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Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Designation of Critical Habitat for Holocarpha macradenia (Santa Cruz Tarplant)
Note: EPA no longer updates this information, but it may be useful as a reference or resource.
[Federal Register: November 15, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 221)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 57525-57558]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr15no01-27]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AG73
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed
Designation of Critical Habitat for Holocarpha macradenia (Santa Cruz
Tarplant)
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to
designate critical habitat pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended (Act), for Holocarpha macradenia (Santa Cruz
tarplant). Approximately 1,360 hectares (3,360 acres) in Contra Costa,
Santa Cruz, and Monterey Counties, California, are proposed for
designation of critical habitat. Critical habitat receives protection
from destruction or adverse modification through required consultation
under section 7 of the Act with regard to actions carried out, funded,
or authorized by a Federal agency. Section 4 of the Act requires us to
consider economic and other relevant impacts when specifying any
particular area as critical habitat.
We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this
proposal, including data on economic and other impacts of the
designation and our approaches for handling any future habitat
conservation plans. We may revise this proposal prior to final
designation to incorporate or address new information received during
the comment period.
DATES: We will accept comments until January 14, 2002. Public hearing
requests must be received by December 31, 2001.
ADDRESSES: Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 2493 Portola Road, Suite B, Ventura, CA 93003.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Connie Rutherford, Ventura Fish and
Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, telephone 805/644-
1766; facsimile 805/644-3958.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Holocarpha macradenia (Santa Cruz tarplant) is an aromatic annual
herb in the aster family (Asteraceae) that is restricted to coastal
terrace prairie habitat along the coast of central California.
Holocarpha macradenia is one of only four species of the genus
Holocarpha. All four are geographically restricted to California. The
plant is rigid with lateral branches that grow to the height of the
main stem, which is 10 to 50 centimeters (cm) (4 to 20 inches (in))
tall. The lower leaves are broadly linear and up to 12 cm (5 in) long;
the upper leaves are smaller, with rolled back margins, and are
truncated by a distinctive craterform (open pitted) gland. The yellow
daisy-like flower head is surrounded from beneath by individual bracts
(small leaf-like structure associated with flower head) that have about
25 stout gland-tipped projections (Keil 1993). H. macradenia is
distinguished from other members of the genus by its numerous ray
flowers and black anthers.
Holocarpha macradenia, like other closely related tarplants in the
genus Deinandra, is self-incompatible, meaning that individuals will
not produce viable seeds without cross pollinating with other
individuals (B. Baldwin, in litt. 2001). Gene flow from individual to
individual and from population to population increases the likelihood
of viability through the maintenance of genetic diversity; therefore
gene flow is important for the long-term survival of self-incompatible
species (Ellstrand 1992). Gene flow often occurs through pollen
movement between populations, and likely occurs over short distances
because most of the native insects thought to pollinate H. macradenia
generally travel less than 0.5 kilometers (km) (0.3 miles (mi)) at one
time. Because clusters of small populations of H. macradenia may
facilitate greater gene flow, even the conservation of small
occurrences may be critical to maintaining genetic diversity in this
species. Native bees, bee flies, and wasps have been observed visiting
H. macradenia flowers (Sue Bainbridge, Jepson Herbarium, University of
California, Berkeley, pers. comm. 2001).
Seed production in Holocarpha macradenia is highly variable. A
large, multi-branched individual may produce 25 seed heads with up to
15 seeds per head, while individuals growing in crowded conditions may
be unbranched and produce only one seed head (S. Bainbridge, pers.
comm. 2001). Floral heads produce two kinds of achenes (seeds), disc
and ray. The disc achenes readily germinate under field and lab
conditions, but appear to lose viability within 18 months of production
(Bainbridge 1999, S. Bainbridge, pers. comm. 2001). In contrast, the
ray achenes do not germinate readily under field and lab conditions;
they represent the persistent soil seed bank in the field, and
germination may be delayed for many years until further environmental
cues break their dormancy (Bainbridge 1999).
The disc achenes usually fall from the receptacle to the ground
below the parent plant, while the ray achenes are enclosed in a sticky
glandular phyllary (leaf-like structure) which aides dispersal by
attaching to animals. Those animals likely to assist in seed dispersal
include, but are not limited to, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), gray
foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), coyotes (Canis latrans), black-tailed
jackrabbits (Lepus californicus), bobcats (Felis rufus), striped skunks
(Mephitis mephitis), opossums (Didelphis virginiana), racoons (Procyon
lotor), and other small mammals and small birds.
The Holocarpha macradenia seed bank (a reserve of dormant seeds,
generally found in the soil) is important to the species' year-to-year
and long-term survival (Bainbridge 1999). A seed bank includes all of
the seeds in a population and generally covers a larger area than the
extent of observable plants seen in a given year. The number and
location of standing plants (the observable plants) in a population
varies annually due to a number of factors, including the amount and
timing of rainfall, temperature, soil conditions, and the extent and
nature of the seed bank. For example, the Graham Hill population near
Santa Cruz comprised 12,000 standing plants in 1994 and 550 in 2001 (V.
Haley, consultant, Felton, CA, pers. comm. 2001); the Apple Hill
population near Watsonville comprised 0 standing plants in 1999 and
4,049 in 2000 (T. Edell, in litt., 2000).
The extent of seed bank reserves is variable from population to
population. At the Twin Lakes population in Santa Cruz, the seed bank
density averaged 240 seeds per square meter (m\2\) (10 square feet
(ft\2\)); at the Watsonville Airport, the seed bank density averaged
887 seeds per (m\2\) (10 ft\2\); at the Porter Ranch population in
northern Monterey County, the seed bank density averaged 40,000 seeds
(m\2\) (10 ft\2\) (Bainbridge 1999, S. Bainbridge, pers. comm. 2001).
Management activities can affect the balance between the number of
standing plants and the extent of seed bank reserves. Burning, mowing,
and scraping habitat for Holocarpha macradenia have been utilized to
enhance populations at several sites, including Graham Hill, Arana
Gulch, Twin Lakes, Tan, and Apple Hill, with variable results. At the
Watsonville Airport site, H. macradenia habitat adjacent to runways has
been mowed, disced, and grazed to maintain visibility for airport
operations. While this
[[Page 57527]]
management has increased the standing population of H. macradenia, the
vigor of individual plants appears to be in decline, and the seed bank
reserve may be becoming depleted (Deb Hillyard, California Department
of Fish and Game, pers. comm. 2001).
Habitat for Holocarpha macradenia historically consisted of
grasslands and prairies found on coastal terraces below 100 meters (m)
(330 feet (ft)) in elevation, from Monterey County north to Marin
County. In the late 1800s, coastal prairies were estimated to cover
350,000 hectares (ha) (865,000 acres (ac)) in California (Huenneke
1989). However, in the mid 1990s, the California Natural Diversity Data
Base (CNDDB) estimated that only 800 ha (1980 ac) of high quality
coastal prairie remained (CNDDB 1996, cited in Holl 1998).
Historically, four major factors contributed to changes in the
distribution and composition of coastal prairies: grazing; the
introduction of highly competitive, non-native species; the elimination
of periodic fire; and cultivation (Heady et al. 1988). The remaining
coastal prairie habitat is becoming increasingly fragmented and
restricted in distribution, largely due to these same factors as well
as urban development.
In the Santa Cruz area, Holocarpha macradenia exists on flat to
gently sloping marine terrace platforms that are separated by steep-
sided gulches. A series of populations occur on older marine terraces
inland from the communities of Santa Cruz and Soquel; these terraces
range in elevation from about 34 to 122 m (110 to 400 ft). Two
populations (Arana Gulch and Twin Lakes) occur on a more recent marine
terrace at lower elevations (12 to 18 m (40 to 60 ft)) and closer to
the ocean. In the Watsonville area in Santa Cruz County, a series of H.
macradenia populations occur on a low-lying marine terrace (15 to 37 m
(50 to 120 ft) in elevation) that is dissected by Harkins Slough,
Hanson Slough, and Struve Slough; the close proximity of these
populations suggest that they were once part of a larger population
that has since been fragmented by changes in land use over the past 100
years. Approximately 4 miles north of Watsonville, several H.
macradenia populations are located on a marine terrace 55 m (180 ft) in
elevation. Approximately 3 miles south of Watsonville a population
occurs at an elevation of 30 m (100 ft) on alluvium (sedimentary
material deposited by flowing water) resulting from marine terrace
deposits. On the east side of San Francisco Bay (Contra Costa County),
the marine terraces are more extensively dissected, and H. macradenia
populations historically occurred on the alluvium resulting from
terrace deposits (Palmer 1986).
In Santa Cruz County, where most of the remaining native
occurrences of Holocarpha macradenia occur, the soils most typically
found on marine terraces and the alluvial deposits derived from them
are of several soil series (U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA 1980).
The Watsonville, Tierra, Elkhorn, and Pinto soil series are most
frequently associated with occurrences of H. macradenia. These loams
and sandy loams are very deep and range from well drained to somewhat
poorly drained. Other soil series, including Los Osos, Elder, and
Diablo, are also located in the vicinity of known populations of H.
macradenia, but due to the scale used for mapping the distribution of
soils we cannot determine the importance of these soils to this
species.
Because the soils where Holocarpha macradenia occurs typically
include a subsurface clay component, they hold moisture longer into the
growing season compared to the surrounding sandy soils. As a summer-
blooming species, H. macradenia may benefit from this late season
moisture (California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) 1995);
alternatively, the saturated soil conditions during the spring season
may be too wet for many other species to become established, and
therefore maintain the reduced cover that H. macradenia prefers (Grey
Hayes, University of California, Santa Cruz, pers. comm. 2001).
Today, the Santa Cruz tarplant is associated most frequently with
grasses such as non-native wild oat (Avena fatua), Mediterranean barley
(Hordeum hystrix), rattlesnake grass (Briza maxima), and bromes (Bromus
sp.); and native needlegrass (Nassella spp.), and California oatgrass
(Danthonia californica). Associated native herbaceous species include
other tarplants from the genus Hemizonia. At some locations, the plant
is found with rare or sensitive species, including Gairdner's yampah
(Perideridia gairdneri), San Francisco popcorn flower (Plagiobothrys
diffusus), Santa Cruz clover (Trifolium buckwestiorum), and the Ohlone
tiger beetle (Cicindela ohlone), a species listed as endangered
(Service 2001). Other locally unique plant species such as Choris's
popcorn flower (Plagiobothrys chorisianus var. chorisianus), Triteleia
(Triteleia ixiodes), coast coyote thistle (Eryngium armatum), and San
Francisco gumplant (Grindelia hirsutula var. maritima) also occur in
these areas.
The distribution of Holocarpha macradenia has been severely reduced
due to continuing destruction and alteration of coastal prairie
habitat. All of the native San Francisco Bay area populations have been
extirpated. The last remaining native population, known as the Pinole
Vista population, consisting of 10,000 plants, was eliminated in 1993
by commercial development (CDFG 1997).
Along Monterey Bay in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties,
approximately 13 populations are extant. According to CNDDB, an
additional nine populations along the Monterey Bay have been extirpated
by development, most recently in 1993 when a population in Watsonville
(Anna Street site) was destroyed during construction of office
buildings and a parking lot (CDFG 1993 and 1995a). Other populations
have been in decline or have recently disappeared due to changes in
grassland management that favor species which compete with Holocarpha
macradenia. Where habitat is still intact, management favorable to H.
macradenia can reverse these trends and allow seeds in the dormant seed
bank of the species to germinate and grow. The ability to provide
appropriate management for the remaining occurrences of H. macradenia
will be pivotal in the recovery the species.
Holocarpha macradenia is currently known from approximately 13
native and eight experimentally seeded populations (CNDDB 2001, CDFG
2000) in Contra Costa, Monterey, and Santa Cruz Counties. Some of these
native populations may represent separate, fragmented patches of what
historically was a single larger population. Seven of the native
populations occur around the cities of Santa Cruz and Soquel. These
populations, with the number of standing plants and year of the most
recent survey, are: Graham Hill Road, 550 (2001); De Laveaga, 1000
(2000), Arana Gulch, 234 (2000); Twin Lakes, 16 (1999); O'Neill/Tan, 0
(1998); Winkle (also referred to as Santa Cruz Gardens), 0 (1994); and
Fairway, 150 (2001). Note that the names of the populations used here
are those used in the final rule to list the species published on March
20, 2000 (65 FR 14898).
The remaining six native populations occur around the city of
Watsonville. Four of these are bounded generally by Corralitos Creek,
Harkins Slough, Watsonville Slough, and the city of Watsonville; they
may represent remnants of a larger population. These four populations,
with their number of standing plants and year of the most recent survey
are: Watsonville Airport, 4 million (2000); Harkins Slough, 15,000
[[Page 57528]]
(1993); Apple Hill, 4049 (2000); and Struve Slough, 1 (1994). Two
outlying populations in the Watsonville area are: Spring Hills Golf
Course, 4,000 (1990); and Porter Ranch, 3,200 (1993).
The other eight existing populations of Holocarpha macradenia have
resulted from experimental planting of seed in Wildcat Regional Park in
the east San Francisco Bay area (East Bay). The final rule to list H.
macradenia (65 FR 14898) included a discussion of these efforts to
establish new populations within the historic range of the species.
Twenty-two sites were seeded between 1982 and 1986 in what appeared to
be suitable habitat but representing a range of conditions based on the
following criteria: soil series (Tierra as well as five others),
grazing pressure (light or moderate), and exposure to coastal fog (fog,
wind but no fog, and out of wind). The seeds used for the planting had
been collected from East Bay populations at the northern end of the
species' range. Although a number of populations did well for a few
years, many have failed to persist. Of the eight populations that have
persisted at least for 14 years, only one, named Mezue, has
consistently supported large numbers of individuals. In the year 2000,
this population was the largest it has been since the initial seeding
in 1983 and supported over 17,000 individuals (CDFG 2000).
Several agencies have taken the initiative to undertake efforts to
enhance habitat for H. macradenia. In conjunction with the CDFG, the
city of Santa Cruz has been applying a variety of habitat manipulations
to plots within the Arana Gulch Open Space Preserve, including raking,
scraping, mowing, and controlled burning with the objective of
increasing the number of standing individuals, which had been in
decline since grazing was terminated in the 1980s (CDFG 1997). The CDFG
has been applying habitat manipulations and carrying out seed bank
studies (Bainbridge 1999). The California Department of Transportation
has been mowing the Apple Hill population west of Watsonville to reduce
the biomass of non-native grasses (T. Edell, in litt., 1998). While the
interpretation of results can be complex, these efforts generally show
that the number of standing individuals can be increased by reducing
the potential for competition between H. macradenia and non-native
grasses through mowing and other techniques. However, increasing the
number of standing individuals may also deplete seed bank reserves;
therefore, the goals of appropriate management should include not only
increasing the number of standing individuals in small populations, but
also maintaining the appropriate balance between standing individuals
and seed bank reserves.
Several proposed development projects will impact habitat for
Holocarpha macradenia. Housing developments have been approved for
several sites including the Graham Hill site and the Fairway site, but
management plans for H. macradenia have not yet been fully implemented.
A management plan for H. macradenia has been initiated for the Tan
population, but has not yet resulted in enhancement of the population.
Approval for a housing development adjacent to the Winkle population is
pending. A housing development for the Struve Slough was recently
approved without any active management plan for H. macradenia. As a
result of a legal challenge, Watsonville Wetlands Watch has been
granted a 3-year time period to raise funding to purchase the 6-ac
parcel that supports H. macradenia for conservation purposes (Superior
Court of the State of California 2001).
As has been observed at the Watsonville Airport, human activities,
such as mowing and cattle grazing can favor the abundance of Holocarpha
macradenia by reducing competition from other herbaceous species.
However, because these activities can also promote the spread and
establishment of non-native species, they should be repeated frequently
to maintain the establishment of H. macradenia. Such intensive
management may not be practical in all areas where H. macradenia
habitat includes a complement of non-native species. Moreover, while
the presence of H. macradenia could be maintained in areas with a high
abundance of non-native species, the habitat quality of these areas may
be less than areas where the presence of non-native species is minimal.
Based on the presence of other fragments of remaining coastal
terrace prairie habitat, we believe that other populations of
Holocarpha macradenia may occur within the current range of the species
but have not yet been detected by botanists. In particular, suitable
habitat most likely remains on older coastal terraces that lie to the
north of the cities of Santa Cruz and Soquel. These areas may contain a
viable seed bank, even if no standing plants are found.
Holocarpha macradenia is threatened primarily by historic and
recent habitat destruction caused by residential development and
habitat alteration caused primarily by land management practices that
favor the increase of other species which compete with H. macradenia.
Most often, the establishment of invasive, competing species follows
from the cessation of grazing by cattle or horses. Future loss of
habitat may also result from recreational development, airport
expansion, and agriculture. Habitat that has been set aside in
preserves, conservation easements, and open spaces also suffers
secondary impacts from: (1) Casual use by residents, (2) introduction
of non-natives, (3) lack of active management, and (4) changes in
hydrology. In particular, smaller preserve areas with H. macradenia
suffer because they are cut off from the ecosystem functions, such as
those involving soil and water, that would be present in larger, more
contiguous sites. More often, these smaller areas are left as open
spaces, but without the benefit of the grassland management needed to
sustain them.
Non-native species that have invaded and threaten habitat
supporting native populations of Holocarpha macradenia include French
broom (Genista monspessulana), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), acacia
(Acacia decurrens, A. melanoxylon), and a number of non-native grass
species, particularly Harding grass (Phalaris aquatica) and bromes
(Bromus spp.). In Wildcat Regional Park in the East Bay area, artichoke
thistle (Cynara cardunculus) has invaded habitat for H. macradenia at
the one site that is being proposed for critical habitat (Mezue), as
well as many of the other sites where introduced populations of H.
macradenia were attempted.
Previous Federal Action
Federal action on this plant began when the Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution, as directed by section 12 of the Act, prepared
a report on those native U.S. plants considered to be endangered,
threatened, or extinct in the United States. This report (House Doc.
No. 94-51), was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975, and included
Holocarpha macradenia as endangered. On July 1, 1975, we published a
notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) accepting the report as a
petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of
the Act and of our intention thereby to review the status of the plant
taxa named therein. On June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in
the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) determining approximately 1,700
vascular plant species to be endangered pursuant to section 4 of the
Act. Holocarpha macradenia was included in this June 16, 1976, Federal
Register document.
[[Page 57529]]
In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over two
years old be withdrawn. A one-year grace period was given to those
proposed rules already more than two years old. Later, on December 10,
1979, we published a notice (44 FR 70796) of the withdrawal of the
portion of the June 16, 1976, proposed rule that had not been made
final, along with four other proposed rules that had expired. We
published an updated notice of review (NOR) for plants on December 15,
1980 (45 FR 82480). This notice included Holocarpha macradenia as a
category one candidate (species for which data in our possession was
sufficient to support proposals for listing).
On February 15, 1983, we published a notice (48 FR 6752) of our
prior finding that the listing of Holocarpha macradenia was warranted
but precluded in accordance with section 4(b)(3)(B)(iii) of the Act as
amended in 1982. Pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act, this
finding must be recycled annually, until the species is either proposed
for listing, or the petitioned action is found to be not warranted.
Each October from 1983 through 1990 further findings were made that the
listing of H. macradenia was warranted, but that the listing of this
species was precluded by other pending proposals of higher priority.
Holocarpha macradenia continued to be included as a category one
candidate in plant NORs published September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39526),
February 1, 1990 (55 FR 6184), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144).
Upon publication of the February 28, 1996, NOR (61 FR 7596), we ceased
using category designations and included H. macradenia as a candidate.
Candidate species are those for which we have on file sufficient
information on biological vulnerability and threats to support
proposals to list them as threatened or endangered. The 1997 NOR,
published September 19, 1997 (62 FR 49398) retained H. macradenia as a
candidate, with a listing priority of 2. On March 20, 1998, we
published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (63 FR 15142) to list
H. macradenia. The final rule listing H. macradenia as a threatened
species was published on March 20, 2000 (65 FR 14898).
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time
the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our
regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical
habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations
exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity,
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical
habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time Holocarpha
macradenia was listed, we found that designation of critical habitat
for H. macradenia was prudent, but that given our limited listing
budget, designation of critical habitat would have to be deferred so as
to allow us to concentrate limited resources on higher priority
critical habitat and other listing actions.
On June 17, 1999, our failure to issue final rules for listing
Holocarpha macradenia and eight other plant species as endangered or
threatened, and our failure to make a final critical habitat
determination for the nine species was challenged in Southwest Center
for Biological Diversity and California Native Plant Society v. Babbitt
(Case No. C99-2992 (N.D.Cal.)). On May 22, 2000, the judge signed an
order for the Service to propose critical habitat for the species by
September 30, 2001. In mid-September 2001, plaintiffs agreed to a brief
extension of this due date until November 2, 2001.
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) the
specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the
time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those
physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of
the species and (II) that may require special management considerations
or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographic area
occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and procedures that are
necessary to bring an endangered or a threatened species to the point
at which listing under the Act is no longer necessary.
In order to be included in a critical habitat designation, the
habitat must first be ``essential to the conservation of the species.''
Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the
best scientific and commercial data available, habitat areas that
provide essential life cycle needs of the species (i.e., areas on which
are found the primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR
424.12(b)).
When we determine critical habitat at the time of listing, as
required under section 4 of the Act, or under short court-ordered
deadlines, we may not have the information necessary to identify all
areas that are essential for the conservation of the species.
Nevertheless, we are required to designate those areas we know to be
critical habitat using the best information available to us.
Within the geographic area occupied by the species, we will
designate only areas currently known to be essential. Essential areas
should already have the features and habitat characteristics that are
necessary to sustain the species. We will not speculate about what
areas might be found to be essential if better information became
available, or what areas may become essential over time. If the
information available at the time of designation does not show that an
area provides essential life cycle needs of the species, then the area
should not be included in the critical habitat designation. Within the
geographic area occupied by the species, we will not designate areas
that do not now have the primary constituent elements, as defined at 50
CFR 424.12(b), which provide essential life cycle needs of the species.
Our regulations state that, ``The Secretary shall designate as
critical habitat areas outside the geographic area presently occupied
by the species only when a designation limited to its present range
would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.'' (50
CFR 424.12(e)). Accordingly, when the best available scientific and
commercial data do not demonstrate that the conservation needs of the
species require designation of critical habitat outside of occupied
areas, we will not designate critical habitat in areas outside the
geographic area occupied by the species.
Our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species
Act, published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271),
provides criteria, establishes procedures, and provides guidance to
ensure that our decisions represent the best scientific and commercial
data available. It requires our biologists, to the extent consistent
with the Act and with the use of the best scientific and commercial
data available, to use primary and original sources of information as
the basis for recommendations to designate critical habitat. When
determining which areas are critical habitat, a primary source of
information should be the listing package for the species. Additional
information may be obtained from a recovery plan, articles in peer-
reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and counties,
scientific status surveys and studies,
[[Page 57530]]
and biological assessments or other unpublished materials (i.e., gray
literature).
Habitat is often dynamic, and populations may move from one area to
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that designation of
critical habitat may not include all of the habitat areas that may
eventually be determined to be necessary for the recovery of the
species. For these reasons, critical habitat designations do not signal
that habitat outside the designation is unimportant or may not be
required for recovery. Areas outside the critical habitat designation
will continue to be subject to conservation actions that may be
implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act and to the regulatory
protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard and the
prohibitions of section 9 of the Act, as determined on the basis of the
best available information at the time of the action. We specifically
anticipate that federally funded or assisted projects affecting listed
species outside their designated critical habitat areas may still
result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat
designations made on the basis of the best available information at the
time of designation will not control the direction and substance of
future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans, or other species
conservation planning efforts if new information available to these
planning efforts calls for a different outcome.
Methods for Selection of Areas for Proposed Critical Habitat
Designation
As required by the Act and regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR
424.12) we used the best scientific information available to determine
areas that contain the physical and biological features that are
essential for the survival and recovery of Holocarpha macradenia. This
information included information from the California Natural Diversity
Data Base (CNDDB 2001), soil survey maps (Soil Conservation Service
1980, 1978), aerial photos available through TerraServer (http://
terraserver.homeadvisor.msn.com), 
aerial photos on loan from the County
of Santa Cruz Planning Department, recent biological surveys and
reports, additional information provided by interested parties, and
discussions with botanical experts. Frequently accompanied by agency
representatives, we also conducted site visits, either cursory or more
extensive, at a number of locations managed by, or with involvement
from, local, State or Federal agencies, including Graham Hill, De
Laveaga Park, Twin Lakes State Beach, Arana Gulch Open Space Area (City
of Santa Cruz), Anna Jean Cummings County Park (Santa Cruz County), and
the Watsonville Airport (City of Watsonville). We also visited the
Porter Ranch site, which is owned and managed by the Elkhorn Slough
Foundation.
Much of what is known about the specific physical and biological
requirements of Holocarpha macradenia is described in the Background
section of this proposed rule. Additional information about appropriate
management techniques is being generated by ongoing management efforts
and research on life history. As discussed in the Background section,
several agencies such as the California Department of Fish and Game,
the California Department of Parks and Recreation, the California
Department of Transportation, the county of Santa Cruz, the city of
Santa Cruz, and East Bay Regional Park District are undertaking efforts
to learn how to better enhance habitat for H. macradenia. Preliminary
management and seed bank studies show that habitat manipulation such as
burning, mowing, grazing, and scraping can increase standing numbers of
plants and may be necessary to enhance and maintain populations of H.
macradenia. Active management is necessary to preserve habitat which is
essential for the long-term conservation of H. macradenia.
Primary Constituent Elements
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(I) of the Act and regulations at
50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical
habitat, we consider those physical and biological features (primary
constituent elements) that are essential to the conservation of the
species and that may require special management considerations or
protection. These include, but are not limited to: space for individual
and population growth, and for normal behavior; food, water, air,
light, minerals or other nutritional or physiological requirements;
cover or shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing of
offspring, germination, or seed dispersal; and habitats that are
protected from disturbance or are representative of the historic
geographical and ecological distributions of a species.
Based on our knowledge to date, the primary constituent elements
for H. macradenia consist of, but are not limited to:
(1) Soils associated with coastal terraces prairies, including the
Watsonville, Tierra, Elkhorn, Santa Inez, and Pinto series.
(2) Plant communities that support associated species, including
native grasses such as Nassella sp.(needlegrass) and Danthonia
californica (California oatgrass); native herbaceous species such as
members of the genus Hemizonia (other tarplants), Perideridia gairdneri
(Gairdner's yampah), Plagiobothrys diffusus (San Francisco popcorn
flower), and Trifolium buckwestiorum (Santa Cruz clover); and
(3) Physical processes, particularly soils and hydrologic
processes, that maintain the soil structure and hydrology that produce
the seasonally saturated soils characteristic of Holocarpha macradenia
habitat.
Site Selection
We identified critical habitat areas essential for the conservation
of Holocarpha macradenia in the three primary areas where it is known
to occur: in the East Bay (Contra Costa County), in the Santa Cruz-
Soquel area (Santa Cruz County), and the Watsonville area (Santa Cruz
and Monterey Counties). Historic locations for which there are no
recent records of occupancy (within the last 20 years) were not
proposed for designation, including those previously found in Marin and
Alameda Counties that have become urbanized over the last 100 years;
locations to the north of Santa Cruz where H. macradenia has not been
seen in over 50 years; and locations around the Watsonville area that
have been destroyed by fill, agricultural activities, and parking lot
construction. In the East Bay, only one of the eight sites that support
an introduced population of H. macradenia in Wildcat Regional Park is
being proposed for designation because it is the largest seeded
population that represents the genetic variability of the northern
portion of the species' range.
The long-term survival and recovery of Holocarpha macradenia is
dependent upon the protection of existing population sites, and the
maintenance of ecological functions within these sites. Important
ecological functions include connectivity between sites within close
geographic proximity to facilitate pollinator activity and seed
dispersal, and the ability to maintain disturbance factors (for
example, grazing, mowing, or fire disturbance) that maintain the
openness of vegetation on which the species depends. Threats to the
remaining habitat of H. macradenia include: urban development and its
associated impacts, such as habitat fragmentation, recreational use,
and changes in grazing regimes that have facilitated the increase in
non-native plant species that
[[Page 57531]]
compete with H. macradenia. The areas we are proposing to designate as
critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat components
essential for the conservation of H. macradenia. Given the species'
need for an open plant community structure and the threat of
competition from non-native species, we believe that these areas
require special management considerations or protection.
In our delineation of the critical habitat units, we believe it is
important to propose all areas that are currently support native
populations of Holocarpha macradenia because the number of populations
that have been extirpated and the reduction in range that the species
has undergone place a great importance on the conservation of all the
known remaining sites. In the area just west of Watsonville, a number
of populations that are in close geographic proximity to each other are
included in the same unit because the distribution of H. macradenia in
this area was probably once greater, prior to fragmentation of
populations into smaller units. Including these populations in one unit
is important to maintain connectivity among them.
With regard to the experimental seeded populations of H.
macradenia, we acknowledge the importance these seeding trials have
offered with respect to understanding the range of habitat
characteristics that H. macradenia may tolerate. However, for purposes
of designating critical habitat, we believe that the area that supports
the Mezue population has the most important role to play in the
recovery of the species. This population is the best expression of the
genetic variability that once occurred in the northern end of the range
of the species; native stands in this portion of the range have now
been extirpated.
Even though we do not have sufficient information at this time to
propose sites other than where populations are currently known to
occur, this does not signal that habitat outside the designation is
unimportant or may not be required for recovery of the species. Areas
that support newly discovered populations in the future, but are
outside the proposed critical habitat designation, will continue to be
subject to conservation actions that may be implemented under section
7(a)(1) of the Act and to the regulatory protections afforded by the
section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard and the prohibitions of section 9 of
the Act, as determined on the basis of the best available information
at the time an action is being proposed.
Mapping
The proposed critical habitat units were delineated by creating
data layers in a geographic information system (GIS) format of the
areas of known occurrences of Holocarpha macradenia, using information
from the California Natural Diversity Data Base (CNDDB 2001), aerial
photos, recent biological surveys and reports, and discussions with
botanical experts. These data layers were created on a base of USGS
7.5' quadrangles obtained from the State of California's Stephen P.
Teale Data Center. Proposed critical habitat units were mapped using
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates. Some units were mapped
with a greater precision than others, based on the available
information, and the size of the unit. We anticipate that in the time
between the proposed rule and the final rule, and based upon the
additional information received during the public comment period, that
the boundaries of certain mapping units will be refined.
In selecting areas of proposed critical habitat we made an effort
to avoid developed areas, such as housing developments, that are
unlikely to contain the primary constituent elements or otherwise
contribute to the conservation of Holocarpha macradenia. However, we
did not map critical habitat in sufficient detail to exclude all
developed areas, or other lands unlikely to contain the primary
constituent elements essential for the conservation of H. macradenia.
Areas within the boundaries of the mapped units, such as buildings,
roads, parking lots, railroads, airport runways and other paved areas,
lawns, and other urban landscaped areas will not contain any of the
primary constituent elements. Federal actions limited to these areas,
therefore would not trigger a section 7 consultation, unless they
affect the species and/or primary constituent elements in adjacent
critical habitat.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation
The proposed critical habitat areas described below constitute our
best assessment at this time of the areas needed for the conservation
and recovery of Holocarpha macradenia. Critical habitat being proposed
for H. macradenia includes 11 units that currently sustain the species.
Protection of this proposed critical habitat is essential for the
conservation of the species because the geographic range that H.
macradenia occupies has been reduced to so few sites that the species
may well be threatened with extinction in the near future, particularly
if appropriate management of the remaining habitat is not employed. The
areas being proposed as critical habitat are within the three primary
areas that currently support H. macradenia and include the appropriate
coastal terrace prairie habitat necessary for the species. We propose
to designate approximately 1,360 ha (3,360 ac) of land as critical
habitat for H. macradenia. Approximately 3 percent of these lands are
owned by the State, while county, regional, and city lands comprise
approximately 18 percent, and private lands comprise approximately 79
percent of the proposed critical habitat. All units are within the
geographic area occupied by the species in accordance with section
3(5)(A)(i) of the Act.
A brief description of each critical habitat unit is given below:
East Bay Area Unit
Unit A: Mezue
Unit A consists of grassland habitat on sloping alluvial deposits
from old marine terraces within Wildcat Regional Park in Contra Costa
County. This entire unit of approximately 61 ha (150 ac) is on lands
managed by the East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD). Management
activities at this site include controlled grazing, removal of invasive
artichoke thistle, and annual population monitoring (EBRPD 1992 and
2001). Of the 22 sites that were used as sites to introduce Holocarpha
macradenia seed in the East Bay region between 1982 and 1986, this
population has been the only one that has consistently supported a
large population of H. macradenia. In the year 2000, this population
supported over 17,000 individuals (CDFG 2000). Although this population
is an introduced population, this unit is critical to the survival and
conservation of the species because this population represents the
genetic variability in the northernmost portion of the plant's range
and is important for the expansion of the existing population.
Santa Cruz--Soquel Area Units
Unit B: Graham Hill
Unit B consists of grasslands on a relatively flat coastal terrace
prairie on the west side of Graham Hill Road, approximately 1 mile
north of the city of Santa Cruz in Santa Cruz County. This entire unit
of approximately 12 ha (30 ac) is on privately owned lands. The unit
includes a 7 ha (17 ac) area that has been set aside for conservation
of coastal prairie habitat and Holocarpha macradenia as mitigation for
an adjacent development that comprises 52 residences and associated
amenities. The population has been fenced and
[[Page 57532]]
non-native species have been removed; however, efforts to enhance the
population, as called for in a management plan (ESA 1996) have not yet
been initiated. In 1994, this population numbered 12,000 individuals;
by 1998, 675 individuals were counted; in 2001, approximately 550
individuals were counted (V. Haley, consultant, Felton, California,
pers. comm. 2001). This unit is important because it currently supports
a population of H. macradenia and because it represents the western
limit of the cluster of populations that are found on the northern end
of Monterey Bay. This unit, along with the Fairway unit, occur at the
highest elevation of the native populations (400 ft in elevation) and
consequently the farthest away from the influence of the coastal
climate. Preserving genetic variability within the species that has
allowed it to adapt to these different environmental conditions is
important for the long-term survival and conservation of the species.
Unit C: De Laveaga
Unit C consists of grasslands on a relatively flat coastal terrace
prairie within De Laveaga Park just north of the city of Santa Cruz in
Santa Cruz County. This entire unit of approximately 3 ha (7 ac) is on
State lands managed by the California Army National Guard (CANG) and
supported by Federal funds from the National Guard Bureau. CANG does
not anticipate undertaking any new activities on this parcel, and is
currently developing a management plan for Holocarpha macradenia
(Joanne Froland, biologist, CANG, pers. comm. 2001). In 2001, a
maintenance crew from the adjacent city-owned golf course spread wood
chips from a felled tree over half the population. This unit is
important because it currently supports a population of H. macradenia
and because it is one of only seven populations in the cluster of
populations that are found on the northern end of Monterey Bay. Despite
its small size, this unit is important because it is located between
the Graham Hill, Arana Gulch, and Rodeo Gulch units, and is important
for maintaining connectivity between these other units.
Unit D: Arana Gulch
Unit D consists of grasslands on a relatively flat coastal terrace
prairie within an open space preserve just north of Woods Lagoon in the
City of Santa Cruz. This entire unit of approximately 26 ha (65 ac) is
on lands owned and managed by the City of Santa Cruz. It is bounded on
the west, east, and north sides by existing development and on the
south side by the Santa Cruz Harbor. Huge population fluctuations have
occurred on this site, ranging from 100,000 individuals in the late
1980s when the site was being grazed by cattle, to only a few hundred
individuals 4 or 5 years later. The City entered into an MOU with CDFG
in 1997 to manage Holocarpha macradenia, which includes utilizing a
variety of management techniques to enhance the population. As of 1998,
individuals numbered approximately 12,820; in 2000, they numbered 234
(K. Lyons in litt., 2001). The City is proposing to construct a bicycle
path that would bisect the management area (Brady and Associates, Inc.
1997). The bike path would be constructed in part from Federal funding
provided by the Federal Highway Administration; an informal conference
with the Service was initiated in 2000 (Service, in litt., 2000). Since
it was determined that the project is not likely to adversely affect H.
macradenia, we did not need to convert the informal conference to a
biological opinion. This unit is important because it currently
supports a population of H. macradenia and because it is one of only
seven populations in the cluster of populations that are found on the
northern end of Monterey Bay. This unit and the Twin Lakes unit occur
at the lowest elevation of the native populations in the northern
Monterey Bay area (40 to 60 ft in elevation) and consequently the
closest to the influence of the coastal climate. Moreover, these two
units are within one half mile of each other and therefore could retain
connectivity between them. It is also important for the recovery of the
species because it is one of only three units that is being managed by
an agency that has a mandate to conserve sensitive resources and is
large enough to support management activities that may be necessary to
maintain the population at this site.
Unit E: Twin Lakes
Unit E consists of grasslands on relatively flat coastal terrace
prairie just north of Schwan Lagoon within the City of Santa Cruz. This
entire unit of approximately 10 ha (26 ac) is on lands owned by the
California Department of Parks and Recreation (CDPR) within Twin Lakes
State Park. It is bounded on the west, north, and east sides by
existing development, and on the south side by Schwan Lagoon. Since
1997, CDPR has been actively managing Holocarpha macradenia habitat by
removing invasive, non-native species and attempting various methods to
enhance the population (Service 2000). CDPR has also funded research on
H. macradenia seed bank dynamics (Bainbridge 1999). This population has
ranged in size from 120 in 1986 to just a few dozen individuals in the
last few years. This unit is important because it currently supports a
population of H. macradenia and because it is one of only seven
populations in the cluster of populations that are found on the
northern end of Monterey Bay. As with the Arana Gulch unit, it occurs
at the lowest elevation of the native populations in the northern
Monterey Bay area (40 to 60 ft in elevation) and consequently the
closest to the influence of the coastal climate. Moreover, the two
units are within one half mile of each other and therefore could retain
connectivity between them. This unit is also important because it is
one of only three units that is being managed by an agency that has a
mandate to protect sensitive resources.
Unit F: Rodeo Gulch
Unit F consists of sloping alluvial deposits and adjacent
relatively flat coastal terrace prairie that straddles the Arana Gulch
and Rodeo Gulch drainages north of the community of Soquel in Santa
Cruz County. It is bounded on the north, east and south sides by
existing development; the western side is bounded by lands that have
not been developed. This entire unit of approximately 11 ha (27 ac) is
on privately owned lands. This unit includes a parcel that has recently
been proposed for a housing development known as Santa Cruz Gardens
Subdivision Unit 12 (Denise Duffy and Associates 2001); this parcel was
previously set aside in a ``temporary open space easement'' as
mitigation for destroying a portion of the H. macradenia population by
an earlier phase of the development in 1986 (Service 2000). The current
development proposal calls for setting aside approximately 23 ha (56
ac) for conservation and recreation purposes, and includes much of the
habitat that supports H. macradenia. Salvage of soil and a H.
macradenia seed bank is being proposed for another portion of the
project site that will be impacted by development (Lyons 1999). This
population numbered approximately 60 individuals in 1993; none have
been observed since then. However, a seed bank likely persists at this
site. This unit is important because of the likely presence of a H.
macradenia seed bank and because it is one of only seven populations in
the cluster of populations that are found on the northern end of
Monterey Bay. In
[[Page 57533]]
addition, the seedbank for this population, this unit supports
grassland habitat that provides for future expansion of the population.
Also, it is within one half mile of the Soquel unit, and therefore
could retain connectivity between the units.
Unit G: Soquel
Unit G consists of grasslands on sloping alluvial deposits and
adjacent relatively flat coastal terrace prairie that straddles Rodeo
Gulch and Soquel Creek drainages north of the community of Soquel in
Santa Cruz County. It is bounded on the north, east, and south sides by
existing development; the western side is bounded by lands that have
not been developed. Approximately 22 ha (55 ac) of this 40 ha (100 ac)
unit is within Anna Jean Cummings Regional Park (also known as O'Neill
Ranch), which is managed by the County of Santa Cruz, and the remaining
portion is privately owned. On the park lands, the population has been
fenced, and portions of the habitat for the plant is being mowed and
raked in accordance with a management plan (Ecosystems West 1999; Joe
Rigney, consultant, pers. comm. 2001). The County of Santa Cruz
approved a housing development for the privately owned parcel (known as
Tan, but now called Seacrest) in 1997. The development included an
approximately 4 ha (10 ac) parcel to be set aside for conservation and
a plan to manage the habitat for Holocarpha macradenia. Although part
of the same population, the CNDDB has maintained two separate entries
(O'Neill and Tan) to reflect the two land ownerships. The total number
of individuals in the combined population has never been larger than
200 individuals, with the private parcel supporting only a portion of
those. To date, management activities have not resulted in an
enhancement of the population of the species on either parcel. This
unit is important because it has recently supported a population of H.
macradenia and the seed bank is still present, and because it is one of
only seven populations in the cluster of populations that are found on
the northern end of Monterey Bay. In addition to the seedbank for this
population, this unit supports grassland habitat that provides for
future expansion of the population. Also, it is within one half mile of
the Rodeo Gulch unit, and therefore could retain connectivity between
the units. Moreover, the acreage in Anna Jean Cummings Park represents
one of the best remaining fragments of habitat on which to attempt
recovery activities for H. macradenia, as it has been subject to fewer
impacts than other sites and is managed by a public agency that is
concerned about sensitive resources.
Unit H: Porter Gulch
Unit H consists of grasslands on gently sloping alluvial deposits
derived from a coastal terrace that straddles the Bates Creek and
Porter Gulch drainages north of the community of Soquel in Santa Cruz
County. It is bounded on all sides by undeveloped lands. This entire
unit of approximately 14 ha (35 ac) is on privately owned lands. The
population of Holocarpha macradenia at this site includes an
approximately 12 ha (30 ac) parcel that was proposed for a lot split. A
management plan for the species was developed as part of the proposed
split (Greening Associates 1995); however, the management plan for H.
macradenia has not been fully implemented. This unit also includes
adjacent coastal prairie habitat, of which approximately 7 ha (9 ac)
was deeded in 2001 to the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County for
preservation. In 1993, the population of H. macradenia numbered
approximately 1,500 individuals. The population numbered only several
hundred individuals in 2001 when the site was observed to support a
large cover of rattlesnake grass that likely competed with H.
macradenia (C. Rutherford, Service, pers. obs., 2001). This unit is
important because it currently supports a population of H. macradenia,
and because it is one of only seven populations in the cluster of
populations that are found on the northern end of Monterey Bay. Also,
along with the Graham Hill unit, this one occurs at the highest
elevation of the native populations (400 ft in elevation) and
consequently the farthest away from the influence of the coastal
climate. Preserving genetic variability within the species that has
allowed it to adapt to these slightly different environmental
conditions would be important for the long-term survival and
conservation of the species.
Watsonville Area Units
Unit I: Watsonville
Unit I consists of a complex of grasslands and low-lying drainages
on alluvial fans and marine terraces west of the city of Watsonville in
Santa Cruz County. The northern and eastern boundaries reach toward the
Corralitos Creek drainage except where it runs up against existing
development. The southeastern and southern boundary is formed by the
Pajaro River drainage. The western boundary is formed by the Harkins
Slough drainage and then generally follows Buena Vista Drive north
until it intersects with the northern perimeter of the Watsonville
Airport (Airport). This unit excludes paved areas of the Airport, but
includes the unpaved portions surrounding the runways. This
approximately 662 ha (1,634 ac) unit is partly owned by the City of
Watsonville (the Airport) (approximately 135 ha (330 ac)); a small
portion is under easement to the California Department of
Transportation (approximately 8 ha (20 ac)); a portion is designated as
a Reserve by the CDFG (approximately 16 ha (40 ac)); and the remaining
portion is privately owned (approximately 504 ha (1,245 ac)). This unit
overlaps in part with an area that is targeted for regional
conservation planning by the CDFG. Through its Conceptual Area
Protection Plan process, CDFG, along with other Federal, State, and
local agencies and organizations, are is identifying opportunities to
preserve sensitive species and habitats, including the Harkins Slough
and Watsonville Slough wetlands and adjacent habitats (J. DeWald, in
litt. 2001). This unit is important because it currently supports
multiple populations of H. macradenia including the populations known
from the Airport, Harkins Slough, Apple Hill, and Bay Breeze; this unit
also supports grassland habitat that is important for the expansion of
existing populations and for maintaining connectivity between the
populations. It is also one of only three areas that support
populations of H. macradenia that are found in the central Monterey Bay
area and in the southern end of the range of the species. Preserving
any genetic variability within the species that has allowed it to adapt
to these slightly different environmental conditions is important for
the long-term survival and conservation of the species.
Unit J: Casserly
Unit J consists of open patches of grassland interspersed with golf
course greens, cattle pastures, croplands, and orchards. This entire
unit of approximately 450 ha (1,110 ac) consists of privately owned
lands. It is the unit for which the least amount of information is
available, particularly with respect to the extent of existing land
uses in the area that support the primary constituent elements. The
Spring Hills population of Holocarpha macradenia occurs within this
unit. The population numbered approximately 4,000 individuals in 1990;
the population was observed in 1995 and 2001, though not counted. The
population was fragmented by development of the Spring Hills Golf
Course, and now consists of five
[[Page 57534]]
separate occurrences. This unit is important because it currently
supports multiple occurrences of H. macradenia that are found in the
Monterey Bay area, including the five populations known from the Spring
Hills Golf Course. This unit also supports grassland habitat that is
important for the expansion of existing populations, and for
maintaining connectivity between these populations. It is one of only
three areas that support populations of H. macradenia that are found in
the central Monterey Bay area and in the southern end of the range of
the species as well as the most inland distribution of the species.
Preserving genetic variability within the species that has allowed it
to adapt to these slightly different environmental conditions would be
important for the long-term survival and conservation of the species.
Unit K: Elkhorn
Unit K consists of sloping terrain on the edges of a coastal
terrace, just south of the Pajaro River in northern Monterey County.
The population of Holocarpha macradenia that is found here is unusual
in that it occurs on a canyon bottom; it is also the only population
that occurs primarily on the Santa Ynez soil series. This unit of
approximately 6970 ha (170 ac) is privately owned by the Elkhorn Slough
Foundation (Foundation). The CDFG holds a conservation easement on an
approximately 16 ha (40 ac) parcel that overlaps in part with this
unit; the Foundation is managing the parcel for its biological values.
Multiple Federal, State, and local government and private agencies have
recently developed a conservation plan for the Elkhorn Slough
watershed; this critical habitat unit is within the 18,210 ha (45,000
ac) area on which the conservation plan focuses (Scharffenberger 1999).
In 1993, the population at this site comprised approximately 3,200
individuals (CNDDB 2001). This unit is important because it currently
supports a population of H. macradenia and because it is one of only
three areas that support populations of H. macradenia that are found on
the central Monterey Bay area and in the southern end of the range of
the species. Also, this is the only populations that occurs primarily
on the Santa Ynez soil series. Preserving any genetic variability
within the species that has allowed it to adapt to these slightly
different environmental conditions is important for the long-term
survival and conservation of the species. In addition to the current
population, this unit comprises grassland habitat that is important for
the expansion of the population.
The approximate areas of proposed critical habitat by land
ownership are shown in Table 1. Lands proposed are under private,
county, State, and Federal jurisdiction.
Table 1.--Approximate Areas, Given in Hectares (ha) and Acres (ac)\1\ of Proposed Critical Habitat for
Holocarpha Macradenia by Land Ownership
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name State Private County/City Federal Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. Mezue.................................. 0 ha 0 ha 61 ha 0 ha 61 ha
(0 ac) (0 ac) (150 ac) (0 ac) (150 ac)
B. Graham Hill............................ 0 ha 14 ha 0 ha 0 ha 14 ha
(0 ac) (35 ac) (0 ac) (0 ac) (35 ac)
C. De Laveaga............................. 3 ha 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha 3 ha
(7 ac) (0 ac) (0 ac) (0 ac) (7 ac)
D. Arana Gulch............................ 0 ha 0 ha 26 ha 0 ha 26 ha
(0 ac) (0 ac) (65 ac) (0 ac) (65 ac)
E. Twin Lakes............................. 10 ha 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha 10 ha
(26 ac) (0 ac) (0 ac) (0 ac) (26 ac)
F. Rodeo Gulch............................ 0 ha 11 ha 0 ha 0 ha 11 ha
(0 ac) (27 ac) (0 ac) (0 ac) (27 ac)
G. Soquel................................. 0 ha 18 ha 22 ha 0 ha 40 ha
(0 ac) (45 ac) (55 ac) (0 ac) (100 ac)
H. Porter Gulch........................... 0 ha 14 ha 0 ha 0 ha 14 ha
(0 ac) (35 ac) (0 ac) (0 ac) (35 ac)
I. Watsonville............................ 24 ha 504 ha 134 ha 0 ha 662 ha
(60 ac) (1,245 ac) (330 ac) (0 ac) (1,635 ac)
J. Casserly............................... 0 ha 450 ha 0 ha 0 ha 450 ha
(0 ac) (1,110 ac) (0 ac) (0 ac) (1,110 ac)
K. Elkhorn................................ 0 ha 69 ha 0 ha 0 ha 69 ha
(0 ac) (170 ac) (0 ac) (0 ac) (170 ac)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................... 37 ha 1,081 ha 243 ha 0 ha 1,360 ha
(93 ac) (2,667 ac) (600 ac) (0 ac) (3,360 ac)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Approximate acres from GIS map data have been converted to hectares (1 ha = 2.47 ac). Based on the level of
imprecision of mapping, approximate hectares and acres greater than or equal to 30 (³ 30) have been
rounded to the nearest 5; totals are sums of columns and rows.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat with regard to actions carried out, funded, or
authorized by a Federal agency. Section 7 also requires conferences on
Federal actions that are likely to result in the destruction or adverse
modification of proposed critical habitat. In our regulations at 50 CFR
402.02, we define destruction or adverse modification as ``direct or
indirect alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of critical
habitat for both the survival and recovery of a listed species. Such
alterations include, but are not limited to, alterations adversely
modifying any of those physical or biological features that were the
basis for determining the habitat to be critical.'' Aside from the
added protection that may be provided under section 7, the Act does not
provide other forms of protection to lands designated as critical
habitat. Because consultation under section 7 of the Act does not
[[Page 57535]]
apply to activities on private or other non-Federal lands that do not
involve a Federal nexus, critical habitat designation would not afford
any additional protections under the Act against such activities.
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, permit, or carry
out do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent
that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical
habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Individuals,
organizations, States, local governments, and other non-Federal
entities are affected by the designation of critical habitat only if
their actions occur on Federal lands, require a Federal permit,
license, or other authorization, or involve Federal funding.
Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is
proposed or listed as endangered or threatened, and with respect to its
critical habitat, if any is designated or proposed. Regulations
implementing this interagency cooperation provision of the Act are
codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires
Federal agencies to confer with us on any action that is likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of a proposed species or result in
destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical habitat.
Conference reports provide conservation recommendations to assist
Federal agencies in eliminating conflicts that may be caused by their
proposed action(s). The conservation measures in a conference report
are advisory. If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated,
section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that
actions they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize
the continued existence of such a species or to destroy or adversely
modify its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed
species or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action
agency) must enter into consultation with us. Through this consultation
we would ensure that the permitted actions do not destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat.
When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat, we also provide reasonable and prudent alternatives to the
project, if any are identifiable. Reasonable and prudent alternatives
are defined at 50 CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during
consultation that can be implemented in a manner consistent with the
intended purpose of the action, that are consistent with the scope of
the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are
economically and technologically feasible, and that the Director
believes would avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat. Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight
project modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the
project. Costs associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent
alternative are similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where critical
habitat is subsequently designated and the Federal agency has retained
discretionary involvement or control over the action or such
discretionary involvement or control is authorized by law.
Consequently, some Federal agencies may request reinitiation of
consultation or conference with us on actions for which formal
consultation has been completed, if those actions may affect designated
critical habitat, or adversely modify or destroy proposed critical
habitat.
We may issue a formal conference report if requested by a Federal
agency. Formal conference reports on proposed critical habitat contain
an opinion that is prepared according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if critical
habitat were designated. We may adopt the formal conference report as
the biological opinion when the critical habitat is designated, if no
substantial new information or changes in the action alter the content
of the opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)).
Activities on private, State, county, or lands under local
jurisdictions requiring a permit from a Federal agency, such as a
permit from the Corps under section 404 of the Clean Water Act, a
section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from the Service, or some other Federal
action, including funding (e.g., National Guard Bureau or FAA funding),
will continue to be subject to the section 7 consultation process.
Federal actions not affecting listed species or critical habitat and
actions on non-Federal and private lands that are not federally funded,
authorized, or permitted do not require section 7 consultation.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to evaluate briefly and
describe in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat those activities involving a Federal action that may adversely
modify such habitat or that may be affected by such designation.
Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat
include those that appreciably reduce the value of critical habitat for
both the survival and recovery of Holocarpha macradenia. Within
critical habitat, this pertains only to those areas containing the
primary constituent elements. We note that such activities may also
jeopardize the continued existence of the species.
To properly portray the effects of critical habitat designation, we
must first compare the section 7 requirements for actions that may
affect critical habitat with the requirements for actions that may
affect a listed species. Section 7 prohibits actions funded,
authorized, or carried out by Federal agencies from jeopardizing the
continued existence of a listed species or destroying or adversely
modifying the listed species' critical habitat. Actions likely to
``jeopardize the continued existence'' of a species are those that
would appreciably reduce the likelihood of the species' survival and
recovery. Actions likely to ``destroy or adversely modify'' critical
habitat are those that would appreciably reduce the value of critical
habitat for the survival and recovery of the listed species.
Common to both definitions is an appreciable detrimental effect on
both survival and recovery of a listed species. Given the similarity of
these definitions, actions likely to destroy or adversely modify
critical habitat would almost always result in jeopardy to the species
concerned, particularly when the species is present in the area of the
proposed action. When the species is present in an area, designation of
critical habitat for Holocarpha macradenia is not likely to result in
regulatory requirements above those already in place due to the
presence of the listed species. When the species is not present in an
area, designation of critical habitat for Holocarpha macradenia may
result in an additional regulatory burden when a federal nexus exists.
Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency, may directly or indirectly destroy or adversely modify
critical habitat for Holocarpha macradenia include, but are not limited
to:
(1) Activities that alter watershed characteristics in ways that
would appreciably alter or reduce the quality or quantity of surface
and subsurface flow of water needed to maintain the coastal terrace
prairie habitat. Such activities adverse to Holocarpha macradenia could
include, but are not limited to, maintaining an unnatural fire regime
either through fire suppression or prescribed fires that are too
frequent or poorly-timed; residential and
[[Page 57536]]
commercial development, including road building and golf course
installations; agricultural activities, including orchardry,
viticulture, row crops, and livestock grazing; and vegetation
manipulation such as harvesting firewood in the watershed upslope from
H. macradenia;
(2) Activities that appreciably degrade or destroy coastal terrace
prairie habitat, including but not limited to livestock grazing,
clearing, discing, introducing or encouraging the spread of nonnative
species, and heavy recreational use. As noted earlier in the rule, some
form of grazing may be helpful if it maintains open habitat and
decreases competition from other species.
Designation of critical habitat could affect the following agencies
and/or actions: development on private lands requiring permits from
Federal agencies, such as 404 permits from the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers or permits from other Federal agencies such as Housing and
Urban Development, California Army National Guard activities funded by
the National Guard Bureau on their lands or lands under their
jurisdiction, activities of the Federal Aviation Authority on their
lands or lands under their jurisdiction, the release or authorization
of release of biological control agents by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, regulation of activities affecting point source pollution
discharges into waters of the United States by the Environmental
Protection Agency under section 402 of the Clean Water Act,
construction of communication sites licensed by the Federal
Communications Commission, watershed management activities of the
Natural Resource Conservation Service, and authorization of Federal
grants or loans. Where federally listed wildlife species occur on
private lands proposed for development, any habitat conservation plans
submitted by the applicant to secure a permit to take according to
section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Act would be subject to the section 7
consultation process. Several other species that are listed under the
Act occur in the same general areas as Holocarpha macradenia. Ohlone
tiger beetle (Ohlone cicendela) also occurs in grassland habitats, and
is in close proximity to H. macradenia in the Rodeo Gulch unit. Two
amphibious species, the California red-legged frog (Rana aurora
draytonii) and the Santa Cruz long-toed salamander (Ambystoma
macrodactylum croceum) occur in wetlands and adjacent uplands in the
Watsonville unit. The Alameda whipsnake (Masticophis lateralis
euryxanthus) occurs within the Mezue unit in Contra Costa County.
If you have questions regarding whether specific activities will
likely constitute adverse modification of critical habitat, contact the
Field Supervisor, Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES
section). Requests for copies of the regulations on listed wildlife and
inquiries about prohibitions and permits may be addressed to the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland Regional Office, 911 NE 11th
Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-4181 (503/231-6131, FAX 503/231-6243).
Relationship to Habitat Conservation Plans and Other Planning
Efforts
Currently, no habitat conservation plans (HCPs) exist that include
Holocarpha macradenia as a covered species. In the event that future
HCPs covering H. macradenia are developed within the boundaries of the
designated critical habitat, we will work with applicants to ensure
that the HCPs provide for protection and management of habitat areas
essential for the conservation of this species. This will be
accomplished by either directing development and habitat modification
to nonessential areas, or appropriately modifying activities within
essential habitat areas so that such activities will not adversely
modify the primary constituent elements. The HCP development process
would provide an opportunity for more intensive data collection and
analysis regarding the use of particular habitat areas by H.
macradenia. The process would also enable us to conduct detailed
evaluations of the importance of such lands to the long-term survival
of the species in the context of constructing a biologically configured
system of interlinked habitat blocks. We will also provide technical
assistance and work closely with applicants throughout the development
of any future HCPs to identify lands essential for the long-term
conservation of H. macradenia and appropriate management for those
lands. The take minimization and mitigation measures provided under
such HCPs would be expected to protect the essential habitat lands
proposed as critical habitat in this rule.
Economic Analysis
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us to designate critical
habitat on the basis of the best scientific and commercial information
available and to consider the economic and other relevant impacts of
designating a particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas
from critical habitat upon a determination that the benefits of such
exclusions outweigh the benefits of specifying such areas as critical
habitat. We cannot exclude such areas from critical habitat when such
exclusion will result in the extinction of the species. We will conduct
an analysis of the economic impacts of designating these areas as
critical habitat prior to a final determination. When completed, we
will announce the availability of the draft economic analysis with a
notice in the Federal Register, and we will open a 30-day public
comment period on the draft economic analysis and proposed rule at that
time.
Public Comments Solicited
We intend that any final action resulting from this proposal will
be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we solicit
comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental
agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested
party concerning this proposed rule. We particularly seek comments
concerning:
(1) The reasons why any habitat should or should not be determined
to be critical habitat as provided by section 4 of the Act, including
whether the benefit of designation will outweigh any threats to the
species due to designation;
(2) Specific information on the amount and distribution of
Holocarpha macradenia habitat, and what habitat is essential to the
conservation of the species and why;
(3) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat;
(4) Any foreseeable economic or other impacts resulting from the
proposed designation of critical habitat, in particular, any impacts on
small entities or families;
(5) Economic and other values associated with designating critical
habitat for Holocarpha macradenia such as those derived from non-
consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, bird-watching, enhanced
watershed protection, improved air quality, increased soil retention,
``existence values'', and reductions in administrative costs); and
(6) Whether our approach to critical habitat designation could be
improved or modified in any way to provide for greater public
participation and understanding, or to assist us in accommodating
public concern and comments.
If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials
concerning this proposal by any one of several methods: (1) You may
submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor at the
address
[[Page 57537]]
provided in the ADDRESSES section above; (2) You may also comment via
the electronic mail (e-mail) to fw1sctarplant@r1.fws.gov. Please submit
e-mail comments as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters
and any form of encryption. Please also include ``Attn: [1018-AG73]
and
your name and return address in your e-mail message.'' If you do not
receive a confirmation from the system that we have received your e-
mail message, contact us directly by calling our Ventura Fish and
Wildlife Office at phone number 805/644-1766. Please note that the
Internet address ``fw1sctarplant@r1.fws.gov'' will be closed out at the
termination of the public comment period; and (3) You may hand-deliver
comments to our Ventura office at 2493 Portola Road, Suite B, Ventura,
CA.
Our practice is to make comments, including names and home
addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular
business hours. Individual respondents may request that we withhold
their home address from the rulemaking record, which we will honor to
the extent allowable by law. In some circumstances, we would withhold
from the rulemaking record a respondent's identity, as allowable by
law. If you wish us to withhold your name and/or address, you must
state this prominently at the beginning of your comment. However, we
will not consider anonymous comments. To the extent consistent with
applicable law, we will make all submissions from organizations or
businesses, and from individuals identifying themselves as
representatives or officials of organizations or businesses, available
for public inspection in their entirety. Comments and materials
received will be available for public inspection, by appointment,
during normal business hours at the above address.
Peer Review
In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34270), we will solicit the expert opinions of three appropriate and
independent specialists regarding this proposed rule. The purpose of
such review is to ensure listing decisions are based on scientifically
sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We will send these peer
reviewers copies of this proposed rule immediately following
publication in the Federal Register. We will invite these peer
reviewers to comment, during the public comment period, on the specific
assumptions and conclusions regarding the proposed listing and
designation of critical habitat.
We will consider all comments and information received during the
60-day comment period on this proposed rule during preparation of a
final rulemaking. Accordingly, the final determination may differ from
this proposal.
Public Hearings
The Act provides for one or more public hearing on this proposal,
if requested. Requests for public hearings must be made within 45 days
of the date of publication of this proposal within the Federal
Register. We will schedule public hearings on this proposal, if any are
requested, and announce the dates, times, and places of those hearings
in the Federal Register and local newspapers at least 15 days prior to
the first hearing.
Clarity of the Rule
Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations and
notices that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to
make this proposed rule easier to understand, including answers to
questions such as the following: (1) Are the requirements in the
proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Does the proposed rule contain
technical jargon that interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the format
of the proposed rule (grouping and order of the sections, use of
headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its clarity? (4) Is the
description of the proposed rule in the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
section of the preamble helpful in understanding the proposed rule?
What else could we do to make this proposed rule easier to understand?
Send a copy of any comments that concern how we could make this
rule easier to understand to the office identified in the ADDRESSES
section at the beginning of this document.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
In accordance with Executive Order (EO) 12866, this document is a
significant rule and was reviewed by the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB) in accordance with the four criteria discussed below.
(a) In the economic analysis, we will determine whether this rule
will have an annual economic effect of $100 million or more or
adversely affect an economic sector, productivity, jobs, the
environment, or other units of government.
Holocarpha macradenia was listed as endangered on March 20, 2000.
Since that time we have conducted, and will continue to conduct, formal
and informal section 7 consultations with other Federal agencies to
ensure that their actions will not jeopardize the continued existence
of H. macradenia. Under the Act, critical habitat may not be adversely
modified by a Federal agency action; critical habitat does not impose
any restrictions on non-Federal persons unless they are conducting
activities funded or otherwise sponsored or permitted by a Federal
agency (see Table 2). Section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to
ensure that they do not jeopardize the continued existence of the
species. Based on our experience with the species and its needs, in
areas where the species is present any Federal action or authorized
action that could potentially cause an adverse modification of the
proposed critical habitat would also likely be considered as jeopardy
to the species under the Act.
Accordingly, in areas where the species is present, we do not
expect the designation of critical habitat to have any incremental
impacts on what actions may or may not be conducted by Federal agencies
or non-Federal persons that receive Federal authorization or funding.
The designation of areas as critical habitat where section 7
consultations would not have occurred but for the critical habitat
designation, may have impacts on what actions may or may not be
conducted by Federal agencies or non-Federal persons who receive
Federal authorization or funding that are not attributable to the
species listing. We will evaluate any impact through our economic
analysis (under section 4 of the Act: see Economic Analysis section of
this rule) Non-federal persons who do not have a Federal sponsorship of
their actions are not restricted by the designation of critical
habitat.
(b) This rule is not expected to create inconsistencies with other
agencies' actions. As discussed above, Federal agencies have been
required to ensure that their actions do not jeopardize the continued
existence of Holocarpha macradenia since its listing in 2000. The
prohibition against adverse modification of critical habitat is
expected to impose few, if any, additional restrictions to those that
currently exist when the species is present. We will evaluate any
impact of designating areas where Section 7 consultations would not
have occurred but for the critical habitat designation through our
economic analysis. Because of the potential impacts on other Federal
agency activities, will continue to review this proposed action for any
inconsistencies with other Federal agency actions.
[[Page 57538]]
(c) This proposed rule, if made final, is not expected to
significantly impact entitlements, grants, user fees, loan programs, or
the rights and obligations of their recipients. Federal agencies are
currently required to ensure that their activities do not jeopardize
the continued existence of the species, and, as discussed above, we do
not anticipate that the adverse modification prohibition resulting from
critical habitat designation will have any incremental effects in areas
where the species is present on any Federal entitlement, grant, or loan
programs. We will evaluate any impact of designating areas where
Section 7 consultations would not have occurred but for the critical
habitat designation through our economic analysis.
(d) OMB has determined that this rule may raise novel legal or
policy issues and, as a result, this rule has undergone OMB review.
Table 2.--Impacts of Holocarpha Macradenia Listing and Critical Habitat Designation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional activities
Activities potentially affected by species potentially affected by
Categories of activities listing only critical habitat
designation \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Activities Potentially Activities conducted by the Army Corps of Activities by these
Affected \2\. Engineers, the National Guard Bureau, the Federal Agencies in
Federal Aviation Authority, the Natural designated areas where
Resource Conservation Service, the Department section 7 consultations
of Housing and Urban Development, and any would not have occurred
other Federal Agencies, including but are not but for the critical
limited to (1) altering watershed habitat designation.
characteristics in ways that would appreciably
alter or reduce the quality or quantity of
surface and subsurface flow of water need to
maintain the coastal terrace prairie habitat,
thus adversely affecting the species and (2)
appreciably degrade or destroy coastal terrace
prairie habitat.
Private or other non-Federal Activities that require a Federal action Funding, authorization, or
Activities Potentially Affected (permit, authorization, or funding) and may permitting actions by
\3\. remove or destroy habitat for Holocarpha Federal Agencies in
macradenia by mechanical, chemical, or other designated areas where
means or appreciably decrease habitat value or section 7 consultations
quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge would not have occurred
effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals, but for the critical
fragmentation of habitat). habitat designation.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to
those activities potentially affected by listing the species.
\2\ Activities initiated by a Federal agency.
\3\ Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or
funding.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Act (SBREFA) of
1996), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking
for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for
public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the
effects of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small
organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the Regulatory
Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide a statement of
the factual basis for certifying that rule will not have a significant
economic effect on a substantial number of small entities. SBREFA also
amended the RFA to require a certification statement. In today's rule,
we are certifying that the rule will not have a significant effect on a
substantial number of small entities. The following discussion explains
our rationale.
Small entities include small organizations, such as independent
non-profit organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions,
including school boards and city and town governments that serve fewer
than 50,000 residents, as well as small businesses. Small businesses
include manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500
employees, wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees,
retail and service businesses with less than $5 million in annual
sales, general and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5
million in annual business, special trade contractors doing less than
$11.5 million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with
annual sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic
impacts to these small entities are significant, we consider the types
of activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under this rule as
well as the types of project modifications that may result. In general,
the term significant economic impact is meant to apply to a typical
small business firm's business operations.
To determine if the rule would affect a substantial number of small
entities, we consider the number of small entities affected within
particular types of economic activities (e.g., housing development,
grazing, oil and gas production, timber harvesting, etc.). We apply the
``substantial number'' test individually to each industry to determine
if certification is appropriate. In some circumstances, especially with
proposed critical habitat designations of very limited extent, we may
aggregate across all industries and consider whether the total number
of small entities affected is substantial. In estimating the numbers of
small entities potentially affected, we also consider whether their
activities have any Federal involvement; some kinds of activities are
unlikely to have any Federal involvement and so will not be affected by
critical habitat designation.
Designation of critical habitat only affects activities conducted,
funded, or permitted by Federal agencies; non-Federal activities are
not affected by the designation. In areas where the species is present,
Federal agencies are already required to consult with us under section
7 of the Act on activities that they fund, permit, or implement that
may affect Holocarpha macradenia. If this critical habitat designation
is finalized, Federal agencies must also consult with us if their
activities may affect designated critical habitat. However, we do not
believe this will result in any additional regulatory burden on Federal
agencies or their applicants because consultation would already be
required due to the presence of the listed species, and the duty to
[[Page 57539]]
avoid adverse modification of critical habitat would not trigger
additional regulatory impacts beyond the duty to avoid jeopardizing the
species.
Even if the duty to avoid adverse modification does not trigger
additional regulatory impacts in areas where the species is present,
designation of critical habitat could result in an additional economic
burden on small entities due to the requirement to reinitiate
consultation for ongoing Federal activities. However, we have only
completed a single informal conference on Holocarpha macradenia since
it was proposed for listing. Since it was determined that the project
is not likely to adversely affect H. macradenia, we did not need to
convert the informal conference to a biological opinion. As a result,
the requirement to reinitiate consultation for ongoing projects will
not affect a substantial number of small entities.
When the species is clearly not present, designation of critical
habitat could trigger additional review of Federal activities under
section 7 of the Act. Because Holocarpha macradenia has been listed
only a relatively short time and there have been few activities with
Federal involvement in these areas during this time, there is not a
detailed history of consultations based on the listed of this species.
As mentioned above, we have conducted only a single, informal
conference, and no formal consultations at all. As a result, we can not
easily identify future consultations that may be due to the listing of
the species or the increment of additional consultations that may be
required by this critical habitat designation. Therefore, for the
purposes of this review and certification under the Regulatory
Flexibility Act, we are assuming that any future consultations in the
area proposed as critical habitat will be due to the critical habitat
designation.
Outside the existing developed areas, the projected land uses for
the majority of the proposed critical habitat consist of recreation,
military storage, housing development, agriculture, cattle grazing,
conservation lands for natural resource values, and possible airport
expansion. Of the 11 critical habitat units identified in this proposed
rule, 9 consist of fewer than 10 parcels each, and 6 of these are only
3 parcels or fewer. Future development is not likely in six of these
nine units because they are primarily park lands or lands dedicated to
conservation. Future development has already been permitted in the
remaining three of these nine units; in these cases, we are
coordinating with the appropriate State, County, and City agencies. We
do not anticipate that this designation of critical habitat, if
finalized, will result in any additional regulatory impacts on
development projects already permitted in these units, and we are not
aware of any Federal activities in these units that would require
consultation or reinitiation of already-completed consultations for
ongoing projects. As these three units are small (35 acres or less), it
is unlikely that additional development beyond that already permitted
could occur here.
The two remaining units are significantly larger in acreage and
therefore encompass a more diverse array of possible future land uses.
At the current time, the 1,110-acre Casserly unit consists of lands
primarily designated for non-commercial agriculture, and includes hobby
farms, rural residences, cattle grazing, and small animal husbandry. It
also includes two golf courses. Lands within this unit may be developed
in the future, although we are not aware of any plans for development
at this time. The 1,635-acre Watsonville unit primarily consists of
lands zoned for commercial agriculture, including row crops as well as
cattle grazing. The remaining portion of the unit is within the city
limits of the City of Watsonville. We are aware of several possible
future projects in this unit, including airport expansion, a high
school development, FHWA highway projects (such as rebuilding bridges
or widening freeways), and housing development. Future development
projects in this area will also be affected by coastal zone permitting
and other State and local planning and zoning requirements.
Several of these projects may have Federal involvement; including
the airport expansion that is being funded and permitted by the FAA; a
high school development that may recommend section 404 authorizations
from the ACOE and an incidental take permit, pursuant to section
10(a)(1)(B) of the Act, from the Service; housing developments that may
require 404 authorizations; and watershed and restoration management
projects sponsored by NRCS. The requirement in section 7(a)(2) to avoid
jeopardizing listed species and destroying or adversely modifying
designated critical habitat may result in Federal agencies requiring
certain modifications to proposed projects.
In general, two different mechanisms in section 7 consultations
could lead to additional regulatory requirements. First, if we
conclude, in a biological opinion, that a proposed action is likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of a species or adversely modify its
critical habitat, we can offer ``reasonable and prudent alternatives.''
Reasonable and prudent alternatives are alternative actions that can be
implemented in a manner consistent with the scope of the Federal
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are economically and
technologically feasible, and that would avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of listed species or resulting in adverse
modification of critical habitat. A Federal agency and an applicant may
elect to implement a reasonable and prudent alternative associated with
a biological opinion that has found jeopardy or adverse modification of
critical habitat. An agency or applicant could alternatively choose to
seek an exemption from the requirements of the Act or proceed without
implementing the reasonable and prudent alternative. However, unless an
exemption were obtained, the Federal agency or applicant would be at
risk of violating section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to proceed
without implementing the reasonable and prudent alternatives. Secondly,
if we find that a proposed action is not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of a listed animal species, we may identify
reasonable and prudent measures designed to minimize the amount or
extent of take and require the Federal agency or applicant to implement
such measures through non-discretionary terms and conditions. However,
the Act does not prohibit the take of listed plant species or require
terms and conditions to minimize adverse effects to critical habitat.
We may also identify discretionary conservation recommendations
designed to minimize or avoid the adverse effects of a proposed action
on listed species or critical habitat, help implement recovery plans,
or to develop information that could contribute to the recovery of the
species.
Based on our experience with section 7 consultations for all listed
species, virtually all projects-including those that, in their initial
proposed form, would result in jeopardy or adverse modification
determinations in section 7 consultations-can be implemented
successfully with, at most, the adoption of reasonable and prudent
alternatives. These measures, by definition, must be economically
feasible and within the scope of authority of the Federal agency
involved in the consultation. As we have a very limited consultation
history for Holocarpha macradenia, we can only describe the general
kinds of actions that may be identified in future reasonable and
prudent alternatives. These are based on our understanding of
[[Page 57540]]
the needs of the species and the threats it faces, especially as
described in the final listing rule and in this proposed critical
habitat designation, as well as our experience with similar listed
plants in California. In addition, the State of California listed
Holocarpha macradenia as an endangered species under the California
Endangered Species Act in 1979, and we have also considered the kinds
of actions required through State consultations for this species. The
kinds of actions that may be included in future reasonable and prudent
alternatives include conservation set-asides, management of competing
non-native species, restoration of degraded habitat, construction of
protective fencing, and regular monitoring. These measures are not
likely to result in a significant economic impact to project
proponents.
As required under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we will conduct an
analysis of the potential economic impacts of this proposed critical
habitat designation, and will make that analysis available for public
review and comment before finalizing this designation. However, court
deadlines require us to publish this proposed rule before the economic
analysis can be completed. In the absence of this economic analysis, we
have reviewed our previously published analyses of the likely economic
impacts of designating critical habitat for similar plant species found
in similar areas, especially Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii (Scotts
Valley spineflower). Like Holocarpha macradenia, C. robusta var.
hartwegii is a native species restricted to certain specific habitat
types along the central coast of California; the two species face
similar threats, and require similar protective and conservation
measures. Several of the units proposed as critical habitat for C.
robusta var. hartwegii will likely face the same kinds of future land
uses, especially residential development, that may occur in parts of
the area proposed as critical habitat for H. macradenia. Our high-end
estimate of the economic effects of designating one of the units ranged
from $82,500 to $287,500 over ten years.
In summary, we have considered whether this proposed rule would
result in a significant economic effect on a substantial number of
small entities. It would not affect a substantial number of small
entities. The entire designation involves fewer than 180 parcels; many
of these parcels are located in units where likely future land uses are
not expected to result in Federal involvement or section 7
consultations. Six of the 11 critical habitat units consist of park
lands or lands dedicated to conservation, and future development is
already permitted in 3 small units, with additional Federal involvement
unlikely. Even in the other units, Federal involvement-- and thus
section 7 consultations, the only trigger for economic impact under
this rule--would be limited to a subset of the area proposed; land use
in one of these units is largely devoted to non-commercial agriculture,
where there is unlikely to be any Federal involvement. In one unit,
Federal activities could include Corps of Engineers permits, permits we
may issue under section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Act, FAA funding and
permitting of airport improvements, and voluntary watershed management
and restoration projects funded by NRCS. This rule would result in
required project modifications only when proposed Federal activities
would adversely modify critical habitat. While this may occur, it is
not expected frequently enough to affect a substantial number of small
entities. Even when it does occur, we do not expect it to result in a
significant economic impact, as the measures included in reasonable and
prudent alternatives must be economically feasible and consistent with
the proposed action. We anticipate that the kinds of reasonable and
prudent alternatives we would provide can usually be implemented at
very low cost. Therefore, we are certifying that the proposed
designation of critical habitat for Holocarpha macradenia will not have
a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities. An initial regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.
Executive Order 13211
On May 18, 2001, the President issued an Executive Order (E.O.
13211) on regulations that significantly affect energy supply,
distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions.
Although this rule is a significant regulatory action under Executive
Order 12866, it is not expected to significantly affect energy
supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a
significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is
required.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501,
et seq.):
(a) This rule, as proposed, will not ``significantly or uniquely''
affect small governments. A Small Government Agency Plan is not
required. Small governments will be affected only to the extent that
any programs having Federal funds, permits, or other authorization. Any
such activity will require that the Federal agency ensure that the
action will not adversely modify or destroy designated critical
habitat.
(b) This rule, as proposed, will not produce a Federal mandate on
State, local, or tribal governments or the private sector of $100
million or greater in any year; that is, it is not a ``significant
regulatory action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. The
designation of critical habitat imposes no obligations on State or
local governments.
Takings
In accordance with Executive Order 12630, this proposed rule does
not have significant takings implications, and a takings implication
assessment is not required. This rule would not take private property.
As discussed above, the designation of critical habitat affects only
Federal agency actions; it does not provide additional protection for
the species on non-Federal lands or regarding actions that lack any
Federal involvement. Furthermore, the Act provides mechanisms, through
section 7 consultation, to resolve apparent conflicts between proposed
Federal actions, including Federal funding or permitting of actions on
private land, and the conservation of the species, including avoiding
the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat.
The species was listed on March 20, 2000. We fully expect that, through
section 7 consultation, such projects can be implemented consistent
with the conservation of the species; therefore, this rule would not
result in a takings.
Federalism
In accordance with Executive Order 13132, the rule does not have
significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not
required. In keeping with Department of the Interior policy, we
requested information from, and coordinated development of this
critical habitat designation, with appropriate State resource agencies
in California. Where the species is present, the designation of
critical habitat imposes no additional restrictions to those currently
in place, and therefore, has little incremental impact on State and
local governments and their activities. The designations may have some
benefit to these governments in that the areas essential to the
conservation of these species are more clearly defined, and the primary
constituent elements of the habitat necessary to the survival of the
species are identified. While this
[[Page 57541]]
definition and identification does not alter where and what federally
sponsored activities may occur, it may assist these local governments
in long range planning (rather than waiting for case-by-case section 7
consultation to occur).
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the
Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the
judicial system and does meet the requirements of sections 3(a) and
3(b)(2) of the Order. We are proposing to designate critical habitat in
accordance with the provisions of the Endangered Species Act. The rule
uses standard property descriptions and identifies the primary
constituent elements within the designated areas to assist the public
in understanding the habitat needs of Holocarpha macradenia.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain any new collections of information that
require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act. This rule
will not impose recordkeeping or reporting requirements on State or
local governments, individuals, businesses, or organizations. An agency
may not conduct or sponsor and a person is not required to respond to a
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB
control number.
National Environmental Policy Act
We have determined we do not need to prepare an Environmental
Assessment and/or an Environmental Impact Statement as defined by the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 in connection with
regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Endangered Species
Act, as amended. We published a notice outlining our reason for this
determination in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR
49244). This proposed rule does not constitute a major Federal action
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
``Government-to-Government Relations With Native American Tribal
Governments'' (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, and 512 DM 2, we readily
acknowledge our responsibility to communicate meaningfully with
federally recognized Tribes on a Government-to-Government basis. We
have determined that there are no Tribal lands essential for the
conservation of Holocarpha macradenia because they do not support
populations, nor do they provide essential habitat. Therefore, critical
habitat for Holocarpha macradenia has not been designated on Tribal
lands.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited herein, as well as others,
is available upon request from the Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office
(see ADDRESSES section).
Author
The author of this proposed rule is Constance Rutherford (see
ADDRESSES section).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, and Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500, unless otherwise noted.
2. In Sec. 17.12(h) revise the entry for Holocarpha macradenia
under ``FLOWERING PLANTS'' to read as follows:
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
---------------------------------------------------------- Historic Range Family Status When Critical Special
Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FLOWERING PLANTS
* * * * * * *
Holocarpha macradenia............. Santa Cruz tarplant.. U.S.A. (CA)......... Asteraceae-Sunflower T 690 17.96(b) NA
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. In Sec. 17.96, as proposed to be amended at 65 FR 66865,
November 7, 2000, add critical habitat for the Santa Cruz tarplant
(Holocarpha macradenia) under paragraph (b) by adding an entry for
Holocarpha macradenia in alphabetical order under Family Asteraceae to
read as follows:
Sec. 17.96 Critical habitat--plants.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
Family Asteraceae: Holocarpha macradenia (Santa Cruz tarplant)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Contra Costa, Santa
Cruz, and Monterey counties, California, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Holocarpha macradenia are the habitat components that provide:
(i) Soils associated with coastal terraces prairies, including the
Watsonville, Tierra, Elkhorn, Santa Inez, and Pinto series.
(ii) Plant communities that support associated species, including
native grasses such as Nassella sp.(needlegrass) and Danthonia
californica (California oatgrass); native herbaceous species such as
members of the genus Hemizonia (other tarplants), Perideridia gairdneri
(Gairdner's yampah), Plagiobothrys diffusus (San Francisco popcorn
flower), and Trifolium buckwestiorum (Santa Cruz clover); and
(iii) Physical processes, particularly soils and hydrologic
processes, that maintain the soil structure and hydrology that produce
the seasonally
[[Page 57542]]
saturated soils characteristic of Holocarpha macradenia habitat.
(3) Critical habitat does not include existing features and
structures, such as buildings, roads, aqueducts, railroads, airport
runways and buildings, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas not containing one or more of the primary constituent
elements.
(4) Critical Habitat Map Units.
(i) Data layers defining map units were created on a base of USGS
7.5' quadrangles obtained from the State of California's Stephen P.
Teale Data Center. Proposed critical habitat units were then mapped
using Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates.
(ii) Map 1--Index map follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED] TP15NO01.006
[[Page 57543]]
(5) Unit A: Mezue, Contra Costa County, California. (i) From USGS
1:24,000 quadrangle map Richmond. Lands bounded by the following UTM
zone 10 NAD83 coordinates (E, N). 562047, 4199460; 562049, 4199550;
562048, 4199580; 562054, 4199610; 562056, 4199670; 562069, 4199730;
562084, 4199760; 562114, 4199790; 562150, 4199790; 562185, 4199800;
562230, 4199800; 562270, 4199800; 562294, 4199800; 562324, 4199800;
562357, 4199820; 562382, 4199840; 562403, 4199860; 562461, 4199870;
562543, 4199840; 562574, 4199820; 562611, 4199790; 562698, 4199720;
562712, 4199700; 562718, 4199690; 562719, 4199680; 562717, 4199670;
562707, 4199640; 562700, 4199620; 562694, 4199600; 562685, 4199580;
562679, 4199550; 562682, 4199490; 562679, 4199440; 562678, 4199390;
562675, 4199340; 562681, 4199300; 562686, 4199190; 562673, 4199160;
562668, 4199110; 562669, 4199070; 562669, 4199000; 562670, 4198970;
562672, 4198950; 562679, 4198910; 562681, 4198870; 562660, 4198860;
562643, 4198840; 562615, 4198840; 562594, 4198820; 562557, 4198800;
562531, 4198790; 562496, 4198780; 562460, 4198790; 562413, 4198780;
562366, 4198800; 562309, 4198810; 562236, 4198870; 562188, 4198890;
562128, 4198910; 562101, 4198940; 562096, 4198950; 562091, 4198960;
562077, 4198960; 562060, 4198960; 562041, 4198970; 562044, 4198990;
562051, 4199030; 562057, 4199060; 562054, 4199070; 562038, 4199090;
562037, 4199110; 562043, 4199130; 562061, 4199170; 562065, 4199190;
562068, 4199230; 562065, 4199250; 562048, 4199280; 562035, 4199310;
562027, 4199340; 562028, 4199370; 562047, 4199460.
(ii) Map 2-Unit A follows:
[[Page 57544]]
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED] TP15NO01.007
[[Page 57545]]
Unit B: Graham Hill, Santa Cruz County, California. (i) From USGS
1:24,000 quadrangle map Felton. Lands bounded by the following UTM zone
10 NAD83 coordinates (E, N). 585905, 4096930; 585915, 4096850; 585930,
4096130; 585912, 4096110; 585868, 4096100; 585833, 4096130; 585817,
4096180; 585819, 4096240; 585840, 4096280; 585850, 4096320; 585837,
4096350; 585810, 4096390; 585749, 4096430; 585731, 4096480; 585728,
4096550; 585726, 4096610; 585724, 4096750; 585723, 4096810; 585714,
4096820; 585739, 4096850; 585791, 4096860; 585839, 4096880; 585905,
4096930.
(ii) Map 3-Unit B follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED] TP15NO01.008
[[Page 57546]]
(7) Unit C: De Laveaga, Santa Cruz County, California. (i) From
USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle map Santa Cruz. Lands bounded by the following
UTM zone 10 NAD83 coordinates (E, N). 588439, 4094810; 588468, 4094810;
588492, 4094800; 588510, 4094780; 588523, 4094760; 588532, 4094740;
588530, 4094710; 588531, 4094670; 588529, 4094630; 588520, 4094580;
588415, 4094570; 588408, 4094600; 588402, 4094620; 588400, 4094640;
588399, 4094660; 588401, 4094690; 588406, 4094720; 588412, 4094740;
588413, 4094770; 588416, 4094780; 588426, 4094800; 588439, 4094810.
(ii) Map 4--Unit C follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED] TP15NO01.009
[[Page 57547]]
(8) Unit D: Arana Gulch, Santa Cruz County, California. From USGS
1:24,000 quadrangle maps Santa Cruz and Soquel. Lands bounded by the
following UTM zone 10 NAD83 coordinates (E, N). 589295, 4093310;
589315, 4093270; 589338, 4093210; 589358, 4093170; 589399, 4093120;
589404, 4093100; 589399, 4093030; 589401, 4092990; 589400, 4092940;
589391, 4092900; 589386, 4092860; 589375, 4092830; 589353, 4092780;
589340, 4092750; 589340, 4092730; 589325, 4092690; 589310, 4092640;
589290, 4092600; 589272, 4092590; 589252, 4092570; 589238, 4092550;
589229, 4092530; 589221, 4092500; 589195, 4092460; 589161, 4092490;
589139, 4092530; 589120, 4092540; 589108, 4092540; 589092, 4092510;
589057, 4092450; 589033, 4092400; 588999, 4092360; 588929, 4092350;
588916, 4092360; 588894, 4092470; 588891, 4092560; 588890, 4092650;
588919, 4092710; 588946, 4092730; 588980, 4092760; 589053, 4092880;
589080, 4092950; 589119, 4093040; 589234, 4093080; 589178, 4093270;
589181, 4093310; 589214, 4093320; 589245, 4093330; 589268, 4093330;
589295, 4093310.
(9) Unit E: Twin Lakes, Santa Cruz County, California. From USGS
1:24,000 quadrangle map Soquel. Lands bounded by the following UTM zone
10 NAD83 coordinates (E, N). 589964, 4091950; 589967, 4091930; 589964,
4091890; 589918, 4091800; 589899, 4091780; 589871, 4091770; 589823,
4091760; 589784, 4091760; 589744, 4091750; 589722, 4091750; 589692,
4091760; 589667, 4091780; 589656, 4091770; 589640, 4091750; 589616,
4091740; 589559, 4091710; 589532, 4091690; 589521, 4091660; 589521,
4091640; 589522, 4091620; 589504, 4091610; 589489, 4091620; 589476,
4091640; 589455, 4091700; 589450, 4091730; 589449, 4091770; 589458,
4091800; 589472, 4091830; 589473, 4091840; 589465, 4091860; 589464,
4091890; 589463, 4091900; 589482, 4091920; 589506, 4091940; 589522,
4091950; 589964, 4091950.
(10) Units D and E map. Map 5--Units D and E follow:
[[Page 57548]]
[GRAPHIC]
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BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 57549]]
(11) Unit F: Rodeo Gulch, Santa Cruz County, California. From USGS
1:24,000 quadrangle map Soquel. Lands bounded by the following UTM zone
10 NAD83 coordinates (E, N). 590971, 4094630; 590995, 4094740; 591007,
4094780; 591037, 4094830; 591069, 4094860; 591095, 4094900; 591125,
4094960; 591182, 4094940; 591196, 4094940; 591199, 4094950; 591207,
4094980; 591216, 4095000; 591225, 4095030; 591220, 4095050; 591225,
4095090; 591232, 4095130; 591241, 4095160; 591252, 4095180; 591265,
4095180; 591291, 4095170; 591321, 4095140; 591353, 4095050; 591393,
4094970; 591301, 4094960; 591293, 4094950; 591299, 4094910; 591300,
4094850; 591293, 4094810; 591275, 4094750; 591252, 4094660; 591224,
4094650; 591185, 4094630; 591097, 4094630; 590971, 4094630.
(12) Unit G: Soquel, Santa Cruz County, California.
(i) Soquel south area. From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle maps Soquel
and Laurel. Lands bounded by the following UTM zone 10 NAD83
coordinates (E, N). 592076, 4095040; 592097, 4094850; 592304, 4094860;
592315, 4094660; 592322, 4094620; 592334, 4094580; 592341, 4094510;
592347, 4094490; 592354, 4094480; 592375, 4094440; 592378, 4094430;
592380, 4094400; 592385, 4094380; 592406, 4094360; 592430, 4094320;
592442, 4094310; 592460, 4094300; 592478, 4094290; 592491, 4094280;
592494, 4094210; 592495, 4094190; 592491, 4094180; 592478, 4094180;
592458, 4094180; 592452, 4094200; 592442, 4094200; 592326, 4094210;
592311, 4094210; 592224, 4094110; 592216, 4094110; 592204, 4094110;
592165, 4094130; 592161, 4094140; 592126, 4094560; 592123, 4094590;
592117, 4094610; 592105, 4094630; 592087, 4094670; 592074, 4094690;
592057, 4094720; 592047, 4094730; 592036, 4094730; 592032, 4094720;
592036, 4094700; 592043, 4094680; 592047, 4094650; 592043, 4094610;
592036, 4094550; 592000, 4094420; 591994, 4094390; 591987, 4094380;
591973, 4094380; 591957, 4094380; 591944, 4094380; 591904, 4094420;
591855, 4094440; 591853, 4094500; 591833, 4094500; 591696, 4094500;
591696, 4094440; 591606, 4094490; 591597, 4094510; 591596, 4094520;
591613, 4094650; 591617, 4094650; 591676, 4094660; 591718, 4094660;
591751, 4094660; 591759, 4094670; 591757, 4094680; 591749, 4094680;
591738, 4094690; 591704, 4094690; 591656, 4094710; 591651, 4094720;
591651, 4094730; 591657, 4094740; 591711, 4094750; 591720, 4094740;
591726, 4094730; 591736, 4094730; 591777, 4094730; 591790, 4094740;
591797, 4094740; 591806, 4094750; 591819, 4094750; 591831, 4094750;
591845, 4094740; 591856, 4094740; 591935, 4094740; 591946, 4094880;
591956, 4094930; 591995, 4095060; 591998, 4095100; 592017, 4095090;
592059, 4095060; 592076, 4095040.
(ii) Soquel north area. From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle maps Soquel
and Laurel. Lands bounded by the following UTM zone 10 NAD83
coordinates (E, N). 592050, 4095340; 592094, 4095290; 592102, 4095240;
592112, 4095200; 592119, 4095200; 592130, 4095200; 592158, 4095210;
592173, 4095220; 592180, 4095230; 592193, 4095270; 592211, 4095320;
592218, 4095330; 592227, 4095330; 592257, 4095330; 592275, 4095330;
592299, 4095330; 592393, 4095340; 592404, 4095330; 592411, 4095220;
592423, 4095180; 592425, 4095140; 592414, 4095130; 592381, 4095120;
592290, 4095120; 592177, 4095120; 592165, 4095120; 592159, 4095120;
592149, 4095110; 592138, 4095100; 592129, 4095090; 592116, 4095090;
592109, 4095100; 592041, 4095190; 592009, 4095220; 591986, 4095240;
591980, 4095270; 591970, 4095360; 591971, 4095360; 591973, 4095370;
591995, 4095390; 592012, 4095400; 592021, 4095410; 592031, 4095400;
592046, 4095390; 592050, 4095340.
(13) Units F and G map. Map 6--Units F and G follows:
[[Page 57550]]
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED] TP15NO01.011
[[Page 57551]]
(14) Unit H: Porter Gulch., Santa Cruz County, California. (i) From
USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle maps Soquel and Laurel. Lands bounded by the
following UTM zone 10 NAD83 coordinates (E, N). 594615, 4095600;
594643, 4095630; 594684, 4095640; 594774, 4095680; 594850, 4095720;
594898, 4095750; 594929, 4095780; 594958, 4095820; 595017, 4095780;
595008, 4095760; 594990, 4095720; 594993, 4095700; 595020, 4095680;
595057, 4095630; 595081, 4095610; 595068, 4095600; 595061, 4095590;
595045, 4095580; 595013, 4095550; 594989, 4095540; 594967, 4095530;
594929, 4095520; 594917, 4095520; 594907, 4095500; 594893, 4095470;
594857, 4095380; 594846, 4095340; 594843, 4095320; 594842, 4095290;
594839, 4095250; 594838, 4095180; 594835, 4095150; 594828, 4095130;
594816, 4095120; 594800, 4095120; 594785, 4095120; 594772, 4095130;
594765, 4095130; 594760, 4095140; 594758, 4095150; 594760, 4095170;
594766, 4095230; 594779, 4095310; 594819, 4095420; 594856, 4095500;
594867, 4095520; 594869, 4095540; 594863, 4095550; 594848, 4095560;
594837, 4095550; 594833, 4095540; 594828, 4095540; 594810, 4095500;
594776, 4095470; 594747, 4095440; 594718, 4095410; 594689, 4095370;
594669, 4095370; 594652, 4095370; 594639, 4095380; 594627, 4095380;
594622, 4095400; 594624, 4095470; 594606, 4095470; 594587, 4095460;
594571, 4095470; 594565, 4095480; 594557, 4095480; 594549, 4095480;
594530, 4095480; 594518, 4095470; 594514, 4095460; 594517, 4095440;
594509, 4095430; 594498, 4095430; 594473, 4095430; 594462, 4095430;
594453, 4095430; 594444, 4095420; 594442, 4095410; 594441, 4095390;
594436, 4095380; 594427, 4095380; 594415, 4095380; 594411, 4095390;
594394, 4095420; 594390, 4095440; 594390, 4095450; 594391, 4095470;
594410, 4095490; 594457, 4095530; 594502, 4095550; 594542, 4095560;
594597, 4095560; 594597, 4095600; 594615, 4095600.
(ii) Map 7--Unit H follows:
[[Page 57552]]
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED] TP15NO01.012
[[Page 57553]]
(15) Unit I: Watsonville, Santa Cruz County, California. (i)
Watsonville north area. From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle map Watsonville
West. Lands bounded by the following UTM zone 10 NAD83 coordinates (E,
N). 606195, 4088630; 606299, 4088730; 606331, 4088750; 606365, 4088760;
606454, 4088750; 606492, 4088750; 606515, 4088750; 606535, 4088760;
606555, 4088800; 606560, 4088840; 606580, 4088880; 606607, 4088890;
606660, 4088900; 606927, 4088910; 606938, 4088530; 606960, 4088530;
606955, 4088360; 606955, 4088220; 606829, 4088080; 606708, 4087920;
606689, 4087970; 606652, 4088040; 606596, 4088110; 606522, 4088170;
606490, 4088210; 606437, 4088250; 606362, 4088300; 606303, 4088340;
606274, 4088370; 606263, 4088390; 606252, 4088430; 606234, 4088450;
606219, 4088480; 606215, 4088520; 606199, 4088590; 606195, 4088630.
(ii) Watsonville Airport area. From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle map
Watsonville West. Lands bounded by the following UTM zone 10 NAD83
coordinates (E, N). 607237, 4088850; 607246, 4088840; 607340, 4088840;
607846, 4088860; 607947, 4089000; 608079, 4089030; 608191, 4088860;
608649, 4088610; 608746, 4088570; 608600, 4088440; 607922, 4088530;
607689, 4088150; 607274, 4087440; 607370, 4087430; 607366, 4087340;
607157, 4087140; 607286, 4087040; 607333, 4087090; 607348, 4087150;
607389, 4087150; 607449, 4087090; 607498, 4087060; 607570, 4087060;
607570, 4086940; 607497, 4086880; 607591, 4086820; 607719, 4086630;
607894, 4086560; 608001, 4086380; 608080, 4086230; 608166, 4086140;
608011, 4086070; 608201, 4085740; 608315, 4085520; 608433, 4085280;
608416, 4085220; 608118, 4084660; 607969, 4084590; 607817, 4084540;
607586, 4084420; 606983, 4083880; 606447, 4084260; 606387, 4084810;
606386, 4084830; 606378, 4084910; 606374, 4084960; 606373, 4084980;
606405, 4085060; 606575, 4085650; 606583, 4085690; 606581, 4085740;
606581, 4085830; 606501, 4086490; 606495, 4086510; 606497, 4086540;
606543, 4086810; 606617, 4087320; 606659, 4087300; 606857, 4087310;
606927, 4087400; 606938, 4087430; 607005, 4087620; 607031, 4087670;
607046, 4087710; 607073, 4087750; 607092, 4087830; 607111, 4087990;
607128, 4088030; 607140, 4088050; 607166, 4088080; 607200, 4088090;
607292, 4088090; 607378, 4088100; 607383, 4088250; 607306, 4088240;
607112, 4088230; 607127, 4088360; 607156, 4088600; 607237, 4088850.
(iii) Watsonville south area. From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle map
Watsonville West. Lands bounded by the following UTM zone 10 NAD83
coordinates (E, N). 609195, 4085690; 609153, 4085610; 609208, 4085430;
609333, 4085390; 609504, 4085250; 609242, 4085080; 609191, 4085230;
609144, 4085260; 609006, 4085250; 609123, 4085020; 608761, 4084800;
608590, 4085160; 608651, 4085380; 608760, 4085450; 608869, 4085480;
608941, 4085530; 608893, 4085610; 608849, 4085700; 608941, 4085900;
609124, 4085870; 609201, 4085790; 609195, 4085690.
(iv) Map 8--Unit I follows:
[[Page 57554]]
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[[Page 57555]]
(16) Unit J: Casserly, Santa Cruz County, California. (i) From USGS
1:24,000 quadrangle maps Loma Prieta, Mt. Madona, Watsonville East, and
Watsonville West. Lands bounded by the following UTM zone 10 NAD83
coordinates (E, N). 610201, 4094760; 610253, 4094770; 610315, 4094760;
610340, 4094730; 610351, 4094720; 610366, 4094730; 610368, 4094750;
610363, 4094780; 610346, 4094860; 610330, 4094910; 610300, 4094980;
610231, 4095070; 610143, 4095150; 610117, 4095190; 610107, 4095220;
610111, 4095230; 610169, 4095280; 610196, 4095290; 610217, 4095330;
610236, 4095340; 610262, 4095340; 610289, 4095330; 610366, 4095260;
610399, 4095240; 610412, 4095240; 610428, 4095240; 610453, 4095240;
610471, 4095210; 610499, 4095190; 610524, 4095200; 610548, 4095210;
610563, 4095200; 610577, 4095170; 610599, 4095160; 610619, 4095170;
610630, 4095180; 610659, 4095190; 610678, 4095200; 610695, 4095220;
610702, 4095240; 610711, 4095250; 610730, 4095240; 610750, 4095240;
610789, 4095230; 610783, 4095210; 610777, 4095180; 610768, 4095150;
610761, 4095120; 610763, 4095090; 610779, 4095070; 610809, 4095070;
610832, 4095070; 610851, 4095080; 610872, 4095070; 610880, 4095050;
610878, 4095010; 610879, 4094990; 610881, 4094980; 610911, 4094930;
610924, 4094910; 610946, 4094890; 610964, 4094890; 610982, 4094890;
611082, 4094950; 611126, 4094960; 611161, 4094970; 611190, 4094970;
611213, 4094950; 611216, 4094930; 611211, 4094870; 611210, 4094830;
611226, 4094710; 611217, 4094510; 611258, 4094460; 611358, 4094440;
611566, 4094440; 611639, 4094440; 611754, 4094460; 611806, 4094450;
611867, 4094430; 612002, 4094360; 612045, 4094320; 612071, 4094280;
612100, 4094230; 612136, 4094160; 612158, 4094130; 612214, 4094100;
612248, 4094090; 612354, 4094010; 612393, 4094000; 612433, 4093990;
612493, 4094000; 612575, 4094010; 612678, 4094000; 612764, 4093980;
612836, 4093950; 612974, 4093850; 613106, 4093720; 613136, 4093690;
613169, 4093670; 613269, 4093640; 613373, 4093620; 613483, 4093620;
613505, 4093590; 613499, 4093570; 613482, 4093550; 613451, 4093520;
613409, 4093480; 613386, 4093440; 613380, 4093410; 613391, 4093380;
613409, 4093380; 613441, 4093380; 613522, 4093420; 613553, 4093430;
613596, 4093430; 613625, 4093410; 613641, 4093360; 613631, 4093320;
613615, 4093290; 613563, 4093250; 613496, 4093210; 613479, 4093190;
613480, 4093170; 613542, 4093120; 613617, 4093090; 613699, 4093090;
613732, 4093080; 613772, 4093050; 613790, 4093020; 613855, 4092900;
613866, 4092870; 613909, 4092860; 613918, 4092810; 613905, 4092770;
613871, 4092710; 613783, 4092690; 613730, 4092670; 613661, 4092630;
613624, 4092650; 613555, 4092700; 613496, 4092640; 613468, 4092650;
613409, 4092710; 613316, 4092620; 613285, 4092580; 613240, 4092560;
613167, 4092570; 613101, 4092530; 613023, 4092520; 612958, 4092450;
612847, 4092450; 612846, 4092620; 612576, 4092620; 612538, 4092680;
612564, 4092770; 612630, 4092830; 612631, 4092890; 612676, 4092950;
612688, 4093020; 612680, 4093040; 612651, 4093040; 612603, 4093000;
612561, 4092980; 612529, 4092970; 612490, 4092980; 612464, 4093000;
612439, 4093000; 612409, 4092950; 612333, 4092870; 612269, 4092760;
612242, 4092710; 612214, 4092690; 612167, 4092710; 612109, 4092760;
612022, 4092810; 612003, 4092850; 612002, 4092880; 612023, 4092900;
612065, 4092900; 612111, 4092920; 612145, 4092970; 612159, 4092990;
612183, 4092990; 612212, 4092980; 612227, 4092960; 612259, 4092950;
612312, 4092970; 612336, 4093010; 612323, 4093080; 612339, 4093130;
612369, 4093180; 612390, 4093200; 612383, 4093220; 612353, 4093240;
612307, 4093250; 612235, 4093250; 612181, 4093280; 612123, 4093320;
612011, 4093360; 612028, 4093410; 612061, 4093490; 612043, 4093600;
612069, 4093670; 611870, 4093750; 611832, 4093680; 611760, 4093640;
611676, 4093620; 611667, 4093570; 611636, 4093530; 611587, 4093520;
611584, 4093430; 611398, 4093410; 611395, 4093160; 611331, 4093110;
611251, 4093060; 610986, 4093130; 610818, 4093180; 610752, 4093240;
610709, 4093270; 610662, 4093270; 610498, 4093240; 610429, 4093250;
610382, 4093310; 610351, 4093370; 610333, 4093410; 610109, 4093470;
610090, 4093520; 610066, 4093570; 610046, 4093640; 610050, 4093710;
610070, 4093790; 610114, 4093830; 610182, 4093840; 610443, 4093800;
610465, 4093800; 610477, 4093820; 610483, 4093860; 610489, 4093950;
610489, 4093980; 610467, 4094020; 610456, 4094100; 610442, 4094120;
610426, 4094130; 610385, 4094150; 610296, 4094180; 610278, 4094190;
610255, 4094210; 610220, 4094250; 610188, 4094290; 610152, 4094330;
610121, 4094380; 610115, 4094410; 610110, 4094460; 610121, 4094590;
610133, 4094680; 610140, 4094710; 610154, 4094730; 610175, 4094750;
610201, 4094760.
(ii) Map 9--Unit J follows:
[[Page 57556]]
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(17) Unit K: Elkhorn, Monterey County, California. (i) From USGS
1:24,000 quadrangle maps Watsonville East and Prunedale. Lands bounded
by the following UTM zone 10 NAD83 coordinates (E, N). 611931, 4081300;
611930, 4081420; 611939, 4081530; 611956, 4081610; 611983, 4081680;
611981, 4081740; 611956, 4081790; 611918, 4081860; 611877, 4081940;
611839, 4082020; 611806, 4082090; 611787, 4082150; 611788, 4082180;
611796, 4082190; 611834, 4082200; 611862, 4082190; 611875, 4082170;
611885, 4082140; 611902, 4082110; 611916, 4082100; 611967, 4082090;
612005, 4082090; 612065, 4082080; 612155, 4082060; 612210, 4082080;
612247, 4082100; 612283, 4082110; 612348, 4082090; 612423, 4082080;
612481, 4082050; 612501, 4082000; 612519, 4081910; 612517, 4081840;
612517, 4081750; 612499, 4081720; 612478, 4081690; 612469, 4081640;
612473, 4081600; 612504, 4081490; 612509, 4081400; 612518, 4081210;
612520, 4081080; 612504, 4081040; 612475, 4081010; 612428, 4080960;
612393, 4080940; 612333, 4080880; 612255, 4080790; 612142, 4080860;
612070, 4080930; 6 12001, 4081020; 611957, 4081120; 611940, 4081200;
611931, 4081300.
(ii) Map 10--Unit K follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED] TP15NO01.015
[[Page 57558]]
* * * * *
Dated: November 2, 2001.
Joseph E. Doddridge,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 01-28040 Filed 11-14-01; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C