of€theĻpublic,€because€they€document€programmatic€efficiencies.€Examples€abound,Ļand€this€in€turn€will€lead€towards€improved€sustainability.Šh+ø&'Š Š  Їą  ąDr.€Harriss€believes€that€if€one€used€such€core€principles€to€screen€existingĻmonitoring€programs,€half€would€not€meet€criteria€and€would€be€eliminated.€He€urgedĻthat€programs€that€have€outlived€their€usefulness€or€defensibility€be€weeded€out,Ļwhich€may€be€initially€costly,€but€would€produce€significant€long„term€benefits.€€HeĻconcluded€by€predicting€that€a€transition€to€automated,€self„calibrating€technologiesĻwill€be€made€within€a€decade.€These€will€be€easier€to€integrate,€and€will€provide€dataĻthat€will€be€distributed,€very€purposeful,€and€š šfederatedšš€into€flexible€national€systemsĻto€meet€regional€needs€at€various€scales.€He€also€predicted€that€cheaper,€space„basedĻsystems€using€pattern€recognition€techniques€will€replace€current€expensive€hardware,Ļat€only€$200„300€million€per€year.€He€urged€that€the€government€support€a€š šskunkĻworksšš€of€creative€applied€research€in€parallel€with€implementing€the€nationalĻmonitoring€system.€Finally,€he€encouraged€social€scientists€and€economists€to€beĻinvolved€as€well€as€natural€scientists.€ĢĢŌ  ŌŌ  Ōņ ņProfessor€William€ClarkŠ k»  ŠSidney€Harmon€Professor€of€International€Science,€Public€Policy,€and€ą 6 ąHumanŠ €Š ŠDevelopmentŌ Š„ŌĢJohn€F.€Kennedy€School€of€Government,€Harvard€UniversityĢó óĢą  ąDr.€Clark€offered€three€observations:ĢĢ(1)€€The€š šNational€Environmental€Report€Cardšš€is€a€good€idea.€He€suggested€thatĻenvironmental€scientists€and€regulators€have€historically€blundered€in€failing€toĻdocument€the€benefits,€as€well€as€the€costs€†(an€€investment€amounting€to€1.5€„€2Ļpercent€of€the€GNP,€which€is€hundreds€of€times€more€than€what€is€spent€onĻenvironmental€monitoring)€associated€with€environmental€regulations.€€€TheĻenvironmental€community€needs€to€account€to€the€public€for€this€investment,€but€hasĻnot€done€so,€even€though€this€accountability€was€inherent€in€the€concept€of€theĻCouncil€on€Environmental€Quality.€€We€need€to€make€it€clear€that€remarkableĻimprovements€have€occurred€over€the€past€25€years,€even€though€the€public€doesn'tĻrealize€it.€A€good€report€card€will€provide€information€on€what€the€public€is€gettingĻfor€its€investment€in€environmental€regulations.€Done€properly,€the€š šfootnotesšš€to€theĻreport€card€should€provide€a€compelling€argument€for€continued€CongressionalĻsupport.€€Although€economics,€like€environmental€science,€does€not€yet€have€all€itĻneeds,€it€does€have€the€basics.€Once€the€environmental€sciences€have€their€equivalentĻof€the€jobless€rate,€inflation€rate,€consumer€price€index,€€and€Gross€National€Product,Ļwe€can€move€on.€€Dr.€Clark€also€pointed€out€that€the€United€Nations€EnvironmentĻProgram,€the€World€Watch€Institute,€and€other€organizations€already€produce€"reportĻcards,"€all€using€minuscule€staffs€and€data€collected€and€interpreted€by€the€veryĻscientists€who€claim€that€not€enough€is€known€to€do€this.€All€these€documents€rely€onĻthe€same€monitoring€data,€yet€the€monitoring€programs€do€not€get€credit.€He€urgedŠ ł+I'( Šthat€the€first€report€card€be€done€quickly€and€that€credit€be€acknowledged,€andĻgratefully€accepted€by€the€monitoring€programs.€Any€criticism€of€the€effort€is€likelyĻto€be€less€dangerous€than€failure€to€account€for€the€trillions€spent€on€environmentalĻregulation.ĢĢ(2)€€Monitoring€activities€should€be€kept€separate€from€assessments.€Dr.€Clark€notedĻthat€environmental€protection€is€highly€politicized,€and€invited€the€audience€toĻimagine€the€repercussions€if€groups€like€the€Bureau€of€Labor€Statistics,€€the€FederalĻReserve€Board,€or€other€independent€purveyors€of€economic€statistics€insisted€onĻpublishing€their€own€analyses,€interpretations,€and€opinions€instead€of€just€reportingĻthe€data.€€They€would€all€be€abolished€very€quickly!€€Economic€statistics€have€respectĻand€credibility€precisely€because€the€institutions€responsible€for€them€have€avoidedĻconfusing€the€collection€and€publication€of€quality€data€with€producing€the€politicallyĻcharged€assessments€that€are€drawn€from€them.€The€non„partisan,€non„judgmentalĻstatistics€they€produce€are€protected€from€highly€political€interpretation.€€€While€dataĻand€analyses€may€indeed€be€reported€by€the€same€ņņpeopleóó,€they€must€be€separatedŠ _Æ Šinstitutionally€or€be€undermined€by€political€attacks.ĢĢ(3)€€The€monitoring€organization€should€not€be€entirely€federal.€Although€conventionalĻwisdom€says€that€only€the€federal€government€has€the€resources,€influence,€andĻcapability€to€organize€a€national€environmental€monitoring€and€research€program,Ļthis€isn't€necessarily€so.€€And€there€is€already€significant€interest€in€the€privateĻsector,€whose€worst€enemy€is€not€the€environmental€community,€but€rather€bad€data,Ļin€having€good,€long„term€data.€It€is€in€the€best€interests€of€the€private€sector€toĻhave€monitoring€that€is€not€tied€to€political€whim€or€administrations€that€come€andĻgo.€The€President's€Council€on€Sustainable€Development€has€successfully€set€the€stageĻfor€significant€involvement€of€the€private€sector€in€such€endeavors.€€Business€needsĻto€be€involved€in€the€national€environmental€monitoring€program,€as€well.€€Not€muchĻemphasis,€however,€had€been€given€to€identifying€alternative€ways€to€organize€andĻmanage€the€monitoring€program€during€the€workshop.€€The€real€issue€underlyingĻleadership€and€organization€of€€the€program€is€the€need€for€stability€and€continuityĻover€a€scale€of€decades.€We€need,€therefore,€to€detach€long„term€planning€andĻmonitoring€from€the€short„term€(annual)€attention€of€politics€and€federalĻappropriations.€€We€need€a€š šdamperšš€to€impose€the€consistency€that€Washington€claimsĻto€want,€but€cannot€provide.€ĢĢŌ  Ōņ ņProfessor€Jerry€FranklinŠ ē'7#$ ŠProfessor€of€Ecosystem€ScienceŌ Š–ŌĢUniversity€of€Washingtonó óŠ *a%& ŠŠ &+v&' Šą  ąDr.€Franklin€noted€that€he€brings€his€experience€in€forming€the€NSF€Long„TermĻEcological€Monitoring€and€Research€Program€(LTER),€which€he€characterized€as€havingĻš šherded€mules,šš€to€the€workshop.€€He€is€currently€assisting€the€Chilean€government€toĻdevelop€a€major€monitoring€program€for€Tierra€del€Fuego.€€This€will€encompass€over€aĻmillion€acres,€and€has€goals€in€forestry€development,€sustainability,€biodiversity,€andĻmany€of€the€same€issues€confronting€the€United€States.€€His€answer€to€the€š šHow€doesĻone€do€synthesis?šš€is€to€use€regional€teams€involving€federal,€state,€tribal,€andĻacademic€partners.€He€pointed€to€the€Forest€Ecosystem€Teams€as€a€good€model,€andĻemphasized€the€need€to€conduct€periodic€assessments€of€performance€and€progress.€ĻHe€believes€that€the€White€House€can€foster€interagency€cooperation,€as€it€did€in€theĻPacific€Northwest€Assessment.€€In€that€case,€BLM,€FWS,€USFS,€and€NMFS€all€workedĻtogether€in€response€to€an€Executive€Order.€In€the€case€of€the€national€monitoringĻprogram,€there€is€also€a€need€to€involve€states€and€Native€American€Tribes.€StrongĻleadership€from€above€will€be€critical.€Institutional€and€personal€territoriality€exist,Ļand€incentives€as€well€as€clout€may€be€necessary.ĢĢą  ąHis€opinion€was€that€the€workshop€had€been€overly€concentrated€on€compilingĻlists€of€needs,€parameters,€functions,€sites,€and€criteria.€He€believed€that€we€areĻbeyond€contributing€anything€new€at€these€conferences€to€such€lists,€and€we€shouldĻinstead€deal€with€the€"realities"€of€designing€operational€monitoring€systems,€such€asĻlogistics€and€funding.€€He€also€noted€that€it€is€important€to€recognize€that€society,Ļnot€science,€provides€many€of€the€real€environmental€issues.€€For€example,€theĻspotted€owl€became€significant€not€because€it€is€a€keystone€species,€but€ratherĻbecause€it€is€socially€desirable.ĢĢą  ąClearly,€we€are€not€talking€about€designing€a€system€from€scratch.€Building€onĻexisting€programs€is€a€necessity,€and€most€monitoring€will€stay€at€the€local€level.ĻHundreds€of€millions€of€dollars€will€be€spent,€and€reciprocal€relationships€need€to€beĻstrengthened€between€levels€of€government.€Much€local€monitoring€is€performed€byĻnon„specialists€who€have€many€other€responsibilities,€and€consequently€much€is€notĻdone€well.€A€national€program€must€improve€the€quality€and€interoperability€of€thisĻlocal€monitoring,€to€make€it€meaningful€at€both€the€local€and€national€levels.€€ThereĻis€also€a€need€for€a€critical€analysis€of€existing€data€sets†š"š†to€learn€what€we€know€andĻdon't€know;€identify€the€meta€data€associated€with€these€data€sets,€and€sharpen€ourĻunderstanding€of€the€entire€inventory€of€existing€data€and€programs.€ĢĢą  ąThe€proposed€network€of€intensive€sites€is€a€critical€component€of€the€nationalĻprogram.€€€They€can€contribute€not€only€long„term€data€sets,€but€also€large€teams€ofĻinterdisciplinary€scientists.€The€program€needs€the€capabilities€and€infrastructureĻoffered€by€such€sites.€There€are€already€50€to€100€candidates,€and€though€they€mayĻnot€be€perfect,€they€are€irreplaceable€and€cannot€be€duplicated.€€The€National€ParksŠ ·+'( Šshould€not€be€ruled€out€as€possibilities€†š"š†they€can€accommodate€manipulation€withoutĻharm.€€Major€gaps€in€intensive„site€systems€should€also€be€identified.ĢĢą  ąHe€offered€six€suggestions€to€the€scientific€community:€€(1)€€Limit,€but€don'tĻthrow€out,€your€lists;€get€realistic€in€your€monitoring€values€and€parameters.€€(2)€ĻProvide€strong€leadership,€horizontally€(interagency)€and€vertically€(national€to€local).ĻThere€is€not€enough€š šverticalšš€attention.€€(3)€€Do€some€pilot€assessments.€There€isĻvalue€in€such€programs€as€South€Florida,€Pacific€Northwest€Forests,€and€SierraĻNevada,€but€more€for€planning€purposes.€€It€is€imperative€to€conduct€a€nationalĻassessment€before€issuing€a€report€card.€€Doing€an€assessment€will€firm€perspectivesĻon€what€is€needed€and€what€form€the€report€card€will€take.€€The€time€and€budgetĻavailable€for€the€assessment€should€be€limited€to€counteract€the€tendency€to€alwaysĻwant€more€data.€€(4)€€Identify€the€major€gaps€in€the€intensive€site€networks.€€(5)€ĻRealize€that€a€hierarchical€monitoring€system€is€not€realistic.€Monitoring€networksĻrequire€varying€temporal€and€spatial€scales.€€This€is€not€amenable€to€a€technologicalĻ(remote„sensing)€solution.€A€comprehensive€monitoring€program€(particularly€in€theĻbiological€area)€has€many€dimensions,€and€needs€scientists€on€the€ground.€€TheĻBreeding€Bird€Survey€is€a€classic€example€of€a€monitoring€program€that€cannot€beĻconverted€to€a€technology„driven€effort.€€(6)€€Understand€that€funding€is€critical€toĻmonitoring€at€all€levels.€Long„term€activities€require€assured€funding,€but€federalĻagencies€have€not€solved€this€problem.€Some€sort€of€trust€fund,€such€as€the€oneĻpioneered€by€The€Nature€Conservancy,€might€be€considered€to€help€assure€long„termĻfunding.ĢĢŌ  Ōņ ņDr.€Walter€ReidŠ 5… ŠVice€President€for€ProgramsŌ yŖŌĢWorld€Resources€Instituteó óŠ _Æ ŠĢą  ąDr.€Reid€focused€his€remarks€on€the€challenge€of€the€assessment€and€š šreportĻcard.šš€The€WRI€has€been€preparing€a€biannual€global€"report€card"€for€over€10€years,Ļsynthesizing€and€reporting€on€a€number€of€variables€from€170€countries.€Their€globalĻreport€card€has€been€adopted€and€is€jointly€sponsored€by€the€United€NationsĻEnvironment€Program,€the€United€Nations€Development€Program,€and€the€World€Bank.€ĻWRI€recognized€that€the€necessary€data€for€the€report€card€already€existed,€but€wereĻnot€aggregated.€When€the€United€Nations€saw€the€value€of€these€assessments†š"š†much€ofĻthe€credited€source€material€comes€from€the€United€Nations†š"š†the€WRI€project€became€aĻde€facto€UN€report€card.€€The€project€has€had€an€added€benefit€„€where€data€andĻreporting€gaps€exist€(and€they€are€numerous),€they€tend€to€attract€the€attention€ofĻnational€managers€who€do€not€want€their€countries€to€show€up€as€inadequatelyĻā āunderstood.€Hence,€the€gaps€tend€to€be€self„correcting.Š +U&' Їā āą  ąThe€aggregation€of€parameters,€as€discussed€and€debated€during€the€workshop,Ļis€useful€if€there€is€some€way€to€weight€the€information.€Greenhouse€gases€are€anĻexample€of€an€aggregation€with€a€scientific€basis.€€Qualitative€aggregation€methodsĻare€equally€effective.€€WRI€and€the€UN€have€found€that€aggregated€data€are€veryĻuseful€to€policy€makers.€He€believes€that€scientists€tend€to€be€overly€cautious€withĻassessments,€and€urged€the€participants€to€accept€aggregations€for€coarse€relevanceĻwithout€worrying€about€simulation€modeling.€€A€key€requirement,€however,€is€to€defineĻa€goal€or€target€for€the€indicator.€Mandated€targets€are€fine€if€they€exist€(air€qualityĻor€water€quality€standards,€for€example),€but€if€they€don't,€scientists€should€notĻhesitate€to€create€them.€€For€example,€the€Netherlands€developed€good€water€qualityĻgoals€through€scientific€insight€rather€than€policy.€€He€pointed€out€that€over€time,Ļfamiliarity€with€consistently€applied€and€explained€indices€will€begin€to€affect€policy:Ļa€š šGNP€rise€of€3€percentšš€means€something€useful€because€economists€have€providedĻguidance€in€interpreting€a€single€value€in€terms€of€its€underlying€meaning.€€In€fact,Ļthe€report€card€is€a€bridge€to€economics.€€While€it€would€be€good€to€have€a€š šGreenĻGNPšš€that€factors€in€resource€depletion€†š"š†this€would€certainly€attract€the€attention€ofĻpolicy€makers†š"š†it€would€be€even€better€to€embed€environmental€indicators€into€theĻeconomics.€ĢĢą  ąFinally,€he€concluded€by€noting€that€there€must€be€incentives€for€dataĻproviders.€These€incentives€may€be€funding,€but€credit€is€also€important.€€A€nationalĻenvironmental€report€card,€properly€done,€will€create€a€demand€among€politicians€forĻdata€needed€to€develop€it;€it€will€become€a€resource€generator.€Over„planning€is€notĻnecessary€š"š€†just€begin€the€program,€and€the€resources€will€come€in€parallel.ĢĢŌ  Ōņ ņDr.€Berrien€MooreŠ )y ŠDirector,€Institute€for€the€Study€of€Earth,€Oceans,€and€Space€Ō q¶ŌĢUniversity€of€New€HampshireĢó óĢą  ąDr.€Moore€pointed€out€that,€if€it€were€not€for€the€carbon€dioxide€data€recordĻcollected€at€Mauna€Loa,€or€the€census€data€collected€for€two€centuries,€or€forĻnumerous€similar€instances€of€long„term€data€collection,€very€few€inferences€of€causeĻand€effect€could€be€supported€scientifically.€For€this€reason,€there€is€universalĻrecognition€of€the€value€of€monitoring.€Simply€knowing€that€the€environment€isĻchanging€at€the€global,€national,€and€regional€levels€means€we€must€have€some€usefulĻdata€already.€The€environment€will€continue€to€change,€and€there€is€much€value€inĻusing€existing,€established€networks€to€take€advantage€of€their€data€records.€The€firstĻstep€is€to€make€sense€of€these€existing€systems;€they€can€only€improve.€Technology€isĻimproving,€and€in€situ€monitoring€will€undoubtedly€also€be€enhanced.€The€keyĻquestions€are€š šwhat€to€measure?šš,€š šwhen€to€measure?šš,€š šhow€to€measure?šš,€and€š šhowĻlong€to€measure?šš†š"š†the€only€simple€answer€is€to€the€last€question:€forever,€or€until€anŠ ł+I'( Šissue€no€longer€exists.€ĢĢą  ąThe€biggest€problem€is€not€scientific,€but€political€or€institutional.€ScientistsĻshould€take€credit€for€their€programs,€and€make€the€policy€makers€more€aware€ofĻwhere€their€facts€are€coming€from.€This€is€not€a€one„time€thing;€rather,€we€need€toĻstay€at€it€and€build€a€sustainable€system.€Data€have€two€key€uses:€ņņa€priorióó,€where€theŠ × ' Šexistence€of€the€data€will€create€a€value€for€it;€and€where€data€are€needed€to€driveĻthe€explosion€of€mathematical€simulation€models€now€commonly€used€to€assessĻbiological,€physical,€and€chemical€systems.€The€federal€government€has€done€very€wellĻin€supporting€data€collection;€the€problem€is€to€take€the€next€step€and€apply€the€dataĻto€real€problems.ĢŠ  °  ŠÓ  Óņ ņ5.€€NEXT€STEPSó óŠ Ń! ŠĢņ ņÓ5¾ÓĢAction€Items€Recommended€by€the€WorkshopĢó óĢŌ#† X¬–XXXÖęvI#ŌÓ<ūw‚,„Xߏ,ūć;Ž…XĀ',<Óą  ąAt€the€conclusion€of€the€workshop€participants€reached€a€consensus€on€theŠ : Š Šfollowing€recommendations:ĢĢą  ą(1)€Complete,€within€18€months,€a€first€draft€National€Assessment€that€ą Ć ąą ļ ąŠ X Ø Šwill„„Ģą  ąą ` ąš"š€Iterate€to€the€2001€Report€CardĢą  ąą ` ąš"š€Require€evaluation€of€existing€monitoring€and€research;ĢĢą  ą(2)€Initiate€a€series€of€regional€pilots,€starting€with€the€Mid€Atlantic,€that€ą ļ ąŠ  š  Šą  ątake€monitoring€and€assessment€to€a€more€detailed€level€and€ą k ąą — ąą Ć ąą ļ ąŠ ”ä Šaddress€institutional€issues;ĢĢą  ą(3)€Evaluate€the€current€capabilities€for€providing€a€pilot€concept€of€index€ą ļ ąŠ ² Šą  ąsites,€considering€„„Ģą  ąą ` ąš"š€What€intensively€monitored€sites€we€now€have,Ģą  ąą ` ąš"š€What€will€be€their€roles€in€the€overall€effort€(e.g.€cause€and€effect),ĢŌ‡XÖęXX X¬–Ō€€ą  ąą ` ąš"š€What€else€would€be€needed€to€make€the€index€sites€concept€ą — ąą Ć ąą ļ ąŠ å5 Šą  ąreality,Ō#† X¬–XXXÖęĆ#ŌŠ Ł) Šą  ąą ` ąš"š€How€to€implement€the€pilot€index€sites€within€their€prescribed€ą Ć ąą ļ ąŠ ī> Šą  ąą ` ąroles,€with€built„in€evaluations€of€performance.ĢĢŌ‡XÖęXX X¬–Ōą  ąThese€recommendations€have€been€presented€to,€and€accepted€by,€€the€CENRŠ  \ ŠSteering€Committee€for€Environmental€Monitoring€which€is€directing€implementationĻactions.ĢĢŌ#† X¬–XXXÖęļÄ#Ōņ ņReport€Cardó óŠ $n ŠĢą  ąThe€concept€of€a€report€card€permeated€the€workshop€and€provided€a€distinctĻfocus€for€discussion.€€The€workshop's€goal,€however,€was€not€to€fill€out€the€reportĻcard€but€to€start€designing€one.€€Specifically,€€the€workshop€aimed€to€developĻrecommendations€for€the€design€of€an€ecosystem€health€report€card€and€theĻmonitoring€systems€needed€to€fill€it€out.€€Dr.€Gibbons€noted€in€his€opening€remarksĻthat€success€in€producing€such€a€report€depends€upon€the€š šcollective€wisdomšš€of€€theĻscientific€community€and€that€it€was€the€responsibility€of€the€workshop€participantsŠ ,P'& Što€define€the€challenges€and€opportunities€of€engaging€in€this€endeavor.ĢŌ€ ōS‚ōX X¬–ŌĢŌ‡ōŁĘKōō ōS‚Ōą  ąŌ€XÖęXKōōŁĘŌWorksop€participants€recommended€that€there€be€a€commitment€to€developingŠ Ļ Ša€national€assessment€and€draft€report€card€within€18„24€months.€At€least€oneĻiteration€was€envisioned€before€public€release.€€This€would€provide€the€impetus€toĻdraw€in€other€stakeholders.€€Endorsement€from€the€CENR€Steering€Committee€will€leadĻto€the€potential€for€in„kind€commitments€from€states,€NGOs,€and€the€private€sector.Ō#†