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Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of Prudency and Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii
Note: EPA no longer updates this information, but it may be useful as a reference or resource.
[Federal Register: December 18, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 243)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 79191-79275]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr18de00-34]
[[Page 79191]]
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Part III
Department of the Interior
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Fish and Wildlife Service
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50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of
Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant
Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii; Proposed Rule
[[Page 79192]]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AH70
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of
Prudency and Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From
the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule and Notice of determinations of whether
designation of critical habitat is prudent.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, have reconsidered our
findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for 38
federally protected plants from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, some
of which may also occur on other Hawaiian Islands, listed between 1991
and 1996, would be prudent. At the time each plant was listed, we
determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because
designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or
would not benefit the plant. We have determined that critical habitat
is prudent for 37 of these species since the potential benefits of
designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these
species outweigh the risks of designation that may result from human
activity. We propose that designation of critical habitat is not
prudent for one species, which is no longer extant in the wild and for
which no genetic material is currently extant, because such designation
would not be beneficial to this species.
We propose critical habitat designations for a total of 50 species
in 52 units on Maui and 4 units on Kahoolawe at this time. The
approximate land area within these units totals 13,574 hectares (33,614
acres) on Maui and 207 hectares (512 acres) on Kahoolawe. This proposed
rule includes proposed designations for 33 of the 37 species mentioned
above. Critical habitat is not proposed for four species that are
currently only found in areas on Maui that are permanently protected
and managed. In addition, critical habitat is being proposed for six
other species from Maui and Kahoolawe that were listed in 1999. We are
also proposing critical habitat on Maui and Kahoolawe for 11 species
which also occur on Kauai.
We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this
proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the
proposed designations. We may revise this proposal to incorporate or
address new information received during the comment period.
DATES: We must receive comments from all interested parties by February
16, 2001. Public hearing requests must be received by February 1, 2001.
ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and
materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:
You may submit written comments and information to the Field
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300
Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to
mandk_crithab_pr@fws.gov. See the Public Comments Solicited section in
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION below for file format and other information
about electronic filing.
You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office
at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI.
Comments and materials received, as well as supporting
documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, will be
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business
hours at the Pacific Islands Office.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific
Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-3441;
facsimile: 808/541-3470).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), have reconsidered
our previous findings concerning whether designating critical habitat
for some of the 69 Federally protected plants currently or historically
found on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe is prudent. Table 1 lists
the species that are currently found on Maui and/or Kahoolawe, reported
to occur on these islands, or were historically present (not seen for
more than 30 years). Seventeen of these species (Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis,
Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Kanaloa kahoolawensis,
Lipochaeta kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope
ovalis, Remya mauiensis, Schiedea haleakalensis, and Tetramolopium
capillare) are endemic to the islands of Maui and/or Kahoolawe, while
33 species (Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyrtandra munroi,
Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope
knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago
princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Vigna o-wahuensis, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) are known from Maui and/or Kahoolawe, as well
as one or more other islands (Table 1). Two species, Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha and Cyanea lobata, were known from Maui and Lanai, but
are currently only extant on Maui. Lysimachia lydgatei was known from
Maui and Oahu, while Diplazium molokaiense was known from several
islands, but currently both species are extant only on Maui. We believe
that one species, Acaena exigua, may be extinct. The fourteen remaining
species are known only from historical records (pre-1970) on Maui and/
or Kahoolawe or from undocumented observations. While these species do
occur on other islands, we do not believe they still occur on Maui or
Kahoolawe.
[[Page 79193]]
Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of 69 Species From Maui and Kahoolawe
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Island Distribution
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Species (common name) N.W. Isles,
Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe Niihau
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Acaena exigua (liliwai).......... H H
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe).... C C C C
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. C
macrocephalum (ahinahina).
Asplenium fragile var. insulare H C
(NCN*).
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha H C
(ko oko olau).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN).......... C C H C C C
Brighamia rockii (pua ala)....... C H H
Cenchrus agrimonioides C H C R NW Isles (H)
(kamanomano).
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi).... C C C C C
Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai).. C C
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. C C
mauiensis (oha wai).
Clermontia peleana (oha wai)..... H C
Clermontia samuelii (oha wai).... C
Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila). C C C
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)...... H C H C C H
Cyanea copelandii ssp. C
haleakalaensis (haha).
Cyanea glabra (haha)............. C
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana C C C C
(haha).
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. C
hamatiflora (haha).
Cyanea lobata (haha)............. H C
Cyanea mceldowneyi (haha)........ C
Cyrtandra munroi (ha iwale)...... C C
Delissea undulata (NCN).......... C H C Ni (H)
Diellia erecta (Asplenium-leaved H H C H C C
diellia).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)...... H H H H C
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis C
(na ena e).
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame). C C H C C
Geranium arboreum (nohoanu)...... C ..............
Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu)... C
Gouania vitifolia (NCN).......... C H C
Hedyotis coriacea (kioele)....... H C C
Hedyotis mannii (pilo)........... C C C
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN).. C C H C
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN).... C C
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau H C H C C C Ka (R)
hele).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) R H C D C C
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine H H H H C Ni (H)
noho kula).
Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe Ka (C)
malama malama o kanaloa).
Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe)..... C
Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN)........ H C
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)..... H H C H NW Isles (C)
Melicopoe adcendens (alani)...... C
Melicope balloui (alani)......... C
Melicope knudenii (alani)........ C C
Melicope mucronulata (alani)..... C C
Melicope ovalis (alani).......... C
Neraudia sericea (NCN)........... C H C Ka (H)
Nototrichium humile (kului)...... C H
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)... C C C C
Phegmariurus mannii (wawae iole). H C C
Phyotegia mannii (NCN)........... C H
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)........ C H C
Phyllostegia parvilfora (NCN).... C H H
Planatago princeps (laukahi C C C C H
kuahiwi).
Plantanthera holochila (NCN)..... C H C C
Peteris lidgatei (NCN)........... C H C
Remya mauiensis (NCN)............ C
Sanicula purpurea (NCN).......... C C
Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN)..... C
Schiedea hookeri (NCN)........... C H
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)......... C C C R
Sesbania tomentosa (NCN)......... C C C H C C Ni (H), Ka (C), NW
Isles (C)
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku H H H H C
mai).
Sptermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)... C C C C C C
Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN).... H C
Tetramologpium capillare C
(pamakani).
Tetramologpium remyi (NCN)....... C H
[[Page 79194]]
Vigna o-waheuensis (NCN)......... H C C C C Ni (H), Ka (C)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (a w)..... C C H C C
KEY.............................. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. ...................
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C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years.
H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years.
R (Reported)--reported from undocumented observations.
* NCN--no common name.
When 38 of the above species where listed between 1991 and 1996
(Acaena exigua, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens
micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia
lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta,
Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum,
Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis,
Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope
ovalis, Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis,
Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea
haleakalensis, Tetramolopium capillare, and Vigna o-wahuensis), we
determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because
designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or
would not benefit the plant. However, after reevaluating our previous
decision, we propose that critical habitat designation for 37 of these
species would be prudent because the potential benefits of designating
critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species
outweigh the risks, resulting from human activity, of designation (see
CRITICAL HABITAT section below). We propose that designation of
critical habitat is not prudent for Acaena exigua, which we believe may
be extinct, because such a designation would not be beneficial to this
species, since we believe the species may be extinct.
Proposed determinations for 11 species that also occur on the
island of Kauai (Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Flueggea neowawraea, Melicope knudsenii, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Sesbania
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) were
published in a previous proposal (65 FR 66808). In addition, the
designation of critical habitat was found to be prudent for six species
(Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea
glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis) when they were listed as endangered
in 1999.
An additional 14 species listed in Table 1 are known only from
historical records (pre-1970) on Maui and/or Kahoolawe or from
undocumented observations. Since these species do not currently occur
on Maui or Kahoolawe, is it not prudent to designate critical habitat
for them on these islands. However, proposed determinations and
critical habitat designations or non-designations for these species
will be included in other proposed rules for the islands on which they
currently occur (Table 2).
Table 2.--Proposed rules in which prudency and critical habitat
designations/non-designations will be proposed for 14 species that no
longer occur on Maui or Kahoolawe.
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Proposed rule in
which critical
Proposed rule in habitat
SPECIES which prudency designations/non
will be proposed designations will
be discussed
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Asplenium fragile var insulare.. Hawaii............ Hawaii
Brighamia rockii................ Molokai........... Molokai
Clermontia peleana.............. Hawaii............ Hawaii
Delissea undulata............... Hawaii............ Hawaii
Gouania vitifolio............... Hawaii............ Hawaii; Oahu
Isodendrion pyrifolium.......... Hawaii............ Hawaii
Nototrichium humile............. Oahu.............. Oahu
Phyllostegia mannii............. Oahu.............. Oahu
Phyllostegia parviflora......... Oahu.............. Oahu
Schiedea hookeri................ Oahu.............. Oahu
Schiedea nuttallii.............. Kauai (65 FR Kauai; Oahu;
66808). Molokai
Solanum incompletum............. Hawaii............ Hawaii
Tetramolopium arenarium......... Hawaii............ Hawaii
Tetramolopium remyi............. Lanai............. Lanai
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The plants discussed in this proposed rule were listed as
endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1999. At the time many of
these plants were listed, we determined that designation of critical
habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree
of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. These not
prudent determinations, along with 196 others, were challenged in
Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D.
Hawaii). On March 9, 1998,
[[Page 79195]]
the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii directed us
to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in
Hawaii. On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed
critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or
non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002. (See
65 FR 66808 for complete discussion about the above litigation.)
In addition, a second court order (Conservation Council for Hawaii
v. Babbitt, Civ. No. 99-002283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16,
2000, and March 28, 2000)) requires that we propose critical habitat
for 10 other plant species, 6 of which are addressed in this proposed
rule (Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Kanaloa kahoolawensis) for which
determination was found to be prudent at the time of listing. This
second court order requires us to publish proposed critical habitat
designations by November 30, 2000, and to publish final critical
habitat designations by November 30, 2001.
To comply with these court orders, we plan to publish seven
proposed rules, between now and April 30, 2002, in the following island
groupings: Kauai and Niihau; Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai;
Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii; and Oahu. Each notice will contain
the proposed prudency determinations for species occurring on that
island for which prudency determinations have not been previously
proposed, and proposed designations or non-designations of critical
habitat for each plant species known to occur from that island. The
proposed prudency determination and proposed rule for Kauai and Niihau
plants was published in the Federal Register on November 7, 2000 (65 FR
66808). When a plant species occurs on more than one island, critical
habitat may be proposed in all of the proposed rules that cover the
respective islands.
The Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe
Maui, the second largest island in Hawaii at 1,888 square
kilometers (sq km) (729 square miles (sq mi)) in area, was formed from
the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the older west Maui volcano
(1.3 million years) on the west and the larger, but much younger
Haleakala volcano on the east. Stream erosion has cut deep valleys and
ridges into the originally shield-shaped West Maui volcano. The highest
point on West Maui is Puu Kukui at 1,764 meters (m) (5,787 feet (ft))
elevation, which has an average rainfall of 1,020 centimeters (cm) (400
inches (in.)) per year, making it the second wettest spot in Hawaii
(Department of Geography 1998). Having erupted just 200 years ago, East
Maui's Haleakala crater, reaching 3,055 m (10,023 ft) in elevation, has
retained its classic shield shape and lacks the diverse vegetation
typical of the older and more eroded West Maui mountain. Rainfall on
the slopes of Haleakala is about 89 cm (35 in.) per year, with its
windward (northeastern) slope receiving the most precipitation.
However, Haleakala's crater is a dry cinder desert because it is below
the level at which precipitation develops, and is sheltered from
moisture-laden winds (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999).
The island of Kahoolawe measures about 17.7 km (11 mi) long by 11.3
km (7 mi) wide, comprising some 11,655 hectares (ha) (28,800 acres
(ac)). Located in the lee of Haleakala, the island lies approximately
11 km (6.7 mi) from East Maui. The highest point is the rim of an
extinct volcano at 450 m (1,477 ft) above sea level. The estimated
annual precipitation is approximately 500 millimeters (mm) (20 in.),
with most if it falling from November through March. In addition to the
low precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest of the Hawaiian Islands
(Gon et al. 1992).
Discussion of the Plant Taxa
Species Endemic to Maui and/or Kahoolawe
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, a long-lived
perennial and a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is called the
Haleakala silversword. It is a distinctive, globe-shaped rosette plant
with a dense covering of silver hairs. This subspecies is distinguished
from Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense by the shape and ratio
of the dimensions of the inflorescence, the number of ray florets per
head, and the combination of its longer, three-angled leaves; its
silvery leaf hairs, which completely hide the leaf surface; and its
longer achenes (Carr 1985, 1999a).
This monocarpic (flowers only once, at the end of its lifetime)
plant matures from seed to its final stage in approximately 15-50 years
(Loope and Medeiros, in press). The plant remains a compact rosette
until it sends up an erect, central flowering stalk, sets seed, and
dies. Flowering occurs from June to September, with annual numbers of
flowering plants varying dramatically from year to year. Reliable
counts of flowering plants were made in 1935 (217 flowered) and in 1941
(815 flowered) (Loope and Crivellone 1986). Numbers recorded in recent
years have ranged from zero in 1970 to 6,632 in 1991. The environmental
stimulus for synchronous flowering is as yet unknown. An apparent
relationship of the 1991 mass flowering event to stratospheric
alteration by the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines has
been considered. Investigations are underway by R. Pharis of the
University of Calgary and L.L. Loope to explore whether enhanced
flowering is related to increased UV-B radiation due to temporary
reduction of stratospheric ozone (United States Fish and Wildlife
Service (USFWS) 1997). Flying insects, especially native bees, moths,
flies, bugs, and wasps, many of which are pollinators, are attracted in
large numbers to the giant, aromatic inflorescences. It has been
demonstrated that Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum cannot
fertilize itself and is reliant on insect pollinators for reproduction.
Rarely, hybrids between A. sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum and Dubautia
menziesii, have been observed. Primarily found within Haleakala Crater,
especially on Puu o Pele and Puu o Maui cinder cones, these hybrid
individuals flower for several years before dying (Carr 1985).
Currently, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum occupies
all of its historic range, a 1,000 ha (2,500 ac) area at 2,100-3,000 m
(6,890-9,840 ft) elevation in the crater and outer slopes of Haleakala
Volcano, within Haleakala National Park, and The Nature Conservancy of
Hawaii's (TNCH) Waikamoi Preserve (Loope and Crivellone 1986; TNC
1998). There are a total of seven populations on Federal and privately
owned land, with 39,013 to 44,013 individual plants (TNCH 1998;
Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000; Hawaii Natural
Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000).
The habitat of this species consists primarily of dry, well-
drained, otherwise barren, unstable slopes of recent (less than several
thousand years old) volcanic cinder cones. Mean annual precipitation is
approximately 75-125 cm (29-49 in.). The substrate has almost no soil
development and is subject to frequent formation of ice at night and
extreme heating during cloudless days (USFWS 1997). This species is
found in alpine dry shrubland with native species including: Agrostis
sandwicensis (bent grass), Deschampsia nubigena (hair grass), Dubautia
menziesii (na ena e), Silene
[[Page 79196]]
struthioloides (catchfly), Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe),
Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia), Tetramolopium humile (pamakani), and
Trisetum glomeratum (pili uka) (USFWS 1997).
The threats to this species are loss of pollinators due to the
Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis) and alien yellowjackets (Vespula
pennsylvanica); native seed-eating and herbivorous insects such as the
tephritid fly (Trupanea cratericola), the larvae of a native phycitid
moth (Rhynchephestia rhabdotis), and the endemic cerambycid beetle
(Plagithmysus terryi); limited natural range which makes it vulnerable
to extinction due to catastrophic events, such as a natural disaster;
competition from the alien plant species Verbascum thapsus (mullein)
and Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass); and human impacts (trampling
and site degradation). Although goats (Capra hircus) and cattle (Bos
taurus) have been removed from the park, they remain a potential threat
(USFWS 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Clermontia samuelii
Clermontia samuelii, a short-lived perennial in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is a terrestrial shrub with elliptical leaves
which are sometimes broader at the tips. Clermontia samuelii ssp.
hanaensis is differentiated from C. samuelii ssp. samuelii by the
greenish white to white flowers; longer, narrower leaves with the
broadest point near the base of the leaves; and fewer hairs on the
lower surface of the leaves. This species is separated from other
members of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flowers and
the hypanthium (Lammers 1999).
There is very little known about the life history of this plant.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1999).
Historically, Clermontia samuelii has been reported from Haleakala
and from Keanae Valley on the windward side to Manawainui on the more
leeward (southeastern) side of Haleakala (Medeiros and Loope 1989;
HINHP Database 2000). Currently, C. samuelii ssp. hanaensis is known
from the northeastern side of Haleakala, within Haleakala National
Park, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (NAR), and Hana Forest Reserve. There
is a total of five populations with 600 individual plants on State and
Federal lands (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; B. Hobdy in litt. 2000;
K. Wood in litt. 2000). C. samuelii ssp. samuelii is known from three
populations totaling 50 to 100 individuals on State and Federal lands
within Haleakala National Park, Hanawi NAR, and the Hana and Koolau
forest reserves (Warshauer 1998; USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000).
Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis is found between 735 and 1,060 m
(2,400 and 3,475 ft) elevation, while C. samuelii ssp. samuelii is
typically found between 1,725 to 2,100 m (5,660 to 6,900 ft) elevation
(64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000). C. samuelii
ssp. hanaensis is found in wet Metrosideros polymorpha and M.
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) forest with Tetraplasandra
oahuensis (ohe mauka), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Hedyotis
hillebrandii (manono), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Cibotium sp.
(hapuu), Argyroxiphium grayanum (greensword), Dubautia sp. (na ena e),
Clermontia arborea (oha wai), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Melicope
clusifolia (alani), Diplazium sandwichianum (NCN), Peperomia
obovatilimba (ala ala wai nui), Adenophorus tamariscinus (pendant
fern), Vaccinium sp. (ohelo), Carex alligata (NCN), Melicope sp.
(alani), and Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa) (HINHP Database 2000).
Clermontia samuelii ssp. samuelii is found in wet Metrosideros
polymorpha and M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum forest with
Hedyotis hillebrandii, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia sp.,
Diplazium sandwichianum, Rubus hawaiiensis (akala), Clermontia
arborescens ssp. waihiae (oha wai), Vaccinium sp., Carex alligata, and
Melicope sp. (HINHP Database 2000).
Threats to Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis include habitat
degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and
competition with alien plant taxa such as Tibouchina herbacea
(glorybush), Paspalum urvillei (vasey grass), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo
grass), Juncus sp. (NCN), Hedychium coronarium (ginger), and Hedychium
gardnerianum (64 FR 48307; K. Wood in litt. 2000). In addition, two
extremely invasive alien plant taxa, Miconia calvescens (velvet tree)
and Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas and may
invade this habitat if not controlled (64 FR 48307). The habitat of C.
samuelii ssp. samuelii was extensively damaged by pigs in the past, and
pigs are still a major threat to the populations on State owned lands.
The population within the National Park has been fenced and pigs have
been eradicated. However, due to the large populations of pigs in
adjacent areas, the park populations must constantly be monitored to
prevent further occurrence (64 FR 48307). Competition with alien plant
taxa such as Holcus lanatus (velvet grass) and Juncus planifolius (NCN)
is a major threat to this subspecies (K. Wood in litt. 2000). In
addition, rats (mainly black rat (Rattus rattus)) and slugs (mainly
Milax gagetes) are known to eat leaves, stems, and fruits of other
members of this genus, and therefore are a potential threat to both
subspecies (64 FR 48307).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, a short-lived perennial
member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a vine-like shrub
with sprawling stems and tan latex sap. This subspecies is
differentiated from the other subspecies by its shorter elliptical
leaves. The species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus
by the vine-like stems and the yellowish flowers that appear red due to
the covering of hairs (Lammers 1999).
There is very little known about the life history of this plant.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown.
Historically, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis was reported
from the windward side of Haleakala and from Waikamoi to Kipahulu
Valley (Lammers 1999). Currently, this taxon is known from three
populations with a total of 205 individuals in Kipahulu Valley within
Haleakala National Park; west of Kuhiwa Stream and Valley in Hanawi
NAR; and on lower Waikamoi flume, which is privately owned (64 FR
48307; Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis is found on stream banks and
wet scree (a sloping mass of rocks at the base of a cliff) slopes in
montane wet or mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa (koa) and/or
Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations between 730 and 1,340 m (2,400
and 4,400 ft) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000). Associated species
include Cibotium sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), Psychotria
hawaiiensis (kopiko ula), Broussaisia arguta, and Hedyotis acuminata
(au) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to this species are habitat degradation and/or
destruction by feral pigs; competition with several alien plant taxa;
rats; slugs; and potential extinction due to random environmental
events due to small population sizes (64 FR 48307).
[[Page 79197]]
Cyanea glabra
Cyanea glabra, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is a short-lived, perennial shrub, with the leaves of juvenile plants
deeply pinnately lobed, while those of the adult plants are more or
less entire and elliptical. This species is differentiated from others
in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flower and the
pinnately lobed juvenile leaves (Lammers 1999).
There is very little known about the life history of this plant.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown.
Historically, Cyanea glabra has been reported from West Maui and on
Haleakala, East Maui (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000). Currently,
this species is known from a single population of 12 individual plants
on privately owned land in Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000).
Cyanea glabra is found on soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland
forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at
elevations between 800 to 1,340 m (2,625 to 4,400 ft) (HINHP Database
2000).
The threats to this species are slugs; habitat degradation and/or
destruction by feral pigs; flooding; competition with several alien
plant taxa; rats; the two-spotted leafhopper (Saphonia rufofascia); and
extinction caused by random environmental events due to the small
number individuals in the only remaining population (64 FR 48307).
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, a short-lived perennial and
member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree
with tan colored latex. This subspecies is differentiated from the
listed subspecies (C. hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii) by its longer calyx
lobes and shorter individual flower stalks. This species is separated
from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by fewer flowers per
inflorescence and narrower leaves (Lammers 1999).
There is very little known about the life history of this plant.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown.
Historically, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora was known from
the windward side of Haleakala, stretching from Puu o Kakae to
Manawainui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this taxon is known from
nine populations with a total of 22 individuals in Haipuaena Gulch in
the Koolau Forest Reserve; along East Wailuaki Stream in the Koolau
Forest Reserve; upper Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala National Park; and
between Puu Ahulili and Kaupo Gap (State, Federal, and privately owned
lands) (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Typical habitat for this taxon is montane wet forest dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha, with a Cibotium sp. and/or native shrub
understory and closed Acacia koa-M. polymorpha wet forest from 975 to
1,500 m (3,200 to 4,920 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000). Associated
native plant taxa include Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron
trigynum, Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea solenocalyx (haha), Cyanea
kunthiana (haha), Vaccinium sp., Melicope sp., and Myrsine sp. (kolea)
(64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to this species are habitat degradation and/or
destruction by feral pigs; landslides; competition with the alien plant
Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani); rats; and slugs (64 FR 48307).
Cyanea mceldowneyi
Cyanea mceldowneyi (a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae)) is a short-lived, unbranched perennial shrub with
rough to prickly stems. This species is distinguished from other
species of Cyanea by the combination of a densely armed trunk, long (40
mm (1.6 in.)) white-colored corollas, and leaf blade size and shape
(Lammers 1999).
There is very little known about the life history of this plant.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1997).
Historically, Cyanea mceldowneyi was known from rainforest west of
Waikamoi to Honomanu on northwestern Haleakala (Lammers 1999).
Currently, this species is known from six populations with a total of
31 individuals, in the vicinity of Waikamoi Drainage on East Maui, on
or near State and privately owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000).
The habitat of this species is montane wet forest with mixed
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa at elevations between 925 and 1,280
m (3,030 and 4,200 ft) (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated
native plants include Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana),
Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale),
Dicranopteris linearis, and Cheirodendron trigynum (57 FR 20772).
The threats to this species are habitat degradation and physical
destruction by feral pigs; small number of populations and individuals
(57 FR 20772); and competition with alien plant species, especially
Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass) (USFWS 1997).
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, a short-lived perennial of the
aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub less than 80 cm (30 in.)
tall with hairless or strigullose (bulbous-based hairs, all pointing in
the same direction) stems. This species differs from other Hawaiian
members of the genus by the number of nerves in the leaves and by the
close resemblance of the leaves to the genus Plantago (Carr 1985,
1999b). The subspecies humilis differs from the other two subspecies
(D. plantaginea ssp. magnifolia and Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
plantaginea) by having fewer heads per inflorescence, but more florets
per head (Carr 1999b).
There is very little known about the life history of this plant.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown.
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis has only been reported from two
locations in Iao Valley, on West Maui. These populations, totaling 60-
65 individuals, are on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000).
The typical habitat of the species is wet, barren, steep, rocky,
wind-blown cliffs between 350 to 400 m (1,150 to 1,300 ft) elevation.
Associated native plant taxa include Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus
albidus (mamaki), Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu), Carex sp. (NCN),
Hedyotis formosa (NCN), Lysimachia remyi (kolokolo kuahiwi), Bidens sp.
(kookoolau), Pritchardia sp. (loulu), and Plantago princeps (64 FR
48307; HINHP Database 2000).
Threats to Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis include landslides and
competition from alien plant taxa (64 FR 48307). Random environmental
events, such as landslides, are a threat because of the limited number
of individuals and populations and their narrow distribution.
Geranium arboreum
Geranium arboreum, a long-lived perennial and a member of the
geranium family (Geraniaceae). It is a many branched, spreading, woody
shrub about 1.8 to 3.7 m (6 to 12 ft) tall. This species can be
distinguished from other Geranium by its red petals with the upper
three petals erect and the lower
[[Page 79198]]
two reflexed, causing the flower to appear curved (Wagner et al. 1999).
Geranium arboreum is the only species in its genus that appears to
be adapted to bird-pollination (Funk 1982, 1988). Native honeycreepers
appear to be a major pollination vector. G. arboreum from the southwest
area of Haleakala in the Kula Forest Reserve produce seeds that are
larger and fuller than seeds from the northwest extension of its
distribution (USFWS 1997). Native honeycreepers are reasonably abundant
in both areas (USFWS 1997).
The original range and abundance of the species is unknown, but
late 19th and early 20th century collections indicate that it once grew
on the southern slopes of Haleakala and that its distribution on the
northern slopes extended beyond its presently known range. There are
ten populations totaling 142 to147 individuals, on State, private, and
federally owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
These populations are found in Waiohuli; west side of Puu Nianiau; west
side of Puu Koolau; Waiakoa and Kealahou; Hapapa Gulch; Kaonoulu;
southeast and southwest side of Puu Keokea; and Papaanui (Warshauer
1998; HINHP Database 2000).
Geranium arboreum grows in steep, damp, and shaded narrow canyons
and gulches, steep banks, and along intermittent streams in Sophora
chrysophylla (mamane) subalpine dry shrubland and Metrosideros
polymorpha montane forest, between 1,525 to 2,135 m (5,000 and 7,000
ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include Vaccinium
reticulatum (ohelo ai), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Styphelia
tameiameiae, Rubus hawaiiensis, and Dryopteris wallichiana (NCN) (USFWS
1997).
The greatest immediate threat to the survival of this species is
the encroachment and competition from naturalized, exotic vegetation,
chiefly grasses and trees. Soil disturbance, caused by trampling cattle
and rooting by feral pigs, also is a major threat as it destroys plants
and facilitates the encroachment of competing species of naturalized
plants. Other less important threats include browsing by cattle; fires;
and pollen from exotic pine trees, which at times of the year
completely cover the stigmas of the geraniums, precluding any
fertilization by its own species (Funk 1982, 1988). The small number of
individual plants increases the potential for extinction from random
environmental events, and the limited gene pool may depress
reproductive vigor (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1997).
Geranium multiflorum
Geranium multiflorum, a long-lived member of the geranium family
(Geraniaceae). This perennial is a 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall, many-
branched shrub. Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50, and have 5 white
petals that are 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in.) long with purple veins or
bases. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its
white, regularly symmetrical flowers and by the shape and pattern of
teeth on its leaf margins (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al. 1999).
There is very little known about the life history of this plant.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1997).
Historically, Geranium multiflorum was known from Ukulele,
Waieleele, and Waianapanapa on East Maui (HINHP Database 2000). This
species is now known from Haleakala National Park, Hanawi NAR, Koolau
Forest Reserve, and Waikamoi Preserve on Federal, State, and private
lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The nine known
populations extend over a distance of about 10.5 by 5.5 km (6.5 by 3.5
mi). Due to the inaccessibility of the populations and the difficulty
in determining the number of individuals (due to the plant's multi-
branched form), the total number of individuals of this species is not
known; however, it probably does not exceed 3,000 plants (57 FR 20772;
HINHP Database 2000).
Geranium multiflorum is found in wet or mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha montane forest and alpine mesic forest, Styphelia
tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry forest, open
sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands, between
1,580 and 2,450 m (5,180 and 8,040 ft) in elevation (Wagner et al.
1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include Coprosma
montana (pilo), Dryopteris glabra (hohui), Dryopteris wallichiana,
Rubus hawaiiensis, Ranunculus sp. (makou), Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp.,
and Sadleria cyatheoides (amau) (HINHP Database 2000).
The major threat to Geranium multiflorum is competition with
encroaching alien plant species, particularly Rubus argutus (prickly
Florida blackberry) (57 FR 20772). A potential threat is habitat
destruction by feral pigs and goats in unfenced areas.
Kanaloa kahoolawensis
Kanaloa kahoolawensis, a short-lived perennial and a member of the
legume family (Fabaceae), is a densely branched shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5
to 3.5 ft) tall. The leaves are divided into three pairs of leaflets,
with a leaf nectary (nectar-bearing gland) at the joint between each
pair of leaflets. One to three inflorescences are found in the leaf
axils (joint between leaf and stem), developing with the flush of new
leaves. The inflorescence is a globose head with 20 to 54 white
flowers. Up to four fruits develop in each flowering head. One slender,
brown seed, about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long, is found in each fruit. There
is no other species of legume in Hawaii that bears any resemblance to
this species or genus (Lorence and Wood 1994).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (64 FR 48307).
Kanaloa kahoolawensis was unknown to science until its discovery by
Steve Perlman and Ken Wood in 1992 on a steep rocky spire on the coast
of Kahoolawe. The only known location of Kanaloa kahoolawensis is this
rocky stack on the southern coast of the island of Kahoolawe, which is
owned by the State of Hawaii (Lorence and Wood 1994). While there are
no previous records of the plant, pollen core studies on the island of
Oahu revealed a legume pollen that could not be identified until this
species was discovered. The pollen cores indicate that K. kahoolawensis
was a codominant with Dodonaea viscosa and Pritchardia sp. from before
1210 B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point K. kahoolawensis disappeared
from the pollen record and D. viscosa and Pritchardia sp. declined
dramatically (Athens et al. 1992; Athens and Ward 1993; Lorence and
Wood 1994). Only one population with two living individuals is known
(Paul Higashino, Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC), pers.
comm. 2000).
The only known habitat is mixed coastal shrubland on steep rocky
talus slopes at 45 to 60 m (150 to 200 ft) elevation. Associated native
plant taxa include Sida fallax (ilima), Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona),
Bidens mauiensis (kookoolau), Lipochaeta livarum (nehe), Portulaca
molokinensis (ihi), and Capparis sandwichiana (maia pilo) (64 FR
48307).
The major threats to Kanaloa kahoolawensis are landslides and the
alien plant taxa Emilia fosbergii (pualele), Chloris barbata (swollen
finger grass), and Nicotiana glauca (tobacco tree) (Lorence and Wood
1994). Goats played a major role in the destruction of vegetation on
Kahoolawe
[[Page 79199]]
before they were removed (Cuddihy and Stone 1990), and K. kahoolawensis
probably survived only because the rocky stack is almost completely
separated from the island and inaccessible to goats (Lorence and Wood
1994). Rats are a potential threat to Kanaloa kahoolawensis, because
the species has seeds similar in appearance and presentation to the
seeds of the federally endangered Caesalpinia kavaiense (Uhiuhi), which
are eaten by rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this
species 800 years ago. Trampling and habitat degradation from cats and
seabirds are also potential threats (P. Higashino, pers. comm. 2000).
Random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor are also
a threat to this species, because only two individuals are known (64 FR
48307).
Lipochaeta kamolensis
Lipochaeta kamolensis, a short-lived perennial herb of the aster
family (Asteraceae), has trailing or climbing stems that are woody at
the base and reach a length of 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft). This species is
distinguished from others of the genus by the simple leaves which are
pinnately lobed or cut and by the size of the flower heads (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Lipochaeta kamolensis has been observed flowering from December
through February, as well as in April. The growing season coincides
with the wet season between November and April/May. Plants are dry and
appear to be metabolically inactive during the dry season. Additional
information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is
generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
Historically, Lipochaeta kamolensis was known from Kamole Gulch,
west of Kepuni Gulch, and 7.2 km (11.8 mi) southeast of Ulupalakua
Ranch Office (Wagner et al. 1999). This species still occurs in the
Kamole Gulch, as well as Kepuni Gulch, both above and below Highway 31
on State-owned and private lands. The only known population, which
extends over an area of about 40 ha (100 ac), is estimated to contain
less than 500 individuals (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000; Kenneth
Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) in litt. 1999).
Lipochaeta kamolensis typically grows along the bottom of rock
ledges in dry to mesic scrub or dry lowland forests at elevations from
220 to 250 m (720 to 820 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated
vegetation includes Dodonaea viscosa, Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), and
Ipomoea indica (koali awa) (K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
The major threats to Lipochaeta kamolensis are habitat destruction
and predation by cattle and goats, competition with alien plants such
as Lantana camara, fire, and the small number of populations subject to
extinction by random environmental events (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).
Melicope adscendens
Melicope adscendens, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family
(Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub with long, slender branches covered
with gray hairs when young, which become hairless when older. M.
adscendens is distinguished from other species of the genus by its
growth habit, the distinct follicles of its fruit, and the persistent
(remaining attached) sepals and petals (Stone et al. 1999).
Melicope adscendens fruits have been collected in March and July.
Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
Melicope adscendens has been found only on the southwestern slope
of Haleakala; two plants, separated by an unspecified distance, were
found by Forbes in 1920. Today, there are a total of three known
populations on State and private lands: one of the original plants
persists near Puu Ouli on privately owned land, 26 individuals are
known from Auwahi, and one individual has been found in the Kanaio NAR
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
This species typically grows at elevations between 770 and 1,220 m
(2,520 and 4,000 ft) in Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua) lowland mesic
forest or open dry forest on a`a lava flows (a particular type of lava
flow with very sharp edges) with pockets of soil. Associated native
plant species include: Pleomele auwahiensis (hala pepe), Dodonaea
viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei), Alphitonia ponderosa
(kauila), Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia (akoko), Santalum
ellipticum (iliahialo e), Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), Styphelia
tameiameiae and Xylosma hawaiiensis (maua) (HINHP Database 2000, K.
Wood, in litt. 1999).
Major threats are habitat damage and trampling by cattle,
competition with alien plant species, including Lantana camara,
Bocconia frutescens (NCN), and Pennisetum clandestinum, and reduced
reproductive vigor or extinction from random environmental events due
to the small number of individuals and narrow distribution. Potential
threats include habitat degradation and damage to plants by axis deer
(Axis axis), feral goats, feral pigs, black twig borer, fire, and ranch
activities (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).
Melicope balloui
Melicope balloui, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family
(Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub. New growth has yellowish brown
woolly hairs and waxy scales; plant parts later become nearly hairless.
M. balloui is distinguished from other species of the genus by the
partially fused carpels of its four-lobed capsule and usually
persistent sepals and petals (Stone et al. 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
Melicope balloui has been found only on the northern and
southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There are two known populations,
located approximately 4.0 km (2.5 mi) apart; one near Puu o Kakae on
privately owned land and the second on federally owned land in Kipahulu
Valley within Haleakala National Park. The two populations are
comprised of approximately 50 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
This species typically grows in Acacia koa and Metrosideros
polymorpha dominated montane wet forest at elevations between 760 and
1,520 m (2,500 and 5,000 ft). Associated taxa include Machaerina
angustifolia (uki), Cheirodendron trigynum, Labordia hedyosmifolia
(kamakahala), Coprosma sp. (pilo), Dicranopteris linearis, Joinvillea
ascendens ssp. ascendens (ohe), and Peperomia subpetiolata (ala ala wai
nui) (HINHP Database 2000, USFWS 2000).
Major threats are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral
pigs and axis deer and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction caused
by random environmental events due to the small number of existing
populations and individuals. Potential threats include competition with
alien plant taxa, such as Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, Paspalum
urvillei, Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), and Psidium cattleianum
(strawberry guava); susceptibility to black twig borer; and predation
by rats (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).
Melicope ovalis
Melicope ovalis, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family
[[Page 79200]]
(Rutaceae), is a tree growing up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. New growth has
fine, short, brownish hairs, but soon becomes hairless. Leaves are
opposite, leathery, and broadly elliptic. The upper and lower surfaces
of the leaves are hairless, and bruised foliage has an anise odor
similar to that of M. anisata. Each flower cluster is on a main stalk
and comprises three to seven flowers on individual stalks. Further
details of the flowers are unknown. The fruit, a capsule, has carpels
that are fused along almost their entire length. Each fertile carpel
contains one or two glossy black seeds. The exocarp and endocarp are
both hairless. M. ovalis is distinguished from other species of the
genus by the almost entirely fused carpels of its capsule, its
nonpersistent sepals and petals, and its well-developed petioles (Stone
et al. 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
Melicope ovalis has been found only on the eastern and southeastern
slopes of Haleakala. There is one known population with less than 300
individuals, found on federally owned land in Kipahulu Valley in
Haleakala National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in
litt. 1999).
This species typically grows in Acacia koa and Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated montane wet forests along streams at elevations
between 850 and 1,430 m (2,800 and 4,700 ft). Associated taxa include
Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Labordia
hedyosmifolia, Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), Dubautia plantaginea,
Hedyotis hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, and
Perrottetia sandwicensis (USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).
Major threats to the only known population are habitat degradation
and damage to plants by feral pigs and reduced reproductive vigor and/
or extinction due to random environmental events. Competition with
introduced plants such as Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, Rubus
rosifolius (thimbleberry) and Psidium cattleianum, seed predation by
rats, and susceptibility to black twig borer are also threats to this
species (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP 2000; K. Wood in litt. 1999).
Habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral goats and axis deer
are potential threats if the integrity of the fence currently
surrounding the population is compromised.
Remya mauiensis
Remya mauiensis is a short-lived perennial member of the aster
family (Asteraceae). The genus Remya is endemic to the Hawaiian
Islands. It is a small perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with
many slender, sprawling, or scandent to weakly erect branches, covered
with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The leaves are narrow, up to
about 15 cm (6 in.) long, and are bunched at the ends of the branches.
The coarsely toothed leaf blade is 5 to 12 times longer than wide, has
a long-attenuate base, and a petiole of less than 1 cm (0.4 in.) long.
The leaves are green on the upper surface and covered with a dense mat
of fine white hairs on the lower surface. The flowers are small, about
0.7 cm (0.3 in.) in diameter, dark yellow, and densely clustered at the
ends of their stems (Wagner et al. 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
Remya mauiensis was collected twice by William Hillebrand on West
Maui between 1851 and 1871, and again in 1920 by Charles Forbes, also
on West Maui. It was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in
1971 by L.E. Bishop, W. Gagne, and S. Montgomery on the slopes of
Manawainui Gulch, West Maui. Currently, R. mauiensis is known from
three small populations on adjacent ridges on State-owned land in West
Maui: Manawainui, Papaalua Gulch, and Ukemehame (GDSI 2000). Because of
the sprawling habit of this species, and the often dense growth of the
surrounding vegetation, it is difficult to determine the exact number
of individuals in a population; however, there is an estimate of 26
individuals (HINHP Database 2000).
Remya mauiensis grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing
slopes between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft) in elevation,
primarily in mixed mesophytic forests, Metrosideros polymorpha montane
wet forest, or the remnants of such forests. Associated species
include: Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau nui), Wikstroemia sp.
(akia), Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Lysimachia remyi,
Microlepia strigosa (palapalai), Melicope sp., Alyxia oliviformis
(maile), Psychotria mariniana, Ctenitis squamigera, Pleomele
auwahiensis, and Styphelia tameiameiae (HINHP Database 2000, USFWS
1997).
This species is threatened by extinction due to random catastrophic
environmental events by virtue of the extremely small size of the
populations coupled with a limited distribution of the remaining
populations. The limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a
single environmental disturbance could destroy a significant percentage
of the known individuals. However, the primary threat to this species
is the loss and degradation of its habitat due to the introduction of
alien plants, such as Rubus rosifolius and Tibouchina herbacea, and
feral pigs (56 FR 1450; USFWS 1997).
Schiedea haleakalensis
Schiedea haleakalensis, a short-lived perennial of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a hairless shrub, with slightly fleshy, narrow
leaves and a single vein. Flowers are arranged in clusters at the ends
of the branches. The flower has 5 green, oval sepals; no petals; 5
nectaries; and 10 stamens. Capsules contain grayish to reddish brown
seeds. This species differs from other species of the genus on East
Maui by its crowded, hairless inflorescence composed of bisexual
flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).
Schiedea haleakalensis is gynodioecious (individuals either have
only female flowers or only perfect flowers) and so likely needs cross
pollination by small insects. Small, short-flighted flies and moths
have been observed visiting flowers. Fruits and seeds have been
observed from August through September. Additional information on the
life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown
(USFWS 1997).
Due to the lack of early collections or sightings, the historical
range of Schiedea haleakalensis is unknown. This species is known only
from Holua and the west side of Kaupo Gap in the federally owned
Haleakala National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The two
populations are estimated to contain a total of 100 to 200 individuals,
which together extend over a total area of 11 ha (28 ac) (HINHP
Database 2000).
Schiedea haleakalensis typically grows on sheer, north-facing arid
subalpine cliffs at elevations of 1,830 to 2,140 m (6,000 to 7,020 ft)
(Wagner et al. 1999). Associated vegetation includes Artemisia
mauiensis (hinahina), Bidens micrantha (NCN), Dubautia sp., and Viola
chamissoniana (pamakani) (USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).
[[Page 79201]]
The greatest threats to Schiedea haleakalensis are fire and other
catastrophic events that could severely impact the species due the
small number and restricted distribution of remaining individuals and
populations (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).
Tetramolopium capillare
Tetramolopium capillare, a short-lived perennial of the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is a sprawling shrub with stems measuring 50 to 80
cm (20 to 31 in.) long and covered with many glands when young. The
very firm, stalkless leaves are involute (edges rolled under). Flower
heads are situated singly at the ends of stalks. Located beneath each
flower head are 45 to 50 bracts, arranged in a structure 3 to 4 mm
(about 0.1 in.) high and 7 to 10 mm (0.3 to 0.4 in.) in diameter. In
each flower head, 30 to 50 white, male ray florets are surround by 15
to 25 greenish yellow tinged with red, functionally female florets. The
achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits) are topped by a white pappus
comprising a single series of bristles. T. capillare differs from other
species of the genus by its very firm leaves with edges rolled under,
its solitary flower heads, the color of its disk florets, and its
shorter pappus. It differs from T. remyi, with which it sometimes
grows, by its more sprawling habit and the shorter stalks of its
smaller flower heads (Lowrey 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
Historically, Tetramolopium capillare is known from Lahainaluna to
Wailuku on West Maui (Lowrey 1999). Currently, four known populations
with a total of between 130 and 150 individuals are known to be extant
near Halepohaku, Koai, and Kauaula on State and privately owned lands
(GDSI 2000; USFWS 2000).
Tetramolopium capillare typically grows on rocky substrates at
elevations between 610 and 1,050 m (2,000-3,440 ft) in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae montane mesic or wet shrubland or in
Heteropogon contortus (pili grass) lowland dry forest. Plant species
associated with the higher elevation populations include Dodonaea
viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, and Styphelia tameiameiae. Dodonaea
viscosa, Heteropogon contortus, and Myoporum sandwicense (naio) are
associates of the other populations (USFWS 1997).
The major threats to Tetramolopium capillare are fires; competition
from alien plant species, particularly Lantana camara, Leucaena
leucocephala (koa haole), and Rhynchelytrum repens (natal redtop); and
reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction from random environmental
events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals
(59 FR 49860; USFWS 1997).
Multi-Island Species
Alectryon macrococcus
Alectryon macrococcus, a long-lived perennial and a member of the
soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus
and auwahiensis, both trees with reddish-brown branches and net-veined
paper or leather-like leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes
asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense
brown hairs, only when young in A. macrococcus var. macrococcus, and
persistent in A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis. The only member of its
genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other
Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm
(1 in.) or more in diameter (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al. 1999).
Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree
that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought.
Little else is known about the life history of A. macrococcus.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown.
Historically and currently, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, this taxon is
found along the Honokowai Ditch Trail and in Launiupoko Valley, on or
near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
There are three populations with a total of four individuals (HINHP
Database 2000). Currently, A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis is known
from three populations with 22 individuals on leeward East Maui in the
Auwahi and Kanaio districts, and on the slopes of Haleakala on private
land and State-owned, but privately leased, ranchland (Medeiros et al.
1986; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus is dry slopes
or in gulches in dense mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest or
Diospyros sandwicensis forest at elevations of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510
ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plants include Nestegis
sandwicensis and Antidesma platyphyllum (hame). The habitat of A.
macrococcus var. auwahiensis is mixed lowland dry forest at elevations
of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510 ft). Associated native plants include
Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus (aiai), and Pleomele
auwahiensis (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Maui
include feral goats and pigs; alien plant species, such as Melinus
minutiflora (molasses grass), Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass),
Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmasberry), and Psidium cattleianum;
damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice (Mus
musculus); fire; seed predation by insects (probably the endemic
microlepidopteran Prays cf. fulvocanella); loss of pollinators;
depressed reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining
number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural
or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic.
The threats to A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis on Maui are damage from
the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice; habitat
degradation by feral pigs and escaped cattle; seed predation by insects
(probably Prays cf. fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; depressed
reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining number of
individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-
caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic (57 FR
20772).
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, a short-lived member of the aster
family (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be
distinguished from other subspecies by the shape of the seeds, the
density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per
head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (57 FR
20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).
Bidens micrantha is known to hybridize with other native Bidens,
such as B. mauiensis and B. menziesii, and possibly B. conjuncta
(Ganders and Nagata 1999). Little else is known about the life history
of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental
requirements are unknown.
Historically, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha was known from Lanai,
the south slope of Haleakala on East Maui,
[[Page 79202]]
and from one locality on West Maui (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP
Database 2000). Currently, this taxon remains only on East Maui in
Kahua, Manawainui to Wailaulau, and in Haleakala National Park, on
State and Federal lands. There are a total of four populations with
less than 2,000 individuals altogether (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP
Database 2000).
The habitat of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha is blocky lava flows
with little or no soil development, deep pit craters, and sheer rock
walls in open canopy Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, montane
shrubland, or cliff faces at elevations of 1,600 to 2,300 m (5,250 to
7,550 ft) (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated
native species include Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma montana,
Dodonaea viscosa, Lysimachia remyi, Viola chamissoniana, Dubautia
menziesii, and Dubautia platyphylla (na ena e) (Ganders and Nagata
1999; HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by
feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from a variety of invasive
plant species; and fire (57 FR 20772).
Bonamia menziesii
Bonamia menziesii, a short-lived perennial member of the morning-
glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are
fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is
endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the
family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves
(Austin 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown.
Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, one location on West Maui, and the island of Hawaii (HINHP
Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, this species is known from Puu o
kali; Honokowai Ditch Trail; and Kanaio NAR. Currently there are three
populations containing a total of 11 individuals on State and privately
owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Bonamia menziesii is found on a`a lava in mixed open dry forest, or
Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili) lowland dry forest, and in mesic
mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest at elevations between 150 and 850
m (490 and 2,800 ft) (HINHP database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Associated species include Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis,
Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa,
Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nothocestrum latifolium
(aiea), Pouteria sandwicensis, Achyranthes splendens (NCN), Acacia
koaia (koaia), Sida fallax, Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Sicyos sp.
(anunu), Lipochaeta rockii (nehe), Nototrichium sp. (kului), Myoporum
sandwicense (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
The primary threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation
and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, axis deer, and cattle;
competition with a variety of alien plant species, particularly
Pennisetum setaceum, Lantana camara, and Bocconia frutescens; and an
alien beetle (Physomerus grossipes) (59 FR 56333).
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Cenchrus agrimonioides is a short-lived perennial member of the
grass family (Poaceae) with leaf blades which are flat or folded and
have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties, C. agrimonioides var.
laysanensis and C. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They differ from
each other in that var. agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter stems,
and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the
genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and
position of the bristles (O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are generally unknown, however, this species has been observed
to produce fruit year round (USFWS 1999).
Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known
from the Oahu, Lanai, and the south slope of Haleakala and Ulupalakua
on Maui, and an undocumented report from the Island of Hawaii (61 FR
53108). Historically, C. agrimonioides var laysanensis was known from
Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
National Wildlife Refuge. This variety has not been seen since 1973 (61
FR 53108; Corn 1980). Currently, Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
agrimonioides is known from Oahu and Maui. On Maui, this variety is
known from a single population within the Kanaio NAR, containing an
unknown number of individuals (HINHP Database 2000).
Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is found on rough a`a
lava scree in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at
elevations between 560 and 820 m (1,830 and 2,700 ft). Associated
plants include Alyxia oliviformis, Canthium odoratum (alahee), Carex
sp., Diospyros sp. (lama), Styphelia tameiameiae, and Eragrostis
variabilis (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to the only known population of Cenchrus
agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on Maui are competition with alien
plants; browsing and habitat degradation by goats and cattle; and a
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (61
FR 53108).
Centaurium sebaeoides
Centaurium sebaeoides is an annual herb in the gentian family
(Gentianaceae), with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species
is distinguished from C. erythraea, which is naturalized in Hawaii, by
its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster
(56 FR 55770; Wagner et al. 1999).
Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April.
Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Populations are found in
dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains
(USFWS 1995c). Other than that, little is known about the life history
of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
regulations, and limiting factors are generally unknown.
Historically and currently, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999). On Maui,
there are three populations of this species, with a total of more than
50 individuals, on or near State and privately owned lands, north of
Waihee; Puu Koae; and near the mouth of Makamakaole Stream (HINHP
Database 2000).
This species typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs
in arid coastal areas below 250 m (820 ft) elevation (56 FR 55770;
Wagner et al. 1999). Associated species include Panicum torridum
(kakonakona), Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), Schiedea
globosa (NCN), Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Argemone glauca (pua
kala), Bidens mauiensis, Lycium sandwicense (ohelo kai), and
Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation
by feral goats and cattle; competition from the alien plant species
Leucaena leucocephala; trampling by humans on or near trails; and fire
(56 FR 55770).
[[Page 79203]]
Clermontia lindseyana
Clermontia lindseyana, a short-lived perennial and a member of the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched tree that grows
2.5-6 m (8.2 to 20 ft) tall (Lammers 1999). Clermontia lindseyana is
either terrestrial or epiphytic, living on the surface of other plants.
The upper surface of the oblong-shaped leaves is dark green while the
lower is pale green or purplish and hairy. Leaf stalks are 2.5-7 cm (1-
2.8 in.) long and hairy. Berries are 2.5-4 cm (1-1.6 in.) wide, almost
round, and orange. Clermontia lindseyana is easily separable from the
other taxa within this genus by several characters: much larger leaves
and flowers, similar petals and sepals, and spreading floral lobes
(Cuddihy et al. 1983; Lammers 1999). Rock (1962) commented on the
leaves being conspicuously hairy beneath.
This species was observed in fruit from June to October, and in
flower from February to August (HINHP Database 2000). No other life
history information is currently available.
Historically, Clermontia lindseyana was known on Maui from the
southern slope of Haleakala and the eastern portion of the island, and
on the island of Hawaii. Since 1975, populations of Clermontia
lindseyana have been identified on Maui and Hawaii (59 FR 10305). The
two Maui populations are located in Waiopai and Wailaulau Gulches in
the Kahikinui Forest Reserve and in Kula Forest Reserve on State and
private lands, and are estimated to total about 330 individuals (Arthur
Medeiros, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, in
litt. 2000; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
The extant populations grow in remnant Acacia koa mesic forest on
the leeward slopes between 1,311 and 2,150 m (4,300 and 7,041 ft).
Associated native taxa include the following native plant species:
Cyrtandra oxybapha, native fern species, Phlegmariurus mannii, Ilex
anomala (aiea), Coprosma sp., and Myrsine sp. (HINHP Database 2000;
USFWS 1996).
The threats to Clermontia lindseyana are trampling and grazing by
cattle, trampling and browsing by goats, and rooting and trampling by
pigs; competition with the alien plant Pennisetum clandestinum; and
consumption of berries, flowers, and vegetation by black rats (59 FR
10305).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, a short-lived perennial and
a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree
with oblong to lance-shaped leaves on leaf stalks (petioles).
Clermontia oblongifolia is distinguished from other members of the
genus by its calyx and corolla, which are similar in color and are each
fused into a curved tube that falls off as the flower ages. The species
is also distinguished by the leaf shape, the male floral parts, the
shape of the flower buds, and the lengths of the leaf and flower
stalks, the flower, and the smooth green basal portion of the flower
(the hypanthium) (57 FR 20772; Lammers 1988, 1999). Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is reported from Maui and Lanai, while ssp.
oblongifolia is only known from Oahu and ssp. brevipes is only known
from Molokai.
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is known to flower from
November to July (Rock 1919). Little is known regarding pollination
vectors, seed dispersal, or other factors.
Historically, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis was known from
Lanai and from Honomanu Valley on Haleakala, East Maui (57 FR 20772;
Lammers 1999). Currently, it is reported from Lanai and Maui. On West
Maui, this taxon is known from one population with an unknown number of
individuals, along the trail to Puu Kukui in the Honokowai section of
the West Maui NAR on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999).
This plant typically grows on the sides of ridges in Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated montane wet forest at elevations between 850-1,000
m (2,800-3,280 ft) (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000). Associated
native species include Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma sp., Clermontia
sp., Hedyotis sp., and Melicope sp. (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).
The only known population of this species on Maui is vulnerable to
extinction from a natural or human-caused environmental disturbance due
to its small size; depressed reproductive vigor; and habitat
degradation by feral pigs (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).
Colubrina oppositifolia
Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae), is a long-lived tree with extremely hard red wood. This
species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by
the opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins
(Wagner et al. 1999).
This species was observed in fruit and flower during September 1929
and June 1968, and in flower during December 1947 and January 1984
(HINHP Database 2000). No other life history information is currently
available.
Historically and currently, Colubrina oppositifolia is known from
Oahu, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii (59 FR 10305). Currently on Maui,
there are two populations containing one individual each on privately
owned lands in the Kapunakea Preserve on West Maui and on privately
owned lands in the Auwahi area of East Maui (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000).
Habitats of this species are lowland dry and mesic forests
dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis, and found at elevations between
240 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 ft). Associated native species include
Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia sp. (awikiwiki), Wikstroemia sp., Canthium
odoratum, and Reynoldsia sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by
feral pigs; competition with the alien plants Lantana camara,
Pennisetum setaceum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; black twig borer;
Chinese rose beetles (Adoretus sinicus); fire; and its small population
numbers and limited distribution (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996).
Ctenitis squamigera
Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial of the wood fern
family (Dryopteridaceae) (Wagner and Wagner 1992). It has a rhizome
(horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) thick, creeping above the
ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower
part of the leaf stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed with tan-
colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in.) long and 1 mm (0.04 in.) wide.
The sori are tan-colored when mature and are in a single row one-third
of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the ultimate segments
(Degener and Degener 1957). The indusium is whitish before wrinkling,
thin, suborbicular with a narra sinus extending about half way,
glabrous except for a circular margin which is ciliolate with simple
several-celled glandular and nonglandular hairs arising directly from
the margin or from the deltoid base (Degener and Degener 1957).
Ctenitis squamigera can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian
species of Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its
frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements
and limiting factors are unknown.
Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). It
is currently found on Oahu, Lanai,
[[Page 79204]]
Molokai, and Maui. There are currently six populations with between 52
and 58 individuals on State and privately owned lands on the island of
Maui (GDSI 2000; Hank Oppenheimer, Maui Pineapple Co., in litt. 2000;
K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000; Joel Lau, HINHP, pers. comm. 2000 and in
litt. 2000). These populations are all on West Maui, in Honolua Valley;
Kahanaiki Gulch; Kanaha Valley; Ukumehame Valley; Kapunakea Preserve;
and Iao Valley (H. Oppenheimer, in litt. 2000; K. Wood and J. Lau,
pers. comm. 2000).
This species is found in the forest understory at elevations of 380
to 1,000 m (1,250 to 3,280 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; H. Oppenheimer,
pers. comm. 2000), in Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest,
Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros sp. mesic forest and diverse mesic
forest (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plant taxa include
Alyxia oliviformis, Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Coprosma sp., Pleomele
sp. (hala pepe), Thelypteris globulifera (NCN), Sadleria sp. (amau),
Doodia sp. (okupukupu lauii), Pittosporum sp. (ho awa), Dryopteris sp.,
Bobea sp. (ahakea), Antidesma sp. (hame), Peperomia sp., Dicranopteris
linearis, Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens, Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio
(kokio), Hedyotis formosa, Pritchardia forbesiana (loulu), Myrsine sp.,
Psychotria sp. (kopiko), and Xylosma sp. (maua) (USFWS 1998a; HINHP
Database 2000).
The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera are habitat degradation
by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with alien plant taxa,
especially Psidium cattleianum and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; and
extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of
existing populations and individuals (USFWS 1998a).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a short-lived member of the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a perennial shrub with pinnately
divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the
width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the
other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which
overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. On Molokai,
flowering plants have been reported in July and August. Reproductive
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown.
Historically and currently, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is
known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and scattered locations on Maui (61 FR
53108). Currently on Maui, there are two populations with a total of
five individuals in Iao Valley on State and privately owned lands (61
FR 53108; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa, on
rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, at elevations between 350 and
945 m (1,150 and 3,100 ft). Associated plants include Antidesma sp.,
Bobea sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., and
Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108).
The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and/or
destruction caused by axis deer, goats, and pigs; competition with
various alien plants; randomly naturally occurring events that could
cause extinction due to the small number of existing individuals;
trampling by hikers; landslides; rats; and slugs (61 FR 53108; USFWS
1999).
Cyanea lobata
Cyanea lobata, a short-lived member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched perennial shrub with smooth to
somewhat rough stems and oblong, irregularly lobed leaves. This species
is distinguished from other species of Cyanea by the size of the flower
and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea lobata is known to flower from August to February, even in
individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in.) in height (Rock 1919, Degener
1936).
Historically, Cyanea lobata was known from Lanai and West Maui
(Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000). It is no longer extant on Lanai,
and was rediscovered at 600 m (1,970 ft) elevation on privately owned
land in Waikapu Valley on West Maui in 1982 (HINHP Database 2000). The
single known plant of this species was later destroyed by a landslide
triggered by heavy rains (Hobdy et al. 1990; HINHP Database 2000).
Another population of three individuals was discovered in 1996 at 560 m
(1,840 ft) elevation on privately owned land in Honokohau Valley on
West Maui (GDSI 2000: HINHP Database 2000).
This species has been seen and collected on steep stream banks in
deep shade in wet forest at elevations of 550-915 m (1,800-3,000 ft)
with Touchardia latifolia (olona), Morinda trimera (noni), and Athyrium
sp. (akolea) ( 57 FR 20772; Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by
feral pigs; depressed reproductive vigor; and natural or human-caused
environmental disturbance that could easily be catastrophic to the only
known population due to the small number of remaining individuals and
the limited and scattered distribution of the species (57 FR 20772;
USFWS 1997).
Cyrtandra munroi
Cyrtandra munroi, a short-lived perennial and member of the African
violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a shrub with opposite, elliptic to
almost circular leaves which are sparsely to moderately hairy on the
upper surface and covered with velvety, rust-colored hairs underneath.
This species is distinguished from other species of the genus by the
broad opposite leaves, the length of the flower cluster stalks, the
size of the flowers, and the amount of hair on various parts of the
plant (Wagner et al. 1999).
Some work has been done on the reproductive biology of some species
of Cyrtandra (USFWS 1995b), but not on that of C. munroi specifically.
The pollinators of these plants have not been identified, although
studies indicate that a specific pollinator may be necessary for
successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be carried out by birds
which eat the fruits (USFWS 1995b). Flowering time, longevity of plants
and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting
factors are unknown.
Historically and currently, Cyrtandra munroi is known from Lanai
and West Maui (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Currently on
Maui, there is a single population in Kahana Valley containing more
than 30 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000).
The habitat of this species is lowland wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis forest, typically on rich, moist to wet,
moderately steep talus slopes from 300 to 920 m (980-3,020 ft). It
occurs on soil and rock substrates on slopes from watercourses in gulch
bottoms and up the sides of gulch slopes to near ridgetops. Associated
native species include Diospyros sp., Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia
sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Freycinetia arborea,
Melicope sp., Myrsine sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp.
(mamaki), Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis,
Psychotria sp., Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp.
[[Page 79205]]
(naupaka), Xylosma sp., and other Cyrtandra sp. ( 57 FR 20772; HINHP
Database 2000).
The threats to this species on Maui are from browsing and habitat
disturbance by axis deer; competition with the alien plant species
Psidium cattleianum, Myrica faya (firetree), Leptospermum scoparium
(tea tree), Pluchea symphytifolia (sourbush), Melinis minutiflora,
Rubus rosifolius, and Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass); loss of
appropriate pollinators; a very small number of extant individuals
which can cause depressed reproductive vigor; and the effects of random
environmental events that could easily be catastrophic to the only
known population on Maui (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1995b).
Diellia erecta
Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of 3 to 9 lance-shaped fronds
emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This
species differs from other members of the genus in having brown or dark
gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in.) in length, fused or
separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a
hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori
(Smith 1934; Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).
Little is known about the life history of this taxon. Reproductive
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown.
Historically, Diellia erecta was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Lanai, scattered locations on Maui, and various locations on the Island
of Hawaii (USFWS 1999). Currently, it is only known from Molokai, Maui,
and Hawaii. On Maui, there are four known populations containing 23
individual plants on or near State or privately owned lands in Iao
Valley, Manawainui Plant Sanctuary, Papalaua Gulch, and Waiopai Gulch
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species is found in deep shade on steep slopes or gulch
bottoms in Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic
forest at elevations between 210 and 1,590 m (700 and 5,200 ft) (HINHP
Database 2000; USFWS 1999). Associated native plant species include
Nestegis sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Melicope sp., Coprosma sp.,
Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), Myrsine sp., Psychotria
sp., Pleomele auwahiensis, Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha), and
Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1999).
The major threats to Diellia erecta on Maui are habitat degradation
by pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with alien plant species,
including Blechnum occidentale (NCN); and random naturally occurring
events that could cause extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor
due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 56333; USFWS
1996).
Diplazium molokaiense
Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived perennial member of the
woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and
green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This
species can be distinguished from other species of Diplazium in the
Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including
venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape,
and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
There is little known about the life history of this plant.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown.
Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, and Ainahou Valley and Maliko Gulch (East Maui) and
Wailuku (Iao) Valley and Waikapu (West Maui) on Maui (HINHP Database
2000). Currently, this species is only known from Maui. Two populations
with one individual each are found in Waiopai Gulch and Makawao Forest
Reserve, on or near State or privately owned lands (Warshauer 1998;
GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species occurs near water falls in lowland or montane mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest between 850 and 1,680 m
(2,800 and 5,500 ft) in elevation (USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).
The primary threats on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats,
cattle, pigs, and axis deer; competition with alien plant taxa;
decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from randomly occurring
natural events due to the small number of populations and individuals
(59 FR 49025; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).
Flueggea neowawraea
Flueggea neowawraea, a long-lived perennial and a member of the
spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree with white oblong pores
covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is the only member of
the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other species
in the genus by its large size, scaly bark, the shape, size, and color
of the leaves, flowers clustered along the branches, and the size and
shape of the fruits (Linney 1982; Hayden 1999).
Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female
flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce
viable seed (Hayden 1999). Little else is known about the life history
of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from the islands of
Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently,
populations are known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui, and Hawaii. It is
now known from two populations with a total of three trees on East Maui
at Auwahi, and above the Lualailua Hills on the southwest slope of
Haleakala, on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP
Database 2000; Mahealani Kaiaokamelie, (formerly with) Ulupalakua
Ranch, in litt. 2000).
Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or mesic forest at elevations of
250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft) (Hayden 1999). Associated native plant
species include Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides (ahakea),
Charpentiera sp. (papala), Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Melicope sp., Myrsine
lanaiensis (kolea), Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe), Psychotria mariniana
(kopiko), Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Nesoluma
polynesicum (keahi), Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum (hame), A.
platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia
sandwicensis (hao), Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria
sandwicensis, and Streblus pendulinus (HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to the populations on Maui are the black twig borer;
habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, and cattle; competition
with alien plant species; depressed reproductive vigor; the risk of
extinction from a random environmental event due to the small number of
individuals; and predation of the fruit by rats (59 FR 56333; USFWS
1999; HINHP Database 2000).
Hedyotis coriacea
Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a
small, short-lived perennial shrub with leathery leaves which are
generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in.) long
and usually 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in.) wide. This species is
distinguished from others of the genus by its small, triangular calyx
lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and the combination of capsules
which are
[[Page 79206]]
longer than wide and flower buds which are square in cross section
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was known from Oahu and the Island
of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Considered extinct on all islands in
recent years, this species was rediscovered in 1990 by Steve Perlman in
the State-owned Lihau section of the West Maui NAR and in 1991 on the
1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa Training Area, Island of Hawaii (HINHP
Database 2000; USFWS 1997). Currently, only a single individual is
known from West Maui on State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000).
Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, rocky, slopes in dry lowland
Dodonaea viscosa dominated shrublands at elevations between 470 to
2,300 m (1,540 to 7,550 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated species
include Sida fallax, Gouania hillebrandii (NCN), Bidens menziesii,
Lipochaeta livarum, Myoporum sp. (naio), and Schiedea menziesii (NCN)
(HINHP Database 2000).
The single remaining individual of Hedyotis coriacea on Maui is
threatened by extinction from a random naturally occurring event.
Hedyotis mannii
Hedyotis mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a
short-lived perennial plant with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60
cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or
winged. The leaves are opposite, thin in texture, and elliptic to
sometimes lance-shaped. Stipules (leaf-like appendages), which are
attached to the slightly winged leaf stalks where they join and clasp
the stem, are triangular. Flowers are arranged in loose clusters up to
30 cm (1 ft) long at the ends of the stems and are either bisexual or
female. This species' growth habit, its quadrangular or winged stems,
the shape, size, and texture of its leaves, and its dry capsule, which
opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner
et al. 1999).
Currently, no life history information is available for this
species (USFWS 1996).
Currently and historically, Hedyotis mannii is known from Lanai,
West Maui, and Molokai (USFWS 1992). On Maui, there is a single
population of approximately 20 individuals located on private land in
Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000).
The population on Maui is found on basalt cliffs along stream banks
in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest
between 825 and 885 m (2,700 and 2,900 ft) (K. Wood in litt. 2000).
Associated plant species include Machaerina sp. (uki), Carex meyenii
(NCN), Phyllostegia sp. (NCN), Hedyotis acuminata, Cyrtandra
platyphylla (haiwale), Cyanea sp. (haha), and Isachne distichophylla
(ohe) (K. Wood in litt. 2000).
Hedyotis mannii on Maui is threatened by landslides; competition
with the alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, Ageratina adenophora,
Buddleia asiatica (butterfly bush), Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush),
and Clidemia hirta; and the low number of individuals makes it
extremely vulnerable to extinction by random naturally occurring events
(USFWS 1996; K. Wood in litt. 2000).
Hesperomannia arborescens
Hesperomannia arborescens, a long-lived perennial of the aster
family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to
5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs
from other Hesperomannia species in having the following combination of
characteristics: erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head
stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et
al. 1999).
This species was observed in flower from April through June and
fruit during March 1993 and June 1997 (USFWS 1998). No other
information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors.
Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai,
and Oahu (HINHP Database 2000). This species is now known from Oahu,
Molokai, and Maui. There is currently one population with four
individuals on East Maui, between Lanilili and Keahikauo on State and
privately-owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Hesperomannia arborescens is found on slopes or ridges in lowland
mesic or wet forest between 360 and 750 m (1,180 and 2,460 ft) in
elevation, in association with Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine
sandwicensis (kolea), Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus sp., Antidesma
sp., Psychotria sp., Clermontia sp., Cibotium sp., Dicranopteris
linearis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Sadleria sp., Melicope sp.,
Machaerina sp., Cheirodendron sp., and Freycinetia arborea (HINHP
Database 2000).
The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens on Maui are habitat
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plant taxa;
extinction due to random environmental events or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of individuals in one remaining
population; and impact by humans (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2000).
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Hesperomannia arbuscula, a long-lived perennial member of the aster
family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft)
tall. This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus
by the erect flower heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which
are one to two times as long as wide (Wagner et al. 1999).
Hesperomannia arbuscula usually flowers in the spring depending on
precipitation. Seeds mature in about six weeks and trees last about 10
to 15 years (USFWS 1995c). No other information is available on
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors.
Historically and currently, Hesperomannia arbuscula is known from
Oahu and West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, this species is
found in three populations, containing 13 individuals, on privately
owned land in Iao and Waihee Valleys (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000;
K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Hesperomannia arbuscula typically grows on slopes and ridges in
mesic or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha
at elevations of 350 to 900 m (1,150 to 2,950 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999;
HINHP Database 2000). Associated species include Bidens sp.,
Tetraplasandra sp., Alyxia oliviformis, and Psychotria sp. (HINHP
Database 2000).
The major threats to Hesperomannia arbuscula on Maui are habitat
degradation by feral pigs, competition from alien plant species,
trampling by humans, and extinction from naturally occurring random
events due to the small number of populations (56 FR 55770).
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived perennial and a member of the
mallow family (Malvaceae). The species is a sprawling to erect shrub or
small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in
having the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a
calyx consisting of triangular
[[Page 79207]]
lobes with raised veins and a single midrib, bracts attached below the
calyx, and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic scar. Two
subspecies are currently recognized, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
brackenridgei and H. brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus (Bates 1999).
Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early
February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year.
Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length (USFWS 1999).
Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination
biology, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown.
Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei was known from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii (USFWS 1999; HINHP
Database 2000). Hibiscus brackenridgei was collected from an
undocumented site on Kahoolawe, though the subspecies has never been
determined (USFWS 1999). Currently, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus is known from Oahu and from undocumented observations on
Kauai (Bates 1999; USFWS 1999). Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
brackenridgei is currently known from Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui,
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is found in five populations,
containing 38 individuals, on or near State and privately owned lands
at the northern base of Puu o kali, in the Lihau section of the West
Maui NAR, Kaonohua Gulch, Keokea, and south of Puu o kali (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000).
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei occurs in lowland dry
forest from 130 to 800 m (425 to 2,625 ft) in elevation, sometimes with
Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant tree (Geesink et al. 1999; HINHP
Database 2000). Associated plant species include Myoporum sp.,
Chenopodium sp. (ahe ahea), Achyranthes sp. (NCN), Nototrichium sp.,
Diospyros sp., Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia, Dodonaea
viscosa, Canthium odoratum, Eurya sandwicensis (anini), Isachne
distichophylla, and Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2000).
The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei on
Maui are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs, goats,
cattle, axis deer, and rats; competition with alien plant species; and
susceptibility to extinction caused by random environmental events or
reduced reproductive vigor due to small population size and a limited
number of populations (59 FR 56333).
Ischaemum byrone
Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived member of the grass family
(Poaceae), is a perennial species with creeping underground and erect
stems. Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished from other Hawaiian
grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower
units, which are awned and two-flowered, and a di- or trichotomously-
branching inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1996).
Historically, Ischaemum byrone was reported from Oahu, Molokai,
East Maui, the Island of Hawaii, and an undocumented site on Kauai (59
FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is found on
Molokai, Hawaii, and Maui. On Maui, it is known from along the coast on
private and State owned lands at Kahanu Gardens, Pauwalu Point,
Honokalani, Kauiki Head, and on the following offshore islets: Keopuka
Islet, Mokuhuki Islet, and Puukii Islet (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000). There is a total of six populations with less than 3,000
individuals (HINHP Database 2000).
The habitat of Ischaemum byrone is coastal dry shrubland, occurring
near the ocean among rocks or on basalt cliffs between sea level and 75
m (250 ft) (O'Connor 1999). Associated taxa include Bidens sp.,
Fimbristylis cymosa (Maui u aki aki), and Scaevola sericea (naupaka
kahakai) (HINHP Database 2000).
The most serious threat to Ischaemum byrone is the invasion of
alien plants, particularly Digitaria ciliaris (Henry's crabgrass),
Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardesia) and Casuarina equisetifolia
(paina). Additionally, fire may pose a threat in areas infested with
alien grasses, provided enough fuel is present. Other potential threats
include grazing and browsing by goats and axis deer; disturbance
incurred from these ungulates further promotes the introduction and
establishment of alien weeds. Some populations are also threatened from
residential development (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996; HINHP Database 2000).
Lysimachia lydgatei
Lysimachia lydgatei, a short-lived perennial member of the primrose
family (Primulaceae), is a sprawling, branched shrub with stems from 1
to 1.3 m (3 to 4 ft) long. This species is distinguished from others in
the genus by the dense hairs on both the upper and lower surfaces of
mature leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
Lysimachia lydgatei was known historically from a gulch behind
Lahaina on West Maui and from Oahu. Currently, it is found only on Maui
in the following locations on State-owned land in the Lihau section of
the West Maui NAR: Halepohaku, Helu, and Kauaula-Olowalu (Wagner et al.
1999; HINHP Database 2000). The three Maui populations number
approximately 240 individuals (GDSI 2000).
Lysimachia lydgatei typically grows on the sides of steep ridges in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis dominated wet to mesic
shrubland or Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane forest between
elevations of about 915 to 1,415 m (3,000-4,640 ft) (HINHP Database
2000). Associated vegetation includes Lycopodium sp. (wawae iole), Ilex
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium sp., Eurya sandwicensis, Styphelia
tameiameiae, Coprosma sp., Ochrosia sp. (holei), Astelia sp. (painiu),
Broussaisia arguta, and mat ferns, such as Dicranopteris sp. (HINHP
Database 2000).
The greatest threats to Lysimachia lydgatei are the threat of
extinction from a random environmental event due to the small number of
populations; competition with alien plant species, such as Rubus
argutus; and fire (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).
Mariscus pennatiformis
Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived member of the sedge family
(Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with a woody root system covered
with brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is subdivided into two
subspecies, ssp. bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which are
distinguished by the length and width of the spikelets; color, length,
and width of the glume; and by the shape and length of the achenes.
This species differs from other members of the genus by its three-
sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of
spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems (Koyama
1999).
Mariscus pennatiformis is known to flower from November to December
after heavy rainfall. Additional information on the life history of
this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
requirements,
[[Page 79208]]
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).
Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis was known from Kauai, Oahu,
East Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Nahiku), the Island of Hawaii, and
from Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (HINHP Database 2000).
M. pennatiformis ssp. bryanii is only known from Laysan Island in the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. M.
pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is currently found only on East Maui.
One population of approximately 30 individuals is found on State owned
land near the mouth of Hanawi Stream (GDSI 2000; K. Wood in litt.
1999).
On Maui, Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is found at
elevations between sea-level and 6 m (20 ft) on brown soil with talus
in Pandanus coastal wet cliffs and within reach of ocean spray.
Associated native plant species include: Sadleria pallida (amau),
Pandanus tectorius (hala), Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi),
Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa), Eragrostis variabilis, and Ipomoea sp.
(morning glory) (Koyama 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood in litt.
1999).
Threats to the only known population of Mariscus pennatiformis ssp.
pennatiformis on Maui include grazing and habitat destruction caused by
ungulates; competition from alien plant species; and extinction from
random naturally occurring events (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).
Melicope knudsenii
Melicope knudsenii, a long-lived perennial and a member of the
citrus family (Rutaceae), is a tree with smooth gray bark and yellowish
brown to olive-brown hairs on the tips of the branches. The species is
distinguished from M. haupensis and other members of the genus by the
distinct carpels present in the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger
number of flowers per cluster, and the distribution of hairs on the
underside of the leaves (Stone et al. 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown.
Historically, Melicope knudsenii was known only from the southeast
slope of Haleakala on Maui and from Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). This
species remains on Kauai, but is only found on privately owned lands at
the following locations on Maui: Auwahi, Puu Mahoi, and the Kanaio
area. There are three populations with a single individual at each
location (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Melicope knudsenii grows on forested flats or talus slopes in
Nestegis-Pleomele mixed open dry forests at elevations of about 450 to
1,220 m (1,480 to 4,000 ft) (Stone et al. 1999). Associated native
plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, and Xylosma hawaiiensis
(HINHP Database 2000).
Threats to Melicope knudsenii include habitat degradation by alien
animals, such as goats and pigs; reduced reproductive vigor; fire;
natural aging and death; and invasive plant species, such as Pennisetum
clandestinum (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995a).
Melicope mucronulata
Melicope mucronulata, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family
(Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 4 m (13 ft) tall with oval to
elliptic-oval leaves, 8 to 16 cm (3 to 6.5 in.) long and 3.5 to 6.5 cm
(1.5 to 2.5 in.) wide. This species is distinguished from others in the
genus by the growth habit, the number of flowers in each flower
cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, and the degree of hairiness
of the leaves and fruit walls (Stone et al. 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, East Maui, Melicope mucronulata
was not relocated until 1983 when it was reported from State land with
an unknown number of plants. This species was also found two years
later on East Molokai (Stone et al. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000).
Melicope mucronulata typically grows on steep, west- or north-
facing, dry to mesic, forested lowland slopes at elevations of 670 to
1,070 m (2,200 to 3,500 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native
species include Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia
tameiameiae, and Dubautia linearis (na ena e) (USFWS 1997).
The major threat to the continued existence of the only known
population of Melicope mucronulata on Maui is the risk of extinction
from a random environmental event. Habitat degradation by goats and
pigs, predation by goats, and competition with alien plants,
particularly Melinis minutiflora, also pose immediate threats to this
species (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).
Neraudia sericea
Neraudia sericea, a short-lived perennial member of the nettle
family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with
densely hairy branches. The elliptic or oval leaves have smooth margins
or slightly toothed margins on young leaves. The upper leaf surface is
moderately hairy and the lower leaf surface is densely covered with
irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. The male
flowers may be stalkless or have short stalks. The female flowers are
stalkless and have a densely hairy calyx that is either toothed,
collar-like, or divided into narrow unequal segments. The fruits are
achenes with the apical section separated from the basal portion by a
deep constriction. Seeds are oval with a constriction across the upper
half. N. sericea differs from the other four closely related species of
this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, color, and posture
of the hairs on the lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf
margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).
Neraudia sericea was known historically from Molokai, Lanai,
Olowalu Valley on West Maui, the southern slopes of Haleakala on East
Maui, and from Kahoolawe (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species
is known from Molokai and Maui. On Maui, three populations totaling
more than four individuals are found in Pohakea Gulch (West Maui) and
in Manawainui and Kamole Gulches (East Maui). These populations occur
on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; M.
Kaiaokamelie, in litt. 2000).
Neraudia sericea generally occurs in lowland dry to mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Styphelia tameiameiae
shrubland or forest or Acacia koa forest between 670 and 1,480 m (2,200
and 4,850 ft) in elevation (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; M.
Bruegmann in litt. 1995). Other associated plant species include
Huperzia mannii (NCN), Urera glabra (opuhe), Cyrtandra oxybapha
(haiwale), Cyrtandra platyphylla, Sida fallax, Diospyros sp., Bobea
sp., Coprosma sp., and Hedyotis sp. (HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann
in litt. 1995).
The primary threats to Neraudia sericea on Maui are habitat
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plants,
Melinus minutiflora, Pennisetum clandestinum, Holcus lanatus,
Cymbopogon refractus (barbwire grass), and nonnative Eragrostis sp.
(love grass); and a risk of
[[Page 79209]]
extinction due to random environmental events (59 FR 56333; USFWS
1999).
Peucedanum sandwicense
Peucedanum sandwicense, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae),
is a short-lived, parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise
from a short, vertical, perennial stem with several fleshy roots. This
species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1995a).
Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from
Molokai, Maui, and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). Discoveries in 1990
extended the known distribution of this species to the island of Oahu
(USFWS 1995a). A population is known from State-owned Keopuka Islet,
off the coast of Maui with a total of between 20-30 individuals (GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species grows in cliff habitats from sea level to above 900 m
(2,950 ft) (Constance and Affolter 1999) and is associated with native
species such as Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp.,
and Metrosideros polymorpha (USFWS 1995a; HINHP Database 2000).
Competition with introduced plants is the major threat to
Peucedanum sandwicense on Keopuka Rock (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995a).
Phlegmariurus mannii
Phlegmariurus mannii, a short-lived member of the clubmoss family
(Lycopodiaceae), is a hanging epiphyte (growing on the outside of other
plants instead of being rooted in the ground) with clustered, delicate
red stems and forked reproductive spikes; these traits distinguish it
from others in the genus in Hawaii (Degener and Degener 1959; St. John
1981; Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii was known from Kauai, West Maui
(Haelaau and Hanaula), and the Island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000).
Currently, this species is found on Maui and Hawaii. On Maui, this
species is now known on State and private lands from Kaupo, Nuanualoa
Stream, and Manawainui on East Maui; and from Lihau and Puu Kukui on
West Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). There are five populations
with fewer than 300 individuals total (HINHP Database 2000).
On Maui, Phlegmariurus mannii typically grows in moist protected
gulches on the native tree species Metrosideros polymorpha, and Acacia
koa, in mesic to wet montane M. polymorpha-A. koa forests at elevations
of 900 to 1,600 m (2,950 to 5,250 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated
native species include Thelypteris sp., Athyrium sp., Styphelia
tameiameiae, Cyanea sp., Machaerina sp., Cyrtandra sp., Sadleria sp.,
Vaccinium sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Astelia menziesiana (kaluaha),
Coprosma sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Ilex anomala, and Myrsine sp.
(HINHP Database 2000).
The primary reasons for the endangerment of this species are
habitat alteration by goats, cattle and pigs, and the impacts of alien
plant species. Additionally, small population sizes also make the
species subject to extinction due to random environmental events (57 FR
20772; USFWS 1997).
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, nonaromatic,
perennial herb. Leaves are oval in outline with rounded teeth. Flowers,
usually in groups of 6, are spaced along a stem; there are 2 shorter
flowering stems directly below the main stem. The flowers have fused
sepals and white petals fused into a tube and flaring into a smaller
upper and a larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark green to black
nutlets. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the kind and
amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and details of the
various plant parts separate this species from other members of the
genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants live for approximately five
years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring.
Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive
cycles, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is
generally unknown (USFWS 1998b).
Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was known from Oahu, Molokai, and
East Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this
species is only known from Oahu and Maui. On East Maui, a single
population of an unknown number of individuals remains on State and
private lands in Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on steep slopes and in gulches
in diverse mesic to wet forests at an elevation of 450 to 1,830 m
(1,480 to 6,000 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plants include
ferns, Psychotria sp., and Pisonia sp. (papala kepau) (HINHP Database
2000).
The major threats to Phyllostegia mollis are competition from the
alien plant species Rubus sp. and Schinus terebinthifolius; and a risk
of extinction of the only known population of this species on Maui due
to random environmental events (56 FR 55770; USFWS 1998b).
Plantago princeps
Plantago princeps, a short-lived member of the plantain family
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This
species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its
large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the
flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from
the base. The four varieties, anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and
princeps, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the
stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of
the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have been observed
in fruit from April through September (USFWS 1999).
Plantago princeps is historically and currently found on Kauai,
Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer extant on the Island of
Hawaii. Plantago princeps var. anomala is currently known from Kauai
and Oahu; var. longibracteata is known from Kauai and Oahu; var.
princeps is known from Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from Molokai
and Maui. On Maui, there are five populations of Plantago princeps var.
laxiflora, with a total of 67 individuals, on State, Federal and
privately owned lands. This variety is found on East Maui at Koolau
Gap, Kaupo Gap, and Kipahulu Valley, and on West Maui in Iao Valley and
Kauaula Valley (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
On Maui, Plantago princeps var. laxiflora is typically found on
basalt cliffs in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet forest or Acacia
koa-M. polymorpha montane wet forest or M. polymorpha montane wet
shrubland, from 400 to 2,050 m (1,300 to 6,700 ft)
[[Page 79210]]
elevation (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plant species include
Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa, and Dubautia plantaginea spp.
humilis (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. laxiflora on Maui are
herbivory and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and
competition with various alien plant species (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).
Platanthera holochila
Platanthera holochila, a short-lived, perennial member of the
orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems
arise from underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance to egg-
shaped and the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. This is
the only species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown.
Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu,
Molokai, and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, Platanthera
holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui (HINHP Database 2000).
On Maui, three populations with 28 individuals are reported on State
and privately owned lands from Hanaula and the Kapaloa Gulch rim on
West Maui, and from Koolau Gap on East Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000).
Platanthera holochila is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed
montane bog or mesic scrubby M. polymorpha forest between 1,050-2,120 m
(3,440-6,960 ft) elevation. Associated native plants include Cibotium
sp., Coprosma ernodeoides (nene), Oreobolus furcatus (NCN), Styphelia
tameiameiae, Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi),
Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum (pukamole), Deschampsia sp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Luzula hawaiiensis (wood rush), Sisyrinchium
acre (Maui u la ili), Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia sp., Lycopodium
cernuum (wawae iole), Dubautia scabra (na ena e), Polypodium
pellucidum, Gahnia gahniiformis (NCN), and Vaccinium reticulatum (61 FR
53108; USFWS 1999).
The primary threats to Platanthera holochila on Maui are habitat
degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with alien
plants; and a risk of extinction on Maui from naturally occurring
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of
remaining populations and individuals. Predation by slugs may also be a
potential threat to this species (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).
Pteris lidgatei
Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family
(Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft)
tall. It has a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) thick and at least
10 cm (3.9 in.) long when mature. The fronds, including the leaf
stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in.) long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18
in.) wide. The leafy portion of the frond is oblong-deltoid to broadly
ovate-deltoid, thick, brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are
apparently marginal in position, either fused into long linear sori, or
more typically separated into distinct shorter sori, with intermediate
conditions being common (Wagner 1949). P. lidgatei can be distinguished
from other species of Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by the texture of
its fronds and the tendency of the sori along the leaf margins to be
broken into short segments instead of being fused into continuous
marginal sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1998a).
Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found on Oahu, Molokai, and
Waihee on West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is
known from Oahu and Maui. Two populations with approximately 20
individuals occur on Maui, one population on privately owned land in
Kahuaula Valley and the other population on State owned land near
Kahakuloa Stream (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species grows on steep stream banks between 915 to 1,070 m
(3,000 to 3,500 ft) elevation in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis montane forest with mosses and other ferns,
including Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), Dicranopteris linearis,
Elaphoglossum crassifolium (ekaha), Sadleria squarrosa (amau), and
Sphenomeris chusana (palaa) (HINHP Database 2000).
The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei on Maui are the alien plant
Clidemia hirta, habitat destruction by feral pigs, and a risk of
extinction due to random environmental events (59 FR 49025; USFWS
1998a).
Sanicula purpurea
Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived member of the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in.) tall,
arising from a massive perennial stem. The stems are tufted and
branched, with the lower portion of the stem lying close to the ground,
while the upper portion rises. The basal leaves are numerous and
leathery in texture and are kidney-shaped or circular to egg-heart-
shaped, with three to seven lobes. The leaf lobes are circular to
inversely egg-shaped. The leaf veins are impressed on the upper surface
and prominent on the lower surface. The leaf margins bear short, sharp
teeth. The basal leaf stalks are slender and abruptly sheathed at the
base. The leaves are palmately three-to five-lobed. The small purple,
or cream-colored with a purple tinge, flowers occur in branched
terminal clusters, each of which contains six to ten flowers. Each
flower cluster contains one to three perfect flowers and five to seven
staminate flowers. Below the inflorescence is a series of about ten
oblong or inversely lance-shaped bracts. The nearly spherical fruits
are covered with prickles. This species is distinguished from others in
the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by the color of the
petals (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).
Historically and currently, Sanicula purpurea is known from Oahu
and West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On West Maui, four populations
totaling between 130 and 250 individuals are currently known on State
and private lands in Keahikauo, Eke Crater, Violet Lake, and Puu Kukui
(GSDI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species typically grows in open Metrosideros polymorpha mixed
montane bogs between 1,000 and 1,620 m (3,280 and 5,330 ft) elevation
(HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant taxa include Styphelia
tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi (NCN), Geranium humile (nohoanu), Myrsine
vaccinioides (kolea), Viola mauiensis (pamakani), Argyroxiphium
caliginis (eke silversword), Plantago pachyphylla (laukahi kuahiwi),
Lycopodium sp., Argyroxiphium grayanum, Lagenifera mauiensis
(howaiaulu), Machaerina sp., and Oreobolus furcatus (HINHP Database
2000).
Habitat degradation by feral pigs, a risk of extinction due to
random environmental events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to
the small number of existing populations are the major threats to
Sanicula purpurea (61
[[Page 79211]]
FR 53108; USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
Sesbania tomentosa
Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived member of the legume family
(Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub, but may also be a small
tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic
leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky
hairs. The flowers are salmon tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet
or rarely, pure yellow. S. tomentosa is the only endemic Hawaiian
species in the genus, differing from the naturalized S. sesban by the
color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of
seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).
The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa is being studied by
David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the
University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that
although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of
successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus
Hylaeus and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably
pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the
winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the
year (USFWS 1999). Other aspects of this plant's life history are
unknown.
Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on at least six of the eight
main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and
Hawaii) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It
is no longer extant on Niihau and Lanai (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999; GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, S. tomentosa is known from seven
populations with a total of 83 individuals. The populations are located
on State-leased land at Kanaio Training Area on East Maui; and on State
and privately owned lands at Olowalu Canyon, Mokolea Point, Kahakuloa,
Nakalele Point, and Poelua Bay on West Maui(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; B. Hobdy in litt. 2000). Off the south central coast of
Kahoolawe, approximately 100 individuals of S. tomentosa are found on a
small islet, Puu Koae, a State-owned seabird sanctuary (USFWS 1999;
HINHP Database 2000).
Sesbania tomentosa is found in Scaevola sericea coastal dry
shrublands on windswept slopes, sea cliffs and cinder slopes between
sea level and 580 m (1,900 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000).
Associated plant species include Lipochaeta integrifolia, Jacquemontia
ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis (pa uohi iaka), Rhynchelytrum repens, Sida
fallax, and Dodonaea viscosa (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Maui are habitat
degradation caused by competition with various alien plant species such
as Lantana camara, Waltheria sp., and grass species; feral cattle; lack
of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and, potentially,
alien insects; fire; and destruction by off-road vehicles and other
human disturbances (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999). Threats to Sesbania
tomentosa on Puu Koae include habitat degradation caused by competition
with various alien plant species, erosion, and trampling by cats and
seabirds (P. Higashino, pers. comm. 2000).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae),
is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into
narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline
and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound umbrella-
shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the only member of the genus native to
Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by
being a nonsucculent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1999).
Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, it is
extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and Hawaii (59 FR
56333; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, there are three known
populations with hundreds to thousands of individuals on State owned
lands in Kuia NAR and Kanaio NAR, and on privately owned land in Lihau
(USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; C. Chimera, pers. comm.
2000).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from shady spots in Dodonaea
viscosa lowland dry shrubland, at elevations from 300 to 550 m (980 to
1,800 ft). Associated plant species include Eragrostis variabilis,
Wikstroemia sp., Erythrina sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Pleomele sp.,
Lipochaeta livarum, Sida fallax, Myoporum sandwicensis, Santalum
ellipticum, and Heteropogon contortus (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000;
C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000).
The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Maui are habitat
degradation by feral goats, pigs, and axis deer; competition with
various alien plants, such as Rhynchelytrum repens and Lantana camara;
and erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering which
result in the death of individual plants, as well as habitat
destruction (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).
Vigna o-wahuensis
Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a
slender, twining, long-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf
is made up of three leaflets which vary in shape from round to linear,
and are sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in
clusters of one to four, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or
greenish yellow petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear
distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The
fruits are long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated
and contain 7 to 15 gray to black seeds. This species differs from
others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx,
and thin pods which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al.
1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).
Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu, and on
East Maui in Makawao, Waiakoa, and Haleakala, and at an unspecified
site on West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, Vigna o-wahuensis
is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and
Hawaii. There are no currently known populations on Niihau or Oahu
(HINHP Database 2000). On the State-owned island of Kahoolawe, there
are a total of three populations with an unknown number of individuals
in the Makaalae/Lua Kealialalo area at 140 m (460 ft) elevation, the
Puhi a Nanue area near a tidal pond, and on Lua Makika (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, there is a single population of 2
individuals on State owned land in the Kanaio Beach area of East Maui
(GDSI 2000; C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000)
On Kahoolawe, Vigna o-wahuensis occurs in dry to mesic grassland
and shrubland from 10 to 140 m (30 to 460 ft) in elevation (Geesink et
al. 1999;
[[Page 79212]]
HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant species include Sida fallax,
Chenopodium sp., Dubautia menziesii, and Osteomeles anthyllidifolia
(HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, Vigna o-wahuensis occurs in dry forests
around 12 m (40 ft) elevation (C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000).
Associated plant species on Maui include Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce
sp., Nothocestrum latifolium, and Nesoluma polynesicum (C. Chimera,
pers. comm. 2000).
The primary threats to Vigna o-wahuensis on Kahoolawe are
competition with various alien plant species; fire; and a risk of
extinction due to random environmental events, and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and
individuals (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999). The primary threats to this
species on Maui are competition with the alien plant species Lantana
camara and Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass) and herbivory by axis deer
and goats.
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived perennial, is a medium-size
tree with pale to dark gray bark, and lemon-scented leaves in the rue
family (Rutaceae). Alternate leaves are composed of three small
triangular-oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets) with
surfaces usually without hairs. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is distinguished
from other Hawaiian members of the genus by several characters: three
leaflets all of similar size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and
sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1996).
Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was known from the islands of
Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Hawaii, and southern and southwestern slopes of
Haleakala on Maui. Currently, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is extant on
Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. This species is found on eastern Maui
in three populations (unknown number of individuals) on private and
State lands at Auwahi, Lualailua, and Kanaio (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported from open lowland dry or mesic
Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis forests, or montane dry
forest, at elevations between 550 and 1,740 m (1,800 and 5,710 ft) (59
FR 10305; Stone et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated species
include Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, Pisonia sp.,
Xylosma hawaiiensis, Santalum ellipticum, Alphitonia ponderosa,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alectryon macrococcus, Charpentiera sp.,
Melicope sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Streblus pendulinus, Myrsine
lanaiensis, and Sophora chrysophylla (HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui include browsing,
grazing, and trampling by feral goats and cattle; competition with the
alien plant species Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Lantana camara, and
Pennisetum setaceum; fire; human disturbance; and risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due
to the small number of populations (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996).
A summary of populations and landownership for the 55 plant species
on Maui and Kahoolawe is given in Table 3.
Table 3.--Summary of Populations and Landownership for 55 Species on Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Landownership
Species current -------------------------------------------------------------
populations Federal State Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua........................ 0
Alectryon macrococcus................ 6 X X
Argyroxiphium sandwicense............ 7 X X
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha...... 4 X X
Bonamia menziesii.................... 3 X X
Cenchrus agrimonioides............... 1 X
Centaurium sebaeoides................ 3 X X
Clermontia lindseyana................ 2 X X
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 1 X X
mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii.................. 8 X X
Colubrina oppositifolia.............. 2 X
Ctenitis squamigera.................. 6 X X
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis 3 X X X
Cyanea glabra........................ 1 X
Cyanea grimesiana spp. grimesiana.... 2 X X
Cyanea hamatiflora spp. hamatiflora.. 9 X X X
Cyanea lobata........................ 1 X
Cyanea mceldowneyi................... 6 X X
Cyrtandra munroi..................... 1 X X
Diellia erecta....................... 4 X X
Diplazium molokaiense................ 2 X X
Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis.... 2 X X
Flueggea neowawraea.................. 2 X X
Geranium arboreum.................... 10 X X X
Geranium multiflorum................. 9 X X X
Hedyotis coriacea.................... 1 X
Hedyotis mannii...................... 1 X
Hesperomannia arborescens............ 1 X X
Hesperomannia arbuscula.............. 3 X
Hibiscus brackenridgei............... 5 X X
Ischaemum byrone..................... 6 X X
Kanaloa kahoolawensis................ 1 X
Lipochaeta kamolensis................ 1 X X
Lysimachia lydgatei.................. 3 X
[[Page 79213]]
Mariscus pennatiformis............... 1 X
Melicope adscendens.................. 3 X X
Melicope balloui..................... 2 X X
Melicope knudsenii................... 3 X
Melicope mucronulata................. 1 X
Melicope ovalis...................... 1 X
Neraudia sericea..................... 3 X X
Peucedanum sandwicense............... 1 X
Phlegmariurus mannii................. 5 X X
Phyllostegia mollis.................. 1 X X
Plantago princeps.................... 5 X X X
Platanthera holochila................ 3 X X
Pteris lidgatei...................... 2 X X
Remya mauiensis...................... 3 X
Sanicula purpurea.................... 4 X X
Schiedea haleakalensis............... 2 X
Sesbania tomentosa................... 8 X X
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.............. 3 X X
Tetramolopium capillare.............. 4 X X
Vigna o-wahuensis.................... 4 X
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense............... 3 X X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Previous Federal Action
Federal action on these plants began as a result of Section 12 of
the Act, which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to
prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or
extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document
No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that
document, Alectryon macrococcus (as Alectryon macrococcum var.
macrococcum and Alectryon mahoe), Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia
lindseyana, Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea glabra (as Cyanea scabra
var. variabilis), Cyanea lobata (as Cyanea baldwinii), Cyanea
mceldowneyi, Flueggea neowawraea (as Drypetes phyllanthoides), Geranium
arboreum, Geranium multiflorum (as Geranium multiflorum var.
multiflorum, var. obatifolium, and var. superbum), Hedyotis mannii (as
Hedyotis thyrsoidea var. thyrsoidea), Hesperomannia arborescens (as
Hesperomannia arborescens var. bushiana and var. swezeyi),
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and var. ``from
Hawaii''), Ischaemum byrone, Melicope balloui (as Pelea balloui),
Melicope knudsenii (as Pelea multiflora), Melicope ovalis (as Pelea
ovalis), Neraudia sericea (as Neraudia kahoolawensis), Peucedanum
sandwicense (as Peucedanum kauaiense), Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago
princeps (as Plantago princeps var. elata, var. laxifolia, var.
princeps), Remya mauiensis, Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi and
Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa), Vigna o-wahuensis (as Vigna
sandwicensis var. heterophylla and var. sandwicensis), and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. citiodora), were considered
to be endangered; Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. hawaiiense and var.
velutinosum) were considered to be threatened; and, Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha (as Bidens distans and Bidens micrantha spp. kalealaha),
Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Hedyotis coriacea, Melicope
knudsenii (as Pelea knudsenii and Pelea tomentosa), Melicope
mucronulata (as Pelea mucronulata), Phlegmariurus mannii (as Lycopodium
mannii), Plantago princeps (as Plantago princeps var. acaulis, var.
denticulata, and var. queleniana), Pteris lidgatei, and Tetramolopium
capillare were considered extinct. On July 1, 1975, the Service
published notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of its
acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context
of Section 4(c)(2) (now Section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave notice of
its intention to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As
a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, the Service published a
proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to determine
endangered status pursuant to Section 4 of the Act for approximately
1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the above taxa considered
to be endangered or thought to be extinct except for Cyanea glabra and
Cyrtandra munroi; additionally, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum (as Argyroxiphium macrocephalum) appeared in the 1976
proposed rule as endangered. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled
on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian
Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and
the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication.
General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR
17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over
two years old be withdrawn. A one-year grace period was given to
proposals already over two years old. On December 10, 1979, the Service
published a notice in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing
the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made
final, along with four other proposals that had expired. The Service
published updated notices of review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45
FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR
6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), February 28, 1996 (61 FR
7596), and September 19, 1997 (62 FR 49398). A summary of the status
categories for the 55 plant species in the 1980-1997 notices of review
can be found in Table 4(a). The 55 species were listed as endangered or
threatened between 1991 and 1999. A summary of the listing actions can
be found in Table 4(b).
[[Page 79214]]
Table 4(a).--Summary of Candidacy Status for 55 Plant Species on Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Register Notice of Review
Species -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1980 1985 1990 1993 1996 1997
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua..................... C1 C1 C1
Alectryon macrococcus............. C1 C1 C1
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. C1 C1 C1
macrocephalum.
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha... C1 C1 C1
Bonamia menziesii................. C1 C1 C1
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Centaurium sebaeoides............. C1
Clermontia lindseyana............. C1 C1 C1
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. C1
mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii
Colubrina oppositifolia........... C1 C1 C1
Ctenitis squamigera............... C1* C1* C1*
Cyanea copelandii ssp. C
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea glabra..................... C
Cyanea grimesiana spp. grimesiana. C1 C1 C2
Cyanea hamatiflora spp. C
hamatiflora.
Cyanea lobata..................... C1 C1 C1
Cyanea mceldowneyi................ C1 C1 C1
Cyrtandra munroi.................. C2 C2 C1
Diellia erecta.................... C1 C1 C1
Diplazium molokaiense............. C1* C1* C1
Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis. C2 C2 C
Flueggea neowawraea............... C1 C1 C1
Geranium arboreum................. C1 C1 C1
Geranium multiflorum.............. C1 C1 C1
Hedyotis coriacea................. C1 C1 C1
Hedyotis mannii................... C1 C1 C1
Hesperomannia arborescens......... C1 C1 C1
Hesperomannia arbuscula........... C1 C1 C1
Hibiscus brackenridgei............ C1 C1 C1
Ischaemum byrone.................. C1 C1 C1
Kanaloa kahoolawensis............. C
Lipochaeta kamolensis............. C1 C1 C1
Lysimachia lydgatei............... C1
Mariscus pennatiformis............ C1 C1
Melicope adscendens............... 3A
Melicope balloui.................. C1 C1 C1*
Melicope knudsenii................ C1* C1* C1
Melicope mucronulata.............. C1 C1 C1
Melicope ovalis................... C1 C1* C1*
Neraudia sericea.................. 3A 3A C1
Peucedanum sandwicense............ C2 C2 C2
Phlegmariurus mannii.............. C1 C1 C1
Phyllostegia mollis............... C1 C1 C1
Plantago princeps................. C2 C2 C1
Platanthera holochila............. C1 C1 C1 C2
Pteris lidgatei................... C1 C1 C1
Remya mauiensis................... C1 C1
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea haleakalensis............ C1 C1
Sesbania tomentosa................ C1* C1* C1
Spermolepis hawaiiensis........... C1
Tetramolopium capillare........... C1* C1* C1*
Vigna o-wahuensis................. C1 C1 C1
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense............ C1 C1 C1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
C: Taxa for which the Service sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support
proposals to list them as endangered or threatened taxa.
C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and
threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.
C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.
C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support
listing proposals at this time.
3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire
high priority for listing.
Federal Register Notice of Review
1980: 45 FR 82479
1985: 50 FR 39525
1990: 55 FR 6183
1993: 58 FR 51144
1996: 61 FR 7596
1997: 62 FR 49398
[[Page 79215]]
Table 4(b).--Summary of Listing Actions for 55 Plant Species on Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed rule Final rule
Species Federal -----------------------------------------------------------------
status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua.................. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20787
Alecryon macrococcus........... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. T 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
macrocephalum.
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Bonamia menziesii.............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Cenchrus agrimonioides......... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Centaurium sebaeoides.......... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Clermontia lindseyana.......... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii............ E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Colubrina oppositifolia........ E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Ctenitis squamigera............ E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025
Cyanca copelandii ssp. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea glabra.................. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
grimesiana.
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
hamatiflora.
Cyanea lobata.................. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Cyanea mceldowneyi............. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Cyrtandra munroi............... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Diellia erecta................. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Diplazium molokaiense.......... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34241 09/09/94 59 FR 49025
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
humilis.
Flueggea neowawraea............ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Geranium arboreum.............. E 01/23/91 56 FR 2490 05/13/92 57 FR 20589
Geranium multiflorum........... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Hedyotis coriacea.............. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Hedyotis mannii................ E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Hesperomannia arborescens...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482
Hesperomannia arbuscuia........ E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Hibiscus brackenridgei......... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Ischaemum byrone............... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Kanaloa kahoolawensis.......... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Lipochaeta kamolensis.......... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Lysimachia lydgatei............ E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Mariscus pennatiformis......... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Melicope adscendens............ E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346
Melicope balloui............... E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346
Melicope knudsenii............. E 10/30/91 56 FR 5562 02/25/94 59 FR 09304
Melicope mucronulata........... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Melicope ovalis................ E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346
Neraudia sericea............... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Peucedanum sandwicense......... T 10/30/91 56 FR 5562 02/25/94 59 FR 09304
Phlegmariurus mannii........... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Phyllostegia mollis............ E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Plantago princeps.............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Platanthera holochila.......... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Pteris lidgatei................ E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025
Remya mauiensis................ E 10/02/89 54 FR 40447 01/14/91 56 FR 1450
Sanicula purpurea.............. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Schiedea haleakalensis......... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Sesbania tomentosa............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Spermolepis hawaiiensis........ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Tetramolopium capillare........ E 03/25/93 58 FR 16164 09/30/94 59 FR 49860
Vigna o-wahuensis.............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense......... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
E=Endangered
T=Threatened
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time
the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our
regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical
habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations
exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity,
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical
habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant
was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was
prudent for six of these plants
[[Page 79216]]
(Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea
glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis) and not prudent for the other 49
plants because it would not benefit the plant and/or would increase the
degree of threat to the species.
The not prudent determinations were challenged in Conservation
Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt. 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On
March 9, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of
Hawaii directed us to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed
plant species in Hawaii, including 49 of these 55 species. Among other
things, the court held that in most cases we did not sufficiently
demonstrate that the species are threatened by human activity or that
such threats would increase with the designation of critical habitat.
Id. At 1283--85. The court also held that we failed to balance any
risks of designating critical habitat against any benefits. Id. For
example, the court suggested that, before concluding critical habitat
would not be prudent, the Service should consider whether designation
might prevent an inadvertent act of destruction by educating the
public.
Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would
have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those
already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the
Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of
the consultation requirement on each species Id. at 1286-88. In
addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of
the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential
benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held
that substantively, designation establishes a ``uniform protection
plan'' prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with
section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that
the designation of critical habitat educates the public and State and
local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the
designation Id. at 1288. The court also stated that private lands may
not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7
requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the
potential benefit of informing the public and State and local
governments of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the
species' conservation, the court found that there may be Federal
activity on the private property in the future, even though no such
activity may be occurring there at the present Id. at 1285-88.
On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed
critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or
non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002. 24 F.
Supp. 2d 1074.
At the time we listed Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora,
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis (64 FR
48307) we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent
and that we would develop critical habitat designations for these six
taxa, along with four others, at the same time we developed
designations for the 245 Hawaiian plant species. This timetable was
challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, Civ. No. 99-
00283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000).
The court agreed, however, that it was reasonable for us to integrate
these ten Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa
into the schedule established for designating critical habitat for the
other 245 Hawaiian plants, and ordered us to publish proposed critical
habitat designations for the ten Maui Nui species by November 30, 2000,
and to publish final critical habitat designations by November 30,
2001. This notice responds to the court orders.
On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register
requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation
of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63
FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened
from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received over
100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the State of
Hawaii's Division of Forestry and Wildlife, county governments, and
Federal agencies (U.S. Department of Defense-Army, Navy, Air Force).
Only a few responses offered information on the status of individual
plant species or on current management actions for one or more of the
245 Hawaiian plants. While some respondents expressed support for the
designation of critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, more than 80
percent opposed the designation of critical habitat for these plants.
In general, these respondents opposed designation because they believed
it will cause economic hardship, chill cooperative projects, polarize
relationships with hunters, or potentially increase trespass or
vandalism on private lands. In addition, commenters also cited a lack
of information on the biological and ecological needs of these plants
which, they suggest, may lead to designation based on guesswork. The
respondents who supported the designation of critical habitat cited
that designation would provide a uniform protection plan for the
Hawaiian Islands; promote funding for management of these plants;
educate the public and State government; and protect partnerships with
landowners and build trust.
On December 29, 1999, we mailed letters to over 130 landowners on
the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe requesting any information considered
germane to the management of any of the 245 plants on his/her property,
and containing a copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal Register
notice, a map showing the general locations of the plants that may be
on his/her property, and a handout containing general information on
critical habitat. We received 20 written responses to our landowner
mailing with varying types of information on their current land
management activities. These responses included information on the
following: fencing; weeding; access to hunters or limited hunting;
ungulate control; scientific research; fire control; and propagation
and/or planting of native plants. We held two open houses on the island
of Maui, at the Lahaina Civic Center and the Wailuku Community Center,
on January 11 and 12, 2000, respectively, to meet one-on-one with local
landowners and other interested members of the public. A total of 30
people attended the two open houses.
On November 7, 2000, we published the first of the court-ordered
prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations or
non-designations for Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR 66808). In that
proposal, we determined that critical habitat was prudent for eleven
species (Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Flueggea neowawraea, Melicope knudsenii, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Sesbania
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) from
Kauai and/or Niihau that also occur on Maui and/or Kahoolawe.
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) the
specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the
time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those
physical or biological
[[Page 79217]]
features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) that
may require special management considerations or protection; and (ii)
specific areas outside the geographic area occupied by a species at the
time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential
for the conservation of the species. ``Conservation'' means the use of
all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered or
a threatened species to the point at which listing under the Act is no
longer necessary.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat with regard to actions carried out, funded, or
authorized by a Federal agency. Section 7 also requires conferences on
Federal actions that are likely to result in the destruction or adverse
modification of proposed critical habitat. In our regulations at 50 CFR
402.02, we define destruction or adverse modification as `` * * * the
direct or indirect alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of
critical habitat for both the survival and recovery of a listed
species. Such alterations include, but are not limited to, alterations
adversely modifying any of those physical or biological features that
were the basis for determining the habitat to be critical.'' Aside from
the added protection that may be provided under section 7, the Act does
not provide other forms of protection to lands designated as critical
habitat. Because consultation under section 7 of the Act does not apply
to activities on private or other non-Federal lands that do not involve
a Federal nexus, critical habitat designation would not afford any
additional protections under the Act against such activities.
In order to be included in a critical habitat designation, the
habitat must first be ``essential to the conservation of the species.''
Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the
best scientific and commercial data available, habitat areas that
provide essential life cycle needs of the species (i.e., areas on which
are found the primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR
424.12(b)).
Section 4 requires that we designate critical habitat at the time
of listing and based on what we know at the time of the designation.
When we designate critical habitat at the time of listing or under
short court-ordered deadlines, we will often not have sufficient
information to identify all areas of critical habitat. We are required,
nevertheless, to make a decision and thus must base our designations on
what, at the time of designation, we know to be critical habitat.
Within the geographic area occupied by the species, we will
designate only areas currently known to be essential. Essential areas
should already have the features and habitat characteristics that are
necessary to sustain the species. We will not speculate about what
areas might be found to be essential if better information became
available, or what areas may become essential over time. If the
information available at the time of designation does not show that an
area provides essential life cycle needs of the species, then the area
should not be included in the critical habitat designation. Within the
geographic area occupied by the species, we will not designate areas
that do not now have the primary constituent elements , as defined at
50 CFR 424.12(b), that provide essential life cycle needs of the
species.
Our regulations state that, ``The Secretary shall designate as
critical habitat areas outside the geographic area presently occupied
by the species only when a designation limited to its present range
would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.'' (50
CFR 424.12(e)). Accordingly, when the best available scientific and
commercial data do not demonstrate that the conservation needs of the
species require designation of critical habitat outside of occupied
areas, we will not designate critical habitat in areas outside the
geographic area occupied by the species.
The Service's Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered
Species Act, published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (Vol.
59, p. 34271), provides criteria, establishes procedures, and provides
guidance to ensure that decisions made by the Service represent the
best scientific and commercial data available. It requires Service
biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of
the best scientific and commercial data available, to use primary and
original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to
designate critical habitat. When determining which areas are critical
habitat, a primary source of information should be the listing package
for the species. Additional information may be obtained from a recovery
plan, articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans developed
by states and counties, scientific status surveys and studies, and
biological assessments or other unpublished materials (i.e., gray
literature).
Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that designation of
critical habitat may not include all of the habitat areas that may
eventually be determined to be necessary for the recovery of the
species. For these reasons, all should understand that critical habitat
designations do not signal that habitat outside the designation is
unimportant or may not be required for recovery. Areas outside the
critical habitat designation will continue to be subject to
conservation actions that may be implemented under Section 7(a)(1) and
to the regulatory protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy
standard and the Section 9 take prohibition, as determined on the basis
of the best available information at the time of the action. We
specifically anticipate that federally funded or assisted projects
affecting listed species outside their designated critical habitat
areas may still result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly,
critical habitat designations made on the basis of the best available
information at the time of designation will not control the direction
and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans, or
other species conservation planning efforts if new information
available to these planning efforts calls for a different outcome.
A. Prudency Redetermination
Designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of
the following situations exist: (i) The species is threatened by taking
or other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be
expected to increase the degree of such threat to the species; or (ii)
such designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the
species (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)).
To determine whether critical habitat would be prudent for each of
the 38 species discussed in this rule for which a prudency
determination has not been made previously, we analyzed the potential
threats and benefits for each species in accordance with the court's
order. One species, Acaena exigua, known only from Kauai and Maui, is
no longer extant in the wild. On Kauai, this species was only known
from a collection by Heinrich Wawra between 1869-1870 (Wagner et al.
1999). Acaena exigua was last collected on West Maui between April 22-
24, 1997; however, no individuals were seen in two subsequent visits
(1998 and 1999) to the only known location (H. Oppenheimer and S.
Perlman, pers. comm. 2000). In addition, this species is not known to
be in storage or under propagation. Therefore, we believe this species
may be extinct. Under these circumstances,
[[Page 79218]]
we propose that designation of critical habitat for Acaena exigua is
not prudent because such designation would be of no benefit to this
species. If this species is rediscovered we may revise this proposal to
incorporate or address new information as new data becomes available.
See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 CFR 424.12(f).
Due to low numbers of individuals and/or populations and their
inherent immobility, the other 37 plants may be vulnerable to
unrestricted collection, vandalism or disturbance. However, consistent
with applicable regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court's
discussion of these regulations, we do not find that any of these
species are currently threatened by taking or other human activity that
would be exacerbated by the designation of critical habitat.
In the absence of finding that critical habitat would increase
threats to a species, if there are any benefits to critical habitat
designation, then a prudent finding is warranted. The potential
benefits include: (1) Triggering section 7 consultation in new areas
where it would not otherwise occur because, for example, it is or has
become unoccupied or the occupancy is in question; (2) focusing
conservation activities on the most essential areas; (3) providing
educational benefits to State or county governments or private
entities; and (4) preventing people from causing inadvertent harm to
the species.
In the case of these 37 species, there would be some benefits to
critical habitat. The primary regulatory effect of critical habitat is
the section 7 requirement that Federal agencies refrain from taking any
action that destroys or adversely affects critical habitat. At least
fourteen of these species are reported from federally owned lands
(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Geranium arboreum, Geranium
multiflorum, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, Plantago princeps, and
Schiedea haleakalaensis) or lands under Federal jurisdiction (Sesbania
tomentosa), or lands subject to federally funded actions such as the
clearing of military ordinance on Kahoolawe (Kanaloa kahoolawensis,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis) (see Table 3), where most
actions would be subject to section 7. While a majority of these
species are located exclusively on non-Federal lands with limited
Federal activities, there could be Federal actions affecting these
lands in the future. While a critical habitat designation for habitat
currently occupied by these species would not be likely to change the
section 7 consultation outcome because an action that destroys or
adversely modifies such critical habitat would also be likely to result
in jeopardy to the species, there may be instances where section 7
consultation would be triggered only if critical habitat were
designated. There may also be some educational or informational
benefits to the designation of critical habitat. Educational benefits
include the notification of landowner(s), land managers, and the
general public of the importance of protecting the habitat of these
species and dissemination of information regarding their essential
habitat requirements.
Therefore, we propose that critical habitat is prudent for 37 plant
species: Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata,
Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Hedyotis
coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Lipochaeta
kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope
adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis,
Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Pteris
lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis,
Tetramolopium capillare, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
Prudency determinations have previously been made for the other 17
species discussed in this proposed rule. Therefore, a critical habitat
designation is prudent for 54 of the 69 plant species historically or
currently found on Maui and Kahoolawe.
B. Primary Constituent Elements
In accordance with section 4(b)(2) of the Act and regulations at 50
CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical habitat,
we are required to base critical habitat determinations on the best
scientific and commercial data available and to consider those physical
and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the
species and that may require special management considerations or
protection. Such requirements include, but are not limited to, space
for individual and population growth, and for normal behavior; food,
water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or physiological
requirements; cover or shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, or
rearing of offspring, germination, or seed dispersal; and habitats that
are protected from disturbance or are representative of the historic
geographical and ecological distributions of a species.
As described above in the discussion for each of the 54 species,
very little is known about the specific physical and biological
requirements of these species. The recovery plans that have been
published for many of these species generally discuss management
practices that are needed for the conservation of these species (e.g.,
rodent, invasive species, and ungulate control), as oppose to
identifying essential areas need by the species. As a result, we are
proposing to define the primary constituent elements on the basis of
the habitat features of the areas in which the plant species are
currently found, including the type of plant community and their
physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream
banks) and elevation. Therefore, the descriptions of the physical
elements of the locations of each of these species and the plant
community associated with the species, as described in the Discussion
of the Plant Taxa section above, constitute the primary constituent
elements for these species.
C. Methods for Selection of Areas for Proposed Critical Habitat
Designations
Critical habitat is defined as the specific areas within the
geographic area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed in
accordance with the provisions of section 4 of the Act, on which are
found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the
conservation of the species and (II) which may require special
management considerations or protection (16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)(i)). As
discussed above, although we have published recovery plans for most of
these species, very little is known about the specific physical and
biological requirements of most of these 54 species. However, given
that all of these species are either threatened or endangered with
extinction, we feel that all existing sites where these plants occur
needs to be designated. Therefore, we have defined primary constituent
elements based on the general habitat features of the areas in which
they currently occur, such as the type of plant community the plants
are growing in, their physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs,
talus slopes,
[[Page 79219]]
stream banks), and elevation. The areas we are proposing to designate
as critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat components
essential for the conservation of the 54 plant species.
Critical habitat may also include areas outside the geographic area
presently occupied by a species upon a determination that such areas
are essential to the conservation of the species (16 U.S.C.
1532(5)(A)(ii)). This may include, for example, potentially suitable
unoccupied habitat that is important to the recovery of the species.
However, we have not included such areas in the proposed designations
for these 54 species because of our limited knowledge of the historical
range (the geographical area outside the area presently occupied by the
species), and our lack of more detailed information on the specific
physical or biological features essential for the conservation of the
species that would be needed, for instance, to determine where to
reintroduce a species.
The historical (pre-1970) or even post-1970 records for a species
may be based on herbarium specimens that contain only the most
rudimentary collection information, such as only the name of the island
from which the specimen was collected or a general place name (e.g.,
west Maui, Haleakala, above Lahaina). In the main Hawaiian Islands,
climatic and ecological conditions such as rainfall, elevation, slope,
and aspect, may vary dramatically within a relatively short distance.
Therefore, a simple place name does not provide adequate information on
the physical and biological features that may have occurred there or
may occur there now.
The unpredictable distribution of Hawaiian plant species also makes
it difficult to designate potentially suitable unoccupied habitat. For
example, currently a species may be known from northern and southern
(or eastern and western) locations on an island, but not from
intervening locations in similar habitat. Based on the best available
information, we are unable to determine whether a species once occurred
in the intervening areas and disappeared from there prior to Polynesian
or European times (thus never having been collected or documented
there) or simply never occurred there.
The Service considers reintroduction (the planting of propagated
individuals or seedlings into an area) to be an acceptable method to
try to achieve plant species recovery. However, native plant
reintroductions are difficult, and successful efforts are not common.
We do not know enough about these 54 species to identify areas where
reintroductions are likely to be successful. We will continue to
support experimental efforts to reintroduce species that may eventually
provide us with additional information on the physical and biological
features essential to the conservation of these species, and thus, may
eventually result in identification of unoccupied habitat for future
revisions of the appropriate designations.
As required by the Act and regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR
424.12), we used the best scientific information available to determine
areas that contain those physical and biological features that are
essential for the survival and recovery of the 54 plant species. This
information included site-specific species information from the Hawaii
Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) and our rare plant database, species
information from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant
monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon
Arboretum, recent biological surveys and reports, our recovery plans
for 48 of these 54 species, discussions with botanical experts, and
recommendations (see below) from the Hawaii and Pacific Plant Recovery
Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (USFWS 1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1996, 1997,
1998a, 1998b, 1999; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000; S. Perlman, pers.
comm. 2000; R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 2000; CPC in litt. 1999).
In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify and map habitat
believed to be important for the recovery of 282 endangered and
threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified these areas on
most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we published
them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (USFWS 1999). The
HPPRCC expects there will be subsequent efforts to further refine the
locations of important habitat areas and that new survey information or
research findings may also lead to additional refinements (HPPRCC
1998). Because the HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for all
listed, proposed, and candidate plant species and evaluated species of
concern to determine if essential habitat areas would provide for their
habitat needs as well, the HPPRCC's mapping of habitat is distinct from
the regulatory designation of critical habitat, as defined by the Act.
While these habitat maps are a planning tool to focus conservation
efforts on the areas that may be most important to the conservation of
Hawaii's listed plant species, as well as other plant species of
concern, it does not substitute for the more exacting regulatory
process of designating critical habitat. Therefore, the proposed
critical habitat designations in this proposed rule do not include all
of the habitat, in particular unoccupied habitat, identified by the
HPPRCC.
For these 54 plant species from Maui and Kahoolawe, currently
occupied habitat was examined and critical habitat boundaries were
delineated as multi-species units in such a way that locations with a
high density of endangered plants could be depicted clearly. However,
these multi-species critical habitat units were not homogenous or
uniform in nature. Critical habitat units often encompassed a number of
plant community types.
When developing critical habitat units, every current (post-1970)
location of every plant specimen was delineated within a 586 m (1,924
ft) radius circle, in order to insure enough area to provide for the
proper ecological functioning of the habitat immediately supporting the
plant. Due to inaccuracies in mapping locations, it has been determined
that the actual location of the plant specimen is within 536 m (1,760
ft) of the center of the delineated circle. The 536 m (1,760 ft)
distance is consistent with standard mapping methodology for rare
species used by the HINHP (1996). An additional 50 m (164 ft) included
in the delineated circle to be consistent with the guidelines
identified in the recovery plans for these species for minimum-sized
exclosures for rare plants (USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b,
1999). In cases of isolated species' locations, an area with a radius
of roughly 586 m (1,924 ft) is proposed as critical habitat (HINHP
1996; USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999).
In areas with multiple species locations, critical habitat units
were developed as follows.
Known current locations of each species were delineated
using the guidelines explained above (Figure 1(a)).
The perimeter boundaries of individual circular areas were
connected to form unit area boundaries (Figure 1(b)).
Unit area boundaries were delineated to follow significant
topographic features (50 CFR 424.12(c)) such as coastlines, ridgelines,
and valleys (Figure 1(c)).
This delineation method was used to facilitate identification of
boundary lines and to aid in implementation of on-the-ground
conservation measures. When delineating critical habitat units, we made
an effort to avoid developed areas such as towns, agricultural lands,
and other lands unlikely to contribute to the conservation of the 54
species.
[[Page 79220]]
Existing features and structures within proposed areas, such as
buildings, roads, aqueducts, telecommunications equipment, arboreta and
gardens, heiaus (indigenous place of worship, shrine), and other man-
made features, do not contain, and are not likely to develop,
constituent elements. Therefore, these features or structures would not
be included in the critical habitat designation.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.000
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.001
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.002
All currently occupied sites containing one or more of the primary
constituent elements were first evaluated to determine if the site was
essential to the conservation of the listed plant species. If the site
was considered essential to the conservation of any of these 54 plant
species, the site was then examined to determine if additional special
management considerations or protection is required above those
currently provided. We reviewed all available management information on
these plants at these sites, including published reports and surveys;
annual performance and progress reports; management plans; grants;
memoranda of understanding and cooperative agreements; State of Hawaii,
Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) planning documents; internal
letters and memos; biological assessments and environmental impact
statements; and section 7 consultations. Additionally, each public
(i.e., county, state, or Federal government holdings) and private
landowner on Maui and Kahoolawe with a known occurrence of one of the
54 species was contacted by mail. We reviewed all information received
during the public comment period held in response to our landowner
mailing and open houses held on Maui on January 11 and 12, 2000. When
clarification was required
[[Page 79221]]
on the information provided to us, we followed up with a telephone
contact. Lastly, because of the large amount of land on Maui under
State of Hawaii jurisdiction, we met with staff from the Maui DOFAW
office to discuss their current management for the plants on their
lands. In addition, we contacted the State's Department of Hawaiian
Home Lands regarding management for the plants on lands under their
jurisdiction.
Pursuant to the definition of critical habitat, an area must also
require ``special management considerations or protections.'' This is a
term that originates in the definition of critical habitat in section 3
of the Act. Adequate special management or protection is provided by a
legally operative plan that addresses the maintenance and improvement
of the essential elements and manages for the long-term conservation of
the species. The Service considers a plan adequate when it meets all of
the following three criteria: (1) The plan provides a conservation
benefit to the species (i.e., the plan must maintain or provide for an
increase in the species' population or the enhancement or restoration
of its habitat within the area covered by the plan); (2) the plan
provides assurances that the management plan will be implemented (i.e.,
those responsible for implementing the plan are capable of
accomplishing the objectives, have an implementation schedule and/or
have adequate funding for the management plan); and (3) the plan
provides assurances the conservation plan will be effective (i.e., it
identifies biological goals, has provisions for reporting progress, and
is of a duration sufficient to implement the plan and achieves the
plan's goals and objectives). If an area is covered by a plan that
meets these criteria, it does not constitute critical habitat as
defined by the Act.
In determining and weighing the relative significance of the
threats that would need to be addressed in management plans or
agreements, we considered the following:
The factors that led to the listing of the species, as
described in the final rules for listing each of the species. For all
or nearly all endangered and threatened plants in Hawaii, the major
threats include adverse impacts due to nonnative plant and animal
species. Direct browsing, digging, and trampling by ungulates,
including pigs, goats, cattle, sheep, and deer, and direct competition
from nonnative plants have led to the decline of Hawaii's native flora
(Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy
and Stone 1990; Vitousek 1992; USFWS 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998,
1999; Loope in Mack et al. 1998). Ungulate activity in most areas
results in an increase of nonnative plants because most of these
nonnative plants are able to colonize newly disturbed areas more
quickly and effectively than Hawaii's native plants (Cuddihy and Stone
1990; Mack 1992; Scott et al. 1986; Smith 1985; Tunison et al. 1992;
USFWS 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998, 1999).
The recommendations from the HPPRCC in their 1998 report
to the Service (``Habitat Essential to the Recovery of Hawaiian
Plants''). As summarized in this report, recovery goals for endangered
Hawaiian plant species cannot be achieved with ungulates (e.g., pigs,
goats, deer, and sheep) present in Essential Habitat Areas.
The management actions needed for assurance of survival
and ultimate recovery of Hawaii's endangered plants. These actions are
described in the Service's recovery plans for 48 of the 54 species
(USFWS 1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999), in the
1998 HPPRCC report to the Service (HPPRCC 1998), and in various other
documents and publications relating to plant conservation in Hawaii
(Mueller-Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Cuddihy and Stone 1990;
Stone et al. 1992). In addition to monitoring the plant populations,
these actions include, but are not limited to: (1) Feral ungulate
control; (2) nonnative plant control; (3) rodent control; (4)
invertebrate pest control; (5) fire control; (6) maintenance of genetic
material of the endangered and threatened plants species; (7)
propagation, reintroduction, and/or augmentation of existing
populations into areas deemed essential for the recovery of these
species; (8) ongoing management of the wild, outplanted, and augmented
populations; and (9) habitat management and restoration in areas deemed
essential for the recovery of these species.
In general, taking all of the above recommended management actions
into account, the following management actions are ranked in order of
importance. It should be noted, however, that, on a case-by-case basis,
some of these actions may rise to a higher level of importance for a
particular species or area, depending on the biological and physical
requirements of the species and the location(s) of the individual
plants:
Feral ungulate control;
Nonnative plant control;
Rodent control;
Invertebrate pest control;
Fire control;
Maintenance of genetic material of the endangered and
threatened plant species;
Propagation; reintroduction and/or augmentation of
existing populations into areas deemed essential for the recovery of
the species;
Ongoing management of the wild, outplanted and augmented
populations;
Maintenance of natural pollinators and pollinating
systems, when known;
Habitat management and restoration in areas deemed
essential for the recovery of the species;
Monitoring of the wild, outplanted and augmented
populations;
Rare plant surveys; and
Control of human activities/access.
As shown in Table 3, these 54 species of plants occur on Federal,
State, and private lands on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. In
response to our two public notices, letters to the landowners, open
houses, and meetings, along with information in our files, we received
varying amounts and various types of information on the conservation
management actions occurring on these lands. Some landowners reported
that they are not conducting conservation management actions on their
lands while others provided information on various activities such as
fencing, weeding, ungulate control, control of human access, scientific
research, fire control, and propagation and/or planting of native
plants.
Contractors for the U.S. Navy are clearing the state-owned island
of Kahoolawe of military ordinance utilizing Congressional funding that
expires in 2003. The Navy has consulted with the Service under section
7 of the Endangered Species Act, as amended, to ensure protection of
threatened and endangered species during the clearance activities. In
June 1998, the State of Hawaii Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission
developed an environmental restoration plan for Kahoolawe (Social
Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii 1998). The plan,
however, does not address specific management actions to protect and
conserve endangered plant species. While the island is isolated and
remote, and access is restricted due to the presence of unexploded
ordnance hazards, this action alone is not sufficient to indicate that
additional special management is not required for the listed plant
species, and areas on the island are included within the proposed
critical habitat units for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa,
and Vigna o-wahuensis.
Protective fencing and monitoring of the endangered plant Sesbania
tomentosa on the leased U.S. military
[[Page 79222]]
lands (Hawaii Army National Guard) at Kanaio Training Area, Maui, were
initially funded in 1998. Since then, however, these management
activities for Sesbania tomentosa have been curtailed due to a lack of
funding (Lt. Col. Richard Young, Hawaii Army National Guard, in litt.
2000). Therefore, this area has been included within the proposed
critical habitat units.
Eleven species (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Geranium
arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis,
Plantago princeps, and Schiedea haleakalaensis) are reported from U.S.
National Park lands at Haleakala National Park, Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP
2000). Two of these species, Melicope ovalis and Schiedea
haleakalaensis, are currently only found in Haleakala National Park.
Haleakala National Park was established by Congress in 1916 as the
Haleakala Section of Hawaii National Park. In 1960, an Act of Congress
established Haleakala as an independent unit of the National Park
System to preserve for visitor enjoyment and scientific study the
outstanding scenic, geological, and biological resources and the
natural environment of Haleakala Crater (Resources Management Division
1999). Management programs, objectives, and their implementation
schedules are documented in the Park's 1999 draft Resources Management
Plan (Resources Management Division 1999). This plan details the
management issues and strategies used by the Park to protect, restore,
and enhance the rare and native plants and their habitats within the
park (Resources Management Division 1999). These management strategies
address factors which led to the listing of the 11 species including
control of, or research on, nonnative species of ungulates, rodents,
invertebrates, and weeds. Management strategies for control of fire
within the Park are outlined in their fire management plan (Resources
Management Division 1999). In addition, habitat restoration, including
propagation and outplanting of native and endangered plants, and
monitoring are also included in this plan. Because the Resources
Management Plan and the park's fire management plan provides
conservation benefits to the listed species within the park and
provides assurances that the plan will be effective and will continue
to be implemented, these lands are not in need of special management
considerations or protection. Therefore, we have determined that the
Federal lands within Haleakala National Park do not meet the definition
of critical habitat in the Act, and we are not proposing designation of
these lands as critical habitat.
Twelve species (Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp. macrocephalum, Bonamia menziesii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium
multiflorum, Melicope balloui, Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, and Sanicula purpurea) are reported from The Nature
Conservancy's Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves which are located on the
northeast slopes of Haleakala and in the West Maui mountains,
respectively (The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) 1997, 1998; GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000). Both preserves were established by grants
of perpetual conservation easements from the private landowners to TNCH
and are included in the state's Natural Area Partnership (NAP) program
which provides matching funds for the management of private lands that
have been permanently dedicated to conservation (TNCH 1997, 1998).
Under the NAP program, the State of Hawaii provides matching funds
on a two-for-one basis for management of private lands dedicated to
conservation. In order to qualify for this program, the land must be
dedicated in perpetuity through transfer of fee title or a conservation
easement to the State or a cooperating entity. The land must be managed
by the cooperating entity or a qualified landowner according to a
detailed management plan approved by the Board of Land and Natural
Resources. Once approved, the six-year partnership agreement between
the State and the managing entity is automatically renewed each year so
that there are always six years remaining in the term, although the
management plan is updated and funding amounts are re-authorized by the
board at least every six years. By April 1 of any year, the managing
partner may notify the state that it does not intend to renew the
agreement; however, in such case the partnership agreement remains in
effect for the balance of the existing six year term, and the
conservation easement remains in full effect in perpetuity. The
conservation easement may be revoked by the landowner only if state
funding is terminated without the concurrence of the landowner and
cooperating entity. Prior to terminating funding, the State must
conduct one or more public hearings. The NAP program is funded through
real estate conveyance taxes which are placed in a Natural Area Reserve
Fund. Participants in the NAP program must provide annual reports to
the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) and DLNR makes
annual inspections of the work in the reserve areas. See Haw. Rev.
Stat.Secs. 195-1--195-11; Hawaii Administrative Rules Sec. 13-210.
Management programs within the preserves are documented in long-
range management plans and yearly operational plans. These plans detail
management measures that protect, restore, and enhance the rare plants
and their habitats within the preserves and in adjacent areas (TNCH
1997, 1998, 1999). These management measures address factors which led
to the listing of the 12 species including control of nonnative species
of ungulates, rodents, and weeds. In addition, habitat restoration and
monitoring are also included in these plans.
The primary management goals for both Kapunakea and Waikamoi
Preserves are to (1) prevent degradation of native forest by reducing
feral ungulate damage; (2) improve or maintain the integrity of native
ecosystems in selected areas of the preserve by reducing the effects of
nonnative plants; (3) increase the understanding of threats posed by
small mammals and reduce their negative impact, where possible; (4)
prevent extinction of rare species in the preserve; (5) track the
biological and physical resources in the preserves and to evaluate
changes in these resources over time; (6) identify new threats to the
preserves before they become established pests; and (7) build public
understanding and support for the preservation of natural areas, and to
enlist volunteer assistance for preserve management (TNCH 1997, 1998).
The goal of the ungulate program is to bring pig populations to
zero as rapidly as possible. Specific management actions to address
feral ungulate impacts include the construction of fences, including
strategic fencing (fences placed in proximity to natural barriers such
as cliffs), annual monitoring of ungulate presence transects, and
trained staff and volunteer hunting. Since axis deer may also pose a
threat to the preserves, TNCH is a member of the Maui Axis Deer Group
(MADG) and staff meet regularly with other MADG members to seek
solutions. In Waikamoi Preserve, the management actions also include
working with community hunters in conjunction with the East Maui
Watershed Partnership (EMWP). In Kapunakea Preserve, a system of
transects extend the length of the
[[Page 79223]]
preserve to monitor resource threats, including ungulate presence. By
monitoring ungulate activity within the preserve, the staff is able to
assess the success of the hunting program. If increased hunting
pressure does not reduce feral ungulate activity in the preserves, the
preserve staff work with the hunting group to identify and implement
alternative methods (TNCH 1997, 1998).
The nonnative plant control program within both preserves focuses
on controlling habitat modifying nonnative plants (weeds) in intact
native communities and preventing the introduction of additional alien
plants. Based on the degree of threat to native ecosystems, a weed
priority list has been compiled for the preserves, and control and
monitoring of the highest priority species are on-going. Weeds are
controlled manually, chemically, or a through a combination of both.
Preventative measures (prevention protocol) are required by all
(volunteers, riders, and hiking participants) who enter the preserves.
This protocol includes such things as brushing footgear before entering
the preserves to remove seeds of nonnative plants. Weeds are monitored
along transects annually, weed priority maps are maintained, staff
participate as members of the Melastome Action Committee and the Maui
Invasive Species Committee (MISC), and cooperate with the Division of
Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) in marijuana control,
as needed.
The effects of nonnative invertebrates and small mammals on native
Hawaiian ecosystems is poorly understood. Initial control measures such
as anti-coagulant diphacinone bait stations are being used to control
rats in areas of suspected impact; however, valid conclusions from data
gathered have not been drawn. Adaptive management will be applied when
new information becomes available (TNCH 1997, 1998).
Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track
the biological and physical resources of the preserves and evaluate
changes in these resources to guide management programs. Vegetation is
monitored throughout the preserves to document long term ecological
changes, and rare plant species are monitored to assess population
status. Cuttings of endangered plants are taken to the University of
Hawaii's tissue culture lab at Lyon Arboretum for propagation. In
addition, the preserve staff provides logistical support to scientists
and others who are conducting research within the preserves.
Kapunakea Preserve is adjacent to two areas that are also managed
to protect natural resources: Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area (WMA)
and the Honokawai section of the state West Maui NAR. The Conservancy
currently acts as a consultant to Maui Land and Pineapple Co., managers
of Puu Kukui WMA, and has a Master Cooperative Agreement with the state
DOFAW. These agreements are used to coordinate management and sharing
of staff and equipment, and expertise to maximize management
efficiency.
Waikamoi Preserve is adjacent to three other large areas that are
also managed to protect natural resources: Haleakala National Park, the
state's Koolau Forest Reserve, and the state Hanawi NAR. An agreement
between the Division of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), East Maui
Irrigation Co., Keola Hana Maui Inc., Haleakala Ranch Company, County
of Maui, The Nature Conservancy, and Haleakala National Park
implementing a joint management plan (East Maui Watershed Partnership
Plan) for the entire East Maui Watershed. Management efforts at
Waikamoi will, as much as possible, complement the objectives of the
plan. The partnership agreement will be used to coordinate management
and sharing of staff and equipment, and expertise to maximize
management efficiency (TNCH 1998).
Because the preserves and the continuing management plans being
implemented for these plants and their habitats within the preserves
provided a conservation benefit to the species and are permanently
protected and managed, these lands meet the three criteria for
determining that an area is not in need of special management.
Therefore, we have determined that the private lands within Waikamoi
Preserve and Kapunakea Preserve do not meet the definition of critical
habitat in the Act, and we are not proposing designation of these lands
as critical habitat. Should the status of any of these reserves change,
for example by non-renewal of a partnership agreement or termination of
NAP funding, we will reconsider whether it then meets the definition of
critical habitat. If so, we have the authority to propose to amend
critical habitat to include such area at that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g).
Seven species (Ctenitis squamigera, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis, Cyanea lobata, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Phlegmariurus
mannii, Pteris lidgatei, and Sanicula purpurea) are reported from the
Maui Pineapple Company's Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area (Puu Kukui
WMA), located in the West Maui mountains (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; Maui Land and Pineapple Co., Ltd. undated). At just over 8,600
acres, the Puu Kukui WMA is the largest privately-owned preserve in the
State. In 1993, the Puu Kukui WMA became the first private landowner
participant in the Natural Areas Partnership program. In the sixth
fiscal year (1999) of the Natural Area Partnership program with the
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Puu Kukui Watershed
Management Area staff is pursuing four management programs stipulated
in their Long Range Management Plan with an emphasis on reducing
nonnative species that immediately threaten the management area (Maui
Pineapple Company 1999).
The primary management goals within Puu Kukui WMA are to (1)
eliminate ungulate activity in all Puu Kukui management units; (2)
reduce the range of habitat-modifying weeds and prevent introduction of
nonnative plants; (3) reduce the negative impacts of nonnative
invertebrates and small animals; (4) monitor and track biological and
physical resources in the watershed in order to improve management
understanding of the watershed's resources; and (5) prevent the
extinction of rare species within the watershed.
Specific management actions to address feral ungulates include the
construction of fences surrounding 10 management units, and allowing
public hunting with State permit holders within the Puu Kukui WMA.
The nonnative plant control program within Puu Kukui WMA focuses on
habitat modifying nonnative plants (weeds), prioritizing them according
to the degree of threat to native ecosystems, and preventing the
introduction of new weeds. The weed control program includes mapping
and monitoring along established transects, and manual/mechanical
control. Biological control of the melastome plant, Clidemia hirta was
tried by releasing Antiblemma acclinalis moth larvae.
Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track
biological and physical resources of the Puu Kukui WMA and evaluate
changes to these resources in order to guide management programs.
Vegetation is monitored through permanent photo points, alien species
are monitored along permanent transects, and rare, endemic, and
indigenous species are monitored. Additionally, logistical and other
support for approved research projects, interagency cooperative
agreements, remote survey trips within the watershed are provided.
[[Page 79224]]
The management of Puu Kukui WMA meets the three criteria for
determining that an area is not in need of special management (see
above). Therefore, we have determined that the private land within Puu
Kukui WMA does not meet the definition of critical habitat in the Act,
and we are not proposing designation of this land as critical habitat.
Should the status of this reserve change, for example by non-renewal of
a partnership agreement or termination of NAP funding, we will
reconsider whether it then meets the definition of critical habitat. If
so, we have the authority to propose to amend critical habitat to
include such area at that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g).
Two plant species, Geranium multiflorum and Clermontia samuelii
ssp. hanaensis, are reported from the upper areas of Hanawi Natural
Area Reserve (HNAR) (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The HNAR was
established in 1986, and comprises 7,500 acres of diverse native
ecosystems and endangered forest bird habitats. Natural Area Reserves
are managed by the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR),
except that any use must be specifically approved by the Natural Area
Reserve System Commission. Natural Area Reserves are held in trust by
the State and may not be alienated except upon a finding by the DLNR of
an imperative and unavoidable necessity. DLNR must provide public
notice and conduct public hearings before revoking or modifying an
executive order that sets aside lands for the reserve system (Haw. Rev.
Stat. Secs. 195-1--195-11). The primary goals of the HNAR are to (1)
protect the upper areas of the reserve by fencing smaller manageable
units to restrict pig movements; (2) prevent degradation of native
forest by reducing feral ungulate damage; and (3) improve or maintain
the integrity of native ecosystems in selected areas of the preserve by
reducing the effects of nonnative plants.
Specific management actions to address feral ungulate impacts
include the construction of fences, including strategic fencing of
smaller manageable units, and staff hunting. Currently, the upper 2,000
acres has been fenced and pigs removed. Fences are constructed along
the western boundaries of the HNAR, along the 1,585 m (5,200 ft)
contour to the east up to the Haleakala National Park boundary on state
land. The Haleakala National Park fence serves as the upper fence
boundary for HNAR. Additionally, fences have been constructed to
separate three distinct management units: Puu Alaea Unit, Poouli Unit,
and Kuhiwai/Waieleele Unit. Since the removal of pigs in these upper
forest units of the HNAR, vegetation monitoring has been implemented to
determine recovery of native plant species. Currently, a fence is being
constructed along the 1,100 m (3,600 ft) contour of the HNAR which will
comprise the ``middle forest unit'' (B. Evanson, pers. comm. 1999).
The nonnative plant control program within HNAR focuses on habitat
modifying nonnative plants (weeds). A weed priority list has been
compiled for HNAR and control and monitoring of the highest priority
species are on going. Weeds are controlled manually, chemically, or
through a combination of both. Monitoring transects will help locate
developing populations of other priority weed species and, if
necessary, removal of these populations will be conducted (DLNR 1989).
Because these plants and their habitats within the upper areas of
Hanawi NAR (above 1,525 m (5,000 ft)) are permanently protected and
managed and because the continued successful management of this area is
assured, this area is not in need of special management considerations
or protection. Therefore, we have determined that the State land within
the upper areas of Hanawi NAR does not meet the definition of critical
habitat in the Act, and we are not proposing designation of this area
as critical habitat. Should the status of this reserve change, for
example by revocation or modification of the NAR, we will reconsider
whether it then meets the definition of critical habitat. If so, we
have the authority to propose to amend critical habitat to include such
area at that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g).
In summary, we believe that the habitat within Waikamoi and
Kapunakea Preserves, Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area, the upper
area (above 1,525 m (5,000 ft)) of Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, and
Haleakala National Park are being adequately managed for the
conservation of the listed species that occur within these areas and
are not in need of special management considerations or protection.
Therefore, we have determined that these lands do not meet the
definition of critical habitat in the Act, and we are not proposing
designation of these lands as critical habitat. Four species include in
this proposed rule (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,
Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea haleakalensis) are
currently only found in Waikamoi Preserve and/or Haleakala National
Park. Since these two areas are not in need of special management,
critical habitat is not proposed for these four species. However, we
are specifically soliciting comments on the appropriateness of this
approach.
As described above, we are aware that other private landowners and
the State of Hawaii are considering the development of land management
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of
endangered and threatened plant species on the islands of Maui and
Kahoolawe. The Service supports these efforts and provides technical
assistance whenever possible. In addition, we are soliciting comments
in this proposed rule on whether current land management plans or
practices applied within the areas proposed as critical habitat
adequately address the threats to these listed species. We are also
soliciting comments on whether future development and approval of
conservation measures (e.g., Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor
Agreements) should trigger revision of proposed critical habitat to
exclude such lands and, if so, by what mechanism.
In summary, the proposed critical habitat areas described below
constitute our best assessment of the physical and biological features
needed for the conservation of the 50 plant species, and are based on
the best scientific and commercial information available and described
above. We put forward this proposal acknowledging that we have
incomplete information regarding many of the primary biological and
physical requirements for these species. However, both the Act and the
relevant court orders require us to proceed with designation at this
time based on the best information available. As new information
accrues, we may reevaluate which areas warrant critical habitat
designation. We anticipate that comments received through the public
review process and from any public hearings, if requested, will provide
us with additional information to use in our decision-making process
and in assessing the potential impacts of designating critical habitat
for one or more of these species.
The approximate areas of proposed critical habitat by landownership
are shown in Tables 5(a) and 5(b). Proposed critical habitat includes
habitat for 50 species predominantly in the upland areas on the eastern
and western sides of Maui. Lands proposed as critical habitat have been
divided into 52 units on Maui and four units on Kahoolawe. A brief
description of each unit is presented below.
[[Page 79225]]
Table 5(a).--Approximate Proposed Critical Habitat Area by Unit and Land Ownership or Jurisdiction, Maui, Maui
County, Hawaii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name County or state Private Federal Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui A.......................... 2 ha.............. 47 ha............. N/A............... 49 ha
(5 ac)............ (116 ac).......... N/A............... (121 ac)
Maui B.......................... 21 ha............. 46 ha............. N/A............... 67 ha
(52 ac)........... (114 ac).......... N/A............... (166 ac)
Maui C.......................... 144 ha............ 0.1 ha............ N/A............... 144.1 ha
(357 ac).......... (0.3 ac).......... N/A............... (357.3 ac)
Maui D.......................... 36 ha............. 9 ha.............. N/A............... 45 ha
(90 ac)........... (21 ac)........... N/A............... (111 ac)
Maui E.......................... 34 ha............. 45 ha............. N/A............... 79 ha
(83 ac)........... (111 ac).......... N/A............... (194 ac)
Maui F.......................... N/A............... 61 ha............. N/A............... 61 ha
N/A............... (150 ac).......... N/A............... (150 ac)
Maui G.......................... 1 ha.............. N/A............... N/A............... 1 ha
(2 ac)............ N/A............... N/A............... (2 ac)
Maui H.......................... 1 ha.............. 41 ha............. N/A............... 42 ha
(2 ac)............ (102 ac).......... N/A............... (104 ac)
Maui I.......................... 0.1 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 0.1 ha
(0.3 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (0.3 ac)
Maui J.......................... 19 ha............. 44 ha............. N/A............... 63 ha
(48 ac)........... (109 ac).......... N/A............... (157 ac)
Maui K.......................... N/A............... 61 ha............. N/A............... 61 ha
N/A............... (150 ac).......... N/A............... (150 ac)
Maui L.......................... 50 ha............. N/A............... N/A............... 50 ha
(124 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (124 ac)
Maui M.......................... 0.3 ha............ 14 ha............. N/A............... 14.3 ha
(0.7 ac).......... (35 ac)........... N/A............... (35.7 ac)
Maui N.......................... 114 ha............ 1 ha.............. N/A............... 115 ha
(282 ac).......... (2 ac)............ N/A............... (284 ac)
Maui O.......................... 278 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 278 ha
(688 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (688 ac)
Maui P.......................... 58 ha............. N/A............... N/A............... 58 ha
(144 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (144 ac)
Maui Q.......................... 759 ha............ 1,579 ha.......... N/A............... 2,338 ha
(1,880 ac)........ (3,911 ac)........ N/A............... (5,791 ac)
Maui R.......................... 0.1 ha............ 299 ha............ N/A............... 299.1 ha
(0.3 ac).......... (740 ac).......... N/A............... (740.3 ac)
Maui S.......................... 109 ha............ 34 ha............. N/A............... 143 ha
(270 ac).......... (84 ac)........... N/A............... (354 ac)
Maui T.......................... 391 ha............ 189 ha............ N/A............... 580 ha
(968 ac).......... (468 ac).......... N/A............... (1,436 ac)
Maui U.......................... 104 ha............ 16 ha............. N/A............... 120 ha
(258 ac).......... (40 ac)........... N/A............... (298 ac)
Maui V.......................... N/A............... 103 ha............ N/A............... 103 ha
N/A............... (255 ac).......... N/A............... (255 ac)
Maui W.......................... 67 ha............. 2 ha.............. N/A............... 69 ha
(167 ac).......... (5 ac)............ N/A............... (172 ac)
Maui X.......................... 197 ha............ 7 ha.............. N/A............... 204 ha
(488 ac).......... (17 ac)........... N/A............... (505 ac)
Maui Y.......................... 107 ha............ 9 ha.............. N/A............... 116 ha
(265 ac).......... (22 ac)........... N/A............... (287 ac)
Maui Z.......................... 60 ha............. 55 ha............. N/A............... 115 ha
(148 ac).......... (136 ac).......... N/A............... (284 ac)
Maui Aa......................... 74 ha............. 0.3 ha............ N/A............... 74.3 ha
(183 ac).......... (0.7 ac).......... N/A............... (183.7 ac)
Maui Bb......................... 12 ha............. 340 ha............ N/A............... 352 ha
(30 ac)........... (842 ac).......... N/A............... (872 ac)
Maui Cc......................... N/A............... 117 ha............ N/A............... 117 ha
N/A............... (290 ac).......... N/A............... (290 ac)
Maui Dd......................... N/A............... 213 ha............ N/A............... 213 ha
N/A............... (528 ac).......... N/A............... (528 ac)
Maui Ee......................... 130 ha............ 58 ha............. N/A............... 188 ha
(322 ac).......... (144 ac).......... N/A............... (466 ac)
Maui Ff......................... 119 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 119 ha
(295 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (295 ac)
Maui Gg......................... 177 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 177 ha
(438 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (438 ac)
Maui Hh......................... 117 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 117 ha
(290 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (290 ac)
Maui Ii......................... 879 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 879 ha
(2,177 ac)........ N/A............... N/A............... (2,177 ac)
Maui Jj......................... 93 ha............. N/A............... N/A............... 93 ha
[[Page 79226]]
(230 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (230 ac)
Maui Kk......................... 144 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 144 ha
(357 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (357 ac)
Maui Ll......................... N/A............... 45 ha............. N/A............... 45 ha
N/A............... (111 ac).......... N/A............... (111 ac)
Maui Mm......................... 133 ha............ 34 ha............. N/A............... 167 ha
(329 ac).......... (84 ac)........... N/A............... (413 ac)
Maui Nn......................... 510 ha............ 182 ha............ N/A............... 692 ha
(1,263 ac)........ (451 ac).......... N/A............... (1,714 ac)
Maui Oo......................... 116 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 116 ha
(287 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (287 ac)
Maui Pp......................... 82 ha............. 31 ha............. N/A............... 113 ha
(203 ac).......... (77 ac)........... N/A............... (280 ac)
Maui Qq......................... 973 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 973 ha
(2,410 ac)........ N/A............... N/A............... (2,410 ac)
Maui Rr......................... 104 ha............ 11 ha............. N/A............... 115 ha
(258 ac).......... (27 ac)........... N/A............... (285 ac)
Maui Ss......................... 1,014 ha.......... 910 ha............ N/A............... 1,924 ha
(2,512 ac)........ (2,254 ac)........ N/A............... (4,766 ac)
Maui Tt......................... 103 ha............ 11 ha............. N/A............... 114 ha
(255 ac).......... (27 ac)........... N/A............... (282 ac)
Maui Uu......................... 79 ha............. 42 ha............. N/A............... 121 ha
(196 ac).......... (104 ac).......... N/A............... (300 ac)
Maui Vv......................... 76 ha............. 1 ha.............. N/A............... 77 ha
(188 ac).......... (2 ac)............ N/A............... (190 ac)
Maui Ww......................... 133 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 133 ha
(329 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (329 ac)
Maui Xx......................... 4 ha.............. 56 ha............. N/A............... 60 ha
(10 ac)........... (139 ac).......... N/A............... (149 ac)
Maui Yy......................... 29 ha............. 1,089 ha.......... N/A............... 1,118 ha
(72 ac)........... (2,697 ac)........ N/A............... (2,769 ac)
Maui Zz......................... 118 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 118 ha
(292 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (292 ac)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total........................... 7,771.5 ha........ 5,802.4 ha........ N/A............... 13,573.9 ha
(19,248.3 ac)..... (14,366.0 ac)..... N/A............... (33,614.3 ac)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 5 (b).--Approximate Proposed Critical Habitat Area by Unit and Land Ownership or Jurisdiction, Kahoolawe,
Maui County, Hawaii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name County or state Private Federal Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kahoolawe B..................... 38 ha............. N/A............... N/A............... 38 ha
(94 ac)........... N/A............... N/A............... (94 ac)
Kahoolawe C..................... 50 ha............. N/A............... N/A............... 50 ha
(124 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (124 ac)
Kahoolawe D..................... 114 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 114 ha
(282 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (282 ac)
Total....................... 207 ha............ N/A............... N/A............... 207 ha
(512 ac).......... N/A............... N/A............... (512 ac)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units
Maui A
The proposed Maui A provides critical habitat for one species:
Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains a total of 49 ha (121 ac). The
lands contained within this unit are owned by Maui County and a private
entity. The natural feature found in this unit is Nakalele Point.
Maui B
The proposed Maui B provides critical habitat for one species:
Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains a total of 67 ha (166 ac). The
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a private
entity. The natural features found in this unit are Keawalua, Corral,
Akaluanui, and Akhluaiki. This area is bound on the north by Poelua
Bay.
Maui C
The proposed Maui C provides critical habitat for one species:
Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains approximately 144 ha (357 ac).
The land contained within this unit is predominately owned by the
State, with a very small portion privately owned. The natural features
found in this unit are Mokolea Point, portions of Alapapa Gulch,
Papanalahoa Point, and Kaikaina.
Maui D
The proposed Maui D provides critical habitat for two species:
Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains 45 ha
(111 ac). The lands contained within this unit are owned by the State
and a private entity. The natural features
[[Page 79227]]
found in this unit are Kahakuloa Head, Puu Koae, and Puu Kahulianapa.
This unit is bound on the west by Kahakuloa Bay, on the southwest by
Kahakuloa town, and on the east by Mahinanui.
Maui E
The proposed Maui E provides critical habitat for one species:
Centaurium sebaeoides. This unit contains a total of 79 ha (194 ac).
The lands contained within this unit are owned by State and private
owners. The natural features found in this unit are portions of
Makamakaole Stream, Lahoole and Waiokila Gulch.
Maui F
The proposed Maui F provides critical habitat for one species:
Centaurium sebaeoides. This unit contains a total of 61 ha (150 ac).
The land contained within this unit is owned solely by a private owner.
The natural feature found in this unit is Kupaa Gulch.
Maui G
The proposed Maui G provides critical habitat for two species:
Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum sandwicense. This unit contains a total
of 1 ha (2 ac). The land contained within this unit is owned by the
State. This unit is the entire Keopuka Islet.
Maui H
The proposed Maui H provides critical habitat for one species:
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 42 ha (104 ac). The
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and private
owners. The natural features found in this unit are Pauwalu Point,
Paepaemoana Point, and Waianu.
Maui I
The proposed Maui I provides critical habitat for one species:
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 0.1 ha (0.3 ac). The
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. This unit is
Moku Huki.
Maui J
The proposed Maui J provides critical habitat for one species:
Mariscus pennatiformis. This unit contains a total of 63 ha (157 ac).
The lands contained within this unit are owned the State and private
owners. The natural feature found in this unit is Hanawi Stream.
Maui K
The proposed Maui K provides critical habitat for one species:
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 61 ha (150 ac). The
land contained within this unit is owned solely by private owners. The
natural feature found in this unit is Kalahu Point.
Maui L
The proposed Maui L provides critical habitat for one species:
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 50 ha (124 ac). The
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural
features found in this unit are portions of Keakulikuli Point,
Kapukaulua, Pukaulua Point and Waianapanapa Cave. This unit is bound on
the east by Keauaiki and Pailoa Bays.
Maui M
The proposed Maui M provides critical habitat for one species:
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 14.3 ha (35.7 ac). The
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a private
owner. The natural feature found in this unit is Kauiki Head.
Maui N
The proposed Maui N provides critical habitat for one species:
Lipochaeta kamolensis. This unit contains a total of 115 ha (284 ac).
The lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a
private owner. The natural feature found in this unit is Kepuni Gulch.
Maui O
The proposed Maui O provides critical habitat for two species:
Bonamia menziesii and Hibiscus brackenridgei. This unit contains a
total of 278 ha (688 ac). The land contained within this unit is owned
by the State. The natural feature found in this unit is Puu o kali.
Maui P
The proposed Maui P provides critical habitat for one species:
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. This unit contains a total of
58 ha (144 ac) and is found in the State's Honokowai section of the
West Maui NAR and the West Maui Forest Reserve. The land contained
within this unit is owned solely by the State. The natural feature
found in this unit is a portion of Amalu Stream.
Maui Q
The proposed Maui Q provides critical habitat for 15 species:
Alectryon macrococcus, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Diellia erecta, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Lysimachia lydgatei, Phlegmariurus mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris
lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea and Tetramolopium capillare. This unit
contains a total of 2,338 ha (5,791 ac) and is found in the State's
Lihau and Panaewa sections of the West Maui NAR and the West Maui
Forest Reserve. The lands contained within this unit are owned by the
State and private owners. The natural features found in this unit are
portions of Kahoma Stream, Kanaha Stream, Makila Stream, Launiupaku
Stream, Kinihapai Stream, Ae Stream, Olowalu Stream, Nukalaloa Stream,
and Poohahoahoa Stream; portions of Kahoolewa Ridge; Kauaula; Helu;
Launiupoko; Lihau; Olowalu; Halepohaku; Ulaula; portions of Ukumehame
Gulch and Stream; Koai; portions of the back of Iao Valley and Stream;
the Needle; portions of Kapilau Ridge; Paunau; portions of Waikapu
Valley; and Hanaula.
Maui R
The proposed Maui R provides critical habitat for two species:
Hesperomannia arbuscula and Sanicula purpurea. This unit contains a
total of 299.1 ha (740.3 ac). The lands contained within this unit are
owned by a private owner and the State. The natural feature found in
this unit is a portion of Waihee River.
Maui S
The proposed Maui S provides critical habitat for one species:
Sanicula purpurea. This unit contains a total of 143 ha (354 ac). The
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a private
owner. The natural features found in this unit are Kahakuloa, portions
of Kahakuloa Stream and Hulupueo Stream, and Keahikauo.
Maui T
The proposed Maui T provides critical habitat for five species:
Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Neraudia sericea, Platanthera
holochila, and Remya mauiensis. This unit contains a total of 580 ha
(1,436 ac) and is found in the State's West Maui Forest Reserve and
Manawainui Plant Sanctuary. The lands contained within this unit are
owned by the State and a private owner. The natural features found in
this unit are portions of Pohakea Gulch, Kaonehua Gulch, Papalaua
Gulch, and Manawainui Gulch; portions of Ukumehame; Hanaulaiki;
Polanui; and Puu Anu.
Maui U
The proposed Maui U provides critical habitat for one species:
Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit contains a total of 120 ha (298 ac).
The lands contained within this unit are
[[Page 79228]]
owned by the State and a private land owner. The natural feature found
in this unit is a portion of Kanaha Stream.
Maui V
The proposed Maui V provides critical habitat for one species:
Hibiscus brackenridgei. This unit contains a total of 103 ha (255 ac).
The land contained within this unit are owned solely by private owners.
The natural features found in this unit are portions of Kaunoahua
ridge, portions of Paleaahu Gulch, and portions of Kaonohua Gulch.
Maui W
The proposed Maui W provides critical habitat for two species:
Phlegmariurus mannii and Sanicula purpurea. This unit contains a total
of 69 ha (172 ac) and is found in the State's Kahakuloa section of the
West Maui NAR. The lands contained within this unit are owned by the
State and a private land owner. The natural features found in this unit
are Violet Lake and a portion of Kapuloa Stream.
Maui X
The proposed Maui X provides critical habitat for four species:
Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit contains a total of 204 ha (505 ac)
and is found in the State's Lihau section of the West Maui NAR. The
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a private
owner. This unit is bound on the east by Olowalu.
Maui Y
The proposed Maui Y provides critical habitat for one species:
Cyrtandra munroi. This unit contains a total of 116 ha (287 ac) and is
found within the State's West Maui Forest Reserve. The lands contained
within this unit are owned by the State and a private owner. The
natural feature found in this unit is a portion of Makamakaole Stream.
Maui Z
The proposed Maui Z provides critical habitat for one species:
Hesperomannia arborescens. This unit contains a total of 115 ha (284
ac) and is found within the State's Kahakuloa section of the West Maui
NAR and the West Maui Forest Reserve. The lands contained within this
unit are owned by the State and a private owner. The natural features
found in this unit are portions of Makamakaole Stream, portions of
Huluhulupueo Stream, and Lanilili.
Maui Aa
The proposed Maui Aa provides critical habitat for one species:
Pteris lidgatei. This unit contains a total of 74.3 ha (183.7 ac) and
is found within the State's Kahakuloa section of the West Maui NAR. The
lands contained within this unit are owned privately and by the State.
The natural features found in this unit are Kahakuloa and Honokohau.
Maui Bb
The proposed Maui Bb provides critical habitat for two species:
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit
contains a total of 352 ha (872 ac) and is located within the State's
Makawao Forest Reserve. The lands contained within this unit are owned
by the State and private owners. The natural features found in this
unit are Haiku Uka, portions of Opana Gulch, portions of Kailua Stream,
portions of Waiohiwi Gulch, and portions of Waikamoi Stream.
Maui Cc
The proposed unit Maui Cc provides critical habitat for one
species: Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. This unit contains a
total of 117 ha (290 ac). The land contained within this unit is owned
solely by a private owner. The natural features found in this unit are
portions of Haipuaena Stream and Puohakamoa Stream.
Maui Dd
The proposed Maui Dd provides critical habitat for two species:
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit
contains a total of 213 ha (528 ac). The land contained within this
unit is owned solely by a private land owner. The natural features
found in this unit are portions of Puohokamoa Stream and Haipuaena
Stream.
Maui Ee
The proposed Maui Ee provides critical habitat for one species:
Geranium multiflorum. This unit contains a total of 188 ha (466 ac) and
is found in the State's Koolau Forest Reserve. The lands contained
within this unit are owned by the State and a private owner. The
natural feature found in this unit is Puu Alaea.
Maui Ff
The proposed Maui Ff provides critical habitat for one species:
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. This unit contains a total of 119
ha (295 ac) and is found in the State's Hanawi NAR and Koolau Forest
Reserve. The land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The
natural features found in this unit are portions of the east Wailuaiki
Stream and portions of the Kopiliula Stream.
Maui Gg
The proposed Maui Gg provides critical habitat for two species:
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit
contains a total of 177 ha (438 ac) and is found within the State's
Hanawi NAR. The land contained within this unit is owned by the State.
The natural features found in this unit are western portions of Kuhiwa
Valley and portions of Kuhiwa Stream and Mukupiui Stream.
Maui Hh
The proposed Maui Hh provides critical habitat for two species:
Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis and Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit
contains a total of 117 ha (290 ac) and is found in the State's Hanawi
NAR. The land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The
natural feature found in this unit is the eastern portion of Kuhiwa
Valley.
Maui Ii
The proposed Maui Ii provides critical habitat for one species:
Clermontia samuelii. This unit contains a total of 879 ha (2,177 ac)
and is found in the State's Koolau and Hana Forest Reserves. The land
contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural feature
found in this unit is portions of the Mokulehua Gulch.
Maui Jj
Proposed Maui Jj provides critical habitat for one species:
Phlegmariurus mannii. This unit contains a total of 93 ha (230 ac) and
is found in the State's Kipahulu Forest Reserve. The lands contained
within this unit are owned by the State. The natural features found in
this unit are portions of Healani Stream and western portions of
Manawainui Valley.
Maui Kk
The proposed Maui Kk provides critical habitat for two species:
Phlegmariurus mannii and Cyanea hanatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. This unit
contains a total of 144 ha (357 ac) and is found within the State's
Kipahulu Forest Reserve. The lands contained within this unit are owned
by the State. The natural features found in this unit are northeastern
portions of Manawainui Valley, Puu Ahulili, and Niniao.
[[Page 79229]]
Maui Ll
The proposed Maui Ll provides critical habitat for one species:
Geranium arboreum. This unit contains a total of 45 ha (111 ac). The
lands contained within this unit are owned privately. The natural
feature found in this unit is a portion of Kamehaneiki Gulch.
Maui Mm
The proposed Maui Mm provides critical habitat for one species:
Geranium arboreum. This unit contains a total of 167 ha (413 ac) and is
found in the State's Kula Forest Reserve. The lands contained within
this unit are owned by the State and private owners. The natural
features found in this unit are a portion of Keahuaiwi Gulch, Waiakoa,
and a portion of Naalae Gulch.
Maui Nn
The proposed Maui Nn provides critical habitat for one species:
Geranium arboreum. This unit contains a total of 692 ha (1,714 ac) and
is found in the State's Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves. The lands
contained within this unit are owned by the State and private owners.
The natural features found in this unit are a portion of Kaipoioi
Gulch, Kaonoulu, Waiohuli, portions of Waiohuli Gulch, and Papaanui.
Maui Oo
The proposed Maui Oo provides critical habitat for one species:
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. This unit contains a total of 116 ha
(287 ac). The land contained within this unit is owned by the State.
The natural features found in this unit are Kahua and Kahikinui.
Maui Pp
The proposed Maui Pp provides critical habitat for one species:
Geranium arboreum. This unit contains a total of 113 ha (280 ac) and is
found in the State's Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves. The lands
contained within this unit are owned by the State and private owners.
The natural feature found in this unit is Kanaio.
Maui Qq
The proposed Maui Qq provides critical habitat for seven species:
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha; Clermontia lindseyana, Diellia erecta,
Diplazium molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, and
Phyllostegia mollis. This unit contains a total of 973 ha (2,410 ac)
and is found in the State's Kahikinui Forest Reserve. The land
contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural features
found in this unit are portions of Waiopai Gulch, Manawainui Gulch,
Wailaulau Gulch, and Kapuni Gulch, and Kula.
Maui Rr
The proposed Maui Rr provides critical habitat for one species:
Alectryon macrococcus. This unit contains a total of 115 ha (285 ac)
and is found in the State's Kahikinui Forest Reserve. The lands
contained within this unit are owned by the State and private owners.
The natural features found in this unit are Kula and portions of Panini
Gulch.
Maui Ss
The proposed Maui Ss provides critical habitat for ten species:
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Colubrina oppositifolia, Flueggea neowawraea, Melicope adscendens,
Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This unit contains a total of 1,924 ha (4,766
ac), portions of which are found in the Kanaio NAR. The land contained
within this unit is owned by the State and private owners. The natural
features found in this unit are Puu Ouli, Maunanu, Kalmaloo, Luapelani,
Puu Mahoe, Auwahi, and Kanaio.
Maui Tt
The proposed Maui Tt provides critical habitat for one species:
Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains a total of 114 ha (282 ac). The
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and leased by
the U.S. Department of Defense (Hawaii Army National Guard) for the
Kanaio Training Area, and private owners. The natural features found in
this unit are Pimoe and Kanaio.
Maui Uu
The proposed Maui Uu provides critical habitat for one species:
Hibiscus brackenridgei. This unit contains a total of 121 ha (300 ac).
The lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and private
owners. The natural feature found in this unit is Keokea.
Maui Vv
The proposed Maui Vv provides critical habitat for one species:
Vigna o-wahuensis. This unit contains a total of 77 ha (190 ac). The
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural
features found in this unit are Kamanamana, a portion of Kaloi, and a
portion of Kaunauhane.
Maui Ww
The proposed Maui Ww provides critical habitat for one species:
Flueggea neowawraea. This unit contains a total of 133 ha (329 ac). The
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State. The natural
feature found in this unit is a portion of the Lualailua Hills.
Maui Xx
The proposed Maui Xx provides critical habitat for one species:
Ctenitis squamigera. This unit contains a total of 60 ha (149 ac) and
is found within the State's West Maui Forest Reserve. The lands
contained within this unit are owned by the State and private owners.
The natural features found in this unit are Kahana, portions of
Kahanaiki Gulch, Mahinahina, and Moomoku.
Maui Yy
The proposed Maui Yy provides critical habitat for one species:
Clermontia lindseyana. This unit contains a total of 1,118 ha (2,769
ac). The lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and
private owners. The natural features found within this unit are
Kamaole, Keauhou, Keonenelu, and Waihou Spring.
Maui Zz
The proposed Maui Zz provides critical habitat for one species:
Ctenitis squamigera. This unit contains a total of 118 ha (292 ac). The
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and private
owners. The natural features found in this unit are portions of Kanaha
Stream, Panaewa, and Kuia.
Kahoolawe A
The proposed Kahoolawe A, the islet Puu Koae off the southern coast
of Kahoolawe, provides critical habitat for one species: Sesbania
tomentosa. This unit contains a total of 5 ha (12 ac). The land
contained within this unit is owned by the State.
Kahoolawe B
The proposed Kahoolawe B provides critical habitat for one species:
Kanaloa kahoolawensis. This unit contains a total of 38 ha (94 ac). The
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural
feature found in this unit is Aleale.
Kahoolawe C
The proposed Kahoolawe C provides critical habitat for one species:
Vigna o-wahuensis. This unit contains a total of 50 ha (124 ac). The
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural
feature found in this unit is a tidal pond.
[[Page 79230]]
Kahoolawe D
The proposed Kahoolawe D provides critical habitat for one species:
Vigna o-wahuensis. This unit contains a total of 114 ha (282 ac). The
land contained within this unit is owned by the State.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out do
not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the
action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the
survival and recovery of the species. Individuals, organizations,
states, local governments, and other non-Federal entities are affected
by the designation of critical habitat only if their actions occur on
Federal lands, require a Federal permit, license, or other
authorization, or involve Federal funding.
Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies to evaluate their
actions with respect to any species that is proposed or listed as
endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical habitat, if
any is designated or proposed. Regulations implementing this
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR
part 402. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal agencies to confer with us
on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a
proposed species or result in destruction or adverse modification of
proposed critical habitat. Conference reports provide conservation
recommendations to assist the agency in eliminating conflicts that may
be caused by the proposed action. The conservation recommendations in a
conference report are advisory. If a species is listed or critical
habitat is designated, section 7(a)(2) requires Federal agencies to
ensure that actions they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of such a species or to destroy
or adversely modify its critical habitat. If a Federal action may
affect a listed species or its critical habitat, the responsible
Federal agency (action agency) must enter into consultation with us.
Through this consultation we would ensure that the permitted actions do
not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat.
When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat, we also provide reasonable and prudent alternatives to the
project, if any are identifiable. Reasonable and prudent alternatives
are defined at 50 CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during
consultation that can be implemented in a manner consistent with the
intended purpose of the action, that are consistent with the scope of
the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are
economically and technologically feasible, and that the Director
believes would avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat. Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight
project modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the
project. Costs associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent
alternative are similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where critical
habitat is subsequently designated and the Federal agency has retained
discretionary involvement or control over the action or such
discretionary involvement or control is authorized by law.
Consequently, some Federal agencies may request reinitiation of
consultation with us on actions for which formal consultation has been
completed if those actions may affect designated critical habitat.
Further, some Federal agencies may have conferenced with us on proposed
critical habitat. We may adopt the formal conference report as the
biological opinion when critical habitat is designated, if no
significant new information or changes in the action alter the content
of the opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)).
Activities on lands being proposed as critical habitat for these 50
species or activities that may indirectly affect such lands and that
are conducted by a Federal agency, funded by a Federal agency or
require a permit from a Federal agency will be subject to the section 7
consultation process. Federal actions not affecting critical habitat,
as well as actions on non-Federal lands that are not federally funded
or permitted, will not require section 7 consultation.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly describe and
evaluate in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat those activities involving a Federal action that may adversely
modify such habitat or that may be affected by such designation. We
note that such activities may also jeopardize the continued existence
of the species. Activities that, when carried out, funded, or
authorized by a Federal agency, may affect critical habitat include,
but are not limited to:
(1) Activities that degrade or destroy habitat defined as a primary
constituent element, including but not limited to: Overgrazing;
maintenance of feral ungulates; clearing, cutting of native live trees
and shrubs, whether by burning or mechanical, chemical, or other means
(e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building, mining,
herbicide application); introducing or enabling the spread of nonnative
species; and taking actions that pose a risk of fire.
(2) Water diversion or impoundment, groundwater pumping, or other
activity that alters water quality or quantity to an extent that wet
forest or bog vegetation is significantly affected;
(3) Recreational activities that degrade vegetation; and
(4) Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat include those that alter the primary constituent elements to
the extent that the value of critical habitat for both the survival and
recovery of any one of the 50 species is appreciably reduced.
To properly portray the effects of critical habitat designation, we
must first compare the section 7 requirements for actions that may
affect critical habitat with the requirements for actions that may
affect a listed species. Section 7 prohibits actions funded,
authorized, or carried out by Federal agencies from jeopardizing the
continued existence of a listed species or destroying or adversely
modifying the listed species' critical habitat. Actions likely to
``jeopardize the continued existence'' of a species are those that
would appreciably reduce the likelihood of both the survival and
recovery of a listed species. Actions likely to result in the
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat are those that
would appreciably reduce the value of critical habitat for both the
survival and recovery of the listed species.
Common to both definitions is an appreciable detrimental effect on
both survival and recovery of a listed species. Given the similarity of
these definitions, actions likely to result in the destruction or
adverse modification of critical habitat would almost always result in
jeopardy to the species concerned, particularly when the area of the
proposed action is occupied by the species concerned. In those cases,
critical habitat provides little additional protection to a species,
and the ramifications of its designation are few or none. However, if
occupied habitat becomes unoccupied in the future, there is a potential
benefit from critical habitat in such areas.
Federal agencies already consult with us on activities in areas
currently occupied by the species to ensure that
[[Page 79231]]
their actions do not jeopardize the continued existence of the species.
These actions include, but are not limited to:
(1) Regulation of activities affecting waters of the United States
by the Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water
Act;
(2) Development requiring permits from other Federal agencies such
as Housing and Urban Development;
(3) Regulation of grazing and recreation, and federally funded
silviculture/forestry projects and research by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (Forest Service);
(4) Regulation of airport improvement activities by the Federal
Aviation Administration jurisdiction;
(5) Road construction and maintenance by, or funded by, the U.S.
Department of Transportation;
(6) Military training or similar activities of the U.S. Department
of Defense (Hawaii Army National Guard) on lands under their
jurisdiction;
(7) Unexploded ordinance clean-up or similar activities of the U.S.
Department of Defense (Navy) or their contractors on the island of
Kahoolawe;
(8) Federally funded importation of alien species for research,
agriculture, and aquiculture, and the release or authorization of
release of biological control agents by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture;
(9) Regulation of activities affecting point source pollution
discharges into waters of the United States by the Environmental
Protection Agency under section 402 of the Clean Water Act.;
(10) Hazard mitigation and post-disaster repairs funded by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency;
(11) Installation and maintenance of U.S. Coast Guard navigational
aids;
(12) Construction of communication sites licensed by the Federal
Communications Commission;
(13) Construction activities by the U.S. Department of Interior
(National Park Service); and
(14) Activities not mentioned above funded or authorized by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (Forest Service, Natural Resources
Conservation Service), Department of Defense, Department of
Transportation, Department of Energy, Department of Interior (U.S.
Geological Survey, National Park Service), Department of Commerce
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) or any other Federal
agency.
All lands designated as critical habitat are within the
geographical area occupied by these species. Thus, we consider all
critical habitat proposed in this rule to be occupied. Federal agencies
already consult with us on activities in areas currently occupied by
the species or if the species may be affected by the action to ensure
that their actions do not jeopardize the continued existence of the
species. Because of this, we do not expect any additional project
modifications or restrictions or anticipate additional regulatory
protection will result from critical habitat designation.
If you have questions regarding whether specific activities may
affect or will constitute adverse modification of critical habitat,
contact the Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological Services Field
Office (see ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies of the regulations
on listed plants and animals, and general inquiries regarding
prohibitions and permits, may be addressed to the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Permits, 911 N.E. 11th Ave.,
Portland, Oregon 97232-4181 (telephone 503-231-2063; facsimile 503-231-
6243).
Consideration of Economic and Other Relevant Impacts
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us to designate critical
habitat on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data
available and to consider the economic and other relevant impacts of
designating a particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas
from critical habitat upon a determination that the benefits of such
exclusions outweigh the benefits of specifying such areas as critical
habitat. We cannot exclude such areas from critical habitat when such
exclusion will result in the extinction of the species.
We will conduct the economic analysis for this proposal prior to a
final determination. When the draft economic analysis is completed, we
will announce its availability with a notice in the Federal Register,
and we will have a comment period for 30 days at that time to accept
comments.
We will utilize the final economic analysis, and take into
consideration all comments and information regarding economic or other
impacts submitted during the public comment period and any public
hearings, if requested, to make final critical habitat designations. We
may exclude areas from critical habitat upon a determination that the
benefits of such exclusions outweigh the benefits of specifying such
areas as part of critical habitat; however, we cannot exclude areas
from critical habitat when such exclusion will result in the extinction
of the species.
Public Comments Solicited
It is our intent that any final action resulting from this proposal
be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we solicit
comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental
agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested
party concerning this proposed rule.
In this proposed rule, we do not propose to designate critical
habitat on the private lands within Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves,
Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area, and on the State lands in the
upper areas of Hanawi Natural Area Reserve because these areas are
permanently dedicated to conservation and managed to address the
threats to the plant species at issue. We believe that these areas are
not in need of special management considerations or protection and,
therefore, do not meet the definition of critical habitat in the Act.
Since we do not believe these areas meet the definition of critical
habitat, critical habitat is not proposed for the four species that are
only found in Waikamoi Preserve and/or Haleakala National Park
(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Melicope balloui,
Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea haleakalensis). However, we are
specifically soliciting comments on the appropriateness of this
approach.
The Service also invites comments from the public that provide
information on whether lands within proposed critical habitat are
currently being managed to address conservation needs of these listed
plants. As stated earlier in this proposed rule, if we receive
information that any of the areas proposed as critical habitat are
adequately managed, we may delete such areas from designation in the
final rule, because they would not meet the definition in section
3(5)(A)(i) of the Act. In determining adequacy of management, we must
find that the management effort is sufficiently certain to be
implemented and effective so as to contribute to the elimination or
adequate reduction of relevant threats to the species.
In determining whether an action is likely to be implemented, we
will generally consider the following:
Whether or not a management plan or agreement exists which
specifies the management actions being implemented, or if to be
implemented, the schedule for implementation;
Whether there are responsible party(ies) and funding
source(s) or other resources necessary to implement the
[[Page 79232]]
actions, with a high level of assurance that the funding will be
provided; and
The authority and long-term commitment of the party(ies)
to the agreement or plan to implement the management actions, as
demonstrated, for example, by a legal instrument providing enduring
protection and management of the lands.
In determining whether an action is likely to be effective, we
would generally consider whether or not the plan is specific concerning
the threats to be addressed by the management actions; whether such
actions have been successful in the past; whether there are provisions
for monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of the management
actions; and whether adaptive management principles have been
incorporated into the plan.
We are aware that the State of Hawaii and some private landowners
are considering the development and implementation of land management
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of
endangered and threatened plant species on the island of Maui. We are
soliciting comments in this proposed rule on whether current land
management plans or practices applied within the areas proposed as
critical habitat provide for the conservation of the species by
adequately addressing the threats. We are also soliciting comments on
whether future development and approval of conservation measures (e.g.,
Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor Agreements) should be excluded
from critical habitat and if so, by what mechanism.
In addition, we are seeking comments on the following:
(1) The reasons why critical habitat for any of these species is
prudent or not prudent as provided by section 4 of the Act and 50 CFR
424.12(a)(1), including whether the benefits of designation would
outweigh any threats to these species due to designation;
(2) The reasons why any particular area should or should not be
designated as critical habitat for any of these species, as critical
habitat is defined by section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532(5));
(3) Specific information on the amount and distribution of habitat
for Acaena exigua, Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi,
Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium arboreum,
Geranium multiflorum, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum
byrone, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope
balloui, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis,
Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris
lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis,
Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare,
Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and what habitat is
essential to the conservation of the species and why;
(4) Land use practices and current or planned activities in the
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat;
(5) Any economic or other impacts resulting from the proposed
designations of critical habitat, including any impacts on small
entities or families; and
(6) Economic and other potential values associated with designating
critical habitat for the above 50 plant species such as those derived
from non-consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, birding, enhanced
watershed protection, increased soil retention, ``existence values,''
and reductions in administrative costs).
If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials
concerning this proposal by any one of several methods.
1. You may submit written comments and information to the Field
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300
Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
2. If you would like to submit comments by e-mail
(mandk_crithab_pr@fws.gov), please submit e-mail comments as an ASCII
file format and avoid the use of special characters and encryption.
Please include ``Attn: RIN 1018-AH70'' and your name and return address
in your e-mail message. If you do not receive a confirmation from the
system that we have received your e-mail message, contact us directly
by calling our Pacific Islands Office at phone number 808/541-3441.
Please note that the e-mail address will be closed out at the
termination of the public comment period.
3. You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands
Office at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI.
Our practice is to make comments, including names and home
addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular
business hours. Respondents may request that we withhold their home
address, which we will honor to the extent allowable by law. There also
may be circumstances in which we would withhold a respondent's
identity, as allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold your name
and/or address, you must state this request prominently at the
beginning of your comment. However, we will not consider anonymous
comments. To the extent consistent with applicable law, we will make
all submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals
identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations
or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety.
Comments and materials received will be available for public
inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above
address.
Peer Review
In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34270), we will seek the expert opinions of at least three appropriate
and independent specialists regarding this proposed rule. The purpose
of such review is to ensure listing and critical habitat decisions are
based on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We will
send copies of this proposed rule to these peer reviewers immediately
following publication in the Federal Register. We will invite the peer
reviewers to comment, during the public comment period, on the specific
assumptions and conclusions regarding the proposed designations of
critical habitat.
We will consider all comments and data received during the 60-day
comment period on this proposed rule during preparation of a final
rulemaking. Accordingly, the final decision may differ from this
proposal.
Clarity of the Rule
Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations and
notices that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to
make this proposed rule easier to understand
[[Page 79233]]
including answers to questions such as the following: (1) Are the
requirements in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Does the proposed
rule contain technical language or jargon that interferes with the
clarity? (3) Does the format of the proposed rule (grouping and order
of sections, use of headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its
clarity? (4) Is the description of the proposed rule in the
``Supplementary Information'' section of the preamble helpful in
understanding the document? (5) What else could we do to make the
proposed rule easier to understand?
Send a copy of any comments that concern how we could make this
notice easier to understand to: Office of Regulatory Affairs,
Department of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street, NW., Washington,
DC 20240. You may e-mail your comments to this address:
Execsec@ios.doi.gov.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
In accordance with Executive Order 12866, this action was submitted
for review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). We are in the
process of preparing an economic analysis to determine the economic
consequences of designating the specific areas identified as critical
habitat. If our economic analysis reveals that the economic impacts of
designating any area as critical habitat outweigh the benefits of
designation, we may exclude those areas from consideration, unless such
exclusion will result in the extinction of the species.
(a) While we will prepare an economic analysis to assist us in
considering whether areas should be excluded pursuant to section 4 of
the Act at this time, we do not believe this rule will have an annual
economic effect of $100 million or adversely affect an economic sector,
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of government.
Therefore we do not believe a cost benefit and economic analysis
pursuant to Executive Order 12866 is required.
The 50 plants were listed as endangered or threatened species
between the years 1991 and 1999. The areas proposed for critical
habitat are currently occupied by one or more of these species. Under
section 7 of the Act, critical habitat may not be destroyed or
adversely modified by a Federal agency action; it does not impose any
restrictions on non-Federal persons unless they are conducting
activities funded or otherwise sponsored or permitted by a Federal
agency (see Table 6).
Table 6.--Impacts of Critical Habitat Designation for 50 Plants From Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional activities
Activities potentially affected by species potentially affected by
Categories of activities listing only critical habitat
designation \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal activities protentially Activities conducted by the Army Corps of None.
affected \2\. Engineers, Department of Transportation,
Department of Defense, Department of
Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency,
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal
Aviation Administration, Federal Communications
Commission, Department of Interior.
Private or other non-Federal Activities that require a Federal action None.
activities potentially affected \3\. (permit, authorization, or funding) and may
remove or destroy habitat for these plants by
mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g.,
overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live
trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment,
groundwater pumping, road building, mining,
herbicide application, recreational use etc.)
or appreciably decrease habitat value or
quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge
effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals,
fragmentation of habitat).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to
those activities potentially affected by listing the species.
\2\ Activities initiated by a Federal agency.
\3\ Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or
funding.
Section 7 also requires Federal agencies to ensure that they do not
jeopardize the continued existence of the species. Based on our
experience, due to the limited number of individuals and populations,
and limited range, we conclude that any Federal action or authorized
action that could potentially cause an adverse modification of the
proposed critical habitat for any of these 50 species would also likely
cause ``jeopardy'' to that species. Accordingly, the designation of
currently occupied areas as critical habitat would not have any
additional incremental impacts on what actions may or may not be
conducted by Federal agencies or non-Federal persons that receive
Federal authorization or funding. Non-Federal persons that do not have
a Federal involvement in their actions are not restricted by the
designation of critical habitat.
(b) This rule will not create inconsistencies with other agencies'
actions. As discussed above, Federal agencies have been required to
ensure that their actions not jeopardize the continued existence of the
50 plant species since their listing between 1991 and 1999. The
prohibition against adverse modification of critical habitat would not
be expected to impose any additional restrictions to those that
currently exist because all proposed critical habitat is currently
occupied.
(c) This rule will not materially affect entitlements, grants, user
fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their recipients.
Federal agencies are currently required to ensure that their activities
do not jeopardize the continued existence of the species, and as
discussed above we do not anticipate that the adverse modification
prohibition resulting from critical habitat designation will have any
incremental effects.
(d) This rule will not raise novel legal or policy issues. The
proposed rule follows the requirements for determining critical habitat
contained in the Endangered Species Act.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
In the economic analysis, we will determine whether designation of
critical habitat will have a significant effect on a substantial number
of small entities. As discussed under Regulatory Planning and Review
above, this rule is not expected to result in any restrictions in
addition to those currently in existence. As indicated on Table 5 (see
``Methods for Selection of Areas for Proposed Critical Habitat
Designations'') we have designated property owned by Federal and State
governments, and private property.
[[Page 79234]]
Within these areas, the types of Federal actions or authorized
activities that we have identified as potential concerns are:
(1) Regulation of activities affecting waters of the United States
by the Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water
Act;
(2) Development on private or State lands requiring permits from
other Federal agencies such as Housing and Urban Development;
(3) Federally funded silviculture/forestry projects and research
and research by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Forest Service);
(4) Regulation of airport improvement activities by the Federal
Aviation Administration jurisdiction;
(5) Road construction and maintenance by, or funded by, the U.S.
Department of Transportation;
(6) Military training or similar activities of the U.S. Department
of Defense (Hawaii Army National Guard) on lands under their
jurisdiction;
(7) Unexploded ordnance clean-up or similar activities of the U.S.
Department of Defense (Navy) or their contractors on the island of
Kahoolawe;
(8) Federally funded importation of alien species for research,
agriculture, and aquiculture, and the release or authorization of
release of biological control agents by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture;
(9) Regulation of activities affecting point source pollution
discharges into waters of the United States by the Environmental
Protection Agency under section 402 of the Clean Water Act;
(10) Hazard mitigation and post-disaster repairs funded by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency;
(11) Installation and maintenance of U.S. Coast Guard navigational
aids;
(12) Construction of communication sites licensed by the Federal
Communications Commission; and
(13) Activities not mentioned above funded or authorized by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (Forest Service, Natural Resources
Conservation Service), Department of Defense, Department of
Transportation, Department of Energy, Department of Interior (U.S.
Geological Survey, National Park Service), Department of Commerce
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) or any other Federal
agency.
Many of these activities authorized or funded by Federal agencies
within the proposed critical habitat areas are carried out by small
entities (as defined by the Regulatory Flexibility Act) through
contract, grant, permit, or other Federal authorization. As discussed
in section 1 above, these actions are currently required to comply with
the protections of the Act that are triggered by listing, such as
avoiding jeopardy to these species, and the designation of critical
habitat is not anticipated to have any additional effects on these
activities.
For actions on non-Federal property that do not have a Federal
connection (such as funding or authorization), the current State
restrictions concerning take of listed threatened or endangered plant
species remain in effect, and this rule would impose no additional
restrictions.
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (5 U.S.C. 804(2)).
In the economic analysis, we will determine whether designation of
critical habitat will cause (a) any effect on the economy of $100
million or more, (b) any increases in costs or prices for consumers,
individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or
geographic regions in the economic analysis, or (c) any significant
adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity,
innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with
foreign-based enterprises.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.):
(a) This rule will not ``significantly or uniquely'' affect small
governments. A Small Government Agency Plan is not required. Small
governments will only be affected to the extent that any Federal agency
that funds, permits or other authorized activities must ensure that
their actions will not adversely affect the critical habitat. However,
as discussed in section 1, these actions are currently subject to
equivalent restrictions through the listing protections of the species,
and no further restrictions are anticipated.
(b) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or
greater in any year, that is, it is not a ``significant regulatory
action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. The designation of
critical habitat imposes no obligations on State or local governments.
Takings
In accordance with Executive Order 12630, this rule does not have
significant takings implications. A takings implication assessment is
not required. As discussed above, the designation of critical habitat
affects only Federal agency actions. The rule will not increase or
decrease the current restrictions on private property concerning take
of these 50 plant species. We do not anticipate that property values
will be affected by the critical habitat designations. Landowners in
areas that are included in the designated critical habitat will
continue to have opportunity to utilize their property in ways
consistent with State law and with the continued survival of the plant
species.
Federalism
In accordance with Executive Order 13132, the rule does not have
significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not
required. As discussed above, the designation of critical habitat in
areas currently occupied by the 50 plant species would have little
incremental impact on State and local governments and their activities.
The designations may have some benefit to these governments in that the
areas essential to the conservation of these species are more clearly
defined, and the primary constituent elements of the habitat necessary
to the survival of the species are identified. While this definition
and identification does not alter where and what federally sponsored
activities may occur, it may assist these local governments in long
range planning rather than waiting for case-by-case section 7
consultation to occur.
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the
Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the
judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2)
of the Order. We designate critical habitat in accordance with the
provisions of the Endangered Species Act. The rule uses standard
property descriptions and identifies the primary constituent elements
within the designated areas to assist the public in understanding the
habitat needs of the plant species.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain any information collection requirements
for which OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act is required.
National Environmental Policy Act
We have determined that an Environmental Assessment and/or an
Environmental Impact Statement as defined by the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969 need not be prepared in connection with regulations
adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Act, as
[[Page 79235]]
amended. A notice outlining our reason for this determination was
published in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244).
This proposed rule does not constitute a major Federal action
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.
Government-to-Government Relationship with Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments'' (59 FR 22951) and 512 DM 2, we understand that Federally
recognized Tribes must be related to on a Government-to-Government
basis. The 1997 Secretarial Order on Native Americans and the Act
clearly states that Tribal lands should not be designated unless
absolutely necessary for the conservation of the species. According to
the Secretarial Order, ``Critical habitat shall not be designated in an
area that may impact Tribal trust resources unless it is determined
essential to conserve a listed species. In designating critical
habitat, the Services shall evaluate and document the extent to which
the conservation needs of a listed species can be achieved by limiting
the designation to other lands.''
We determined that no Tribal lands are essential for the
conservation of the plant species discussed in this proposed ruler
because they do not support populations or suitable habitat. Therefore,
we are not proposing to designate critical habitat for these species on
Tribal lands.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited in this proposed rule is
available upon request from the Pacific Islands Ecoregion Office (see
ADDRESSES section).
Authors
The primary authors of this notice are Christa Russell, Michelle
Stephens, and Marigold Zoll of the Pacific Islands Field Office (see
ADDRESSES section).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
record-keeping requirements, Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
2. In Sec. 17.12(h) revise the entries for Alectryon macrococcus,
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora,
Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium arboreum,
Geranium multiflorum, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum
byrone, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope
knudsenii, Melicope (=Pelea) mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Sesbania tomentosa,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, Vigna o-wahuensis,
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense under ``FLOWERING PLANTS'' and Ctenitis
squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Phlegmariurus
(=Lycopodium, =Huperzia) mannii, and Pteris lidgatei under ``FERNS AND
ALLIES'' to read as follows:
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
-------------------------------------------------------- Historic range Family name Status When listed Critical Special
Scientific name Common name habitat rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flowering Plants
* * * * * * *
Alectryon macrococcus............ Mahoe............... U.S.A.(HI)......... Sapindaceae........ E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha.. Ko`oko`olau......... U.S.A.(HI)......... Asteraceae......... E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Bonamia menziesii................ None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Convolvulaceae..... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cenchrus agrimonioides........... Kamanomano.......... U.S.A.(HI)......... Poaceae............ E 592 17.96(a) NA
(=Sandbur, agrimony)
* * * * * * *
Centaurium sebaeoides............ Awiwi............... U.S.A.(HI)......... Gentianaceae....... E 448 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Clermontia lindseyana............ `Oha wai............ U.S.A.(HI)......... Campanulaceae...... E 467 17.96(a) NA
[[Page 79236]]
* * * * * * *
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. `Oha wai............ U.S.A.(HI)......... Campanulaceae...... E 466 17.96(a) NA
mauiensis.
* * * * * * *
Clermontia samuelii.............. `Oha wai............ U.S.A.(HI)......... Campanulaceae...... E 666 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Colubrina oppositifolia.......... Kauila.............. U.S.A.(HI)......... Rhamnaceae......... E 532 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea copelandii ssp. Haha................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Campanulaceae...... E 666 17.96(a) NA
haleakalaensis.
* * * * * * *
Cyanea glabra.................... Haha................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Campanulaceae...... E 666 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana Haha................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Campanulaceae...... E 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Haha................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Campanulaceae...... E 666 17.96(a) NA
hamatiflora.
* * * * * * *
Cyanea lobata.................... Haha................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Campanulaceae...... E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea mceldowneyi............... Haha................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Campanulaceae...... E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra munroi................. Ha`iwale............ U.S.A.(HI)......... Gesneriaceae....... E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Dubautia plantaginea............. Na`ena`e............ U.S.A.(HI)......... Asteraceae......... E 666 17.96(a) NA
ssp. humilis.....................
* * * * * * *
Flueggea neowawraea.............. Mehamehame.......... U.S.A.(HI)......... Euphorbiaceae...... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Geranium arboreum................ Hawaiian red- U.S.A.(HI)......... Geraniaceae........ E 465 17.96(a) NA
flowered Geranium.
Geranium multiflorum............. Nohoanu............. U.S.A.(HI)......... Geraniaceae........ E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Hedyotis coriacea................ Kio`ele............. U.S.A.(HI)......... Rubiaceae.......... E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Hedyotis mannii.................. Pilo................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Rubiaceae.......... E 480 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Hesperomannia arborescens........ None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Asteraceae......... E 536 17.96(a) NA
Hesperomannia arbuscula.......... None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Asteraceae......... E 448 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Hibiscus brackenridgei........... Ma`o hau hele....... U.S.A.(HI)......... Malvaceae.......... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Ischaemum byrone................. Hilo ischaemum...... U.S.A.(HI)......... Poaceae............ E 532 17.96(a) NA
[[Page 79237]]
* * * * * * *
Kanaloa kahoolawensis............ Kohe malama malama o U.S.A.(HI)......... Fabaceae........... E 666 17.96(a) NA
kanaloa.
* * * * * * *
Lipochaeta kamolensis............ Nehe................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Asteraceae......... E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Lysimachia lydgatei.............. None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Primulaceae........ E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Mariscus pennatiformis........... None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Cyperaceae......... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope adscendens.............. Alani............... U.S.A.(HI)......... Rutaceae........... E 565 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope knudsenii............... Alani............... U.S.A.(HI)......... Rutaceae........... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope (= Pelea)............... Alani............... U.S.A.(HI)......... Rutaceae........... E 467 17.96(a) NA
mucronulata).....................
* * * * * * *
Neraudia sericea................. None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Urticaceae......... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Peucedanum sandwicense........... Makou............... U.S.A.(HI)......... Apiaceae........... T 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia mollis.............. None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Lamiaceae.......... E 448 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Plantago princeps................ Laukahi kuahiwi..... U.S.A.(HI)......... Plantaginaceae..... E 559 17.96(a) NA
Platanthera holochila............ None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Orchidaceae........ E 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Remya mauiensis.................. Maui remya.......... U.S.A.(HI)......... Asteraceae......... E 413 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Sanicula purpurea................ None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Apiaceae........... E 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Sesbania tomentosa............... Ohai................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Fabaceae........... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.......... None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Apiaceae........... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Tetramolopium capillare.......... Pamakani............ U.S.A.(HI)......... Asteraceae......... E 555 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Vigna o-wahuensis................ None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Fabaceae........... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense........... A`e................. U.S.A.(HI)......... Rutaceae........... E 532 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Ferns and Allies
* * * * * * *
Ctenitis squamigera.............. Pauoa............... U.S.A.(HI)......... Dryopteridaceae.... E 553 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Diellia erecta................... Asplenium-leaved U.S.A.(HI)......... Aspleniaceae....... E 559 17.96(a) NA
diellia.
[[Page 79238]]
* * * * * * *
Diplazium molokaiense............ None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Aspleniaceae....... E 553 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Phlegmariurus (Lycopodium, Wawae`iole.......... U.S.A.(HI)......... Lycopodiaceae...... E 467 17.96(a) NA
=Huperzia) mannii.
* * * * * * *
Pteris lidgatei.................. None................ U.S.A.(HI)......... Adiantaceae........ E 553 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. In Sec. 17.96, as proposed to be amended at 65 FR 66865,
November 7, 2000, add introductory text to paragraph (a)(1)(i), add
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) and (a)(1)(i)(D), and revise paragraphs
(a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) to read as follows:
Sec. 17.96 Critical habitat--plants.
(a) * * *
(1) * * *
(i) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions. The following
sections contain the legal descriptions of the critical habitat units
designated for each of the Hawaiian islands. Existing features and
structures within proposed areas, such as buildings, roads, aqueducts,
telecommunication equipment, arboreta and gardens, heiaus (indigenous
place of worship, shrine), and other man-made features, do not contain,
and are not likely to develop, the constituent elements described for
each species in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) of this
section. Therefore, these features or structures are not included in
the critical habitat designation.
* * * * *
(C) Maui. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates
are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of
1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the 52
critical habitats units designated on the island of Maui.
Note: Map Follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.003
[[Page 79239]]
Critical Habitat Maui A (49 ha; 121 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 750633, 2326772; 750456, 2326683; 750130,
2326703; 749888, 2326884; 749886, 2327030; 749750, 2327258; 749774,
2327433.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.004
Critical Habitat Maui B (67 ha; 166 ac)
Unit consists of the following nine boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 751694, 2325923; 751701, 2325885; 751529,
2325612; 751186, 2325473; 750835, 2325553; 750612, 2325770; 750532,
2326078; 750587, 2326375; 750748, 2326531.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.005
Critical Habitat Maui C (144.1 ha; 357.3 ac)
Area consists of the following seven points and intermediate coastline:
Start approximately at the coastline at UTM coordinate 754097, 2324739;
753959, 2324610; 753471, 2324616; 753034, 2325110; 752505, 2325093;
751841, 2325621; 751777, 2325920.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.006
[[Page 79240]]
Critical Habitat Maui D (45 ha; 111 ac)
Unit consists of the following nine boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 755603, 2323416; 755458, 2323375; 755192,
2323407; 755029, 2323524; 755023, 2323623; 754989, 2323720; 754905,
2323851; 754823, 2323887; 754754, 2323893.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.007
Critical Habitat Maui E (79 ha; 194 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 757806, 2319806; 757685, 2319625; 757377,
2319478; 756960, 2319544; 756704, 2319914; 756704, 2320323; 756970,
2320617; 757205, 2320672.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.008
Critical Habitat Maui F (61 ha; 150 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 758780, 2318541; 758624, 2318378; 758239,
2318333; 757873, 2318527; 757741, 2318914; 757835, 2319306; 758062,
2319448.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.009
[[Page 79241]]
Critical Habitat Maui G (1 ha; 2 ac)
Unit consists of the entire island, located at UTM coordinate 794211,
2310986.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.010
Critical Habitat Maui H (42 ha; 104 ac)
Unit consists of the following five boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 798775, 2308545; 798511, 2308422; 798109,
2308552; 797895, 2308879; 797900, 2309107.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.011
Critical Habitat Maui I (0.1 ha; 0.3 ac)
Unit consists of the entire island, located at UTM coordinate
800254, 2305748.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.012
[[Page 79242]]
Critical Habitat Maui J (63 ha; 157 ac)
Unit consists of the following six boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 802363, 2305610; 802394, 2305272; 802072,
2304901; 801579, 2304862; 801251, 2305132; 801206, 2305331.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.013
Critical Habitat Maui K (61 ha; 150 ac)
Unit consists of the following twelve boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 808655, 2303467; 808652, 2303423; 808501,
2303430; 808499, 2303256; 808577, 2303146; 808506, 2303006; 808369,
2302880; 808087, 2302805; 807783, 2302870; 807561, 2303089; 807460,
2303384; 807518, 2303589.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.014
Critical Habitat Maui L (50 ha; 124 ac)
Unit consists of the following nine boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 811990, 2301607; 811819, 2301595; 811486,
2301731; 811327, 2302067; 811331, 2302315; 811456, 2302318; 811455,
2302431; 811419, 2302481; 811458, 2302548.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.015
[[Page 79243]]
Critical Habitat Maui M (14.3 ha; 35.7 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 814158, 2297468; 814095, 2297500; 814187,
2297634; 814242, 2297672; 814116, 2297928; 814198, 2297932; 814268,
2297968; 814303, 2298064.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.016
Critical Habitat Maui N (115 ha; 284 ac)
Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 786248,
2282907; 786554, 2282957; 786936, 2282772; 787107, 2282321; 786893,
2281864; 786401, 2281705; 785985, 2281950; 785844, 2282345; 785967,
2282728.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.017
Critical Habitat Maui O (278 ha; 688 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 771668,
2295517; 772176, 2295586; 772539, 2295263; 772790, 2293479; 772527,
2293084; 772026, 2292986; 771623, 2293297; 771351, 2295136.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.018
[[Page 79244]]
Critical Habitat Maui P (58 ha; 144 ac)
Unit consists of the following thirteen boundary points: 748750,
2315870; 748926, 2315818; 749219, 2315615; 749336, 2315565; 749244,
2315410; 748854, 2315265; 748457, 2315426; 748247, 2315790; 748306,
2316197; 748486, 2316360; 748551, 2316304; 748584, 2316209; 748668,
2316115.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.019
Critical Habitat Maui Q (2,338 ha; 5,791 ac)
Unit consists of the following sixty-five boundary points: 750771,
2312124; 750790, 2311697; 750578, 2311354; 751367, 2310653; 752118,
2310799; 753695, 2310630; 754534, 2311735; 755091, 2312174; 755559,
2312225; 756008, 2311720; 755784, 2311189; 755248, 2310771; 754859,
2310651; 754315, 2310226; 755033, 2308654; 755940, 2308099; 756110,
2307598; 755825, 2307180; 755406, 2307098; 754741, 2307185; 754188,
2307390; 753983, 2307802; 753340, 2307955; 753129, 2308088; 753088,
2308412; 753261, 2308676; 752903, 2309029; 752695, 2309644; 750916,
2309529; 750598, 2309792; 750316, 2309596; 750439, 2309356; 750292,
2308660; 750320, 2308277; 750095, 2307938; 751915, 2307054; 752216,
2306733; 752165, 2306253; 751768, 2305894; 751845, 2305755; 751784,
2304903; 751556, 2304475; 751223, 2304157; 750736, 2304202; 750467,
2304503; 750289, 2305559; 750449, 2306075; 750805, 2306520; 749621,
2306816; 749314, 2307195; 749385, 2307517; 748814, 2307874; 748699,
2308271; 748949, 2308977; 749251, 2309111; 749218, 2309383; 748891,
2309495; 748997, 2310228; 749635, 2310991; 749876, 2310977; 749988,
2311296; 749540, 2311646; 749543, 2312185; 749873, 2312535; 750410,
2312543.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.020
[[Page 79245]]
Critical Habitat Maui R (299.1 ha; 740.3 ac)
Unit consists of the following twenty-one boundary points: 752540,
2314961; 752773, 2314883; 752997, 2314576; 752995, 2314200; 753348,
2314121; 753615, 2313849; 753691, 2313211; 753468, 2312810; 753085,
2312694; 752612, 2312832; 751992, 2312757; 751497, 2313211; 751524,
2313557; 751582, 2313614; 751746, 2313692; 751933, 2314010; 752006,
2314036; 752164, 2313975; 752394, 2314306; 752308, 2314642; 752358,
2314769.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.021
Critical Habitat Maui S (143 ha; 354 ac)
Unit consists of the following thirteen boundary points: 752751,
2317904; 753106, 2318187; 753571, 2317718; 753990, 2317221; 753879,
2317115; 753513, 2316860; 753439, 2316618; 753273, 2316414; 752929,
2316198; 752932, 2316027; 752839, 2315991; 752670, 2316256; 752869,
2316683.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.022
Critical Habitat Maui T (580 ha; 1,436 ac)
Unit consists of the following fifteen boundary points: 753246,
230584; 753238, 2306579; 753759, 2306849; 754750, 2306605; 755757,
2305428; 755763, 2305006; 754900, 2303806; 753297, 2303611; 752908,
2303851; 752785, 2304448; 753174, 2304779; 753962, 2304969; 754581,
2304970; 754515, 2305458; 753623, 2305561.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.023
[[Page 79246]]
Critical Habitat Maui U (120 ha; 298 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 744526,
2312185; 744948, 2311845; 745071, 2311334; 744655, 2310891; 744008,
2310932; 743776, 2311456; 743947, 2311954.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.024
Critical Habitat Maui V (103 ha; 255 ac)
Unit consists of the following ten boundary points: 758083,
2305035; 758421, 2304900; 758346, 2304479; 758653, 2304334; 758566,
2304050; 758222, 2303804; 757824, 2303841; 757517, 2304094; 757436,
2304539; 757665, 2304897.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.025
Critical Habitat Maui W (69 ha; 172 ac)
Unit consists of the following twenty-one boundary points: 750403,
2314584; 750470, 2313939; 750431, 2313836; 750429, 2313611; 750465,
2313493; 750581, 2313305; 750705, 2313201; 750756, 2313045; 750814,
2312992; 750650, 2312902; 750660, 2312967; 750541, 2313163; 750455,
2313243; 750267, 2313325; 750046, 2313596; 749865, 2313788; 749906,
2313905; 750108, 2314098; 749945, 2314364; 749932, 2314648; 750027,
2314876.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.026
[[Page 79247]]
Critical Habitat Maui X (204 ha; 505 ac)
Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 747781,
2306743; 748893, 2306503; 749197, 2306248; 749279, 2305850; 749084,
2305460; 748688, 2305318; 747967, 2305419; 747371, 2305769; 747379,
2306377.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.027
Critical Habitat Maui Y (116 ha; 287 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 755267,
2319597; 755686, 2319662; 756061, 2319419; 756179, 2318978; 755912,
2318493; 755321, 2318439; 754959, 2318795; 754947, 2319319.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.028
Critical Habitat Maui Z (115 ha; 284 ac)
Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 754334,
2318638; 754726, 2318445; 754908, 2318033; 754740, 2317636; 754431,
2317403; 754002, 2317451; 753690, 2317749; 753658, 2318167; 753894,
2318536.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.029
[[Page 79248]]
Critical Habitat Maui Aa (74.3 ha; 183.7 ac)
Unit consists of the following twelve boundary points: 751685,
2317244; 751861, 2317323; 752265, 2317256; 752494, 2316959; 752538,
2316661; 752442, 2316337; 752076, 2316112; 751770, 2316146; 751858,
2316497; 751827, 2316694; 751730, 2317048; 751671, 2317144.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.030
Critical Habitat Maui Bb (352 ha; 872 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 786494,
2305496; 787116, 2305481; 788158, 2304306; 788186, 2303838; 787832,
2303458; 786315, 2303459; 785903, 2303731; 785907, 2304339.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.031
Critical Habitat Maui Cc (117 ha; 290 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 789332,
2303848; 789877, 2303630; 789978, 2303093; 789690, 2302650; 789130,
2302572; 788734, 2302992; 788804, 2303568.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.032
[[Page 79249]]
Critical Habitat Maui Dd (213 ha; 528 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 789799,
2305535; 790790, 2304877; 790965, 2304501; 790745, 2304009; 790234,
2303824; 789107, 2304563; 789014, 2305084; 789332, 2305496.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.033
Critical Habitat Maui Ee (188 ha; 466 ac)
Unit consists of the following eleven boundary points: 796711,
2295634; 796710, 2295635; 795482, 2296515; 795599, 2296973; 796086,
2297177; 796536, 2297003; 796794, 2296434; 797172, 2296594; 797523,
2296403; 797594, 2295645.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.034
Critical Habitat Maui Ff (119 ha; 295 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 797202,
2301058; 797754, 2300721; 797684, 2300057; 797349, 2299792; 796752,
2299869; 796501, 2300323; 796630, 2300861.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.035
[[Page 79250]]
Critical Habitat Maui Gg (177 ha; 438 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 800493,
2300503; 800980, 2300308; 801139, 2299872; 800770, 2298929; 800273,
2298755; 799837, 2298965; 799657, 2299406; 800037, 2300287.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.036
Critical Habitat Maui Hh (117 ha; 290 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 802095,
2299801; 802425, 2299477; 802436, 2298965; 802041, 2298606; 801503,
2298668; 801221, 2299078; 801288, 2299532; 801656, 2299847.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.037
Critical Habitat Maui Ii (879 ha; 2,177 ac)
Area consists of the following seventeen boundary points: 805238,
2298452; 805576, 2298173; 806413, 2298749; 806900, 2298797; 807464,
2298080; 808649, 2297831; 808888, 2297229; 808802, 2296455; 808162,
2295863; 807311, 2295538; 806298, 2295949; 805380, 2297248; 804885,
2297212; 804541, 2297354; 804363, 2297678; 804389, 2298093; 804817,
2298473.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.038
[[Page 79251]]
Critical Habitat Maui Jj (93 ha; 230 ac)
Area consists of the following seven boundary points: 799552,
2290323; 799747, 2289854; 799568, 2289425; 799156, 2289228; 798721,
2289360; 798574, 2289611; 798604, 2290076.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.039
Critical Habitat Maui Kk (144 ha; 357 ac)
Area consists of the following eleven boundary points: 801153,
2290510; 801442, 2289674; 801609, 2289474; 801598, 2289363; 801378,
2289110; 800998, 2288986; 800631, 2289145; 800196, 2289818; 800288,
2290244; 800574, 2290492; 800729, 2290430.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.040
Critical Habitat Maui Ll (45 ha; 111 ac)
Unit consists of the following five boundary points: 783589,
2296659; 784000, 2296654; 784967, 2296159; 784832, 2295889; 783494,
2296508.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.041
[[Page 79252]]
Critical Habitat Maui Mm (167 ha; 413 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 782830,
2294931; 783011, 2294575; 782534, 2293852; 781957, 2293641; 781364,
2294063; 781685, 2294761; 782208, 2295353.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.042
Critical Habitat Maui Nn (692 ha; 1,714 ac)
Unit consists of the following thirteen boundary points: 781075,
2293492; 781722, 2293238; 781873, 2292610; 780491, 2291044; 780607,
2290475; 781404, 2290215; 781633, 2289724; 781347, 2289152; 780735,
2289097; 778589, 2291163; 778569, 2291767; 779128, 2292134; 779587,
2291948.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.043
Critical Habitat Maui Oo (116 ha; 287 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 783432,
2289367; 783891, 2289477; 784355, 2289252; 784455, 2288843; 784320,
2288448; 783896, 2288229; 783412, 2288353; 783182, 2288863.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.044
[[Page 79253]]
Critical Habitat Maui Pp (113 ha; 280 ac)
Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 779224,
2288833; 779613, 2288669; 779777, 2288242; 779648, 2287836; 779274,
2287608; 778821, 2287681; 778552, 2288052; 778584, 2288508; 778865,
2288759.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.045
Critical Habitat Maui Qq (973 ha; 2,410 ac)
Area consists of the following nine boundary points: 788449,
2289678; 788781, 2288670; 788991, 2287745; 786579, 2286901; 785388,
2286272; 784631, 2286272; 783991, 2287256; 784711, 2288228; 785979,
2288989.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.046
Critical Habitat Maui Rr (115 ha; 285 ac)
Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 790276,
2288397; 790690, 2288169; 790792, 2287741; 790666, 2287391; 790310,
2287180; 789926, 2287204; 789627, 2287483; 789552, 2287894; 789817,
2288315.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.047
[[Page 79254]]
Critical Habitat Maui Ss (1,924 ha; 4,766 ac)
Area consists of the following twenty-five boundary points: 780501,
2286848; 780927, 2286422; 780770, 2285354; 779731, 2285040; 779466,
2283384; 779123, 2283100; 777373, 2283047; 776807, 2281254; 776345,
2281058; 775844, 2281254; 775677, 2281738; 775731, 2282933; 773830,
2283419; 772456, 2283024; 772033, 2283419; 772016, 2283883; 772325,
2284261; 773463, 2284406; 775419, 2285365; 776282, 2285216; 776574,
2285704; 777509, 2285789; 777862, 2285268; 779290, 2285366; 779854,
2286823.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.048
Critical Habitat Maui Tt (114 ha; 282 ac)
Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 774319,
2281799; 774618, 2281476; 774669, 2281046; 774382, 2280688; 773988,
2280597; 773613, 2280770; 773436, 2281145; 773519, 2281543; 773869,
2281811.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.049
Critical Habitat Maui Uu (121 ha; 300 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 769955,
2294333; 770473, 2294204; 770702, 2293706; 770473, 2293188; 769886,
2293079; 769428, 2293417; 769448, 2294075.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.050
[[Page 79255]]
Critical Habitat Maui Vv (77 ha; 190 ac)
Area consists of the following six points and intermediate
coastline: 771083, 2278155; 771319, 2278521; 771790, 2278629; 772219,
2278359; 772290, 2277919; 772238, 2277802.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.051
Critical Habitat Maui Ww (133 ha; 329 ac)
Area consists of the following eight boundary points: 780044,
2283292; 780309, 2283700; 780996, 2283798; 781368, 2283449; 781414,
2282999; 781117, 2282618; 780439, 2282530; 780114, 2282850.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.052
Critical Habitat Maui Xx (60 ha; 149 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 746756,
2318265; 746358, 2317155; 746152, 2317238; 745959, 2317483. 745933,
2317923; 746230, 2318270; 746618, 2318351.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.053
[[Page 79256]]
Critical Habitat Maui Yy (1,118 ha; 12,769 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 774248,
2289989; 776203, 2289741; 777204, 2289104; 777136, 2288299; 775497,
2286508; 773256, 2285420; 772970, 2285926.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.054
Critical Habitat Maui Zz (118 ha; 292 ac)
Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 746920,
2312344; 747339, 2312013; 747462, 2311502; 747063, 2311063; 746450,
2311101; 746173, 2311638; 746338, 2312122.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.055
[[Page 79257]]
Table (a)(1)(i)(C).--Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit
on Maui
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui A....................... Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui B....................... Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui C....................... Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui D....................... Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania
tomentosa.
Maui E....................... Centaurium sebaeoides.
Maui F....................... Centaurium sebaeoides.
Maui G....................... Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Maui H....................... Ischaemum byrone.
Maui I....................... Ischaemum byrone.
Maui J....................... Mariscus pennatiformis.
Maui K....................... Ischaemum byrone.
Maui L....................... Ischaemum byrone.
Maui M....................... Ischaemum byrone.
Maui N....................... Lipochaeta kamolensis.
Maui O....................... Bonamia menziesii and Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Maui P....................... Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis.
Maui Q....................... Alectryon macrococcus, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
lobata, Diellia erecta, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hedyotis
mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Lysimachia lydgatei, Phlegmariurus
mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris
lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, and
Tetramolopium capillare.
Maui R....................... Hesperomannia arbuscula and Sanicula
purpurea.
Maui S....................... Sanicula purpurea.
Maui T....................... Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta,
Neraudia sericea, Platanthera holochila,
and Remya mauiensis.
Maui U....................... Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Maui V....................... Hibiscus brackenridgei.
Maui W....................... Phlegmariurus mannii and Sanicula
purpurea.
Maui X....................... Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Maui Y....................... Cyrtandra munroi.
Maui Z....................... Hesperomannia arborescens.
Maui Aa...................... Pteris lidgatei.
Maui Bb...................... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and
Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Maui Cc...................... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora.
Maui Dd...................... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and
Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Maui Ee...................... Geranium multiflorum.
Maui Ff...................... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora.
Maui Gg...................... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and
Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Maui Hh...................... Clermontia samuelii and Cyanea
mceldowneyi.
Maui Ii...................... Clermontia samuelii.
Maui Jj...................... Phlegmariurus mannii.
Maui Kk...................... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and
Phlegmariurus mannii.
Maui Ll...................... Geranium arboreum.
Maui Mm...................... Geranium arboreum.
Maui Nn...................... Geranium arboreum.
Maui Oo...................... Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha.
Maui Pp...................... Geranium arboreum.
Maui Qq...................... Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha;
Clermontia lindseyana, Diellia erecta,
Diplazium molokaiense, Neraudia sericea,
Phlegmariurus mannii, and Phyllostegia
mollis.
Maui Rr...................... Alectryon macrococcus.
Maui Ss...................... Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Flueggea neowawraea,
Melicope adscendens, Melicope knudsenii,
Melicope mucronulata, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
Maui Tt...................... Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui Uu...................... Hibiscus brackenridgei.
Maui Vv...................... Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui Ww...................... Flueggea neowawraea.
Maui Xx...................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Maui Yy...................... Clermontia lindseyana.
Maui Zz...................... Ctenitis squamigera.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 79258]]
(D) Kahoolawe. Critical habitat units are described below.
Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American
Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
Critical Habitat Kahoolawe A (5 ha; 12 ac)
Unit consists of the entire islet, located at UTM coordinate
749248, 2269914.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.056
Critical Habitat Kahoolawe B (38 ha; 94 ac)
Unit consists of the following five boundary points: 749258,
2270360; 749316, 2270548; 749609, 2270771; 749934, 2270789; 750070,
2270730.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.057
Critical Habitat Kahoolawe C (50 ha; 124 ac)
Unit consists of the following five boundary points: 741673,
2269672; 741903, 2269761; 742323, 2269587; 742526, 2269182; 742449,
2268925.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.058
[[Page 79259]]
Critical Habitat Kahoolawe D (114 ha; 282 ac)
Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 745602,
2274210; 745392, 2273720; 744942, 2273560; 744467, 2273770; 744329,
2274239; 744543, 2274682; 744977, 2274799; 745382, 2274666.
Note: Map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.059
Table (a)(1)(i)(D).--Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit
on Kahoolawe
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kahoolawe A............................... Sesbania tomentosa.
Kahoolawe B............................... Kanaloa kahoolawensis.
Kahoolawe C............................... Vigna o-wahuensis.
Kahoolawe D............................... Vigna o-wahuensis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Hawaiian plants--Constituent elements.
(A) Flowering plants.
Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)
i. Kauai F, G, I, and M, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Peucedanum sandwicense on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Cliff habitats (a) in mixed shrub coastal
dry cliff communities or diverse mesic forest and (b) containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Hibiscus kokio,
Brighamia insignis, Bidens sp., Artemisia sp., Lobelia niihauensis,
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Canthium odoratum, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria
sp., Acacia koa, Kokio kauaiensis, Carex meyenii, Panicum lineale,
Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., or Metrosideros
polymorpha; and (2) elevations from sea level to above 915 m (3,000
ft).
ii. Maui unit G, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, of this section constitutes critical
habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense on Maui. Within this unit the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Peucedanum sandwicense on Maui are habitat components that provide: (1)
cliff habitats containing one or more of the following associated
native species: Chamaesyce sp., Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., or
Metrosideros polymorpha; and (2) elevations from sea level to above 900
m (2,950 ft).
Family Apiaceae: Sanicula purpurea (No Common Name)
Maui units Q, R, S, and W, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Sanicula purpurea on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Sanicula purpurea
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Open Metrosideros
polymorpha mixed montane bogs containing one or more of the following
associated plant taxa: Styphelia tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi, Geranium
humile, Myrsine vaccinioides, Viola mauiensis, Argyroxiphium caliginis,
Plantago pachyphylla, Lycopodium sp., Argyroxiphium grayanum,
Lagenifera mauiensis, Machaerina sp., or Oreobolus furcatus; and (2)
elevations between 1,000 and 1,620 m (3,280 and 5,330 ft).
Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis hawaiiensis (No Common Name)
i. Kauai B and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha forests or
Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry shrubland containing one or more of the
following associated plant species: Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens
sandvicensis, Schiedea spergulina, Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Sida fallax, Doryopteris sp., or Gouania hillebrandii;
and (2) elevations of about 305 to 610 m (1,000 to 2,000 ft).
ii. Maui units U and Ss, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Spermolepis
hawaiiensis on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Shady
spots (a) in Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry shrubland and (b) containing
one or more of the following associated native species: Eragrostis
variabilis, Wikstroemia sp., Erythrina sandwicensis, Diospyros sp.,
Pleomele sp., Lipochaeta livarum, Sida fallax, Myoporum sandwicensis,
Santalum ellipticum, or Heteropogon contortus; and (2) elevations of
300 to 550 m (980 to 1,800 ft).
Family Apocynaceae: Pteralyxia kauaiensis (Kaulu)
Kauai F, G, I, M, Q, T, and U, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Pteralyxia kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Diverse mesic or wet forests containing
one or more of the following associated plant taxa: Pisonia
sandwicensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Charpentiera elliptica, Pipturus
sp., Neraudia kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Pritchardia sp.,
Gardenia remyi, Syzygium sp., Pleomele sp., Cyanea sp., Hibiscus sp.,
Kokia kauaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Bobea timonioides, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nesoluma
polynesicum, Myrsine lanaiensis, Caesalpinia kauaiensis, Tetraplasandra
sp., Acacia koa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp.,
Freycinetia arborea,
[[Page 79260]]
Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Zanthoxylum dipetalum,
Carex sp., Delissea sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, Alphitonia ponderosa,
Santalum freycinetianum, Antidesma sp., Diospyros sp., Metrosideros
polymorpha, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa sandwicensis, Schiedea
stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, or Pouteria
sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 250 to 610 m (820 to 2,000
ft).
Family Araliaceae: Munroidendron racemosum (No Common Name)
Kauai G, I, M, and N, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Munroidendron racemosum on Kauai. Within these units the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Steep exposed cliffs or ridge slopes (a)
in coastal or lowland mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of
the following associated plant taxa: Pisonia umbellifera, Canavalia
galeata, Sida fallax, Brighamia insignis, Canthium odoratum, Psychotria
sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp., Bobea timonioides,
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or
Diospyros sp.; and (2) elevations between 120 to 400 m (395 to 1,310
ft).
Family Asteraceae: Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (Ko`oko`olau)
Maui units Oo and Qq, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on Maui. Within these units the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on Maui are the habitat components that
provide: (1) Blocky lava flows with little or no soil development, deep
pit craters, or sheer rock walls (a) in open canopy Metrosideros
polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, montane shrubland, or cliff faces; and
(b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma montana, Dodonaea viscosa,
Lysimachia remyi, Viola chamissoniana, Dubautia menziesii, or Dubautia
platyphylla; and (2) elevations of 1,600 to 2,300 m (5,250 to 7,550
ft).
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia latifolia (Na`ena`e)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Dubautia
latifolia on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Gentle or steep slopes on well drained soil in (a) semi-
open or closed, diverse montane mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa
and/or Metrosideros polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of the
following native plant species: Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea
viscosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus
bifidus, Claoxylon sandwicense, Bobea sp., Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp.,
Cyrtandra sp., Xylosma sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Coprosma waimeae,
Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope
anisata, Psychotria mariniana, or Scaevola sp.; and (2) elevations
between 800 to 1,220 m (2,625 to 4,000 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia pauciflorula (Na`ena`e)
Kauai L, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, description above, constitutes critical
habitat for Dubautia pauciflorula on Kauai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are
habitat components that provide: (1) Lowland wet forest within stream
drainages; and (2) elevations between 670-700 m (2,200-2,300 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (Na`ena`e)
Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis on Maui are the habitat components that
provide: (1) Wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Eragrostis variabilis, Carex
sp., Hedyotis formosa, Lysimachia remyi, Bidens sp., Pritchardia sp.,
or Plantago princeps; and (2) elevations between 350 to 400 m (1,150 to
1,300 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arborescens (No Common Name)
Maui unit Z, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Hesperomannia arborescens on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Hesperomannia
arborescens on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Slopes
or ridges (a) in lowland mesic or wet forest and (b) containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Metrosideros
polymorpha, Myrsine sandwicensis, Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus sp.,
Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Clermontia sp., Cibotium sp.,
Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Sadleria sp., Melicope
sp., Machaerina sp., Cheirodendron sp., or Freycinetia arborea; and (2)
elevations between 360 and 750 m (1,180 and 2,460 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arbuscula (No Common Name)
Maui units Q and R, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Hesperomannia arbuscula on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Hesperomannia
arbuscula on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Slopes
and ridges (a) in mesic or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and
Metrosideros polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Bidens sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Alyxia
oliviformis, or Psychotria sp.; and (2) elevation between 350 to 900 m
(1,150 to 2,950 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia lydgatei (No Common Name)
Kauai F, L, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Hesperomannia lydgatei on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Stream banks with rich brown soil and
silty clay (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest and (b) containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Adenophorus sp.,
Antidesma sp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Elaphoglossum
sp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia lydgatei,
Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia sp., Pritchardia sp., Psychotria
hexandra, and Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 410-915
m (1,345-3,000 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta fauriei (Nehe)
Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Lipochaeta fauriei on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
[[Page 79261]]
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Moderate shade to full sun on the sides of
steep gulches (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests and (b) containing
one or more of the following native species: Diospyros sp., Myrsine
lanaiensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Acacia koa, Pleomele aurea, Sapindus
oahuensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria
mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae, Kokia kauaiensis, or Hibiscus
waimeae; and (2) elevations between 480 and 900 m (1,575 and 2,950 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta kamolensis (Nehe)
Maui unit N, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Lipochaeta kamolensis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Lipochaeta
kamolensis on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Bottoms
of rock ledges (a) in dry to mesic scrub or dry lowland forest and (b)
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Plumbago zeylanica, or Ipomoea indica; and
(2) elevations between 219 to 250 m (720 to 820 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta micrantha (Nehe)
i. Kauai I and M, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Lipochaeta micrantha on Kauai. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Lipochaeta
micrantha var. exigua are habitat components that provide: (1) Cliffs,
ridges, or slopes (a) in grassy, shrubby or dry mixed communities and
(b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Plectranthus
parviflorus, Chamaesyce celastroides, Diospyros sp., Canthium odoratum,
Neraudia sp., Pipturus sp., Hibiscus kokio, Sida fallax, Eragrostis
sp., or Lepidium bidentatum; and (2) elevations between 305-430 m
(1,000-1,400 ft).
ii. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha var. micrantha
are habitat components that provide: (1) Basalt cliffs, stream banks,
or level ground (a) in mesic or diverse Metrosideros polymorpha-
Diospyros sp. forest and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Lobelia niihauensis, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. hanapepensis, Neraudia kauaiensis, Rumex sp.,
Nontrichium sp. (kului), Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma
sp., Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Melicope sp., Bobea sp.,
and Acacia koa; and (2) elevations between 610-720 m (2,000-2,360 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta waimeaensis (Nehe)
Kauai B, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Lipochaeta waimeaensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Precipitous, shrub-covered gulch (a) in diverse
lowland forest and (b) containing the native species Dodonaea viscosa
or Lipochaeta connata; and (2) elevations between 350 and 400 m (1,150
and 1,310 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Remya kauaiensis (No Common Name)
Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Remya kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Steep, north or northeast facing slopes (a) in Acacia
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest and (b) containing one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Chamaesyce
sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Hedyotis terminalis,
Melicope ssp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria
mariniana, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra
kauaiensis, or Claoxylon sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 850
to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Remya mauiensis (No Common Name)
Maui unit T, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Remya
mauiensis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Remya mauiensis on Maui
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep, north or northeast-
facing slopes (a) in mixed mesophytic forests or Metrosideros
polymorpha montane wet forests and (b) containing one or more of the
following associated native species: Diospyros sandwicensis, Xylosma
hawaiiense, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana, Wikstroemia
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Lysimachia remyi,
Microlepia strigosa, Melicope sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pleomele
auwahiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Ctenitis squamigera, or Styphelia
tameiameiae; and (2) elevations between 850 and 1,250 m (2,800 and
4,100 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Remya montgomeryi (No Common Name)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Remya
montgomeryi on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Steep, north or northeast-facing slopes, cliffs, or stream
banks near waterfalls (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic forest
and (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Lysimachia glutinosa, Lepidium serra, Boehmeria grandis, Poa
mannii, Stenogyne campanulata, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides,
Ilex anomala, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Claoxylon sandwicensis,
Tetraplasandra spp., Artemisia sp., Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra sp.,
Dubautia plantaginea, Sadleria sp., Cheirodendron sp., Scaevola sp., or
Pleomele sp.; and (2) elevations between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100
ft).
Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium capillare (Pamakani)
Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Tetramolopium capillare on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Tetramolopium
capillare on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Rocky
substrates (a) in Heteropogon contortus lowland dry forest and (b)
containing one or more of the following associated native plants:
Dodonaea viscosa, or Myoporum sandwicense; or (c) in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae montane mesic or wet shrubland and (d)
containing one or more of the following associated plants: Metrosideros
polymorpha, and Styphelia tameiameiae, and Dodonaea viscosa; and (2)
elevations between 609 and 1,050 m (2,000 and 3,440 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Wilkesia hobdyi (Dwarf Iliau)
Kauai G and J, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Wilkesia
hobdyi on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
[[Page 79262]]
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Coastal dry cliffs or very dry ridges containing one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Artemisia
sp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia niihauensis,
Peucedanum sandwicensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Canthium
odoratum, Peperomia sp., Myoporum sandwicense, Sida fallax, Waltheria
indica, Dodonaea viscosa, or Eragrostis variabilis; and (2) elevations
between 275 to 400 m (900 to 1,310 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia insignis (`Olulu)
Kauai E, G, and M, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, and Niihau B, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Brighamia insignis on Kauai and Niihau.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) Rocky ledges
with little soil or steep sea cliffs (a) in lowland dry grasslands or
shrublands with annual rainfall that is usually less than 170 cm (65
in.) and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant
species: Artemisia sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Canthium odoratum,
Eragrostis variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus
saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta succulenta, Munroidendron
racemosum, or Sida fallax; and (2) elevations between sea level to 480
m (1,575 ft) elevation.
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia lindseyana (`Oha Wai)
Maui units Qq and Yy, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Clermontia lindseyana on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Clermontia
lindseyana on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Remnant
Acacia koa mesic forest containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Cyrtandra oxybapha, native fern
species, Phlegmariurus mannii, Ilex anomala, Coprosma sp., or Myrsine
sp.; and (2) elevations between 4,300 and 7,041 ft (1,311 and 2,150 m).
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (`Oha Wai)
Maui unit P, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis on Maui. Within this unit the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis on Maui are the habitat
components that provide: (1) The sides of ridges (a) in Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated montane wet forest and (b) containing one or more
of the following associated native plant species: Dicranopteris
linearis, Coprosma sp., Clermontia sp., Hedyotis sp., or Melicope sp.;
and (2) elevations between 850 and 1,000 m (2,800 and 3,280 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia samuelii (`Oha Wai)
Maui units Hh and Ii, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Clermontia samuelii on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Clermontia
samuelii ssp. hanaensis on Maui are the habitat components that
provide: (1) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha and Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis forest containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Hedyotis
terminalis, Hedyotis hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp.,
Argyroxiphium grayanum, Dubautia sp., Clermontia arborea, Psychotria
mariniana, Melicope clusifolia, Diplazium sandwichianum, Peperomia
obovatilimba, Adenophorus tamariscinus, Vaccinium sp., Carex alligata,
Melicope sp., or Cheirodendron trigynum; and (2) elevations between 915
and 1,059 m (3,000 and 3,600 ft). Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Clermontia
samuelii ssp. samuelii on Maui are the habitat components that provide:
(1) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha and Metrosideros polymorpha-
Cheirodendron trigynum forest and containing one or more of the
following native plant species: Hedyotis hillebrandii, Cibotium sp.,
Broussaisia arguta, Diplazium sandwichianum, Rubus hawaiiensis,
Clermontia arborescens ssp. waihiae, Dubautia sp., Clermontia sp.,
Hedyotis sp., Vaccinium sp., Carex alligata, or Melicope sp.; and (2)
elevations between 1,726 to 2,100 m (5,870 to 6,900 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea asarifolia (Haha)
Kauai R and T, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
asarifolia on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Pockets of soil on sheer rock cliffs (a) in lowland wet
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant
species: Hedyotis elatior, Machaerina angustifolia, Metrosideros
polymorpha, Touchardia latifolia, or Urera glabra; and (2) elevations
between 330 to 730 m (1,080 to 2,400 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (Haha)
Maui units Bb and Gg, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis on Maui. Within these units the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis on Maui are the habitat
components that provide: (1) Stream banks and wet scree slopes (a) in
montane wet or mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros
polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Cibotium sp, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Psychotria
hawaiiensis, Broussaisia arguta, or Hedyotis acuminata; and (2)
elevations between 730 and 1,340 m (2,400 and 4,400 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea glabra (Haha)
Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea
glabra on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyanea glabra on Maui are
the habitat components that provide: (1) Soil and rock stream banks (a)
in wet lowland forest and dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros
polymorpha; and (2) elevations from 800 to 1,340 m (2,625 to 4,400 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (Haha)
Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Maui. Within this unit the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Maui are the habitat components that
provide: (1) Rocky or steep slopes of stream banks (a) in mesic forest
often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha
and Acacia koa and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Antidesma sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp.,
[[Page 79263]]
Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., or Xylosma sp.; and (2)
elevations between 350 and 945 m (1,150 and 3,100 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (Haha)
Maui units Cc, Dd, Ff, and Kk, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora on Maui. Within these units the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora on Maui are the habitat components
that provide: (1) Montane wet forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha, with a Cibotium sp. and/or native shrub understory or
closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Dicranopteris
linearis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea
solenocalyx, Cyanea kunthiana, Vaccinium sp., Melicope sp., or Myrsine
sp.; and (2) elevations from 975 to 1,500 m (3,200 to 4,920 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea lobata (Haha)
Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea
lobata on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyanea lobata on Maui are
the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep stream banks in deep
shade (a) in wet forest and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Touchardia latifolia, Morinda trimera,
or Athyrium sp.; and (2) elevations of 550 to 915 m (1,800 to 3,000
ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea mceldowneyi (Haha)
Maui units Bb, Dd, Gg, and Hh, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea mceldowneyi on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyanea mceldowneyi
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Montane wet forest
with mixed Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa containing one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Melicope clusiifolia,
Hedyotis sp., Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris
linearis, or Cheirodendron trigynum; and (2) elevations between 925 and
1,280 m (3,034 and 4,200 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea recta (Haha)
Kauai K, O, P, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea recta on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Gulches or slopes (a) in lowland wet or mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha forest or shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the
following native plant species: Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp.,
Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cibotium sp., or Diplazium
sp.; and (2) elevations between 400 to 1,200 m (1,310 to 3,940 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea remyi (Haha)
Kauai L, P, R, and T, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea remyi on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Lowland wet forest or shrubland and containing one or more
of the following native plant species: Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron
sp., Diospyros sp., Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha,
Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium
sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 360 to 930 m (1,180 to 3,060
ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea undulata (Haha)
Kauai L, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea
undulata on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Pristine, undisturbed sites along shady stream banks or
steep to vertical slopes; and (2) elevations between 630 to 800 m
(2,070 to 2,625 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Delissea rhytidosperma (No Common Name)
Kauai F, G, and M, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Delissea rhytidosperma on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Well-drained soils with medium or fine-
textured subsoil (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests or Acacia koa
dominated lowland dry forests and (b) containing one or more of the
following native species: Euphorbia haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi,
Pisonia sp., Pteralyxia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Cyanea sp., Hedyotis
sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Styphelia
tameiameiae, or Nestegis sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 120
and 915 m (400 and 3,000 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Delissea rivularis (`Oha)
Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Delissea
rivularis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Steep slopes near streams (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha--
Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet or mesic forest and (b) containing
one or more of the following native plant species: Broussaisia arguta,
Carex sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope clusiifolia, M. anisata, Psychotria
hexandra, Dubautia knudsenii, Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis
foggiana, Ilex anomala, or Sadleria sp.; and (2) elevations between
1,100 to 1,220 m (3,610 to 4,000 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Delissea undulata (No Common Name)
Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Delissea
undulata on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Dry or mesic open Sophora chrysophylla-Metrosideros
polymorpha forests containing one or more of the following native plant
species: Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria
mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Santalum ellipticum, Nothocestrum
breviflorum, or Acacia koa; and (2) elevations between 610-1,740 m
(2,000-5,700 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia niihauensis (No Common Name)
Kauai F, G, I, and J, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Lobelia niihauensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Exposed mesic mixed shrubland or coastal dry cliffs
containing one or more of the
[[Page 79264]]
following associated native plant species: Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp.,
Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp., Lythrum sp., Wilkesia hobdyi,
Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Nototrichium sp., Schiedea
apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides, Charpentiera sp., or Artemisia
sp.; and (2) elevations between 100 to 830 m (330 to 2720 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron lychnoides (Kuawawaenohu)
Kauai G and H, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Alsinidendron lychnoides on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Montane wet forests (a) dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha and Cheirodendron sp., or by Metrosideros
polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis and (b) containing one or more of
the following native plant species: Carex sp., Cyrtandra sp.,
Machaerina sp., Vaccinium sp., Peperomia sp., Hedyotis terminalis,
Astelia sp., or Broussaisia arguta; and (2) elevations between 1,100
and 1,320 m (3,610 and 4,330 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron viscosum (No Common Name)
Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Alsinidendron viscosum on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Steep slopes (a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros
polymorpha lowland, montane mesic, or wet forest and (b) containing one
or more of the following native plant species: Alyxia olivaeformis,
Bidens cosmoides, Bobea sp., Carex sp., Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa,
Gahnia sp., Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., Pleomele sp., Psychotria sp.,
or Schiedea stellarioides; and (2) elevations between 820 and 1,200 m
(2,700 and 3,940 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea apokremnos (Ma`oli`oli)
Kauai G and J, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea
apokremnos on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Crevices of near-vertical coastal cliff faces (a) in
sparse dry coastal shrub vegetation and (b) containing one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Heliotropium sp.,
Chamaesyce sp., Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, Lobelia niihauensis,
Wilkesia hobdyi, Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum sandwicense, Canthium
odoratum, or Peperomia sp.; and (2) elevations between 60 to 330 m (200
to 1,080 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea helleri (No Common Name)
Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea
helleri on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Ridges and steep cliffs (a) in closed Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest, or Metrosideros
polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. montane wet forest, or Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest, and (b) containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Dubautia
raillardioides, Scaevola procera, Hedyotis terminalis, Syzygium
sandwicensis, Melicope clusifolia, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta,
Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea hirtella, Dianella sandwicensis, Viola
wailenalenae, or Poa sandvicensis; and (2) elevations between 1,065-
1,100 m (3,490-3,610 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea kauaiensis (No Common Name)
Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea
kauaiensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Steep slopes (a) in diverse mesic or wet forest and (b)
containing one or more of the following associated plant taxa:
Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia
sp., Microlepia speluncae, Exocarpos luteolus, Diospyros sp.,
Peucedanum sandwicense, or Euphorbia haeleeleana; and (2) elevations
between 680-790 m (2,230-2,590 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea membranacea (No Common Name)
Kauai G, I, and K, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Schiedea membranacea on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Cliffs or cliff bases (a) in mesic or wet habitats,
(b) in lowland, or montane shrubland, or forest communities dominated
by Acacia koa, Pipturus sp. or Metrosideros polymorpha and (c)
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa
mannii, Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria mariniana, Canthium odoratum,
Pisonia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Scaevola procera, Sadleria
cyatheoides, Diplazium sandwicensis, Thelypteris sandwicensis,
Boehmeria grandis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bobea brevipes,
Alyxia olivaeformis, Psychotria greenwelliae, Pleomele sp., Alphitonia
ponderosa, Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens, Athyrium sandwichianum,
Machaerina angustifolia, Cyrtandra paludosa, Touchardia latifolia,
Thelypteris cyatheoides, Lepidium serra, Eragrostis variabilis, Remya
kauaiensis, Lysimachia kalalauensis, Labordia helleri, Mariscus
pennatiformis, Asplenium praemorsum, or Poa sandvicensis; and (2)
elevations between 520 and 1,160 m (1,700 and 3,800 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea nuttallii (No Common Name)
Kauai M, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea
nuttallii on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Diverse lowland mesic forest, often with Metrosideros
polymorpha dominant, containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Antidesma sp, Psychotria sp., Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., or Hedyotis acuminata; and (2) elevations
between 415 and 790 m (1,360 and 2,590 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (No Common
Name)
Kauai C, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea
spergulina var. leiopoda on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated
portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases (a) in diverse lowland
mesic forests and (b) containing one or more of the following native
plants: Bidens sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp., Peperomia leptostachya,
or Plectranthus parviflorus; and (2) elevations between 180 and 800 m
(590 and 2,625 ft).
[[Page 79265]]
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (No Common
Name)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea
spergulina var. spergulina on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated
portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases (a) in diverse lowland
mesic forests and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated plant taxa: Heliotropium sp., or Nototrichium sandwicense;
and (2) elevations between 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi
(=ma`oli`oli))
Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea
stellarioides on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Steep slopes (a) in closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros
polymorpha lowland or montane mesic forest or shrubland and (b)
containing one or more of the following native plant species:
Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope sp.,
Dianella sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, Mariscus sp., or Styphelia
tameiameiae; and (2) elevations between 610 and 1,120 m (2,000 and
3,680 ft).
Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia menziesii (No Common Name)
(i.) Kauai G and L, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Bonamia menziesii on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Dry, mesic or wet forests containing one or more of
the following native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Canthium
odoratum, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea
viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, Melicope barbigera,
Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum
sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis; and (2) elevations
between 150 and 850 m (500 and 2,800 ft).
(ii.) Maui units O and Ss, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Bonamia menziesii on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) A`a lava (a) in
mixed open dry forest or Erythrina sandwicensis lowland dry forest, or
in mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (b) containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Nestegis
sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma
hawaiiensis, Nothocestrum latifolium, Pouteria sandwicensis,
Achyranthes splendens, Acacia koaia, Sida fallax, Reynoldsia
sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Lipochaeta rockii, Nototrichium sp., or
Myoporum sandwicense; and (2) elevations between 150 and 854 m (490 and
2,800 ft).
Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus trachysanthos (pu`uka`a)
Kauai G, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, and Niihau A, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on Kauai and Niihau. Within
these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) Wet sites
(mud flats, wet clay soil, or wet cliff seeps) (a) on coastal cliffs or
talus slopes and (b) containing the native plant species Hibiscus
tiliaceus; and (2) elevations between 3 and 160 m (10 and 525 ft).
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (No Common Name)
Maui unit J, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Mariscus
pennatiformis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Mariscus pennatiformis on
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Cliffs with brown
soil and talus within reach of ocean spray (a) in Pandanus coastal wet
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Sadleria pallida, Pandanus tectorius, Lysimachia
mauritiana, Cyperus laevigatus, Eragrostis sp., or Ipomoea sp.; and (2)
elevations between sea-level and 6 m (20 ft).
Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce halemanui (No Common Name)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce halemanui on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Steep slopes of gulches (a) in mesic Acacia koa
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant
species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma
platyphyllum, Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma sp.,
Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis
terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope haupuensis, Pisonia sp.,
Pittosporum sp., Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria
greenwelliae, Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum, or
Styphelia tameiameiae; and (2) elevations between 660 to 1,100 m (2,165
to 3,610 ft).
Family Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia haeleeleana (`Akoko)
Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Euphorbia haeleeleana on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Lowland mixed mesic or dry forest that (a) is often
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros sp. and
(b) containing one or more of the following native plant species:
Acacia koaia, Antidesma platyphyllum, Claoxylon sp., Carex meyenii,
Carex wahuensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina
sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,
P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis,
Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp.; and (2)
elevations between 205 and 670 m (680 and 2,200 ft).
Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea neowawraea (Mehamehame)
(i.) Kauai F, G, and I, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Flueggea neowawraea on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Dry or mesic forests containing one or more of the
following native plant species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea
timonioides, Charpentiera sp., Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp.,
Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis,
Munroidendron
[[Page 79266]]
racemosum, Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Isodendrion sp.,
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Freycinetia arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum, Diospyros sp., Antidesma
pulvinatum, A. platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria
sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia sp., Bidens sp., or Streblus
pendulinus; and (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft).
(ii.) Maui units Ss and Ww, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Flueggea neowawraea on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Flueggea
neowawraea on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Dry or
mesic forest containing one or more of the following associated native
plant species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides, Charpentiera
sp., Hibiscus sp., Melicope sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Tetraplasandra
sp., Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia
arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum, Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, A.
platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia
sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or
Streblus pendulina; and (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280
ft).
Family Fabaceae: Kanaloa kahoolawensis (Kohe Malama Malama O Kanaloa)
Kahoolawe unit B, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(D) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Kanaloa
kahoolawensis on Kahoolawe. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Kanaloa
kahoolawensis on Kahoolawe are the habitat components that provide: (1)
Steep rocky talus slopes (a) in mixed coastal shrubland and (b)
containing one or more of the following associated native plants: Sida
fallax, Senna gaudichaudii, Bidens mauiensis, Lipochaeta livarum,
Portulaca molokinensis, or Capparis sandwichiana; and (2) elevations
between 45 to 60 m (150 to 200 ft).
Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa (`Ohai)
(i.) Kauai J, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Sesbania
tomentosa on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Sandy beaches, dunes, soil pockets on lava, or pond
margins (a) in coastal dry shrublands, or open Metrosideros polymorpha
forests, or mixed coastal dry cliffs, and (b) containing one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Sida fallax, Heteropogon
contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, Sporobolus virginicus, Scaevola
sericea, or Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) elevations between sea level and
12 m (0 and 40 ft).
(ii.) Maui units A, B, C, D, X, Tt, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, and the
Kahoolawe unit A, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(D) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Sesbania
tomentosa on Maui and Kahoolawe, respectively. Within these units the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Sesbania tomentosa on Maui and Kahoolawe are the habitat components
that provide: (1) Windswept slopes, sea cliffs and cinder slopes (a) in
Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrublands and (b) containing one or more
of the following associated native plant species: Lipochaeta
integrifolia, Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis, Rhynchelytrum
repens, Sida fallax, and Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) elevations between
sea-level and 580 m (1,900 ft).
Family Fabaceae: Vigna o-wahuensis (No Common Name)
Maui unit Vv, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, and Kahoolawe units C and D, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(D) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on Maui and
Kahoolawe, respectively. Within these units the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on Maui
and Kahoolawe are the habitat components that provide: (1) Dry or mesic
grassland or shrubland containing one or more of the following
associated plant taxa: Sida fallax, Chenopodium sp., Dubautia
menziesii, Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., Nothocestrum latifolium,
and Nesoluma polynesicum, or Osteomeles anthyllidifolia; and (2)
elevations from 10 to 140 m (30 to 460 ft).
Family Flacourtiaceae: Xylosma crenatum (No Common Name)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Xylosma
crenatum on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic
forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet
forest, or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Pleomele
aurea, Ilex anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense, Myrsine alyxifolia,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Psychotria sp., Diplazium
sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp.,
Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii,
Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides, Cyanea hirta, Poa sandwicensis,
or Diplazium sandwichianum; and (2) elevations between 975 to 1,065 m
(3,200 to 3,490 ft).
Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium sebaeoides (`Awiwi)
(i.) Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs (a) in arid coastal
areas and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant
species; Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea
viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia
ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta, Lipochaeta heterophylla, Lipochaeta
integrifolia, Lycium sandwicense, Lysimachia mauritiana, Mariscus
phloides, Panicum fauriei, P. torridum, Scaevola sericea, Schiedea
globosa, Sida fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi; and (2) elevations above
250 m (800 ft).
(ii.) Maui units D, E, and F, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Centaurium sebaeoides on Maui. Within these units the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Centaurium
sebaeoides on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1)
Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs (a) in arid coastal areas and (b)
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Panicum torridum, Lysimachia mauritiana, Schiedea globosa,
Lipochaeta integrifolia, Argemone glauca, Bidens mauiensis, Lycium
sandwicense, or Dicranopteris
[[Page 79267]]
linearis; and (2) elevations below 250 m (820 ft).
Family Geraniaceae: Geranium arboreum (Nohoanu)
Maui units Ll, Mm, Nn, and Pp, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Geranium arboreum on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Geranium arboreum
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep, damp and
shaded narrow canyons and gulches, steep banks, and intermittent
streams (a) in Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry shrubland or
Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest and (b) containing one or more
of the following associated native plant species: Vaccinium
reticulatum, Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Rubus
hawaiiensis, or Dryopteris wallichiana; and (2) elevations between
1,525 to 2,135 m (5,000 and 7,000 ft).
Family Geraniaceae: Geranium multiflorum (Nohoanu)
Maui unit Ee, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Geranium
multiflorum on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Geranium multiflorum on
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Wet or mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest or alpine mesic forest,
Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry
forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Coprosma montana, Dryopteris glabra, Dryopteris wallichiana,
Rubus hawaiiensis, Ranunculus sp., Vaccinium sp., Metrosideros
polymorpha, Hedyotis sp., Styphelia tameiameiae or Sadleria
cyatheoides; and (2) elevations between 1,580 and 2,450 m (5,180 and
8,040 ft).
Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra cyaneoides (Mapele)
Kauai K, P, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra cyaneoides on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Steep slopes or cliffs near streams or waterfalls (a)
in lowland or montane wet forest or shrubland dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha and Dicranopteris
linearis and (b) containing one or more of the following native
species: Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Psychotria
sp., Pritchardia sp., Freycinetia arborea, Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra
limahuliensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Gunnera sp., Coprosma sp.,
Stenogyne sp., Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis, Pipturus sp.,
Cheirodendron sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or Hedyotis tryblium; and (2)
elevations between 550 and 1,220 meter (1,800 and 4,000 ft).
Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra limahuliensis (Ha`iwale)
Kauai A, F, K, L, O, P, Q, R, and T, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyrtandra limahuliensis on Kauai. Within these
units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) Stream banks (a) in
lowland wet forests and (b) containing one or more of the following
native plant species: Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra kealiea, Pisonia sp.,
Pipturus sp., Cibotium glaucum, Eugenia sp, Hedyotis terminalis,
Dubautia sp., Boehmeria grandis, Touchardia latifolia, Bidens sp.,
Hibiscus waimeae, Charpentiera sp., Urera glabra, Pritchardia sp.,
Cyanea sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha,
Dicranopteris linearis, Gunnera kauaiensis, or Psychotria sp.; and (2)
elevations between 245 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 ft).
Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra munroi (Hiawale)
Maui unit Y, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Cyrtandra munroi on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyrtandra munroi on Maui
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Rich, moist to wet,
moderately steep talus slopes (a) in lowland wet Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest and (b) containing one or more
of the following associated native plant species: Diospyros sp.,
Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea sp.,
Coprosma sp., Freycinetia arborea, Melicope sp., Myrsine sp.,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp.,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp.,
Xylosma sp., or other Cyrtandra sp.; and (2) elevations from 300 to 920
m (980 to 3,020 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia knudsenii (No Common Name)
Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Phyllostegia knudsenii on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic or wet forest
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Perrottetia sandwicensis, Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra
paludosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya
mannii, Ilex anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides,
Selaginella arbuscula, Diospyros sp., Zanthoxylum dipetalum,
Pittosporum sp., Tetraplasandra spp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or
Pritchardia minor; and (2) elevations between 865-975 m (2,840-3,200
ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia mollis (No Common Name)
Maui unit Qq, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Phyllostegia mollis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Phyllostegia
mollis on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep
slopes and gulches (a) in diverse mesic or wet forests and (b)
containing one or more of the following associated native plant taxa:
ferns, Psychotria sp., or Pisonia sp.; and (2) elevations between 450
and 1,830 m (1,480 to 6,000 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia wawrana (No Common Name)
Kauai G, I, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Phyllostegia wawrana on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha dominated lowland or montane
wet or mesic forest with (a) Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris
linearis as co-dominants, and (b) containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Delissea rivularis,
Diplazium sandwichianum, Vaccinium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine
lanaiensis, Psychotria sp., Dubautia knudsenii, Scaevola procera,
Gunnera sp., Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp.,
Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., and Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2)
[[Page 79268]]
elevations between 780-1,210 m (2,560-3,920 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne campanulata (No Common Name)
Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Stenogyne campanulata on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Rock faces of nearly vertical, north-facing cliffs
(a) in diverse lowland or montane mesic forest and (b) containing one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Heliotropium
sp., Lepidium serra, Lysimachia glutinosa, Perrottetia sandwicensis, or
Remya montgomeryi; and (2) an elevation of 1,085 m (3,560 ft).
Family Loganiaceae: Labordia lydgatei (Kamakahala)
Kauai F, K, L, P, R, and T, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Labordia lydgatei on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
lowland wet forest containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis sp., Cyanea
sp., Cyrtandra sp., Labordia hirtella, Antidesma platyphyllum var.
hillebrandii, Syzygium sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, or Dubautia
knudsenii; and (2) elevations between 635 and 855 m (2,080 to 2,800
ft).
Family Loganiaceae: Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis (Kamakahala)
Kauai L, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Labordia
tinifolia var. wahiawaensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Streambanks (a) in lowland wet forests
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of
the following associated species: Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris
linearis, Cyrtandra sp., Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis
terminalis, or Athyrium microphyllum; and (2) elevations between 300 to
920 m (985 to 3,020 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus woodii (Hau Kuahiwi)
Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Hibiscadelphus woodii on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Basalt talus or cliff walls (a) in Metrosideros
polymorpha montane mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Bidens sandwicensis,
Artemisia australis, Melicope pallida, Dubautia sp., Lepidium serra,
Lipochaeta sp., Lysimachia glutinosa, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp., Nototrichium sp., Panicum
lineale, Myrsine sp., Stenogyne campanulata, Lobelia niihauensis, or
Poa mannii; and (2) elevations around 915m (3,000 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus brackenridgei (Ma`o Hau Hele)
Maui units O, V, X, and Uu, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Hibiscus brackenridgei on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Hibiscus
brackenridgei on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1)
Lowland dry forest sometimes with Erythrina sandwicensis as the
dominant tree containing one or more of the following associated native
plant species: Myoporum sp., Chenopodium sp., Achyranthes sp.,
Nototrichium sp., Diospyros sp., Chamaesyce celastroides var.
lorifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Canthium odoratum, Eurya sandwicensis,
Isachne distichophylla, or Sida fallax; and (2) elevations between 130
to 800 m (425 to 2,625 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus clayi (Clay's Hibiscus)
Kauai N, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hibiscus
clayi on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Slopes (a) in Acacia koa or Diospyros sp.-Pisonia sp.-
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest and (b) containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Hedyotis
acuminata, Pipturus sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea hardyi, Artemisia
australis, or Bidens sp.; and (2) elevations between 230 to 350 m (750
to 1,150 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (Koki`o Ke`oke`o)
Kauai F, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hibiscus
waimeae ssp. hannerae on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis or
Pisonia sp.-Charpentiera elliptica lowland wet or mesic forest and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Bobea
sp., Sadleria sp., Cyrtandra sp., Cyanea sp., Cibotium sp., Perrottetia
sandwicensis, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 190
and 560 m (620 and 1,850 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Kokia kauaiensis (Koki`o)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Kokia
kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Diverse mesic forest containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Acacia koa, Metrosideros
polymorpha, Bobea sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Pleomele
sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Isodendrion sp., Syzygium sandwicensis,
Antidesma sp., Alyxia olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Streblus
pendulinus, Canthium odoratum, Nototrichium sp., Pteralyxia kauaiensis,
Dicranopteris linearis, Hibiscus sp., Flueggea neowawraea, Rauvolfia
sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Diellia laciniata, Tetraplasandra sp.,
Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum
sp., Claoxylon sp., or Nestegis sandwicensis; and (2) elevations
between 350-660 m (1,150-2,165 ft).
Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine linearifolia (Kolea)
Kauai F, G, H, I, L, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Myrsine linearifolia on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane Metrosideros
polymorpha forest with (a) Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris linearis
as co-dominants, and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Dubautia sp., Cryptocarya mannii,
Sadleria pallida, Myrsine sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina
angustifolia, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Cheirodendron
sp., Bobea
[[Page 79269]]
brevipes, Nothocestrum sp., Melicope sp., Eurya sandwicensis,
Psychotria sp., Lysimachia sp., or native ferns; and (2) elevations
between 585 to 1,280 m (1,920 to 4,200 ft).
Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera holochila (No Common Name)
(i.) Kauai H, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Platanthera holochila on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
montane wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog containing one or more of
the following associated native plants: Myrsine denticulata, Cibotium
sp., Coprosma ernodeoides, Oreobolus furcatus, Styphelia tameiameiae,
or Vaccinium sp.; and (2) elevations between 1,050 and 1,600 m (3,450
and 5,245 ft).
(ii.) Maui unit T, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Platanthera holochila on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Platanthera
holochila on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1)
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bog or mesic scrubby Metrosideros
polymorpha forest containing one or more of the following associated
native plants: Cibotium sp., Coprosma ernodeoides, Oreobolus furcatus,
Styphelia tameiameiae, Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola chamissoniana,
Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum, Deschampsia sp., Metrosideros
polymorpha, Luzula hawaiiensis, Sisyrinchium acre, Broussaisia arguta,
Clermontia sp., Lycopodium cernuum, Dubautia scabra, Polypodium
pellucidum, Gahnia gahniiformis, and Vaccinium reticulatum; and (2)
elevations between 1,050 and 2,120 m (3,440 and 6,960 ft).
Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago princeps (Laukahi Kuahiwi)
(i.) Kauai G, K, P, and T, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Plantago princeps on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Steep slopes, rock walls, or bases of waterfalls (a)
in mesic or wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (b) containing one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Dodonaea
viscosa, Psychotria sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Cyanea sp., Hedyotis
sp., Melicope sp., Dubautia plantaginea, Exocarpos luteolus, Poa
siphonoglossa, Nothocestrum peltatum, Remya montgomeryi, Stenogyne
campanulata, Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Machaerina angustifolia,
Athyrium sp., Bidens sp., Eragrostis sp., Lysimachia filifolia,
Pipturus sp., Cyrtandra sp., or Myrsine linearifolia; and (2)
elevations between 480 to 1,100 m (1,580 to 3,610 ft).
(ii.) Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Plantago
princeps on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Plantago princeps on Maui
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Basalt cliffs (a) in
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet forest; or Acacia koa-Metrosideros
polymorpha montane wet forest; or Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet
shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa, and
Dubautia plantaginea spp. humile; and (2) elevations between 400 and
2,050 m (1,300 and 6,700 ft).
Family Poaceae: Cenchrus agrimonioides (Kamanomano (=Sandbur,
Agrimony))
Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cenchrus
agrimonioides on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides on
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Rough a`a lava scree
(a) in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest and (b)
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Alyxia oliviformis, Canthium odoratum, Carex sp., Diospyros
sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, or Eragrostis variabilis; and (2)
elevations between 560 and 820 m (1,830 and 2,700 ft).
Family Poaceae: Ischaemum byrone (Hilo Ischaemum)
Maui units G, H, I, K, L, and M, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone on Maui. Within these units the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Ischaemum byrone on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1)
Close proximity to the ocean, among rocks or on basalt cliffs (a) in
coastal dry shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Bidens sp., Fimbristylis cymosa, or
Scaevola sericea; and (2) elevations from sea level to 75 m (250 ft).
Family Poaceae: Panicum niihauense (Lau `ehu)
Kauai J, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Panicum
niihauense on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Sand dunes (a) in coastal shrubland and (b) containing one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Dodonaea
viscosa, Cassytha filiformis, Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, Vitex
rotundifolia, or Sporobolus sp.; and (2) elevations of 100 m or less
(330 ft).
Family Poaceae: Poa mannii (Mann's Bluegrass)
Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Poa
mannii on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Cliffs, rock faces, or stream banks (a) in lowland or
montane wet, dry, or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest and (b) containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Alectryon
macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens cosmoides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. hanapepensis, Artemisia australis, Bidens
sandwicensis, Lobelia sandwicensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Eragrostis
variabilis, Panicum lineale, Mariscus phloides, Luzula hawaiiensis,
Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, Cyrtandra wawrae, Dodonaea viscosa,
Exocarpos luteolus, Labordia helleri, Nototrichium sp., Schiedea
amplexicaulis, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M.
pallida, Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, or Kokia
kauaiensis; and (2) elevations between 460 and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770
ft).
Family Poaceae: Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian Bluegrass)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Poa
sandvicensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Wet, shaded, gentle or steep
[[Page 79270]]
slopes, ridges, or rock ledges (a) in semi-open or closed, mesic or
wet, diverse montane forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and
(b) containing one or more of the following associated native species:
Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope sp., Dianella
sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens sp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense,
Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Scaevola sp., Cheirodendron
sp., or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 1,035 to
1,250 m (3,400 to 4,100 ft).
Family Poaceae: Poa siphonoglossa (No Common Name)
Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Poa siphonoglossa on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Shady banks near ridge crests (a) in mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (b) containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Acacia koa, Psychotria sp.,
Scaevola sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum,
Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis sp., Melicope
sp., Vaccinium sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, Carex
wahuensis, or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium; and (2) elevations between 1,000
to 1,200 m (3,300 and 3,900 ft).
Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia filifolia (No Common Name)
Kauai T, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Lysimachia filifolia on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Mossy banks at the base of cliff faces within the
spray zone of waterfalls or along streams in lowland wet forests and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: mosses, ferns, liverworts, Machaerina sp., Heteropogon
contortus, or Melicope sp.; and (2) elevations between 240 to 680 m
(800 to 2,230 ft).
Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia lydgatei (No Common Name)
Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Lysimachia lydgatei on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Lysimachia
lydgatei on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Sides of
steep ridges (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
dominated wet to mesic shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha-
Cheirodendron sp. montane forest and (b) containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Lycopodium sp., Ilex sp.,
Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium sp., Eurya sp., Styphelia tameiameiae,
Coprosma sp., Ochna sp., Astelia sp., Broussaisia arguta or mat ferns;
and (2) elevations between 915 and 1,415 m (3,000 and 4,640 ft).
Family Rhamnaceae: Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila)
Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Colubrina oppositifolia on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Colubrina
oppositifolia on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1)
Lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia sp., Wikstroemia sp., Canthium
odoratum, or Reynoldsia sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 240-
915 m (800 and 3,000 ft).
Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania meyenii (No Common Name)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Gouania
meyenii on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Rocky ledges, cliff faces, or ridge tops (a) in dry
shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest and (b)
containing one or more of the following native plant species: Dodonaea
viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp.,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp.,
Lysimachia sp., or Senna gaudichaudii; and (2) elevations between 490
to 880 m (1,600 to 2,880 ft).
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis cookiana (`Awiwi)
Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hedyotis
cookiana on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Streambeds or steep cliffs close to water sources in
lowland wet forest communities; and (2) elevations between 170 and 370
m (560 and 1,210 ft).
[[Page 79271]]
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea (Kio'ele)
Maui unit X, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hedyotis
coriacea on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea on Maui
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep, rocky, slopes (a)
in dry lowland Dodonaea viscosa dominated shrublands and (b) containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Sida
fallax, Gouania hillebrandii, Bidens menziesii, Lipochaeta livarum,
Myoporum sp., or Schiedea menziesii; and (2) elevation of 470 to 2,300
m (1,540 to 7,550 ft).
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis mannii (Pilo)
Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hedyotis
mannii on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Hedyotis mannii on Maui
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Basalt cliffs along stream
banks (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet
forest and (b) containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Machaerina sp., Carex meyenii, Phyllostegia sp.,
Hedyotis acuminata, Cyrtandra platyphylla, Cyanea sp., and Isachne
distichophylla; and (2) elevation of 826 to 882 m (2,800 to 3,000 ft).
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali Beach Hedyotis)
Kauai G and J, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Hedyotis
st.-johnii on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Crevices of north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff
faces within the spray zone (a) in sparse dry coastal shrubland and (b)
containing one or more of the following native plant species: Myoporum
sandwicense, Eragrostis variabilis, Lycium sandwicense, Heteropogon
contortus, Artemisia australis or Chamaesyce celastroides; and (2)
elevations above 75 m (250 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope adscendens (Alani)
Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Melicope
adscendens on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Melicope adscendens on
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) A`a lava with pockets
of soil (a) in Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele lowland mesic forest or
open dry forest and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant taxa: Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. lorifolia, Santalum ellipticum, Pouteria
sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae or Xylosma hawaiiensis; and (2)
elevations between 768 and 1,220 m (2,520 and 4,000 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope haupuensis (Alani)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope
haupuensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Moist talus slopes (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha
dominated lowland mesic forests or Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa
montane mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros sp.,
Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Melicope ovata, M. anisata, M.
barbigera, Dianella sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, Tetraplasandra
waimeae, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pleomele
aurea, Cryptocarya mannii, Pouteria sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes,
Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, or Antidesma sp; and (2)
elevations between 375 to 1,075 m (1,230 to 3,530 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope knudsenii (Alani)
(i.) Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope knudsenii on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Forested flats or talus slopes (a) in lowland dry or
montane mesic forests and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma sp., Hibiscus sp., Myrsine lanaiensis,
Diospyros sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Bobea sp., Nestegis
sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., or
Pittosporum kauaiensis; and (2) elevations between 450 to 1,000 m
(1,480 to 3,300 ft).
[[Page 79272]]
(ii.) Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat
for Melicope knudsenii on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Forested flats or
talus slopes (a) in Nestegis-Pleomele mixed open dry forests and (b)
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia
ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, or Xylosma hawaiiensis; and (2)
elevations between 450 and 1,220 m (1,480 and 4,000 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope mucronulata (Alani)
Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Melicope
mucronulata on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata on
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep west or north-
facing slopes (a) in lowland dry to mesic forest and (b) containing one
or more of the following associated species: Dodonaea viscosa,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Dubautia linearis;
and (2) elevations between 670 and 1,070 m (2,200 and 3,500 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope pallida (Alani)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope
pallida on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Steep rock faces (a) in lowland or montane mesic or wet
forests or shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Lepidium serra,
Pleomele sp., Boehmeria grandis, Coprosma sp., Hedyotis terminalis,
Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii, Schiedea membranacea,
Psychotria mariniana, Dianella sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor,
Chamaesyce celastroides var hanapepensis, Nototrichium sp., Carex
meyenii, Artemisia sp., Abutilon sandwicense, Alyxia olivaeformis,
Dryopteris sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Sapindus
oahuensis, Tetraplasandra sp., or Xylosma hawaiiense; and (2)
elevations between 490 to 915 m (1,600 to 3,000 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (A`e)
(i.) Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Lowland dry or mesic forests, or montane dry forest,
(a) dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis, and
(b) containing one or more of the following associated plant species:
Pleomele auwahiensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Pisonia sp., Alectryon
macrococcus, Charpentiera sp., Melicope sp., Streblus pendulinus,
Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora chrysophylla, or Dodonaea viscosa; and (2)
elevations between 550 and 730 m (1,800 and 2,400 ft).
(ii.) Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat
for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui. Within this unit the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Open
lowland dry or mesic Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis
forests, or montane dry forest containing one or more of the following
associated native species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Xylosma hawaiiensis, Santalum ellipticum,
Alphitonia ponderosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alectryon
macrococcus, Charpentiera sp., Melicope sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Streblus
pendulinus, Myrsine lanaiensis, or Sophora chrysophylla; and (2)
elevations between 550 and 1,740 m (1,800 and 5,710 ft).
Family Santalaceae: Exocarpos luteolus (Heau)
Kauai G, H, I, L, and S, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Exocarpos luteolus on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Wet places bordering swamps; open, dry ridges (a) in
lowland or montane Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet forest
communities and (b) containing one or more of the following native
plant species: Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,
Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis,
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia laevigata, Dianella
sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis, Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia
macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, Styphelia
tameiameiae, or Dicranopteris linearis; and (2) elevations between 475
and 1,290 m (1,560 and 4,220 ft).
[[Page 79273]]
Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon macrococcus (Mahoe)
(i.) Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Dry slopes or gulches (a) in Diospyros sp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest, Metrosideros polymorpha
mixed mesic forest, or Diospyros sp. mixed mesic forest, (b) containing
one or more of the following native plant species: Nestegis
sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Streblus
pendulinus, Hibiscus sp., Antidesma sp., Pleomele sp., Acacia koa,
Melicope knudsenii, Hibiscus waimeae, Pteralyxia sp., Zanthoxylum sp.,
Kokia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Canthium
odoratum, Canavalia sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Nesoluma polynesicum,
Munroidendron racemosum, Caesalpinia kauaiense, Tetraplasandra sp.,
Pouteria sandwicensis, or Bobea timonioides; and (2) elevations between
360 to 1,070 m (1,180 to 3,510 ft).
(ii.) Maui units Q, Rr, and Ss, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus on Maui. Within these units
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
for Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis on Maui are the habitat
components that provide: (1) Mixed lowland dry forest containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Diospyros
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia
ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, or Pleomele auwahiensis; and (2)
elevations of 360 to 1,070 m (1,180 to 3,510 ft). Within these units
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
for Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Maui are the habitat
components that provide: (1) Dry slopes or gulches (a) in dense mesic
mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest or Diospyros sandwicensis forest
which contain (b) one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Nestegis sandwicensis or Antidesma platyphylla; and (2)
elevations of 360 to 1,070 m (1,180 to 3,510 ft).
Family Solanaceae: Nothocestrum peltatum (`Aiea)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Nothocestrum peltatum on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Rich soil on steep slopes (a) in montane or lowland
mesic or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa or a mixture of Acacia koa
and Metrosideros polymorpha, and (b) containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris
linearis, Bobea brevipes, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Alphitonia ponderosa,
Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, Pouteria sandwicensis,
Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis,
Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Psychotria mariniana,
P. greenwelliae, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp.,
Cryptocarya mannii, Coprosma sp., Pleomele aurea, Diplazium
sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta, or Perrottetia sandwicensis; and (2)
elevations between 915 to 1,220 m (3,000 to 4,000 ft).
Family Solanaceae: Solanum sandwicense (`Aiakeaakua, Popolu)
Kauai D, G, and I, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Solanum sandwicense on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Open, sunny areas (a) in diverse lowland or montane
mesic or wet forests and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated plants: Alphitonia ponderosa, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp.,
Athyrium sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides,
Dianella sandwicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis sp.,
Coprosma sp., Dubautia sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii,
Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria
sp., or Melicope sp.; and (2) elevations between 760 and 1,220 m (2,500
and 4,000 ft).
[[Page 79274]]
Family Urticaceae: Neraudia sericea (No Common Name)
Maui units T and Qq, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Neraudia sericea on Maui. Within these units the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Neraudia sericea
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Lowland dry to
mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Styphelia tameiameiae
shrubland or forest or Acacia koa forest containing one or more of the
following associated native plant taxa: Huperzia mannii, Urera glabra,
Cyrtandra oxybapha, Cyrtandra platyphylla, Sida fallax, Diospyros sp.,
Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., or Hedyotis sp.; and (2) elevations between
670 and 1,480 m (2,200 and 4,850 ft).
Family Violaceae: Isodendrion laurifolium (Aupaka)
Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Isodendrion laurifolium on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Diverse mesic or wet forest (a) dominated
by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros sp. and (b)
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Kokia kauaiensis, Streblus sp., Elaeocarpus bifidus, Canthium
odoratum, Antidesma sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis,
Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Pleomele sp., Pittosporum sp., Melicope sp., Claoxylon
sandwicense, Alphitonia ponderosa, Myrsine lanaiensis, or Pouteria
sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 490 and 820 m (1,600 and 2,700
ft).
Family Violaceae: Isodendrion longifolium (Aupaka)
Kauai F, G, L, M, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Isodendrion longifolium on Kauai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Steep slopes, gulches, or stream banks (a)
in mesic or wet Metrosideros polymorpha forests and (b) containing one
or more of the following native species: Dicranopteris linearis,
Eugenia sp., Diospyros sp., Pritchardia sp., Canthium odoratum,
Melicope sp., Cheirodendron sp., Ilex anomala, Pipturus sp., Hedyotis
fluviatilis, Peperomia sp., Bidens sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Cyanea
hardyi, Syzygium sp., Cibotium sp., Bobea brevipes, Antidesma sp.,
Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Peperomia sp., Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., or Psychotria sp.; and (2) elevations
between 410 to 760 m (1,345 to 2,500 ft).
Family Violaceae: Viola helenae (No Common Name)
Kauai L, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Viola
helenae on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Stream banks or adjacent valley bottoms with light to
moderate shade in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
lowland wet forest; and (2) elevations between 610-855 m (2,000-2,800
ft).
Family Violaceae: Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis (Nani Wai`ale`ale)
Kauai L, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Viola
kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat
components that provide: (1) Open montane bog or wet shrubland
containing one or more of the following native plant species:
Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Syzygium sandwicensis,
or Metrosideros polymorpha; and (2) elevations between 640 and 865 m
(2,100 and 2,840 ft).
(B) Ferns and Allies
Family Adiantaceae: Pteris lidgatei (No Common Name)
Maui units Q and Aa, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Pteris lidgatei on Maui. Within these units the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on Maui
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep stream banks (a) in
wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane forest and
(b) containing one or more of the following native plant taxa: Cibotium
chamissoi, Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium, Sadleria
squarrosa, or Sphenomeris chusana; and (2) elevations between 915 and
1,070 m (3,000 and 3,500 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis squamigera (Pauoa)
Maui units Q, T, Xx, and Zz, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Ctenitis squamigera on Maui. Within these units the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera on
Maui are the habitat components that provide: Forest understory (a) in
Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, Metrosideros polymorpha-
Diospyros sp. mesic forest or diverse mesic forest and (b) containing
one or more of the following native plant species: Alyxia oliviformis,
Freycinetia arborea, Coprosma sp., Pleomele sp., Thelypteris
globulifera, Sadleria sp., Doodia sp., Pittosporum sp., Dryopteris sp.,
Bobea sp., Antidesma sp., Peperomia sp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens, Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio, Hedyotis
formosa, Pritchardia forbesiana, Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., or
Xylosma sp.; and (2) elevations between 380 and 1,000 m (1,250 and
3,280 feet).
[[Page 79275]]
Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (No Common Name)
Maui units Q, T, and Qq, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Diellia erecta on Maui. Within these units the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for Diellia erecta on Maui are
the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep slopes or gulch bottoms
in deep shade (a) in Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha
lowland mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Nestegis sp., Styphelia tameiameiae,
Melicope sp., Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata,
Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., Pleomele auwahiensis, Syzygium
sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp.; and (2) elevations between 210 and
1,590 m (700 and 5,200 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia pallida (No Common Name)
Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Diellia
pallida on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide: (1) Bare soil on steep, rocky, dry slopes (a) in lowland mesic
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant
species: Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum,
Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Carex meyenii,
Diospyros hillebrandii, Hedyotis knudsenii, Canthium odoratum,
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis,
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Alphitonia ponderosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or
Rauvolfia sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 530 to 915 m (1,700
to 3,000 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium molokaiense (No Common Name)
Maui unit Qq, identified in the legal description in paragraph
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Diplazium molokaiense on Maui. Within this unit the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Diplazium
molokaiense on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1)
Proximity to waterfalls in lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha-Acacia koa forest; and (2) elevations between 850 and 1,680
m (2,800 and 5,500 ft).
Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorus periens (Pendant Kihi Fern)
Kauai F, G, K, L, P, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components
that provide: (1) Well-developed, closed canopy that provides deep
shade or high humidity (a) In Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum
lowland wet forests, open Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest,
or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest,
and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species:
Athyrium sandwicensis, Broussaisia sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea
sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea,
Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia hirtella, Machaerina angustifolia,
Psychotria sp., Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2)
elevations between 400 and 1,265 m (1,310 and 4,150 ft).
Family Lycopodiaceae: Phlegmariurus mannii (Wawae`iole)
Maui units Q, W, Jj, Kk, and Qq, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Phlegmariurus mannii on Maui. Within these units
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
for Phlegmariurus mannii on Maui are the habitat components that
provide: (1) As an epiphyte on Metrosideros polymorpha, and Acacia koa
trees in moist protected gulches (a) in mesic to wet montane
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests or wet montane Metrosideros
polymorpha-Acacia koa forests and (b) containing one or more of the
following associated native plant taxa: Thelypteris sp., Athyrium sp.,
Styphelia sp., Cyanea atra, Machaerina sp., Cyrtandra sp., Sadleria
sp., Vaccinium sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Astelia menziesii, Coprosma sp.,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Ilex anomala, or Myrsine sp.; and (2)
elevations from 900 to 1,600 m (2,950 to 5,250 ft).
Dated: November 29, 2000.
Kenneth L. Smith,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 00-31078 Filed 12-15-00; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P