Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii

Note: EPA no longer updates this information, but it may be useful as a reference or resource.

[Federal Register: January 28, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 18)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 3939-3988]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr28ja02-19]

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AG71

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised
Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical
Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Revised proposed rule and notice of determinations of whether
designation of critical habitat is prudent.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), originally
determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent, and
proposed designation of critical habitat for 76 plants from the islands
of Kauai and Niihau on November 7, 2000. We incorporate those 76
prudency determinations here. In this proposal we have revised the
proposed designations to incorporate new information, and/or address
comments and new information received during the comment periods.
In the November 7, 2000, proposal we did not propose critical
habitat for three species of loulu palms, Pritchardia aylmer-
robinsonii, P. napaliensis, and P. viscosa. We determined that critical
habitat designation was not prudent because it would likely increase
the threats from vandalism or collection of these species on Kauai and
Niihau, and no change is made to that determination here. We also did
not propose critical habitat for two species, Melicope quadrangularis
and Phyllostegia waimeae, which had not been seen in the wild and for
which no viable genetic material of these species was known to exist.
Due to new information received during the comment periods regarding
the rediscovery of Phyllostegia waimeae on Kauai, we have reconsidered
our earlier finding and determine that critical habitat is prudent for
this species. Designation of critical habitat is proposed for this
species on Kauai. No change is made here to the November 7, 2000, not
prudent determination for Melicope quadrangularis.
In the November 7, 2000, proposal we did not determine prudency nor
propose designation of critical habitat for 14 species that no longer
occur on Kauai and Niihau but are reported from one or more other
islands. We determined that critical habitat was prudent and proposed
designation of critical habitat for nine of these species (Ctenitis
squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus
manni, Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis) in other proposed
rules published on December 18, 2000 (Maui and Kahoolawe), on December
27, 2000 (Lanai), and on December 29, 2000 (Molokai). In this proposal
we incorporate the prudency determinations for these nine species and
propose designation of critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera,
Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus
pennatiformis. Critical habitat is not proposed for Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Phlegmariurus manni, Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o-
wahuensis on the islands of Kauai and Niihau because we are unable to
determine habitat which is essential to their conservation on these
islands. We determined that critical habitat was not prudent for Acaena
exigua, a species known only from Kauai and Maui, in the proposal
published on December 18, 2000 (Maui and Kahoolawe). This species had
not been seen recently in the wild and no viable genetic material was
known to exist. No change is made here to the earlier prudency
determination for this species.
In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for
four other species (Achyranthes mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Phlegmariurus nutans, and Solanum incompletum) for which prudency
determinations have not been made previously, and that no longer occur
on Kauai but are reported from one or more other islands. Critical
habitat is proposed at this time for Phlegmariurus nutans on Kauai
based on new information and information received during the comment
periods on the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not
proposed for Achyranthes mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Solanum
incompletum on the islands of Kauai and Niihau because we are unable to
determine habitat which is essential to their conservation on these
islands.
We are now proposing critical habitat for 83 of the 95 species from
the islands of Kauai and Niihau. Critical habitat is not proposed for
seven of the 95 species (Achyranthes mutica, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus mannii, Silene lanceolata,
Solanum incompletum, and Vigna o-wahuensis) which no longer occur on
the islands of Kauai or Niihau, and for which we are unable to
determine any habitat that is essential to their conservation on the
islands of Kauai or Niihau. Critical habitat is not proposed for three
species of loulu palm, Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis,
and P. viscosa for which we determined, on November 7, 2000, that
critical habitat designation is not prudent because it would likely
increase the threats from vandalism or collection of these species on
Kauai and Niihau, and no change is made to that determination here.
Critical habitat is not proposed for two species, Melicope
quadrangularis and Acaena exigua, for which we determined, on November
7, 2000, and December 18, 2000, respectively, that critical habitat was
not prudent because they had not been seen recently in the wild, and no
viable genetic material of these species was known. No change is made
to that determination here.
We propose critical habitat designations for 83 species within 15
critical habitat units totaling approximately 40,147 hectares (ha)
(99,206 acres (ac)) on the island of Kauai, and within one critical
habitat unit totaling approximately 282 ha (697 ac) on the island of
Niihau.
If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires
Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or
authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the
extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical
habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the
Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of
specifying any particular area as critical habitat.
We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this
proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the
designations. We may revise or further refine critical habitat
boundaries prior to final designation based on habitat and plant
surveys, public comment on the revised proposed critical habitat rule,
and new scientific and commercial information.

DATES: We will accept comments until March 29, 2002. Wewill hold one
public hearing on this proposed rule. The public hearing will be held
from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., Wednesday, February 13, 2002, on the
island of Kauai, Hawaii. Prior to the public hearing, we will be
available from 3:30 to 4:30 p.m. to provide information and to answer
questions. Registration for the hearing will begin at 5:30 p.m.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and
materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:
You may submit written comments and information to the Field
Supervisor,

[[Page 3941]]

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana
Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office
at the address given above.
You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting
documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by
appointment, during normal business hours at the above address. The
public hearing will be held at the Radisson Kauai Beach Resort, 4331
Kauai Beach Drive, Lihue, Kauai. Additional information on this hearing
can be found under ``Public Hearing'' found in the Background section
of this rule.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific
Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone 808/541-3441;
facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12),
there are 95 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported
from the islands of Kauai and Niihau (Table 1).

Table 1.-- Summary of Island Distribution of 95 Species From Kauai and Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Island distribution
Species -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii N.W. Isles, Kahoolawe Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua (liliwai)............... H ............ ............ ............ H
Achyranthes mutica (No Common Name H ............ ............ ............ ............ C
(NCN)).
Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi C H C R H C
fern).
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)......... C C C ............ C
Alsinidendron lychnoides C
(kuawawaenohu).
Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN).......... C
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)............... C C H C C C
Brighamia insignis (olulu)............ C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Ni (C)
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)......... C C C C C
Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN)............ C
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)........... H C C C C H
Cyanea asarifolia (haha).............. C
Cyanea recta (haha)................... C
Cyanea remyi (haha)................... C
Cyanea undulata (NCN)................. C
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)........ C C H H ............ ............ Ni (C)
Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele)......... C
Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale)..... C
Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN).......... C
Delissea rivularis (oha).............. C
Delissea undulata (NCN)............... C ............ ............ ............ H C Ni (H)
Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved C H C H C C
diellia).
Diellia pallida (NCN)................. C
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)........... H H H H C
Dubautia latifolia (naenae)........... C
Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae)........ C
Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko)......... C C
Exocarpos luteolus (heau)............. C
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)...... C C H ............ C C
Gouania meyenii (NCN)................. C C
Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi)............. C H H ............ ............ H
Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach C
hedyotis).
Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN).......... C
Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi)... C
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele). H C H C C C Ka (R)
Hibiscus clayi (Clay's hibiscus)...... C
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (kokio C
keokeo).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum)..... C H C ............ C C
Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka)...... C C
Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka)...... C C
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho ............ H H H H C Ni (H)
kula).
Kokia kauaiensis (kokio).............. C
Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala)........ C
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis C
(kamakahala).
Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe)............. C
Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe)........... C

[[Page 3942]]

Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe)......... C
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)............. C C ............ ............ ............ ............ Ni (H)
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)............ C C
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN).......... H H ............ ............ C H NW (C)
Melicope haupuensis (alani)........... C
Melicope knudsenii (alani)............ C ............ ............ ............ C
Melicope pallida (alani).............. C C
Melicope quadrangularis (alani)....... H
Munroidendron racemosum (NCN)......... C
Myrsine linearifolia (kolea).......... C
Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea).......... C
Panicum niihauense (lau ehu).......... C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Ni (H)
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)........ C C C ............ C
Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole)...... H ............ ............ ............ C C
Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole)...... H C
Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN).......... C
Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN)............ C
Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN)............ C
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)... C C C ............ C H
Platanthera holochila (NCN)........... C H C ............ C
Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass)......... C
Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass). C
Poa siphonoglossa (NCN)............... C
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane) ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Ni (C)
Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu)....... C
Pritchardia viscosa (loulu)........... C
Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu)......... C
Remya kauaiensis (NCN)................ C
Remya montgomeryi (NCN)............... C
Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli)........ C
Schiedea helleri (NCN)................ C
Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN)............. C
Schiedea membranacea (NCN)............ C
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN).............. C C C ............ R
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda C
(NCN).
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina C
(NCN).
Schiedea stellarioides (NCN).......... C
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)............. C C C H C C NW (C), Ka
Silene lanceolata (NCN)............... H C C H ............ C
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai)... H ............ H H H C
Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, C H
popolo).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)......... C C C C C C
Stenogyne campanulata (NCN)........... C
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)............... ............ H C C C C Ni (H), Ka
Viola helenae (NCN)................... C
Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis C
(nani waialeale).
Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau)......... C
Xylosma crenatum (NCN)................ C
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)........... C ............ C H C C
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY:
C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years.
H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years.
R (Reported)--reported from undocumented observations.

Fifty-seven of these species are endemic to the islands of Kauai
and/or Niihau, while 38 species are reported from one or more other
islands, as well as Kauai and/or Niihau.
We originally determined that designation of critical habitat was
prudent, and proposed designation of critical habitat, for 76 plants
from the islands of Kauai and Niihau on November 7, 2000. These species
are: Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron
lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia
insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyanea
asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea
rhytidosperma, Delissea

[[Page 3943]]

rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia,
Dubautia pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-
johnii, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi,
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia
var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta
waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope
haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron
racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum
niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii,
Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Poa
mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis,
Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea
helleri, Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii,
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina,
Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola
kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. No change is made to these prudency
determinations in this revised proposal and they are hereby
incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808). In this proposal we have
revised the proposed designations for the 76 plants based on new
information received during the comment periods. In addition, we
incorporate new information, and/or address comments and new
information received during the comment periods on the November 7,
2000, proposal.
In the November 7, 2000, proposal we did not propose critical
habitat for three species of loulu palm, Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii,
P. napaliensis, and P. viscosa. We determined that critical habitat
designation was not prudent because it would likely increase the
threats from vandalism or collection of these species on Kauai and
Niihau. No change is made to these determinations here and they are
hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808).
In the November 7, 2000, proposal we also determined that critical
habitat was not prudent for Melicope quadrangularis and Phyllostegia
waimeae, two species endemic to Kauai, because they had not been seen
recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of these species
was known to exist. Due to new information received during the comment
periods regarding the rediscovery of Phyllostegia waimeae on Kauai, we
have reconsidered our earlier finding and determine that critical
habitat is prudent for this species because we believe that such
designation would be beneficial to this species. Designation of
critical habitat is proposed for this species on Kauai. No change is
made here to the November 7, 2000, not prudent determination for
Melicope quadrangularis and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65
FR 66808).
In the November 7, 2000, proposal we did not determine prudency nor
propose designation of critical habitat for 14 species that no longer
occur on Kauai and Niihau but are reported from one or more other
islands. We determined that critical habitat was prudent and proposed
designation of critical habitat for nine of these species (Ctenitis
squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus
manni, Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis) in other proposed
rules published on December 18, 2000 (Maui and Kahoolawe), on December
27, 2000 (Lanai), and on December 29, 2000 (Molokai). No change is made
to these prudency determinations for these nine species in this
proposal and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 79192, 65
FR 82086, 65 FR 83158). In this proposal, we propose designation of
critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium
molokaiense, Ischaemum byrone, and Mariscus pennatiformis on the island
of Kauai, based on new information and information received during the
comment periods on the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is
not proposed for Hibiscus brackenridgei, Phlegmariurus manni, Silene
lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis on the islands of Kauai and Niihau
because we are unable to determine habitat which is essential to their
conservation on these islands.
No change is made here to the prudency determination for Acaena
exigua, a species known only from Kauai and Maui, published in the
proposed rule for Maui and Kahoolawe on December 18, 2000, and it is
hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 79192). In that proposal, we
determined that critical habitat was not prudent for Acaena exigua
because it had not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable
genetic material was known to exist.
In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for
four other species (Achyranthes mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Phlegmariurus nutans, Solanum incompletum) for which prudency
determinations have not been made previously, and that no longer occur
on Kauai but are reported from one or more other islands. These four
plants were listed as endangered species under the Endangered Species
Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1996. At the time each
plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat
was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat
to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. We determine that
critical habitat is prudent for these four species because we believe
that such designation would be beneficial to these species. Critical
habitat is proposed at this time for Phlegmariurus nutans on Kauai
based on new information and information received during the comment
periods on the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not
proposed for Achyranthes mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Solanum
incompletum on the islands of Kauai and Niihau because we are unable to
determine habitat which is essential to their conservation on these
islands.
Critical habitat for 83 of the 95 species from the islands of Kauai
and Niihau is proposed at this time. Critical habitat is not proposed
for seven of the 95 species (Achyranthes mutica, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus mannii, Silene
lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and Vigna o-wahuensis) which no longer
occur on the islands of Kauai or Niihau, and for which we are unable to
determine any habitat that is essential to their conservation on the
islands of Kauai or Niihau. However, proposed critical habitat
designations, or non-designations, for these species will be included
in other future Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat proposed
rules (Table 2).

[[Page 3944]]

Table 2.--List of Proposed Rules in Which Critical Habitat Designations
or Non-Designations Will Be Made for Seven Species for Which We Are
Unable To Determine Habitat Essential for Their Conservation on the
Islands of Kauai and Niihau
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed rules in which
Species critical habitat designations
will be made
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Achyranthes mutica..................... Hawaii Island.
Hibiscus brackenridgei................. Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal;
Lanai reproposal; Molokai
reproposal; Hawaii Island;
Oahu.
Isodendrion pyrifolium................. Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal;
Lanai reproposal; Molokai
reproposal; Hawaii Island;
Oahu.
Phlegmariurus mannii................... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal;
Hawaii Island.
Silene lanceolata...................... Molokai reproposal; Lanai
reproposal; Hawaii Island;
Oahu.
Solanum incompletum.................... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal;
Lanai reproposal; Molokai
reproposal; Hawaii Island.
Vigna o-wahuensis...................... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal;
Lanai reproposal; Molokai
reproposal; Hawaii Island;
Oahu.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Critical habitat is not proposed for three species of loulu palm,
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis, and P. viscosa for which
we determined, on November 7, 2000, that critical habitat designation
is not prudent because it would likely increase the threats from
vandalism or collection of these species on Kauai and Niihau. No change
is made to these prudency determinations in this proposal and they are
hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808). Critical habitat is not
proposed for two species, Melicope quadrangularis and Acaena exigua,
for which we determined, on November 7, 2000, and December 18, 2000,
respectively, that critical habitat was not prudent because they had
not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of
these species was known to exist. No change is made to these prudency
determinations here and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65
FR 66808, 65 FR 79192).

The Islands of Kauai and Niihau

Because of its age and relative isolation, Kauai has levels of
floristic diversity and endemism that are higher than on any other
island in the Hawaiian archipelago. However, the vegetation of Kauai
has undergone extreme alterations because of past and present land use.
Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians, and more
recently, converted to agricultural use or pasture (Gagne and Cuddihy
1999). Intentional or inadvertent introduction of non-native plant and
animal species has also contributed to the reduction of native
vegetation on the island of Kauai. Native forests are now limited to
the upper elevation mesic (moist) and wet regions within Kauai's
conservation district. The land that supports the habitat essential to
the conservation of the 83 plant taxa is owned by various private
parties, the State of Hawaii (including State parks, forest reserves,
natural area reserves, and a wilderness area), and the Federal
Government. Most of the taxa included in this proposed rule persist on
steep slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley headwalls, and other regions
where unsuitable topography has prevented agricultural development, or
where inaccessibility has limited encroachment by non-native plant and
animal species.
Niihau's relative isolation and severe environmental conditions
have produced a few endemic species. Unfortunately, human disturbance,
primarily ungulate ranching, has drastically changed the vegetation and
hydrologic parameters of the island, leaving few of the native
vegetation communities. Niihau has been privately owned since 1864 and
access has been, and continues to be, restricted (Department of
Geography 1998). Therefore, current information on plant locations and
population status is extremely limited.

Discussion of Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Kauai and Niihau

Alsinidendron lychnoides (kuawawaenohu)
Alsinidendron lychnoides, a member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub, woody at
the base, with a dense covering of fine glandular hairs throughout.
This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly climbing or sprawling habit, color
of the sepals (modified leaves), number of flowers per cluster, and
size of the leaves. It is closely related to Alsinidendron viscosum,
which differs primarily in having narrower leaves, fewer capsule
valves, and fewer flowers per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species was observed with fruits during February. No
additional life history information for this species is currently known
(Service 1998a).
Historically, Alsinidendron lychnoides was found on the east rim of
Kalalau Valley near Keanapuka, the western and southeastern margins of
the Alakai Swamp, and southwest of the Swamp near Kaholuamano on the
island of Kauai. Currently, there are two populations with a total of
10 individual plants. This species is extant on State-owned land in the
Alakai Swamp, the Mohihi Waialae Trail, Keanapuka and Pihea in the
Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000;
Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000).
Alsinidendron lychnoides typically grows on steep riparian clay or
silty soil banks in montane wet forests dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha (ohia) and Cheirodendron spp. (olapa), or by Metrosideros
polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe), and at elevations
between 828 and 1,344 meters (m) (2,715 and 4,408 feet (ft)).
Associated native plant species include Asplenium spp. (No Common Name
(NCN)), Astelia spp. (painiu), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Carex spp.
(NCN), Cyrtandra spp. (haiwale), Diplazium sandwichianum (hoio),
Elaphoglossum spp. (ekaha), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Machaerina
spp. (uki), Peperomia spp. (ala ala wai nui), or Vaccinium spp. (ohelo)
(61 FR 53070; Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG),
pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition from the
aggressive non-native plant species Rubus argutus (prickly Florida
blackberry); habitat degradation by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); trampling
by humans; risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or hurricanes; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small

[[Page 3945]]

number of extant individuals (61 FR 53070).
Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN)
Alsinidendron viscosum, a member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub densely
covered with fine glandular hairs. This short-lived perennial species
is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the
weakly climbing or sprawling habit, color of the sepals, number of
flowers per cluster, and size of the leaves. It is closely related to
Alsinidendron lychnoides, which differs primarily in having wider
leaves and more capsule valves and flowers per cluster (Wagner et al.
1999).
Alsinidendron viscosum was observed in flower during January,
February, and April 1995. No additional life history information for
this species is currently known (Service 1998a).
Historically, Alsinidendron viscosum was found at Kaholuamano,
Kokee, Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Waialae areas of northwestern Kauai.
Currently, there are a total of five populations containing about 263
individuals on the island of Kauai. These populations are on State-
owned land at the Halemanu Kokee Trail, Mohihi Waialae Trail, Kawaiiki
Valley, Waialae Falls, and Nawaimaka Valley in the Alakai Wilderness
Preserve, Kokee State Park, and the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (61 FR
53070; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Alsinidendron viscosum is typically found at elevations between 754
and 1,224 m (2,474 and 4,016 ft), on steep slopes in Acacia koa (koa)--
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland, montane mesic forest. Associated
native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis (maile), Asplenium
polydon (NCN), Bidens cosmoides (poola nui), Bobea spp. (ahakea), Carex
meyenii (NCN), Carex wahuensis (NCN), Coprosma spp. (pilo), Dryopteris
unidentata (NCN), Dryopteris glabra (hohiu), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii),
Dubautia laevigata (naenae), Dianella sandwicensis (ukiuki), Dryopteris
wallichiana (ionui), Doodia kunthiana (ohupukupulauii), Gahnia spp.
(NCN), Ilex anomala (aiea), Melicope spp. (alani), Panicum
nephelophilum (konakona), Pteridium aquilinum var. decompositum
(bracken fern), Pleomele spp. (hala pepe), Psychotria spp. (kopiko),
Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi), or Vaccinium dentatum (ohelo) (K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are destruction of habitat by
feral pigs and goats (Capra hircus); competition with the non-native
plant species Rubus argutus, Lantana camara (lantana), and Melinis
minutiflora (molasses grass); and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes; and reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations and
individuals (61 FR 53070).

Brighamia insignis (olulu)

Brighamia insignis, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is an unbranched plant with a succulent stem that is
bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a compact
rosette of fleshy leaves. This short-lived perennial species is a
member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species,
B. rockii, presently known only from Molokai, from which it differs by
the color of its petals, its shorter calyx lobes, and its longer flower
stalks (59 FR 9304; Lammers 1999).
Current reproduction is not thought to be sufficient to sustain
populations, with poor seedling establishment due to competition with
non-native grasses as the limiting factor. Pollination by native
sphingid moths (Sphingidae family) is likely; however, pollination
failure is common, due to either a lack of pollinators or a reduction
in genetic variability. The flower structure appears to favor out
crossing (pollination between different parent plants). Some vegetative
cloning has been observed and flower and leaf size appear to be
dependent on moisture availability. Seeds of this species are
undoubtedly dispersed by gravity. Although they may be blown for short
distances, they are not obviously adapted for wind dispersal, being
ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, and lacking any sort of wing or outgrowth
(59 FR 9304; Service 1995).
Historically, Brighamia insignis was known from the headland
between Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along the Na Pali Coast on the
island of Kauai, and from Kaali Spring on the island of Niihau.
Currently, there are a total of four populations containing a total of
about 65 individuals on the islands of Kauai and Niihau. It is reported
on State land (Hono O Na Pali Natural Area Reserve) and privately owned
lands at Hoolulua and Waiahuakua Valleys, Haupu, and Keopaweo, and on
the privately owned island of Niihau (Service 1995; GDSI 2000; HINHP
Database 2000; Steve Perlman, NTBG, pers. comm., 2000).
Brighamia insignis is found at elevations between 0 and 748 m (0
and 2,453 ft) on rocky ledges with little soil or on steep sea cliffs
in lowland dry grasslands or shrublands with annual rainfall that is
usually less than 165 cm (65 in.). Associated native plant species
include Artemisia australis, Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis
variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus kokio ssp.
saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe),
Munroidendron racemosum, or Sida fallax (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
The major threats to this plant are browsing and habitat
degradation by feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the introduced
Carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus); a risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due
to the small number of individuals; restricted distribution; reduced
reproductive vigor; and competition from non-native plant species such
as Melinis minutiflora, Setaria gracilis, Sporobolus africanus
(smutgrass), Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava,
Kalanchoe pinnata, Ageratum conyzioides (maile hohono), or
Stachytarpheta dichotoma (59 FR 9304).

Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN)

Chamaesyce halemanui, a short-lived perennial member of the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is a scandent (climbing) shrub. It is
distinguished from closely related species by its decussate leaves
(arranged in pairs at right angles to the next pair above or below),
persistent stipules (bract-or leaf-like structures), more compact
flower clusters, shorter stems on cyathia, and smaller capsules (57 FR
20580; Koutnik 1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Chamaesyce halemanui. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Chamaesyce halemanui was found in Kauhao and Makaha
Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia
NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee State Park, and Olokele Canyon on
the island of Kauai. Currently, there are a total of six populations,
containing about 143 individuals, in Kuia Valley, Poopooiki Valley,
Kauhao Valley, Kaha Ridge, Awaawapuhi Valley, Waipio Falls, Halemanu,
and Kaluahaulu in the Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, and
Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve on State-owned land (K. Wood, in litt.
1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Chamaesyce halemanui is typically found on the steep slopes of
gulches in mesic Acacia koa forests at elevations

[[Page 3946]]

between 556 and 1,202 m (1,825 and 3,944 ft). Associated native plant
species include Asplenium spp., Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila),
Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Bobea brevipes (ahakea lau lii), Carex
meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), Coprosma
spp., Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus
bifidus (kalia), Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis (kokio),
Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope haupuensis (alani), Microlepia
strigosa (NCN), Panicum nephelophilum, Pisonia spp. (papala kepau),
Pittosporum spp. (hoawa), Pleomele aurea (hala pepe), Psychotria
mariniana (kopiko), Psychotria greenwelliae (kopiko), Pouteria
sandwicensis (alaa), Santalum freycinetianum (iliahi), or Styphelia
tameiameiae (pukiawe) (57 FR 20580; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition from non-native
plants, such as Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava),
and Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine grass); habitat degradation
by feral pigs; restricted distribution; small population size;
increased potential for extinction resulting from naturally occurring
events, such as landslides or hurricanes; and depressed reproductive
vigor (57 FR 20580).

Cyanea asarifolia (haha)

Cyanea asarifolia, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched shrub. This short-lived
perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus that grow
on Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the leaf width in proportion to
the length, and the presence of a leaf stalk (59 FR 9304; Lammers
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea asarifolia.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Cyanea asarifolia was known only from along the bank
of Anahola Stream on Kauai. Currently, one population with
approximately five individuals is reported from the headwaters of the
Wailua River in central Kauai on State-owned land in the Lihue-Koloa
Forest Reserve (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species typically grows in pockets of soil on sheer wet rock
cliffs and waterfalls in lowland wet forests at elevations between 182
and 1,212 m (597 and 3,976 ft). Associated native plant species include
ferns, Bidens spp. (kookoolau), Dubautia plantaginea (naenae), Hedyotis
centranthoides (NCN), Hedyotis elatior (awiwi), Lysimachia filifolia
(kolokolo kuahiwi), Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Metrosideros
polymorpha, or Panicum lineale (NCN) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
The major threats to this species are a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events, such as hurricanes and rock slides, and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing
individuals; predation by introduced slugs and rodents (rats (Rattus
rattus) and mice (Mus musculus)); and habitat degradation by feral pigs
(59 FR 9304).

Cyanea recta (haha)

Cyanea recta, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is
an unbranched shrub with densely hairy flowers. This short-lived
perennial species is distinguished from other species in the genus that
grow on Kauai by the following collective characteristics: horizontal
or ascending inflorescence; narrowly elliptic leaves 12 to 28
centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 11 inches (in.).) long, flat leaf margins; and
purple berries (Lammers 1990).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea recta. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Cyanea recta was found in upper Hanalei Valley,
Waioli Valley, Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, Wainiha Valley,
Makaleha Mountains, Limahuli Valley, Power line Trail, and the Lehua
Makanoe-Alakai area on the island of Kauai. Currently, there is a total
of seven populations, with approximately 609 individuals, on State and
private lands in the following areas: Waioli Valley, the left and right
branches of Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, and Puu Eu, including
areas in Halelea Forest Reserve, Kealia Forest Reserve, and the Lihue-
Koloa Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Cyanea recta grows in lowland wet or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha
forest or shrubland, usually in gulches or on slopes, and typically at
elevations between 234 and 1,406 m (768 and 4,613 ft). Associated
native plant species include Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria spp.,
Antidesma spp. (hame), Cheirodendron platyphyllum (lapalapa), Cibotium
spp. (hapuu), or Diplazium spp. (NCN) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are bark removal and other damage
by rats; habitat degradation by feral pigs; browsing by goats;
unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and competition with the
non-native plant species Blechnum occidentale (blechnum fern), Lantana
camara, Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta (Koster's
curse), Crassocephalum crepidioides (NCN), Deparia petersenii (NCN),
Erechtites valerianifolia (fireweed), Melastoma candidum (NCN),
Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass),
or Youngia japonica (Oriental hawksbeard) (61 FR 53070).
Cyanea remyi (haha)
Cyanea remyi, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is
a shrub with generally unbranched, unarmed (lacking prickles) stems
which are hairy toward the base. This short-lived perennial species is
distinguished from others in the genus that grow on Kauai by its
shrubby habit, relatively slender, unarmed stems, smooth or minutely
toothed leaves, densely hairy flowers, the shape of the calyx (outer
whorl of flower consisting sepals) lobes, length of the calyx and
corolla (part of flower consisting of separate or fused petals), and
length of the corolla lobe relative to the floral tube (Lammers 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea remyi. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown.
Currently, there are seven known populations with approximately 374
plants among them on the island of Kauai. Cyanea remyi is reported from
Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, Makaleha, Blue Hole, Kawaikini, and
Kapalaoa on privately and State-owned lands, including the Halelea and
Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserves (Lammers and Lorence 1993; K. Wood, in
litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Cyanea remyi is usually found in tight drainages and wet stream
banks in lowland wet forest or shrubland at elevations between 215 and
1,167 m (704 and 3,829 ft). Associated native plant species include
various ``finger'' (ferns in the Grammitaceae family) and ``filmy''
(ferns in the Hymenophyllaceae family) fern species, Adenophorus spp.
(pendant fern), Antidesma spp., Cheirodendron spp., Cyrtandra spp.,
Diplazium sandwichianum, Eragrostis grandis (kawelu), Bidens spp.,
Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea
(ieie), Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia
sandwicensis (olomea), Pipturus spp. (mamaki),

[[Page 3947]]

Psychotria hexandra (kopiko), Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha),
Thelypteris spp. (palapalaia), Touchardia spp. (olona), or Urera glabra
(opuhe) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition with the non-
native plant species Erechtites valerianifolia, Paspalum conjugatum,
Psidium cattleianum, Rubus rosifolius, or Melastoma candidum; habitat
degradation by feral pigs; browsing by feral goats; predation by rats;
unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and a risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due
to the small number of remaining populations (61 FR 53070).
Cyanea undulata (NCN)
Cyanea undulata is an unbranched (or the stem is occasionally
forked) shrub or undershrub with fine rust-colored hairs covering the
lower surface of the leaves (Lammers 1999).
Native members of the Campanulaceae (bellflower) family, including
the genus Cyanea, are generally believed to have adapted to pollination
by native nectar-eating passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian
``honeycreepers.'' The long, tubular, slightly curved flowers of C.
undulata fit this model, but field observations are lacking. The fleshy
orange fruits of this species are adapted for bird dispersal like other
species of Cyanea. Although recognized as a short-lived perennial
species, specific details of the life history of this species, such as
growth rates, age plants begin to flower, and longevity of plants, are
unknown (Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service1994).
Historically, Cyanea undulata was known only from the Wahiawa Bog
area on Kauai. Currently, one population with a total of 28 plants is
reported on privately owned land along the bank of a tributary of the
Wahiawa Stream in the Wahiawa Drainage (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI
2000).
Cyanea undulata typically grows in tight drainages and wet stream
banks in Metrosideros polymorpha dry to montane wet forest or shrubland
at elevations between 145 and 1,066 m (476 and 3,497 ft). Associated
native species include various grammitid and filmy ferns, Adenophorus
spp., Antidesma spp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Diplazium
sandwichianum, Dryopteris glabra, Eragrostis grandis, Bidens spp,
Freycinetia arborea, Machaerina angustifolia, Mariscus spp. (NCN),
Melicope feddei (alani), Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp.,
Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, Sadleria pallida (amau),
Sadleria squarrosa (amau), Smilax melastomifolia (pioi), Sphenomeris
chinensis (palaa), Syzygium sandwicensis, or Thelypteris spp. (Service
1994; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to this species include competition with the
non-native plant species Psidium cattleianum, Melastoma candidum,
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (rose myrtle), Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca
quinquenervia (paperbark tree), Stachytarpheta dichotoma (owi), Rubus
rosifolius, Elephantopus mollis (NCN), Erechtites valerianifolia,
Youngia japonica, Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), Oplismenus hirtellus
(basketgrass), Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass),
Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis (yellow foxtail), Deparia
petersenii, or Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern); trampling by
feral pigs; landslides; seed predation by rats; herbivory by introduced
slugs; loss of pollinators; hurricanes; and decreased reproductive
vigor, restricted distribution, and extinction due to unforseen
circumstances because of small population size (56 FR 47695; Service
1994).
Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele)
Cyrtandra cyaneoides, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually unbranched
shrub with opposite toothed leaves which have impressed veins on the
lower surface that are sparsely covered with long hairs. This short-
lived perennial species differs from others of the genus that grow on
Kauai by being a succulent, erect or ascending shrub and having a
bilaterally symmetrical calyx that is spindle-shaped in bud and falls
off after flowering, leaves that are 41 to 56 cm (16 to 22 in.) long
and 23 to 35 cm (9 to 14 in.) wide and have a wrinkled surface, and
berries with shaggy hairs (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cyrtandra cyaneoides. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Cyrtandra cyaneoides was known to occur only along
the trail to Waialae Valley on Kauai until recently discovered in other
areas. It is currently known from five populations, containing about
404 individuals, on private and State lands (including Halelea Forest
Reserve and Alakai Wilderness Preserve) at Pihea, Waioli Valley,
Lumahai, the left branch of Wainiha Valley, and Makaleha (61 FR 53070;
GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Cyrtandra cyaneoides typically grows on talus rubble on steep
slopes or cliffs with water seeps running below, near streams or
waterfalls in lowland or montane wet forest or shrubland dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha,
Cheirodendron spp., and Dicranopteris linearis at elevations between
157 and 1,406 m (514 and 4,614 ft). Associated native species include
Bidens spp., Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Cyanea spp. (haha), Cyrtandra
longifolia (haiwale), Cyrtandra kauaiensis (haiwale), Cyrtandra
limahuliensis (haiwale), Coprosma spp., Diplazium sandwichianum,
Freycinetia arborea, Gunnera spp. (ape ape), Hedyotis terminalis,
Hedyotis tryblium (NCN), Machaerina spp., Melicope clusiifolia
(kolokolo mokihana), Melicope puberula (alani), Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria spp., Pritchardia spp. (loulu),
or Stenogyne purpurea. (NCN) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition with non-native
plant species such as Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus rosifolius, Deparia
petersenii, and Drymaria cordata (pipili); predation of seeds by rats;
reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events, such as landslides and hurricanes, due to the small
number of populations; and habitat degradation by feral pigs (61 FR
53070).
Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale)
Cyrtandra limahuliensis, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is an unbranched or few-branched shrub with moderately
or densely hairy leaves. The following combination of characteristics
distinguishes this short-lived perennial species from others of the
genus: the leaves are usually hairy (especially on lower surfaces), the
usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or funnel-shaped and encloses the
fruit at maturity, and the flowers are borne singly (Wagner et al.
1990).
Little is known about the life history of Cyrtandra limahuliensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Cyrtandra limahuliensis was known from three
locations on Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley, and near Kilauea
River until recently discovered in additional areas. Currently, a total
of 11 populations,

[[Page 3948]]

containing approximately 822 plants, are reported on private and State
lands (including the Halelea Forest Reserve, Kealia Forest Reserve, and
the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve) at Limahuli Falls, Lumahai Valley,
Waipa Valley, Waioli Valley, Kekoiki, Makaleha, the right fork of
Wainiha Valley, Kualapa and Blue Hole, Kepalaoa, and Puu Kolo. However,
it has been estimated that the total number of plants on Kauai may be
as high as a few thousand (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species typically grows along stream banks in lowland wet
forests at elevations between 208 and 1,594 m (681 and 5,228 ft).
Associated native plant species include Antidesma spp., Boehmeria
grandis, Bidens spp., Charpentiera spp. (papala), Cibotium glaucum
(hapuu), Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra kealiae (haiwale), Dicranopteris
linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia spp. (naenae), Eugenia spp.
(nioi), Gunnera kauaiensis (ape ape), Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus
waimeae (kokio keokeo), Metrosideros polymorpha, Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Pipturus spp., Pritchardia spp., Psychotria
spp., Touchardia latifolia (olona), or Urera glabra (59 FR 9304; K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition from non-native
plant species (Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum conjugatum, Melastoma
candidum, Psidium guajava (common guava), Hedychium flavescens (yellow
ginger), Rubus rosifolius, Youngia japonica, Erechtites valerianifolia,
Blechnum occidentale, or Clidemia hirta); habitat degradation by feral
pigs; natural landslides; and hurricanes (59 FR 9304).
Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN)
Delissea rhytidosperma, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a branched shrub with lance-shaped or elliptic
toothed leaves. This short-lived perennial species differs from other
species of the genus by the shape, length, and margins of the leaves
and by having hairs at the base of the anthers (part of stamen that
produces pollen and usually is borne on a stalk) (Lammers 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Delissea rhytidosperma.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Delissea rhytidosperma was known from as far north as
Wainiha and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as Kapaa and Kealia, and as
far south as Haupu Range, between the elevations of 122 and 915 m (400
and 3,000 ft) on the island of Kauai. Currently, three populations, on
private and State lands (including Kuia Natural Area Reserve), with a
total of 19 individuals, are reported from Kuia Valley, Puhakukane, and
the Haupu range (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species generally grows in well-drained soils with medium or
fine-textured subsoil in Diospyros diverse lowland mesic or diverse
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests at elevations between 167
and 895 m ( 547 and 2,935 ft). Associated native plant species include
grammitid ferns, Adenophorus oligadenus (pendant fern), Cyanea spp.,
Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia
kunthiana, Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko), Hedyotis spp. (NCN),
Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), Psychotria hobdyi
(kopiko), Pisonia spp., Pteralyxia spp.(kaulu), or Styphelia
tameiameiae (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are predation and/or habitat
degradation by mule or black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus
columbianus), feral pigs, and goats; herbivory by rats and introduced
slugs; fire; and competition with the non-native plants Lantana camara,
Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla), Cordyline fruticosa (ti), and
Passiflora mollissima (banana poka); and a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing
individuals (59 FR 9304; Service 1995).
Delissea rivularis (oha)
Delissea rivularis, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a shrub, unbranched or branched near the base, with
hairy stems and leaves arranged in a rosette at the tips of the stems.
This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the
genus by the color, length, and curvature of the corolla, shape of the
leaves, and presence of hairs on the stems, leaves, flower clusters,
and corolla (Lammers 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Delissea rivularis. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Delissea rivularis was found at Waiakealoha
Waterfall, Waialae Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and Kaholuamanu on the
island of Kauai (61 FR 53070). Currently, this species is known from
two populations with a total of 40 individuals. The populations are
reported from Moaalele and Hanakapiai on State land within the Hono o
Na Pali Natural Area Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database
2000; GDSI 2000).
Delissea rivularis is found on steep slopes near streams in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet or mesic
forest at elevations between 722 and 1,306 m (2,370 and 4,286 ft).
Associated native plant species include Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia
arguta, Carex spp., Coprosma spp., Dubautia knudsenii (naenae),
Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis foggiana (NCN), Ilex anomala,
Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope clusiifolia, Melicope anisata
(mokihana), Pipturus spp., Psychotria hexandra, or Sadleria spp. (amau)
(61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition with the
encroaching non-native plant Rubus argutus; habitat destruction by
feral pigs; predation by rats; and reduced reproductive vigor and a
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides
or hurricanes, due to the small number of remaining individuals (61 FR
53070; Service 1998a).
Diellia pallida (NCN)
Diellia pallida, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae),
is a plant that grows in tufts of three to four light green, lance-
shaped fronds along with a few persistent dead ones, and reproduces by
spores, the minute, reproductive dispersal unit of ferns and fern
allies. This short-lived perennial species differs from others of this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the color and sheen of the midrib, the
presence and color of scales on the midrib, and the frequent fusion of
sori (a group or cluster of spore cases) (Wagner 1952, 1987).
Little is known about the life history of Diellia pallida. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Diellia pallida was known historically from Halemanu on the island
of Kauai. More recently additional populations have been found and
currently, there is a total of four populations with 20 to 25
individuals in Mahanaloa and Kuia Valleys, Makaha Valley, Waimea
Canyon, and Koaie Canyon, all on State-owned land including Kuia
Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele
Forest Reserve (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database
2000; GDSI 2000).

[[Page 3949]]

This species grows on bare granular soil with dry to mesophytic
leaf litter with pH of 6.9 to 7.9. on steep, talus slopes in lowland
mesic forests at elevations between 445 and 1,027 m (1,460 and 3,371
ft). Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Alectryon
macrococcus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma
platyphyllum, Asplenium spp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros hillebrandii
(lama), Diospyros sandwicensis, Doodia kunthiana, Hedyotis knudsenii
(NCN), Metrosideros polymorpha, Microlepia strigosa, Myrsine lanaiensis
(kolea), Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Psydrax odoratum
(alahee), Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu), Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao),
Styphelia tameiameiae, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis (ohe ohe), Wilkesia
gymnoxiphium (iliau), or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (ae) (59 FR 9304; K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species include competition with the non-
native plants Lantana camara, Melia azedarach (Chinaberry),
Stenotaphrum secundatum, Oplismenus hirtellus, Aleurites moluccana
(kukui) or Cordyline fruticosa; predation and habitat degradation by
feral goats, pigs, and deer; fire; and a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing
individuals (59 FR 9304).
Dubautia latifolia (naenae)
Dubautia latifolia, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a
diffusely branched, woody perennial vine with leaves which are
conspicuously net-veined, with the smaller veins outlining nearly
square areas. A vining habit, distinct petioles (stalks), and broad
leaves with conspicuous net veins outlining squarish areas separate
this from closely related species (Carr 1982b, 1985, 1999a).
Individual plants of this species do not appear to be able to
fertilize themselves. Since at least some individuals of Dubautia
latifolia require cross-pollination, the wide spacing of individual
plants (e.g., each 0.5 kilometer (km) (0.3 mile (mi)) apart) may pose a
threat to the reproductive potential of the species. The very low seed
set noted in plants in the wild indicates a reproductive problem,
possibly asynchronous flowering or lack of pollinators. Seedling
establishment and survival to juvenile stage is also rare. Dubautia
latifolia experiences seasonal vegetative decline during the spring and
summer, often losing most of its leaves. New growth and flowering occur
in the fall, with fruits developing in November. Pollinators and seed
dispersal agents are unknown (Carr 1982b; Service 1995).
Historically, Dubautia latifolia was found in the Makaha,
Awaawapuhi, Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys of the Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve, Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia Natural Area Reserve;
Halemanu in Kokee State Park; along Mohihi Road in both Kokee State
Park and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, along the Mohihi-Waialae Trail on
Mohihi and Kohua Ridges in both Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve and Alakai
Wilderness Preserve; and at Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai.
Currently, there are a total of nine populations containing
approximately 80 individuals on State-owned land in Kauhao Valley,
Makaha Valley headwaters, Kuia Valley, Kawaiula Valley, Kumuwela Ridge,
Awaawapuhi Valley, Waiakoali picnic area, Alakai picnic area, Honopu
Trail, Nualolo Trail, Waineke Swamp, Noe Stream, Kumuwela Ridge, Mohihi
Ditch, Mohihi Waialae Trail, and Kaluahaulu Ridge in the Alakai
Wilderness Preserve, Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na
Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and the Waimea Canyon State Park (Carr 1982b;
K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species typically grows on gentle to steep slopes in well
drained soil and in semi-open or closed, diverse montane mesic forest
dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations
between 544 and 1,277 m (1,786 and 4,189 ft). Commonly associated
native plant species are Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., Bobea
spp., Claoxylon sandwicense (poola), Coprosma waimeae (olena),
Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex
anomala, Melicope anisata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele spp.,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Scaevola spp. (naupaka),
or Xylosma spp. (maua) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species include competition from the non-native
plants Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Lonicera japonica
(Japanese honeysuckle), Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), Hedychium spp.
(ginger), Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), or Psidium
cattleianum; damage from trampling and grazing by feral pigs and deer;
vehicle traffic and road maintenance; seasonal dieback; small number of
extant individuals; and restricted distribution (59 FR 9304).
Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae)
Dubautia pauciflorula, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae),
is a somewhat sprawling shrub or erect small tree with narrowly lance-
shaped or elliptic leaves clustered toward the ends of the stems. The
tiny, two- to four-flowered heads distinguish this short-lived
perennial species from its relatives (Carr 1985, 1999a).
Few details are known about the life history of any Dubautia
species under natural conditions. Certain species produce viable seed
when self-pollinated (self-fertile), although others fail to do so
(self-infertile). Low pollinator numbers resulting in reduced cross-
pollination and consequently low numbers of viable seeds could explain
the small population sizes. Because of their structure and small size,
flowers of D. pauciflorula are presumably pollinated by small
generalist insects, although field observations are lacking. The
bristle-like pappus (tuft of appendages that crowns the ovary or fruit)
probably represents an adaptation for wind dispersal. Very little is
known about the life cycle of this species, including growth rates,
longevity of the plants, and number of years the plants remain
reproductive (56 FR 47695; Carr 1985; Service 1994).
Historically and currently, this species is found only on State
(including the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands in
the Wahiawa Drainage on Kauai. There are two populations containing 42
individual plants (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
These populations are found in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest within stream drainages at
elevations between 564 and 1,093 m (1,849 and 3,587 ft). Associated
native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia
arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Dubautia laxa (naenae pua melemele),
Embelia pacifica (kilioe), Hesperomannia lydgatei, Labordia waialealae
(kamakahala lau lii), Melicope spp., Nothoperanema rubiginosa (NCN),
Pritchardia spp., Psychotria spp., Sadleria spp., Scaevola mollis
(naupaka kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or Tetraplasandra spp. (ohe
ohe) (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this plant include direct competition with the non-
native plant species such as Psidium cattleianum or Melastoma candidum,
and potential threats from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Clidemia hirta,
Melaleuca quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus rosifolius,
Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites

[[Page 3950]]

valerianifolia, Youngia japonica, Pluchea carolinensis, Oplismenus
hirtellus, Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei, Sacciolepis indica,
Setaria gracilis, Deparia petersenii, or Cyathea cooperi; trampling by
feral pigs; landslides and erosion; restricted distribution; and
hurricanes (56 FR 47695; Service 1994).
Exocarpos luteolus (heau)
Exocarpos luteolus, a member of the sandalwood family
(Santalaceae), is a moderately to densely branched shrub with knobby
branches and leaves which are either minute scales or typical leaves.
This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the
genus by its generally larger fruit with four indentations and by the
color of the receptacle and fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Exocarpos luteolus. This
species tends to grow at habitat edges where there is adequate light
and is likely to be semi-parisitic. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, other specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Exocarpos luteolus was known from three general
locations on Kauai: Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, and Kumuwela Ridge.
Currently, there is a total of eight populations containing
approximately 75 individual plants. This species has a scattered
distribution on State (Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State
Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and
privately owned lands and is reported from Pohakuao, the right fork of
Kalalau Valley, the left fork of Kalalau Valley, Hipalau Valley, Koaie
Canyon, Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia Valley, Poopooiki Valley, Nualolo Trail,
Makaha Valley, and Haeleele Valley (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP
Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species is found at elevations between 361 and 1,465 m (1,183
and 4,808 ft) in wet places bordering swamps or open bogs; open, dry
ridges in lowland or montane mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha
dominated forest communities with Dicranopteris linearis. Associated
native plant species include Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,
Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis,
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia laevigata, Dianella
sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass), Schiedea
stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana (ala ala wai nui), Claoxylon
sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, or Styphelia tameiameiae (59 FR
9304; Service 1995; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are feral goats and pigs;
competition with the non-native plants Erigeron karvinskianus, Acacia
mearnsii, Corynocarpus laevigata (karakanut), Myrica faya (firetree),
or Rubus argutus; seed predation by rats; fire; and erosion (59 FR
9304; Service 1995).
Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach hedyotis)
Hedyotis st.-johnii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is
a succulent perennial herb with slightly woody, trailing, quadrangular
stems and fleshy leaves clustered towards the base of the stem. This
species is distinguished from related species by its succulence,
basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter floral tube, and large leafy
calyx lobes when in fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis st.-johnii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Currently, there are a total of four populations, containing
approximately 296 individuals, on State-owned land in Nualolo Valley,
Nualolo Kai, Kaahole Valley, Keawanui, Kawaiula Valley, Milolii Spring,
Makaha Point, Polihale Spring, Kalepa Valley, and Nakeikionaiwi Caves
within the Na Pali Coast State Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve
(HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This plant grows in the crevices of north-facing, near-vertical
coastal cliff faces in sparse dry coastal shrubland at elevations
between 0 and 187 m (0 and 613 ft). Associated native plant species
include Artemisia australis (ahinahina), Bidens spp., Capparis
sandwichiana (maia pilo), Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Eragrostis
variabilis (kawelu), Heteropogon contortus (pili grass), Lipochaeta
connata (nehe), Lycium sandwicense (ohelo kai), Myoporum sandwicense
(naio), Nototrichium sandwicense (kului), or Schiedea apokremnos
(maolioli) (56 FR 49639, K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are herbivory and habitat
degradation by feral goats; competition from non-native plant species,
especially Pluchea carolinensis; landslides; fire; trampling and
grazing by cattle (Bos taurus); and a risk of extinction due to
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well
as decreased reproductive vigor because of the small population sizes
and restricted distribution (56 FR 49639; Service 1995).
Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN)
Hesperomannia lydgatei, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae)
is a sparsely branched, small, long-lived perennial tree 2 to 4 m (6.5
to 13 ft) tall with alternately arranged, lance-shaped, or elliptic
leaves that are 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in.) long and 3.5 to 9 cm (1.4 to
3.5 in.) wide, broader above the middle and paler beneath. The flower
heads are in groups of four or five on slender stems and are clustered
at the ends of branches and pendant when mature. The flower heads
consist of four to eight circles of overlapping bracts, the outer are
purplish or brownish and the inner are silver, that surround the
slender, tubular yellow florets, which are 2.2 to 2.5 cm (0.9 to 1 in.)
long (Wagner et al. 1999).
Almost no mature fruits develop, and it is possible that it is
self-infertile and fails to set seed unless cross-pollinated with other
individuals. The flower heads with long, tubular yellow florets suggest
pollination by long-tongued insects such as moths or butterflies,
although field observation is required to confirm this. Absence of the
appropriate pollinator(s) could be responsible for the observed lack of
viable seeds. The plume-like hairs crowning the fruit strongly suggests
dispersal by wind, as in many members of the aster family. This species
grows almost exclusively along streams, however, so dispersal by water
currents is also likely. Specific details regarding growth rates, age
trees begin flowering in the wild, length of time they remain
reproductive, and longevity of the plants are unknown (Service 1994).
Historically, Hesperomannia lydgatei was found in the Wahiawa
Mountains of Kauai. Currently, this species is known from State
(Halelea Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands in the Pali Eleele,
Waiole Valley, Wahiawa and Kapalaoa areas. There are three populations
containing a total of 295 individual plants (K. Wood, in litt. 1999;
GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Hesperomannia lydgatei is found at elevations between 405 and 1,570
m (1,329 and 5,151 ft) along stream banks and forested slopes in rich
brown soil and silty clay in Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest. Associated native
plant species include Adenophorus periens, Antidesma spp., Broussaisia
arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cyanea spp., Dubautia knudsenii, Dubautia

[[Page 3951]]

laxa, Dubautia pauciflorula, Dubautia raillardioides (naenae),
Elaphoglossum spp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia
lydgatei, Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia spp., Pritchardia spp.,
Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis (Service 1994; HINHP
Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Threats to the species include non-native plants, feral goats,
rats, landslides, and erosion (Service 1994).
Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi)
Hibiscadelphus woodii, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae),
is a small branched, long-lived perennial tree with a rounded crown.
Hibiscadelphus woodii differs from the other Kauai species by
differences in leaf surface and characteristics of the whirled leaves
or bract and flower color (Lorence and Wagner 1995; Bates 1999).
Flowering material has been collected in March, April, and
September, but no fruit set has been observed in spite of efforts to
manually outcross and bag the flowers. A museum specimen of a liquid-
preserved flower has been identified that contains three adult
Nitidulidae (sap) beetles, probably an endemic species. The damage by
these larvae may be responsible for the observed lack of fruit set in
Hibiscadelphus woodii (Lorence and Wagner 1995; Service 1998a). No
additional life history information for this species is currently
known.
Hibiscadelphus woodii has been found only at the site of its
original discovery on State-owned land in left branch of the Kalalau
Valley, within the Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai; only two trees of
this species are currently known (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K.
Wood, in litt. 2001).
Hibiscadelphus woodii is found at elevations between 219 and 1,197
m (717 and 3,926 ft) on basalt talus or cliff walls in Metrosideros
polymorpha montane mesic forest. These forests contain one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Artemisia australis,
Bidens sandvicensis (kookoolau), Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. hanapepensis (akoko), Dubautia spp., Hedyotis spp., Lepidium serra
(anaunau), Lipochaeta spp.(nehe), Lobelia niihauensis (NCN), Lysimachia
glutinosa (kolokolo kuahiwi), Melicope pallida (alani), Myrsine spp.
(kolea), Nototrichium spp. (kului), Panicum lineale, Poa mannii (NCN),
or Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) (Lorence and Wagner 1995; 61 FR 53070;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Hibiscadelphus woodii are habitat degradation by
feral goats and pigs; competition from the non-native plant species
Erigeron karvinskianus; nectar robbing by Japanese white-eye (Zosterops
japonicus), an introduced bird; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events (e.g., rock slides), and reduced reproductive vigor
due to the small number of existing individuals at the only known site
(61 FR 53070; Lorence and Wagner 1995).
Hibiscus clayi (Clay's hibiscus)
Hibiscus clayi, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a
long-lived perennial shrub or small tree. This species is distinguished
from other native Hawaiian members of the genus by the lengths of the
calyx, calyx lobes, and capsule and by the margins of the leaves (Bates
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hibiscus clayi. Flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1995).
Historically, Hibiscus clayi was known from scattered locations on
Kauai: the Kokee region on the western side of the island, Moloaa
Valley to the north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to the east, and as far
south as Haiku near Halii Stream. At this time, only the population on
State land in the Nounou Mountains, with a total of six trees, is known
to be extant (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Hibiscus clayi generally grows on slopes at elevations between 9
and 380 m (29 and 1,245 ft) in Acacia koa or Diospyros spp.-Pisonia
spp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest with Artemisia
australis, Bidens spp., Cyanea hardyi (haha), Hedyotis acuminata (au),
Gahnia spp., Munroidendron racemosum (NCN), Pandanus tectorius (hala),
Panicum tenuifolium (mountain pili), Pleomele aurea, Pipturus spp.,
Psychotria spp., or Psydrax odoratum (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000;
K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are herbivory and habitat
degradation by feral pigs; competition from non-native plant species,
Psidium cattleianum and Araucaria columnaris (Norfolk Island pine);
trampling by humans; and a risk of extinction due to naturally
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well as
decreased reproductive vigor because of the small population sizes and
restricted distribution (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000).
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (kokio keokeo)
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, a member of the mallow family
(Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with star-shaped hairs densely
covering its leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. The long-lived
perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by the
position of the anthers along the staminal column, length of the
staminal column relative to the petals, color of the petals, and length
of the calyx. Two subspecies, ssp. hannerae and ssp. waimeae, both
endemic to Kauai, are recognized. Subspecies hannerae is
distinguishable from ssp. waimeae by its larger leaves and smaller
flowers (Bates 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hibiscus waimeae ssp.
hannerae. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae was known from
Kalihiwai and adjacent Valleys, Limahuli Valley, and Hanakapiai Valley.
This subspecies is no longer extant at Kalihiwai. Currently, there are
three populations containing 27 individuals on State (Na Pali Coast
State Park) and privately owned lands in Hanakapiai Valley, Limahuli
Valley, and Pohakuao (Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae grows at elevations between 174 and
1,154 m (570 and 3,787 ft). It is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis or Pisonia spp.-Charpentiera elliptica (papala)
lowland wet or mesic forest with Antidesma spp., Psychotria spp.,
Pipturus spp., Bidens spp., Bobea spp., Sadleria spp., Cyrtandra spp.,
Cyanea spp., Cibotium spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Syzygium
sandwicensis (Service 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae are habitat
degradation by feral pigs, competition with non-native plant species,
and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g.,
landscapes and hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of remaining populations (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database
2000).
Kokia kauaiensis (kokio)
Kokia kauaiensis, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a
small tree. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished from
others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length

[[Page 3952]]

of the bracts surrounding the flower head, number of lobes and the
width of the leaves, the length of the petals, and the length of the
hairs on the seeds (Bates 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Kokia kauaiensis. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Kokia kauaiensis was found at seven scattered
populations on northwestern Kauai. Currently, there are a total of five
populations with 166 individuals, found in Pohakuao, the left branch of
Kalalau Valley, Paaiki Valley, Kuia Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kipalau
Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley, all on State-owned land within Kuia
Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Kokia kauaiensis typically grows in diverse mesic forest at
elevations between 215 and 1,037 m (707 and 3,402 ft). Associated
native plant species include Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma
spp., Bobea spp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Claoxylon sandwicense,
Dicranopteris linearis, Diellia pallida, Diospyros hillebrandii,
Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus
spp. (aloalo), Hedyotis spp., Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka),
Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe), Melicope spp., Metrosideros polymorpha,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Nototrichium spp., Pisonia spp., Pleomele aurea,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis,
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum var. pyrularium
(iliahi), Streblus pendulinus (aiai), Syzygium sandwicensis,
Tetraplasandra spp., or Xylosma spp. (Service 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP
Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Competition with and habitat degradation by invasive non-native
plant species, substrate loss from erosion, habitat degradation and
browsing by feral goats and deer, and seed predation by rats are the
major threats affecting the survival of Kokia kauaiensis (Wood and
Perlman 1993; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).
Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala)
Labordia lydgatei, a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), is
a much-branched perennial shrub or small tree with sparsely hairy,
square stems. The small size of the flowers and capsules borne on
sessile (attached to the base) inflorescences (a flower cluster)
distinguish it from other members of the genus growing in the same area
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Immature fruits were seen on two plants during surveys in 1991 and
1992 by botanists from NTBG, and remnants of old fruiting bodies were
seen on another, suggesting that the plants are able to self-fertilize.
It is also suspected that the fruits of this species are adapted for
bird dispersal. Due to a lack of bird or other native pollinators,
pollination may be inhibited. Micro-habitat requirements for seed
germination and growth may also be extremely specific. Virtually
nothing is known about the life history or ecology of this species
(Service 1994).
This species was originally known from the Wahiawa Drainage, Waioli
Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains on Kauai. Labordia lydgatei is
currently known from six populations, consisting of 37 individual
plants, located on State (Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve and Halelea Forest
Reserve) and privately owned lands at Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley,
Leleiwi, Lumahai Valley, and Kapalaoa (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP
Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Labordia lydgatei is found on streambanks in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest at elevations
between 182 and 1,140 m (597 and 3,740 ft). Associated native plant
species include Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii (hame), Cyanea
spp., Cyrtandra spp., Dubautia knudsenii, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex
anomala, Labordia hirtella (NCN), Psychotria spp., or Syzygium
sandwicensis (Service 1994; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
Competition from non-native plants poses the greatest threat to the
survival of Labordia lydgatei (56 FR 47695). Additional threats include
habitat degradation from feral pigs; rats, a potential seed predator;
landslides and erosion; and a lack of dispersal, germination or
pollination agents (Service 1994).
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis (kamakahala)
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, a member of the logania
family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree with hairless,
cylindrical young branches. This long-lived perennial species differs
from others of the genus by having a long common flower cluster stalk,
hairless young stems and leaf surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule
valves, and corolla lobes usually 1.7 to 2.3 millimeter (mm) (0.1 to
0.2 in.) long. Three varieties of Labordia tinifolia are recognized:
var. lanaiensis on Lanai and Molokai; var. tinifolia on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii; and var. wahiawaensis, endemic to Kauai. The
variety wahiawaensis is distinguished from the other two by its larger
corolla (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Labordia tinifolia var.
wahiawaensis. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown.
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis has only ever been known from
one population with a current total of approximately 100 individual
plants on private land in the Wahiawa Drainage in the Wahiawa Mountains
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis grows along streambanks in
lowland wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations
between 458 and 1,006 m (1,502 and 3,301 ft), with Antidesma
platyphyllum, Athyrium microphyllum (akolea), Cheirodendron spp.,
Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, or
Psychotria spp. (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to the remaining individuals of Labordia
tinifolia var. wahiawaensis are competition with non-native plants,
habitat degradation by feral pigs, trampling by humans, and a risk of
extinction from catastrophic random events or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of individuals in a single population (61
FR 53070).
Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe)
Lipochaeta fauriei, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a
perennial herb with somewhat woody, erect or climbing stems. This
short-lived perennial species differs from other species on Kauai by
having a greater number of disk and ray flowers per flower head, longer
ray flowers, and longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner 1976, 1979;
Service 1995; Wagner et al. 1985, 1990).
Little is known about the life history of Lipochaeta fauriei.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically and currently, Lipochaeta fauriei is known from
Olokele Canyon on Kauai. This species is now found on State-owned land
in Poopooiki Valley, Kuia Valley, Haeleele Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley
with the Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and
Puu Ka Pele Forest

[[Page 3953]]

Reserve. Currently there is a total of four populations with 183
individuals. A population in Koaie Canyon previously thought to be L.
fauriei was later identified as L. subcordata (Service 1995; Gardner
1979; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species grows most often in moderate shade to full sun and is
usually found on the sides of steep gulches in diverse lowland mesic
forests at elevations between 436 and 947 m (1,432 and 3,108 ft).
Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Carex meyenii,
Carex wahuensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea
viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Hibiscus waimeae, Kokia kauaiensis,
Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria
greenwelliae, Psychotria mariniana, or Sapindus oahuensis (lonomea)
(HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Lipochaeta fauriei are predation and habitat
degradation by feral goats and pigs and competition with invasive non-
native plants. Fire is also a significant threat to L. fauriei due to
the invasion of Melinis minutiflora, a fire-adapted grass that creates
unnaturally high fuel loads. The small total number of individuals
makes the species susceptible to extinction from naturally occurring
events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive
vigor (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).
Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe)
Lipochaeta micrantha, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is
a somewhat woody short-lived perennial herb. The small number of disk
florets (one of the small flowers forming the head of a composite
plant) separates this species from the other members of the genus on
the island of Kauai. The two recognized varieties of this species, var.
exigua and var. micrantha, are distinguished by differences in leaf
length and width, degree of leaf dissection, and the length of the ray
florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner et al. 1990).
Little is known about the life histories of Lipochaeta micrantha
var. exigua or L. m. var. micrantha. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua was only known from
the Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, two populations of L. micrantha
var. exigua, with a total of 110 individuals, are known from privately
owned land in the vicinity of Haupu Range and southwest of Hokunui
summit. Historically, L. micrantha var. micrantha was known from
Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe Valley, and the Koloa District on Kauai.
Currently, this variety is only known from three populations totaling
121 individuals on State land within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve in
Koaie Canyon and Kawaiiki Valley (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Lipochaeta micrantha grows on cliffs, ridges, stream banks, or
slopes in mesic to wet mixed communities at elevations between 35 and
1,362 m (115 and 4,468 ft). Associated species include Acacia koa,
Artemisia australis, Antidesma spp., Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea spp.,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea
viscosa, Eragrostis grandis, Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio
(kokio), Lepidium bidentatum (anaunau), Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope
spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Neraudia kauaiensis, Nototrichium spp.
Plectranthus parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Pleomele aurea, Psydrax
odoratum, Pipturus spp., Rumex albescens (huahuako), Sida fallax
(ilima), or Xylosma hawaiiense (maua) (Service 1995; HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to both varieties of Lipochaeta micrantha are
habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; and competition with non-
native plant species, such as Lantana camara, Pluchea carolinensis,
Erigeron karvinskianus, or Stachytarpheta dichotoma. The species is
also threatened by extinction from naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of existing populations (Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service
1995; HINHP Database 2000).
Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe)
Lipochaeta waimeaensis, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae),
is a low growing, somewhat woody, short-lived perennial herb. This
species is distinguished from other Lipochaeta on Kauai by leaf shape
and the presence of shorter leaf stalks and ray florets (Gardner 1976,
1979; Wagner et al. 1990).
Little is known about the life history of Lipochaeta waimeaensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Lipochaeta waimeaensis has been known only from the original site
of discovery along the rim of Kauai's Waimea Canyon on State-owned
land. There are no more than 100 individuals (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI
2000).
This species grows on eroded soil on a precipitous, shrub-covered
gulch in a diverse lowland forest at elevations between 44 and 460 m
(145 and 1,509 ft) with Artemisia australis, Chamaesyce celastroides,
Dodonaea viscosa, Lipochaeta connata, Santalum ellipticum (iliahialoe),
Schiedea spergulina, or Panicum spp. (NCN) (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP
Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Lipochaeta waimeaensis are competition from
non-native plants and habitat destruction by feral goats, whose
presence exacerbates the existing soil erosion problem at the site. The
single population, and thus the entire species, is threatened by
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or
hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number
of existing individuals (59 FR 9304).
Melicope haupuensis (alani)
Melicope haupuensis, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a
small long-lived perennial tree. Unlike other species of this genus on
Kauai, the exocarp (outermost layer of a fruit) and endocarp (innermost
layer of a fruit) are hairless and the sepals are covered with dense
hairs (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope haupuensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
For 62 years, Melicope haupuensis was known only from the site of
its original discovery on the north side of Haupu Ridge on Kauai. This
population is now gone. The species is now known from four populations
with a total of five individuals on State-owned land within the Alakai
Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve in Kalahu, Awaawapuhi Valley, and Koaie Canyon (K. Wood, in
litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Melicope haupuensis grows on moist talus slopes in Metrosideros
polymorpha dominated lowland mesic forests or Metrosideros polymorpha-
Acacia koa montane mesic forest at elevations between 111 and 1,141 m
(364 and 3,745 ft). Associated native plant species include Antidesma
platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum,
Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii (holio), Dianella
sandwicensis,

[[Page 3954]]

Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, M.
barbigera (alani), M. ovata (alani), Pleomele aurea, Pouteria
sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor (loulu), Psychotria mariniana, P.
greenwelliae, Tetraplasandra waimeae (oheohe), or Zanthoxylum dipetalum
(HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Habitat degradation by feral goats and competition with invasive
non-native plant species are the major threats to Melicope haupuensis.
In addition, this species may be susceptible to the black twig borer
(Xylosandrus compactus). The existence of only five known trees
constitutes an extreme threat of extinction from naturally occurring
events, such as landslides or hurricanes, or reduced reproductive vigor
(59 FR 9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979; Medeiros et al. 1986; HINHP
Database 2000).
Melicope quadrangularis (alani)
Melicope quadrangularis, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is
a shrub or small tree. Young branches are generally covered with fine
yellow fuzz but become hairless with age. The thin, leathery,
elliptical leaves, are oppositely arranged. The upper leaf surface is
hairless, and the lower surface is sparsely hairy, especially along the
veins. Flowers are solitary or in clusters of two. The specific floral
details are not known. The fruits are somewhat cube-shaped, flattened
capsules, with a conspicuous central depression at the top of the
fruit. The capsules are four-lobed and completely fused. The exocarp is
sparsely hairy, and the endocarp is hairless. This species differs from
others in the genus in having the following combination of characters:
oppositely arranged leaves, only one or two flowers per cluster, cube-
shaped capsules with fused lobes, and a deep central depression at the
top of the fruit (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope quadrangularis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Melicope quadrangularis is known from the type locality in the
Wahiawa Bog region of Kauai. One adult plant and two seedlings were
discovered in 1991 by Ken Wood of NTBG on an east-facing slope of
Wahiawa Ridge at 853 m (2,800 ft) on privately owned land. Subsequent
exploration has resulted in the location of a total of 13 individuals
of this species. Although a survey after hurricane Iniki in 1992 did
not relocate any individuals, it is hoped that there is a seed bank or
that undiscovered individuals remain to be found (Stone et al. 1999).
Melicope quadrangularis grows in Metrosideros polymorpha diverse
lowland wet forest that ranges from mesic to wet conditions at
elevations between 608 and 1,593 m (1,995 and 5,228 ft). Associated
native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia
arguta, Cheirodendron fauriei (olapa), Cibotium nealiae (hapuu),
Cyrtandra pickeringii (haiwale), Dicronopteris lineraris, Machaerina
angustifolia, Machaerina mariscoides (uki), other Melicope spp.,
Metrosideros waialealae (NCN), Psychotria hexandra, P. mariniana, P.
wawraea (kipiko), Sadleria pallida, Scaevola gaudichaudiana (naupaka
kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or abundant ferns and mosses (K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
This species is threatened by over-collecting for scientific
purposes, stochastic extinction, and/or reduced reproductive vigor,
non-native plants and habitat disturbance by feral pigs (Service 1994).
Munroidendron racemosum (NCN)
Munroidendron racemosum, a member of the ginseng family
(Araliaceae), is a small tree with a straight gray trunk crowned with
spreading branches. This long-lived perennial species is the only
member of a genus endemic to Hawaii. The genus is distinguished from
other closely related Hawaiian genera of the family by its distinct
flower clusters and corolla (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Reproduction occurs year-round, with flowers and fruits found
throughout the year. Self pollination is assumed to occur since viable
seeds have been produced by isolated individuals. Pollinators have not
been observed, but insect pollination is likely. Dispersal mechanisms
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Munroidendron racemosum was known from scattered
locations throughout the island of Kauai. Populations are now known
from Waiahuakua, Pohakuao, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, the right
branch of Kalalau Valley, Nakeikionaiwi Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley
Spring, Honopu Valley, Nualolo Valley, Poomau Valley, Kawaiiki Valley,
Koaie Canyon, Nonou, Haupu, and Keopaweo. There are currently 14 known
populations with approximately 101 individuals on State (Hono o Na Pali
Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve, Nonou Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and
privately owned lands (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Munroidendron racemosum is typically found on steep exposed cliffs
or on ridge slopes in coastal to lowland mesic forests at elevations
between 6 and 979 m (19 and 3,213 ft). Associated plant species include
Bobea brevipes, Brighamia insignis (olulu), Canavalia napaliensis
(awikiwiki), Diospyros sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis (papala kepau), Pisonia umbellifera
(papala kepau), Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis Psychotria spp.,
Psydrax odoratum, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Schiedea spp. (NCN), Sida
fallax, or Tetraplasandra spp. (59 FR 9304; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to Munroidendron racemosum are competition with non-
native plant species, such as Aleurites moluccana, Psidium guajava,
Lantana camara, or Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole); habitat
degradation by feral goats, fire, and fruit predation by rats;
introduced insect of the long-horned beetle family (Cerambycidae);
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or
hurricanes, and reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; Service 1995;
HINHP Database 2000).
Myrsine linearifolia (kolea)
Myrsine linearifolia, a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae),
is a branched shrub. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished
from others of the genus by the shape, length, and width of the leaves,
length of the petals, and number of flowers per cluster (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Myrsine linearifolia. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Myrsine linearifolia was found at scattered locations
on Kauai: Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau Valley, Kahuamaa Flat,
Limahuli-Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit
Plateau, and Haupu. There are currently eight populations with
approximately 522 individuals on State (Alakai Wilderness Preserve and
Na Pali Coast State Park) and privately owned lands. The populations
are found in Limahuli Valley, Alealau, the left branch of Kalalau
Valley, Puu O Kila, Koaie Canyon, Na Molokama, and Kapalaoa

[[Page 3955]]

(K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Myrsine linearifolia typically grows at elevations between 105 and
1,380 m (346 and 4,526 ft), in diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane
Metrosideros polymorpha forest, with Cheirodendron spp., or
Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominant species. Plants growing in
association with this species include Bobea brevipes, Cryptocarya
mannii, Dubautia spp., Eurya sandwicensis (anini), Freycinetia arborea,
Hedyotis terminalis, Lysimachia glutinosa, Machaerina angustifolia,
Melicope spp., Myrsine spp., Nothocestrum spp. (aiea), Psychotria spp.,
Sadleria pallida, Syzygium sandwicensis, or native ferns (61 FR 53070;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Competition with non-native plants, such as Erigeron karvinskianus,
Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus rosifolius,
and Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), and habitat degradation by feral
pigs and goats are the major threats to Myrsine linearifolia (61 FR
53070).
Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea)
Nothocestrum peltatum, a member of the nightshade family
(Solanaceae), is a small tree with ash-brown bark and woolly stems. The
usually peltate leaves and shorter leaf stalks separate this species
from others in the genus (Symon 1999).
Although plants of this long-lived perennial species have been
observed flowering, they rarely set fruit. This could be the result of
a loss of pollinators, reduced genetic variability, or an inability to
fertilize itself. Little else is known about the life history of
Nothocestrum peltatum. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (59 FR 9304).
Historically, Nothocestrum peltatum was known from Kauai at
Kumuwela, Kaholuamanu, and the region of Nualolo. This species is now
known from a total of six populations with 19 individuals, located at
Kahuamaa Flats, Awaawapuhi Trail, Awaawapuhi Valley, Kawaiula Valley,
and Makaha Valley all on State-owned land within the Kokee State Park,
Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve, and the Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt.
1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species generally grows in rich soil on steep slopes in mesic
or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa or a mixture of Acacia koa and
Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 725 and 1,290 m (2,378
and 4,232 ft). Associated native plants include Alphitonia ponderosa,
Antidesma spp., Bobea brevipes, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron
trigynum, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Coprosma spp., Cryptocarya mannii,
Dianella sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex
anomala, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria
mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, or Xylosma spp.
(HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Competition with non-native plants (such as Passiflora mollissima,
Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, or Erigeron karvinskianus), and habitat
degradation by feral pigs, deer, and red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus)
constitute the major threats to Nothocestrum peltatum. This species is
also threatened by fire, risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes), and reduced reproductive vigor
due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; HINHP
Database 2000).
Panicum niihauense (lau ehu)
Panicum niihauense, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a
perennial bunchgrass with unbranched culms (aerial stems). This short-
lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus by
the shape of the inflorescence branches, which are erect, and the
arrangement of the spikelets, which are densely clustered (Davidse
1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).
Panicum niihauense was known historically from Niihau and one
location on Kauai. Currently, this species is only known from one
population of 23 individuals at the Polihale State Park area on State-
owned land (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Panicum niihauense is found scattered in sand dunes in coastal
shrubland at elevations between 0 and 103 m (0 and 337 ft) . Associated
native plant species include Cassytha filiformis (kaunaoa pehu),
Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Nama sandwicensis (nama),
Ophioglossum pendulum ssp. falcatum (NCN), Scaevola sericea (naupaka
kahakai), Sida fallax, Vitex rotundifolia (kolokolo kahakai), or
Sporobolus virginicus (akiaki) (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
Primary threats to Panicum niihauense are destruction by off-road
vehicles, competition with non-native plant species, and a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or
hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
individuals in the one remaining population (61 FR 53108; HINHP
Database 2000).
Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN)
Phyllostegia knudsenii, a member of the nonaromatic mint family
(Lamiaceae), is an erect herb or vine. This short-lived perennial
species is distinguished from others in the genus by its specialized
flower stalk; it differs from the closely related P. floribunda by
often having four flowers per group (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Phyllostegia knudsenii.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Until 1993, Phyllostegia knudsenii was only known from the site of
its original discovery made in the 1800s from the woods of Waimea on
Kauai. There is currently one known population with a total of 17
individuals on State-owned land in Koaie Canyon within the Alakai
Wilderness Preserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP
Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Phyllostegia knudsenii is found in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland
mesic or wet forest at elevations between 399 and 1,059 m (1,309 and
3,475 ft). Associated native plant species include Bobea timonioides
(ahakea), Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Cyrtandra
kauaiensis, Cyrtandra paludosa (hai wale), Diospyros sandwicensis,
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Ilex anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pittosporum kauaiense (hoawa), Pouteria sandwicensis,
Pritchardia minor, Selaginella arbuscula (lepelepeamoa), Tetraplasandra
oahuensis (ohe ohe), or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (61 FR 53070; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Phyllostegia knudsenii include habitat degradation
by feral pigs and goats, competition with non-native plants, and a risk
of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides and
hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
individuals in the

[[Page 3956]]

only known population (61 FR 53070; Service 1998a).
Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN)
Phyllostegia waimeae, a nonaromatic member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is a climbing perennial plant with hairy four-angled stems
that are woody at the base. The oval leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in.)
long, 2.5 to 6 cm (1 to 2.4 in.) wide, and have rounded, toothed
margins. They are wrinkled and sparsely dotted with oil glands. Flowers
grow in groups of six along an unbranched leafy stalk usually 10 to 15
cm (3.9 to 5.9 in.) long. The bracts below each flower stalk are broad
and partially overlap the flowers. The calyx resembles an inverted cone
with broad lobes. The corolla, 8 to 12 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in.) long, is
pinkish or may be white. The fruits, probably nutlets, have not been
observed. Characteristics that distinguish this species from others in
the genus are the nearly stalkless bracts that partially overlap and
cover the flowers, and relatively fewer oil glands on the leaves
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Phyllostegia waimeae.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown Service 1995).
Historically, Phyllostegia waimeae was known from Kaholuamanu and
Kaaha on Kauai. Currently, one population with six individuals persists
from State land in Kawaiiki Valley within the Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 2001).
This species typically grows in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha
dominated wet or mixed mesic forest with Cheirodendron spp. or
Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants at elevations between 655 and
1,224 m (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Associated native plant species include
Broussaisia arguta, Claoxylon sandwicense, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Dubautia knudsenii, Elaphoglossum spp., Gunnera spp., Hedyotis spp.,
Myrsine lanaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria spp., Sadleria spp.,
Scaevola procera (naupaka kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or Vaccinium
spp. (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Habitat destruction by feral goats, erosion, and competition with
introduced grasses are the major threats to Phyllostegia waimeae. The
species is also threatened by over-collecting for scientific purposes,
stochastic extinction, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of existing individuals (Service 1995).
Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN)
Phyllostegia wawrana, a nonaromatic member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is a perennial vine that is woody toward the base and has
long, crinkly hairs along the stem. This short-lived perennial species
can be distinguished from the related P. floribunda and P. knudsenii,
by its less specialized flower stalk (Wagner et al. 1999).
Seeds were observed in the wild in August 1993. No additional life
history information for this species is currently known (Service
1998a).
Phyllostegia wawrana was reported to be found at Hanalei on Kauai
in the 1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926. Currently, populations are
reported from Koaie Canyon, Moaalele, Awaawapuhi Valley, and Makaleha.
A total of four populations with approximately 49 individuals are found
on State-owned land within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na
Pali Natural Area Reserve, and Kokee State Park (HINHP Database 2000;
GDSI 2000).
This species grows at elevations between 398 and 1,284 m (1,306 and
4,212 ft) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron mixed
mesic forest. Associated native plant species include Alectryon spp.,
Asplenium polypodon (NCN), Athyrium microphyllum, Carex spp., Claoxylon
sandwicense, Cyanea fissa (haha), Delissea rivularis, Dianella
sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia
kunthiana, Dryopteris wallichiana, Dubautia knudsenii, Dubautia
laevigata, Hedyotis tryblium, Machaerina angustifolia, Panicum
nephelophilum, Peperomia macraeana, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Poa
sandvicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pteridium aquilinum var. decompositum,
Sadleria pallida, Schiedea stellarioides, Scaevola procera, Syzygium
sandwicensis, Touchardia latifolia, or Vaccinium dentatum (61 FR 53070;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Phyllostegia wawrana include habitat degradation
by feral pigs and competition with non-native plant species, such as
Rubus rosifolius, Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Melastoma
candidum, Erigeron karvinskianus, and Erechtites valerianefolia (61 FR
53070; Service 1998a).
Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass)
Poa mannii, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial
grass with short rhizomes (underground stems) and erect, tufted culms.
All three native species of Poa in the Hawaiian Islands are endemic to
the island of Kauai. Poa mannii is distinguished from both P.
siphonoglossa and P. sandvicensis by its fringed ligule (an appendage
on the sheath of a blade of grass) and from P. sandvicensis by its
shorter panicle (a pyramidal loosely-branched flower cluster) branches
(O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Poa mannii. Flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1995).
Historically, this species was found in Olokele Gulch on Kauai.
Currently, there is a total of six populations with approximately 268
individuals on State-owned land in the right and left branches of
Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley, Kuia Valley, and Kauhao Valley
within the Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na
Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon State Park (K. Wood, in
litt. 1999; O'Connor 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species typically grows on cliffs or rock faces in lowland or
montane mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or Acacia koa-Metrosideros
polymorpha forest at elevations between 327 and 1,222 m (1,072 and
4,009 ft). Associated native plant species include Antidesma
platyphyllum, Artemisia australis, Bidens cosmoides, Bidens
sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
hanapepensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Eragrostis
variabilis, Hedyotis terminalis, Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia yuccoides
(NCN), Luzula hawaiiensis (woodrush), Mariscus phloides (NCN), Melicope
anisata, M. barbigera, M. pallida, Nototrichium spp., Panicum lineale,
Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P.
greenwelliae, Schiedea lydgatei var. attenuata, Schiedea membranacea,
or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (59 FR 56330; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
Poa mannii survives only in very steep areas that are inaccessible
to goats, suggesting that goat herbivory may have eliminated this
species from more accessible locations, as is the case for other rare
plants from northwestern Kauai. Threats to P. mannii include habitat
damage, trampling, and browsing by feral goats, and competition with
invasive non-native plants. Erigeron karvinskianus has invaded Kalalau,
Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, three of the areas where P. mannii

[[Page 3957]]

occurs. Lantana camara threatens all known populations, and Rubus
argutus threatens the populations in Kalalau and Waialae Valleys. Poa
mannii is also threatened by fire and reduced reproductive vigor and/or
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or
hurricanes, due to the small number of existing populations and
individuals (59 FR 56330).
Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass)
Poa sandvicensis is a perennial grass (Poaceae) with densely
tufted, mostly erect culms. Poa sandvicensis is distinguished from
closely related species by its shorter rhizomes (horizontal
subterranean plant stem), shorter culms (grass stalk) which do not
become rush-like with age, closed and fused sheaths, relatively even-
edged ligules, and longer panicle branches (O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Poa sandvicensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, this species was known from six areas on the island
of Kauai: the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali Coast State Park,
Halemanu Ridge, Kumuwela Ridgs, and Kauaikanana Drainage in Kokee State
Park; Awaawapuhi Trail in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; Kohua Ridge/
Mohihi drainage in both the Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness
Preserve; and Kaholuamanu. Hillebrand's (1888) reference to a Maui
locality is most likely an error. Currently, there is a total of nine
populations with 1,740 individuals occurring on State-owned land. Poa
sandvicensis is known to be extant at Alealau, Keanapuka, Awaawapuhi
Trail, Kumuwela Ridge, Maile Flat Trail, Mohihi Stream, Mohihi Waialae
Trail, Kawaiiki Valley, and Waialae Valley in the Alakai Wilderness
Preserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Kokee State Park, Na
Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (57 FR 20580;
HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Poa sandvicensis grows on wet, shaded, gentle to steep slopes,
ridges, and rock ledges of stream banks in semi-open to closed, wet,
diverse Acacia koa -Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest, at
elevations between 498 and 1,290 m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). Associated
native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens sandvicensis,
Cheirodendron spp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma spp., Dianella
sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp.,
Hedyotis spp., Melicope spp., Peperomia spp., Psychotria spp., Scaevola
procera, Schiedea stellarioides, or Syzygium sandwicensis (57 FR 20580;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The greatest immediate threats to the survival of Poa sandvicensis
are competition from non-native plants, such as Erigeron karvinskianus,
Rubus argutus, Passiflora mollissima, or Hedychium spp.; erosion caused
by feral pigs and goats; and State forest reserve trail maintenance
activities and human recreation. In addition, naturally occurring
events could constitute an threat of extinction or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the species' small population size (57 FR 20580; Service
1995).
Poa siphonoglossa (NCN)
Poa siphonoglossa is a perennial grass (Poaceae). It differs from
P. sandvicensis principally by its longer culms, lack of a prominent
tooth on the ligule, and shorter panicle branches. Poa siphonoglossa
has extensive tufted and flattened culms that cascade from banks in
masses. Short rhizomes, long culms, closed and fused sheaths, and lack
of a tooth on the ligule separate P. siphonoglossa from P. mannii and
other closely related species (O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Poa siphonoglossa.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Poa siphonoglossa was known from five sites on the
island of Kauai: Kohua Ridge in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; near
Kaholuamanu; Kaulaula Valley in Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve; Kuia
Valley; and Kalalau. Currently, there are a total of five populations
with a total of 50 individuals on State-owned land at Kahuamaa Flats,
Mohihi Waialai Trail, Kuia Valley, Makaha Ridge, and Kaulaula Valley in
the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali
Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest
Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Poa siphonoglossa typically grows on shady banks on steep slopes in
mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests at elevations between
about 498 and 1,290 m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). Associated native plant
species include Acacia koa, Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis,
Bobea brevipes, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Coprosma waimeae,
Dianella sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp, Hedyotis spp.,
Lobelia yuccoides, Melicope spp., Microlepia strigosa, Myrsine spp,
Panicum nephelophilum, Poa sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., Scaevola
procera, Styphelia tameiameiae, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Vaccinium
spp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Xylosma spp, Zanthoxylum dipetalum (57 FR
20580, K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threat to the survival of Poa siphonoglossa is habitat
degradation and/or herbivory by feral pigs and deer. The non-native
plant Rubus argutus invading Kohua Ridge constitutes a probable threat
to that population. Small population size and potential for one
disturbance event to destroy the majority of known individuals are also
serious threats to this species (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; HINHP
Database 2000).
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane)
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, a member of the palm family
(Arecaceae) is a fan-leaved tree about 7 to 15 m (23 to 50 ft) tall.
This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the thin leaf
texture and drooping leaf segments, tan woolly hairs on the underside
of the petiole and the leaf blade base, stout hairless flower clusters
that do not extend beyond the fan-shaped leaves, and the smaller
spherical fruit (Read and Hodel 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Pritchardia aylmer-
robinsonii. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (61 FR 41020).
Historically, Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii was found at three
sites in the eastern and central portions of the island of Niihau.
Trees were found on Kaali Cliff and in Mokouia and Haao Valleys at
elevations between 70 and 270 m (230 and 885 ft) on privately owned
land. The most recent observations indicate that two plants still
remain on Kaali Cliff (Read and Hodel 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI
2000).
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii typically grows on rocky talus in
seepage areas within coastal dry forest at elevations between 91 to 259
m (300 to 850 ft). Associated native plant species include Brighamia
insignis, Cyperus trachysanthos, Lobelia niihauensis or Lipochaeta
lobata var. lobata (nehe). Originally a component of the coastal dry
forest, this species now occurs only in a rugged and steep area where
it receives some protection from

[[Page 3958]]

grazing ungulates (61 FR 41020; HINHP Database 2000).
The species is threatened by habitat degradation and/or herbivory
by cattle, feral pigs, and feral goats and seed predation by rats.
Small population size, limited distribution, and reduced reproductive
vigor makes this species particularly vulnerable to extinction (61 FR
41020).
Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu)
Pritchardia napaliensis, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae),
is a small tree with about 20 leaves and an open crown. This species is
distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by having
about 20 flat leaves with pale scales on the lower surface that fall
off with age, inflorescences with hairless main axes, and globose
(having or consisting of globules) fruits less than 3 cm (1.2 in.) long
(Read and Hodel 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Pritchardia napaliensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Pritchardia napaliensis has only been known from three populations
with 155 individuals on State-owned land in Pohakuao, Alealau,
Waiahuakua; and Hoolulu Valley within the Hono o Na Pali Natural Area
Reserve and Na Pali Coast State Park (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP
Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Pritchardia napaliensis typically grows in areas between elevations
of 152 and 1,158 m (500 and 3,800 ft) in a wide variety of habitats
ranging from lowland dry to diverse mesic forests dominated by
Diospyros spp. or montane wet forests dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis. Several associated native plant
species besides those mentioned above include Alsinidendron lychnoides,
Alyxia oliviformis, Boehmeria grandis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium
spp., Dubautia knudsenii, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hibiscus kokio ssp.
saintjohnianus (kokio), Lipochaeta connata var. acris (nehe), Melicope
peduncularis (alani), Nesoluma polynesicum (keahi), Ochrosia kauaiensis
(holei), Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Stenogyne purpurea (NCN), Syzygium
sandwicensis, Phyllostegia electra (NCN), Pleomele spp., Poa
sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum,
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Santalum freycinetianum var. pyrularium,
Vaccinium dentatum, Xylosma hawaiiense, or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium
(Service 1998a; 61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000).
Major threats to Pritchardia napaliensis include habitat
degradation and grazing by feral goats and pigs; seed predation by
rats; and competition with the non-native plants, such as Kalanchoe
pinnata, Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Psidium guajava, or
possibly Cordyline fruticosa. The species is also threatened by
vandalism and over-collection. In 1993, near the Wailua River, the
Hawaii Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) constructed a fenced
enclosure around 39 recently planted P. napaliensis individuals.
Shortly after being planted, the fence was vandalized and the 39 plants
were removed. Also, because of the small number of remaining
populations and individuals, this species is susceptible to a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or
hurricanes, and from reduced reproductive vigor (61 FR 53070; Craig
Koga, DOFAW, in litt. 1999; A. Kyono, pers. comm., 2000).
Pritchardia viscosa (loulu)
Pritchardia viscosa, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a
small tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. This species differs from
others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the degree of hairiness of
the lower surface of the leaves and main axis of the flower cluster,
and length of the flower cluster (Read and Hodel 1999).
Historically, Pritchardia viscosa was known only from a 1920
collection from Kalihiwai Valley. It was not seen again until 1987,
when Robert Read observed it in the same general area as the type
locality, off the Powerline Road at 512 m (1,680 ft) elevation (HINHP
Database 2000). Currently, there is one population with three
individuals on State-owned land within the Halelea Forest Reserve (61
FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species is found in Metrosideros polymorpha -Dicranopteris
linearis lowland wet forest at elevations between 488 to 518 m (1,600
to 1,700 ft). Associated native species include Antidesma spp., Bobea
spp., Cibotium spp., Cyanea fissa, Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra
longiflora, Dubautia knudsenii, Nothocestrum spp., Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Sadleria pallida, or Syzygium
sandwicensis (Service 1998a; 61 FR 53070).
Pritchardia viscosa is threatened by Psidium cattleianum and non-
native grasses, such as Paspalum conjugatum; and seed predation by
rats. At least one of the remaining mature trees has been damaged by
spiked boots used either by a botanist or seed collector to scale the
tree. In mid-1996, a young plant and seeds from mature Pritchardia
viscosa plants were removed from the only known location of this
species. Because of this past activity, it is reasonable to assume that
these plants are threatened by over-collection and vandalism. Also,
because of the small numbers of individuals in the only known
population, this species is susceptible to extinction since a single
naturally occurring event (e.g., a hurricane) could destroy all
remaining plants (61 FR 53070; C. Koga, in litt. 1999; A. Kyono, pers.
comm., 2000).
Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu)
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, a member of the dogbane family
(Apocynaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft)
tall. The leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surfaces, but
pale and dull on the lower surfaces. This species differs from the only
other species of this endemic Hawaiian genus in having reduced lateral
wings on the seed (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Pteralyxia kauaiensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Pteralyxia kauaiensis was known from the Wahiawa
Mountains in the southern portion of Kauai. This species is now known
from 15 populations, with a total of 807 individuals in the following
scattered locations on State land: Limahuli Valley, the left branch of
Kalalau Valley, Pohakuao, the right branch of Kalalau Valley, Makaha
Valley, Kuia Valley, Haeleele Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kawaiiki Valley,
Hipalau, Haupu, Blue Hole, Poomau Valley, and Kapalikea within the
Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve. There is also an
undocumented sighting of one individual at Makaleha, above the town of
Kapaa (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP
Database 2000).
This taxon is typically found in diverse mesic or Diospyros
sandwicensis mixed mesic forests with Pisonia spp. between elevations
of 915 and 1,007 m (3,002 and 3,305 ft). Associated native plant
species include Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia
ponderosa, Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea brevipes,
Carex spp., Charpentiera elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, Cyanea spp.,
Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros spp. (lama), Dodonaea

[[Page 3959]]

viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia
arborea, Gahnia spp., Gardenia remyi (nanu), Hedyotis terminalis,
Hibiscus kokio, Kokia kauaiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine
lanaiensis, Neraudia spp. (NCN), Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Peperomia spp., Pleomele aurea, Pipturus spp., Pisonia
sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp.,
Psydrax odoratum, Pritchardia spp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum
freycinetianum var. pyrularium, Schiedea spp., Styphelia tameiameiae,
Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra spp., Xylosma hawaiiense, or
Zanthoxylum dipetalum (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
The major threats to Pteralyxia kauaiensis are habitat destruction
by feral animals and competition with introduced plants. Animals
affecting the survival of this species include feral goats and pigs,
and, possibly, rats, which may eat the fruit. Fire could threaten some
populations. Introduced plants competing with this species include
Psidium guajava, Erigeron karvinskianus, Aleurites moluccana, Lantana
camara, Psidium cattleianum, or Cordyline fruticosa (59 FR 9304;
Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).
Remya kauaiensis (NCN)
Remya kauaiensis, one of three species of a genus endemic to the
Hawaiian Islands, is in the aster family (Asteraceae). Remya kauaiensis
is a small short-lived perennial shrub, about 1 m (3 ft) tall, with
many slender, sprawling branches which are covered with a fine tan fuzz
near their tips. The leaves, coarsely toothed along the edges, are
green on the upper surface while the lower surface is covered with a
dense mat of fine white hairs (Wagner et al. 1999).
Seedlings of this taxon have not been observed. Flowers have been
observed in April, May, June, and August, and are probably insect-
pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed. Remya
kauaiensis may be self-incompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988; Service
1995).
Historically, this species was found in the Na Pali Kona Forest
Reserve at Koaie, Mohihi, Kalalau, Makaha, Nualolo, Kawaiula, Kuia,
Honopu, Awaawapuhi, Kopakaka, and Kauhao, on Kauai. There are currently
12 known populations with a total of 124 individuals on State-owned
land. They occur in Hipalau Valley, Awini Valley, Koaie Canyon, Mohihi
Stream, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi and Nualolo
Valleys, Kuia and Kawaiula Valleys, Makaha Valley, Kauhao Valley, and
Kaulaula Valley within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kuia Natural
Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve,
Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon State Park (K. Wood, in
litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Remya kauaiensis grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing
slopes at elevations between 560 and 1,247 m (1,836 and 4,090 ft). It
is found primarily in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic
forest with Chamaesyce spp. (akoko), Claoxylon sandwicense, Dianella
sandwicensis, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis,
Melicope spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria
spp., Schiedea spp., or Tetraplasandra spp. (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Remya kauaiensis include herbivory and
habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and
competition from non-native plant species. Other threats include
erosion, fire, and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events,
such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due
to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (56 FR
1450; Service 1995).
Remya montgomeryi (NCN)
The genus Remya, in the aster family (Asteraceae), is endemic to
the Hawaiian Islands. Remya montgomeryi was discovered in 1985 by
Steven Montgomery on the sheer, virtually inaccessible cliffs below the
upper rim of Kalalau Valley, Kauai. It is a small short-lived perennial
shrub, about 1 m (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling to weakly
erect, smooth branches. The leaves are coarsely toothed along the
edges, and are green on the upper as well as lower surfaces (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Seedlings of this taxon have not been observed. Flowers have been
observed in April, May, June, and August, and are probably insect-
pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed. Remya
montgomeryi may be self-incompatible (Herbst 1988; 56 FR 1450).
Remya montgomeryi is known only from Kauai. Three populations with
113 individuals are reported on State-owned land in the left and right
branches of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Kuia Valley within the
Alakai Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali Coast State Park (Herbst 1988;
K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Remya montgomeryi grows at elevations between 336 and 1,344 m
(1,102 and 4,411 ft), primarily on steep, north or northeast-facing
slopes or cliffs in transitional wet or Metrosideros polymorpha
dominated mixed mesic forest. Associated native plant species include
Artemisia australis, Bobea spp., Boehmeria grandis, Cheirodendron spp.,
Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cyrtandra spp., Dubautia spp., Ilex anomala,
Lepidium serra, Lysimachia spp. (kolokolo kuahiwi), Myrsine
linearifolia, Nototrichium spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, Sadleria
spp., Scaevola spp., Stenogyne campanulata, Tetraplasandra spp., or
Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
The primary threats to Remya montgomeryi are herbivory and habitat
degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and competition
from non-native plant species. Other threats include erosion, fire, and
an increased risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g.,
landslides or hurricanes) because of the small size of the populations
and their limited distribution (56 FR 1450; Service 1995).
Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli)
Schiedea apokremnos, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is a low, branching short-lived perennial shrub 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20
in.) tall. The leaves are oppositely arranged, oblong, and somewhat
fleshy and glabrous (having a surface without hairs). Schiedea
apokremnos is distinguished from related species by shorter sepals,
nectaries, and capsules (Wagner et al. 1999).
Some S. apokremnos individuals are functionally female and must be
cross-pollinated to set seed. This reproductive strategy may be
ineffective in populations with few individuals. Little is known about
the life history of Schiedea apokremnos. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).
Schiedea apokremnos has been collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki
Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long section of the Na Pali coast
including Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach, Kaalahina and Manono Ridges,
Haeleele Ridge, and, as far north as, Pohakuao Valley, all on the
island of Kauai. There is currently a total of five populations
containing 751 individuals on State-owned lands. The species is extant
at Nakeikionaiwi, Pohakuao, Nualolo Valley, Haeleele Valley, and
Kawaiiki Valley within the Na Pali Coast State Park and Puu Ka Pele
Forest Reserve (56

[[Page 3960]]

FR 49639; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Schiedea apokremnos grows in the crevices of near-vertical basalt
coastal cliff faces, at elevations between 12 and 391 m (40 and 1,283
ft). The species grows in sparse dry coastal cliff shrub vegetation
along with Artemisia australis, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce
celastroides, Eragrostis variabilis, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta
connata, Lobelia niihauensis, Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia spp.,
Pleomele aurea, Psydrax odoratum, or Wilkesia spp. (56 FR 49639; HINHP
Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The restriction of this species to inaccessible cliffs suggests
that goat herbivory may have eliminated them from more accessible
locations. The greatest current threat to the survival of Schiedea
apokremnos is still herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats,
as well as competition from the non-native plants Leucaena leucocephala
and Hyptis pectinata (comb hyptis), and trampling by humans. Given the
small size of most populations and restricted distribution, depressed
reproductive vigor may be a serious threats to the species. In
addition, a single environmental disturbance (such as a landslide or
fire) could destroy a significant percentage of the extant individuals
(56 FR 49639; Service 1995).
Schiedea helleri (NCN)
Schiedea helleri, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
a short-lived perennial vine. The stems, smooth below and minutely
hairy above, are usually prostrate and at least 15 cm (6 in.) long with
internodes at least 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 6 in.) long. The opposite leaves
are somewhat thick, triangular, egg-shaped to heart-shaped,
conspicuously three-veined, and nearly hairless to sparsely covered
with short, fine hairs, especially along the margins. This species is
the only member of the genus on Kauai that grows as a vine (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Three plants were observed flowering in February. No additional
life history information for this species is currently known (Service
1998a).
Schiedea helleri was originally found only at a single location
above Waimea, at Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai, over 100 years
ago. There is currently a total of three populations with 63
individuals on State-owned land at Mohihi Stream, Nawaimaka Valley, and
Mohihi Waialae Trail within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali-
Kona Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI
2000).
Schiedea helleri is found on ridges and steep cliffs in closed
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest, M.
polymorpha-Cheirodendron spp. montane wet forest, or Acacia koa-M.
polymorpha montane mesic forest at elevations between 941 and 1,223 m
(3,088 and 4,011 ft). Other native plants growing in association with
this species include Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium
spp., Cyanea spp., Dianella sandwicensis, Dubautia spp., Elaeocarpus
bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope spp., Myrsine spp., Poa
sandvicensis Scaevola procera, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Viola
wailenalenae (pamakani) (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database
2000).
Competition with the non-native plant Rubus argutus, a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or
hurricanes), and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
extant individuals are serious threats to Schiedea helleri (61 FR
53070).
Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN)
Schiedea kauaiensis, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. The green, sometimes purple-
tinged leaves are opposite, narrowly egg-shaped or lance-shaped to
narrowly or broadly elliptic. Lacking petals, the perfect flowers are
borne in open branched inflorescences, and are moderately covered with
fine, short, curly, white hairs. This short-lived perennial species is
distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit,
larger leaves, the hairiness of the inflorescence, the number of
flowers in each inflorescence, larger flowers, and larger seeds (Wagner
et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this taxon. Fruit and
flowers have been observed in July and August, and flowering material
has been collected in September. There is no evidence of regeneration
from seed under field conditions. Reproductive cycles, longevity,
specific environmental requirements and limiting factors are unknown
(Service 1998a).
Historically, Schiedea kauaiensis was known from the northwestern
side of Kauai, from Papaa to Mahanaloa. It was thought to be extinct
until the two currently known populations in Mahanaloa and Kalalau
Valleys, with a total of 22 individuals, were found. Both populations
occur on State land within the Kuia Natural Area Reserve and Na Pali
Coast State Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt.
1999).
Schiedea kauaiensis typically grows in diverse mesic to wet Acacia
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha forest on steep slopes at elevations
between 192 and 1,290 m (631 and 4,232 ft). Associated native plant
species include Alphitonia ponderosa, Cryptocarya mannii, Diospyros
spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus,
Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Peucedanum
sandwicense, Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, or Styphelia
tameiameiae (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
Threats to Schiedea kauaiensis include habitat degradation and/or
destruction by feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from several
non-native plant species; predation by introduced slugs and snails; and
a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
low number of individuals in only two known populations. Schiedea
kauaiensis is also potentially threatened by fire (61 FR 53108; Service
1998a; HINHP Database 2000).
Schiedea membranacea (NCN)
Schiedea membranacea, a member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a perennial herb. The unbranched, fleshy stems
rise upwards from near the base and are somewhat sprawling. During dry
seasons, the plant dies back to a woody, short stem at or beneath the
ground surface. The oppositely arranged leaves are broadly elliptic to
egg-shaped, generally thin, have five to seven longitudinal veins, and
are sparsely covered with short, fine hairs. The perfect flowers have
no petals, are numerous, and occur in large branched clusters. This
short-lived perennial species differs from others of the genus that
grow on Kauai by having five-to seven-nerved leaves and a herbaceous
habit (Wagner et al. 1999).
Research suggests that this species largely requires outcrossing
for successful germination and survival to adulthood. Pollinators for
Schiedea membranacea are unknown, since none have been seen during the
daytime, and none were observed during one set of night observations.
Little else is known about the life history of Schiedea membranacea.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown. (Service 1998a).
Schiedea membranacea is currently known from the western side of
the island of Kauai, on State and privately

[[Page 3961]]

owned lands at Poopooiki Valley, Milolii Ridge, Kuia Valley, Awaawapuhi
Valley, Nualolo Valley, Kahuamaa Flats, Waialae Falls, Koaie Canyon,
and the right branch of Wainiha Valley. On State lands it occurs within
the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Halelea Forest Reserve, Kuia Natural
Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve. There are currently seven populations containing 195
individuals (Wood and Perlman 1993; 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, in litt.
1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species is typically found on cliffs and cliff bases in mesic
or wet habitats, in lowland, or montane shrubland, or forest
communities dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus spp. and Metrosideros
polymorpha or Urticaceae shrubland on talus slopes at elevations
between 422 and 1,205 m (1,386 and 3,953 ft). Associated native plant
species include Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Asplenium
spp., Athyrium sandwicensis (akolea), Bobea brevipes, Boehmeria
grandis, Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa,
Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae,
Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens (ohe), Labordia helleri
(kamakahala), Lepidium serra, Lysimachia kalalauensis (NCN), Machaerina
angustifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope spp., Myrsine spp.,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, Poa
sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum,
Remya kauaiensis, Sadleria cyatheoides (amau), Scaevola procera,
Thelypteris cyatheoides (kikawaio), Thelypteris sandwicensis
(palapalaia), or Touchardia latifolia (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Habitat degradation by feral goats, and pigs, and deer; competition
with the non-native plant species Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana
camara, Rubus argutus, R. rosifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Ageratina
riparia (Hamakua pamakani), or Passiflora mollissima; loss of
pollinators; and landslides are the primary threats to Schiedea
membranacea. Based on observations indicating that snails and slugs may
consume seeds and seedlings, it is likely that introduced molluscs also
represent a major threat to this species (61 FR 53070; Wood and Perlman
1993; Service 1998a).
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda and Schiedea spergulina var.
spergulina (NCN)
Schiedea spergulina, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is a short-lived perennial subshrub. The opposite leaves are very
narrow, one-veined, and attached directly to the stem. The flowers are
unisexual, with male and female flowers on different plants. Flowers
occur in compact clusters of three. The capsular fruits contain nearly
smooth, kidney-shaped seeds. Of the 22 species in this endemic genus,
only two other species have smooth seeds. Schiedea spergulina differs
from those two in having very compact flower clusters. The two weakly
defined varieties differ primarily in the degree of hairiness of the
inflorescences, with S. s. var. leiopoda being the less hairy of the
two (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life histories of either Schiedea
spergulina var. leiopoda or Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda was found on a
ridge on the east side of Hanapepe on Kauai. One population with
approximately 50 individuals is now known to grow in Lawai Valley on
Kauai on privately owned land (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina was historically found in
Olokele Canyon, but is now known only from the right branch of Kalalau
Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Waimea Canyon. A total of three populations
numbering approximately 206 individuals is reported on State-owned land
within the Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and
the Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve. However, it has been estimated that
this species may number in the thousands on Kauai (Service 1995; HINHP
Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Both varieties of Schiedea spergulina are usually found on bare
rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or
cliff bases in diverse lowland dry to mesic forests at elevations
between 21 and 87 m (69 and 284 ft) for Schiedea spergulina var.
leiopoda and elevations between 144 and 828 m (474 and 2,718 ft) for
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina. Associated native plant species
include Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Carex
meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides, Dianella sandwicensis, Doryopteris
spp. (kumuniu), Eragrostis variabilis, Erythrina sandwicensis
(wiliwili), Gahnia spp, Heliotropium spp. (ahinahina), Lepidium serra,
Lipochaeta connata, Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Nototrichium sandwicense, Panicum lineale, Peucedanum sandwicense, or
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service
1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda are habitat
destruction by feral goats and competition with non-native plants such
as Leucaena leucocephala, Lantana camara, or Furcraea foetida
(Mauritius hemp). Individuals have also been damaged and destroyed by
rock slides. This variety is potentially threatened by pesticide use in
nearby sugarcane fields, as well as a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events (e.g., hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor
due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; Lorence
and Flynn 1991; Service 1995).
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina is threatened by competition
with non-native plant species, including Erigeron karvinskianus,
Lantana camara, Melia azedarach, or Triumfetta semitriloba (Sacramento
bur). The area in which this variety grows is used heavily by feral
goats, and there is evidence that plants are being browsed and trampled
(59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; HINHP Database 2000).
Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi)
Schiedea stellarioides, a member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a slightly erect to prostrate subshrub with
branched stems. The opposite leaves are very slender to oblong-
elliptic, and one-veined. This short-lived perennial species is
distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the number
of veins in the leaves, shape of the leaves, presence of a leaf stalk,
length of the flower cluster, and shape of the seeds (Wagner et al.
1999).
Plants were observed flowering in the field in February. Little
else is known about the life history of Schiedea stellarioides. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Schiedea stellarioides was found at the sea cliffs of
Hanakapiai Beach, Kaholuamano-Opaewela region, the ridge between
Waialae and Nawaimaka Valleys, and Haupu Range on the island of Kauai.
Currently it is found in Kawaiiki Valley and Waialae Falls within the
Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve. There is a total of two populations with
400 individuals on

[[Page 3962]]

State-owned land (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI
2000).
Schiedea stellarioides is found on steep slopes in closed Acacia
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland to montane mesic forest or
shrubland at elevations between 476 and 1,216 m (1,561 and 3,990 ft).
Associated native plant species include Alsinidendron viscosum,
Artemisia australis, Bidens cosmoides, Chenopodium spp. (ahe ahea),
Dianella sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Mariscus spp., Melicope spp.,
Nototrichium sandwicense, Pipturus spp., Styphelia tameiameiae,
Syzygium sandwicensis, or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (61 FR 53070; HINHP
Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to this species include habitat degradation and
herbivory by feral pigs and goats, competition with the non-native
plants Melinis minutiflora and Rubus argutus, and a risk of extinction
of the two remaining populations from naturally occurring events, such
as landslides or hurricanes (61 FR 53070).
Stenogyne campanulata (NCN)
Stenogyne campanulata, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is
a vine with four-angled, hairy stems. A short-lived perennial species,
Stenogyne campanulata is distinguished from closely related species by
its large and very broadly bell-shaped calyces that nearly enclose the
relatively small, straight corollas, and by small calyx teeth that are
half as long as wide (Weller and Sakai 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Stenogyne campanulata.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Stenogyne campanulata is known from two populations with 66
individuals which were originally discovered in the left branch of
Kalalau Valley on State-owned land in the Na Pali Coast State Park
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Stenogyne campanulata grows on the rock face of a nearly vertical,
north-facing cliff in diverse lowland or montane mesic forest at
elevations between 335 and 1,290 m (1,100 and 4,232 ft). The associated
native plant species include Lepidium serra, Lobelia niihauensis,
Lysimachia spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope pallida, Neraudia
kauaiensis, Nototrichium divaricatum (kului), Poa mannii, Remya
montgomeryi, or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (57 FR 20580; Weller and Sakai
1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The restriction of this species to virtually inaccessible cliffs
suggests that herbivory by feral goats may have eliminated it from more
accessible locations. Goat herbivory and habitat degradation remain the
primary threat. Feral pigs have disturbed vegetation in the vicinity of
these plants. Erosion caused by feral goats or pigs exacerbates the
potential threat of landslides. Erigeron karvinskianus and Rubus
argutus are the primary non-native plants threatening Stenogyne
campanulata. The small number of individuals and its restricted
distribution are serious potential threats to the species. The limited
population size may depress reproductive vigor, or a single
environmental disturbance, such as a landslide, could destroy all known
extant individuals (57 FR 20580).
Viola helenae (NCN)
Viola helenae is a small, unbranched perennial subshrub with an
erect stem in the violet family (Violaceae). The hairless leaves are
clustered on the upper part of the plant and are lance-shaped with a
pair of narrow, membranous stipules below each leaf. The small, pale
lavender or white flowers are produced on stems either singly or in
pairs in the leaf axils. The fruit is a capsule that splits open at
maturity, releasing the pale olive brown seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history and ecology of Viola
helenae. Wagner et al. (1999) stated that the flowers are all
chasmogamous (open at maturity for access by pollinators) and not
cleistogamous (remain closed and self-fertilize in the bud) as in
certain other violets. Therefore, it is likely that its flowers require
pollination by insects for seed set. Mature flowering plants do produce
seed; however, seed viability may be low and microhabitat requirements
for germination and growth may be very specific. Seeds planted at NTBG
on Kauai failed to germinate, although they may not have been
sufficiently mature when collected and violet seeds are often very slow
to germinate. The seeds are jettisoned when the capsule splits open, as
in most species of the genus (Service 1994).
Historically, Viola helenae was known from four populations, two
along either branch of the Wahiawa Stream on Kauai. Currently, there is
one known population, with a total of 137 individual plants, on
privately owned land within the Wahiawa Drainage (56 FR 47695; Service
1994; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis lowland wet forest or Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron
wet forest growing on stream drainage banks or adjacent Valley bottoms
in light to moderate shade at elevations between 522 and 1,006 m (1,712
and 3,301 ft). Associated native plant species include Antidesma
platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, Dicranopteris
linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia spp., Freycinetia arborea,
Hesperomannia lydgatei, Melicope spp, or Pritchardia spp. (Service
1994; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Threats include competition from non-native plant species,
including Psidium cattleianum, Melastoma candidum, potentially
Melaleuca quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus rosifolius,
Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites valerianifolia, or various non-native
grasses; trampling and browsing damage by feral pigs; landslides and
erosion; and hurricanes (56 FR 47695; Service 1994).
Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis (nani waialeale)
Viola kauaiensis, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a
short-lived perennial herb with upward curving or weakly rising,
hairless, lateral stems. The species is distinguished from others of
the genus by its nonwoody habit, widely spaced kidney-shaped leaves,
and by having two types of flowers: conspicuous, open flowers and
smaller, unopened flowers. Two varieties of the species are recognized,
both occurring on Kauai: var. kauaiensis and var. wahiawaensis. Viola
kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is distinguished by having broadly wedge-
shaped leaf bases (Service 1998a; Wagner et al. 1999).
Five Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis plants were observed in
flower in December. Little else is known about the life history of
Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis. Its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. (Service 1998a).
Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is known only from two
populations in the Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai with a total of 13
individual plants, on privately owned land. This taxon is not known to
have occurred beyond its current range (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI
2000).
Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is found in Machaerina
angustifolia-Rhynchospora rugosa (kuolohia)

[[Page 3963]]

lowland bog or mixed wet shrubland and adjacent Metrosideros polymorpha
wet forest at elevations between 393 and 1,006 (1,291 and 3,301 ft).
Associated native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum var.
hillebrandii, Bidens forbesii (kookoolau), Chamaesyce remyi (akoko),
Chamaesyce sparsiflora (akoko), Coprosma grayana (pilo), Cyanea fissa,
Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum (NCN), Dubautia
imbricata (naenae), Dubautia raillardioides, Gahnia vitiensis (NCN),
Lobelia kauaensis (NCN), Machaerina angustifolia, Machaerina
mariscoides, Melicope spp., Psychotria wawrae, Sadleria pallida,
Scaevola gaudichaudii, Sphenomeris chinensis, Styphelia tameiameiae,
Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra oahuensis, or Vaccinium dentatum
(Lorence and Flynn 1991; 61 FR 53070; Service 1998a; HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis are a
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides
or hurricanes, and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number
of existing populations and individuals; habitat degradation through
the rooting activities of feral pigs; and competition with non-native
plants, such as Juncus planifolius (NCN) or Pterolepis glomerata (NCN)
(61 FR 53070; Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service 1994; HINHP Database
2000).
Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau)
Wilkesia hobdyi, a member of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is
a short-lived perennial shrub which branches from the base. The tip of
each branch bears a tuft of narrow leaves growing in whorls joined
together into a short sheathing section at their bases. The cream-
colored flower heads grow in clusters (Carr 1982a, 1999b).
This species is probably pollinated through outcrossing and is
probably self-incompatible. Insects are the most likely pollinators. In
1982, Carr reported that reproduction and seedling establishment were
occurring and appeared sufficient to sustain the populations. Flowering
was observed most often in the winter months, but also during June.
Fruits may be dispersed when they stick to the feathers of birds.
Densities reach one plant per square meter (approximately one square
yard) in localized areas, and hybridization with Wilkesia gymnoxiphium
may be occurring (Carr 1982a).
First collected in 1968 on Polihale Ridge, Kauai, this species was
not formally described until 1971 (St. John 1971). Currently, there are
six populations with a total of 491 individuals. This species occurs on
State-owned lands within the Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Na
Pali Coast State Park, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve and on land under
Federal jurisdiction within the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF)
at Makaha Ridge. The plants occur in Milolii Valley, Makaha Ridge,
Haeleele Ridge, Kaaweiki Ridge, Polihale Spring, Pohakumano, and
Pohakuao (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Wilkesia hobdyi grows on coastal dry cliffs or very dry ridges at
elevations between 12 and 685 m (40 and 2,246 ft). The associated
native plant species include Artemisia australis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Lipochaeta
connata, Lobelia niihauensis, Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia blanda
(ala ala wai nui), Peperomia leptostachya (ala ala wai nui), Peperomia
tetraphylla (ala ala wai nui), Peucedanum sandwicense, Psydrax
odoratum, Sida fallax, Waltheria indica (uhaloa), or Wilkesia
gymnoxiphium (57 FR 27859; Service 1995; Wagner et al. 1999; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
The greatest immediate threats to the survival of this species are
habitat disturbance and browsing by feral goats. Although the low
number of individuals and their restricted habitat could be considered
a potential threat to the survival to the species, the plant appears to
have vigorous reproduction and may survive indefinitely if goats were
eliminated from its habitat. Fire and extinction through naturally
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, could also be
threats to the survival of the species (57 FR 27859; Service 1995).
Xylosma crenatum (NCN)
Xylosma crenatum is a dioecious (plant bears only male or female
flowers, and must cross-pollinate with another plant to produce viable
seed) long-lived perennial tree in the flacourtia family
(Flacourtiaceae). The tree grows up to 14 m (45 ft) tall and has dark
gray bark. The somewhat leathery leaves are oval to elliptic-oval, with
coarsely toothed edges and moderately hairy undersides. More coarsely
toothed leaf edges and hairy undersides of the leaves distinguish X.
crenatum from the other Hawaiian member of this genus (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Xylosma crenatum.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Xylosma crenatum was known from two sites on Kauai:
along upper Nualolo Trail in Kuia Natural Area Reserve and along Mohihi
Road between Waiakoali and Mohihi drainages in Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve. Currently, this species is extant on State-owned land in
Kainamanu, Nualolo Trail, and Mohihi Valley within the Kokee State
Park, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve. There
are three populations with a total of eight individual plants (57 FR
20580; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Xylosma crenatum is known from diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros
polymorpha montane mesic forest, Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis montane wet forest, or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha
montane wet forest at elevations between 936 and 1,284 m (3,070 and
4,212 ft). Associated native plant species include Athyrium
sandwicensis, Cheirodendron spp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma spp.,
Cyanea hirta (haha), Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia knudsenii,
Hedyotis spp., Ilex anomala, Lobelia yuccoides, Myrsine spp., Nestegis
sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Poa
sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Scaevola procera,
Streblus pendulinus, Tetraplasandra spp., Touchardia latifolia, or
Zanthoxylum dipetalum (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000;
K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The small number of individuals and scattered distribution makes
this species vulnerable to human or natural environmental disturbance.
Xylosma crenatum is also threatened by competition from non-native
plants, particularly Psidium guajava. In addition, feral pigs may
threaten this species (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

Multi-Island Species

Acaena exigua (liliwai)
Acaena exigua is a small perennial rosette herb in the rose family
(Rosaceae) with narrow, fern-like, divided leaves and slender flowering
stalks 5-15 cm (2-5.9 in.) long. It is easily hidden among the other
low, tufted bog plants with which it grows. The narrow, oblong leaves
are usually 10-25 mm (0.4-1.0 in.) long with 6-17 leaflets 1-4 mm
(0.04-0.16 in.) long and 1-2 mm (0.04-0.08 in.) wide. The leaflet on
the end is wider (to 3 mm (0.12 in.)). The upper surface of the leaves
is glossy with conspicuous veins; the lower

[[Page 3964]]

surface is whitish. The flowers lack petals and are arranged in short,
dense spikes 5-10 mm (0.2-0.4 in.) long held on slender, sparsely leafy
stalks 5-15 cm (2-6 in). tall. The base of the flower is urn-shaped,
sometimes with very short spines or bristles, and encloses a single
cone-shaped dry fruit (achene) 1 mm (0.04 in.) long (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Acaena exigua. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997).
Historically, Acaena exigua was known from Puu-kukui on West Maui
and from Mount Waialeale on Kauai. On Kauai, Acaena exigua was last
collected by Wawra between 1869 and 1870, and it has not been seen in
the wild since (Wagner et al. 1999).
Acaena exigua is known only from sites with extensive cloud cover
and moderate to strong winds in wet montane shrub bog or bog margins
characterized by a thick peat substrate overlying an impervious clay
substrate, with hummocks of sedges and grasses, stunted trees, and
shrubs and elevations between 666 and 1,598 m (2,185 and 5,244 ft).
Associated native plant species include Deschampsia nubigena (hair
grass), Dichanthelium cynodon (NCN), Dichanthelium hillebrandianum
(NCN), Dichanthelium isachnoides (NCN), Dubautia spp., Melicope spp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Oreobolus furcatus (NCN), or Vaccinium spp.
(K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The reason for the disappearance of this species is not known.
Though impact from herbivory and rooting by pigs is assumed and often
cited, feral pigs have become established at Waialeale (Kauai) only
within the past two decades. The main current threats to Acaena exigua,
if it exists, are believed to include small population size; human
impacts (collecting and site degradation); potentially consumption of
vegetative or floral parts of this species by non-native slugs and/or
rats; predation and habitat disturbance by feral pigs; and non-native
plant species especially, Juncus planifolius (57 FR 20772).
Achyranthes mutica (NCN)
Achyranthes mutica, a member of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a many-branched shrub with egg-shaped
leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from others
in the genus by the shape and size of the sepals and by characteristics
of the spike, which is short and congested (Wagner et al. 1999).
Historically, Achyranthes mutica was known from three collections
from opposite ends of the main archipelago: Kauai and Hawaii.
Currently, this species is known only from Hawaii island, from the
Kilohana Gulch on private land. It was last observed on Kauai in the
1850s (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Achyranthes mutica on the island of Kauai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Achyranthes mutica on the island
of Kauai.
Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi fern)
Adenophorus periens, a member of the grammitis family
(Grammitidaceae), is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the
ground) fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic
Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (a leaflet) margins, by
the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement
of the sori on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of each pinna
(Linney 1989).
Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens,
which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high
humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very
likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed
by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or
insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their
longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak
differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of
seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989).
Historically, Adenophorus periens was reported from Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from
several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000).
On Kauai, there is a total of seven populations on private and State-
owned lands (Halelea Forest Reserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Area
Reserve, and Kealia Forest Reserve), with approximately 80 individuals,
that occur at Pihea, Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, Mount Namahana,
Lumahai Valley, Wainiha Valley, and Kapalaoa (59 FR 56333; GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000).
This species, an epiphyte (a plant that derives moisture and
nutrients from the air and rain) usually growing on Metrosideros
polymorpha trunks, is found in riparian banks of stream systems in
well-developed, closed canopy that provides deep shade or high humidity
in Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum lowland wet forests, open
Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest at elevations between 107 and
1,593 m (351 and 5,228 ft). Associated native plant species include
Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium sandwichianum, Broussaisia spp.,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris
linearis Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia hirtella,
Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria spp., Psychotria hexandra, Syzygium
sandwicensis, or Tetraplasandra oahuensis (59 FR 56333; Linney 1989; K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species on Kauai include habitat degradation by
feral pigs and goats and competition with the non-native plant Psidium
cattleianum (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000).
Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus (mahoe)
Alectryon macrococcus, a member of the soapberry family
(Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus and auwahiensis,
both trees with reddish-brown branches and net-veined paper- or
leather-like leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical
egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs,
persistent in A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis, but only on leaves of
young A. macrococcus var. macrococcus plants. The only member of its
genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other
Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.3 cm
(0.9 in.) or more in diameter (Wagner et al. 1999).
Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree
that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought.
Little else is known about the life history of Alectryon macrococcus.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Service
1997).
Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus historically and currently
occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and Maui. On Kauai, Alectryon
macrococcus var. macrococcus occurs on State-owned land in the Alakai
Wilderness

[[Page 3965]]

Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and
Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve on Kauai. A total of six populations of 204
individuals is known from Kalalau Valley, Kipalau Valley, Haeleele
Valley, Waimea Canyon, Hipalau Valley, and Kawaiiki Falls (K. Wood, in
litt. 1999; GDSI 2000). This variety is also found on Oahu, Molokai,
and West Maui (57 FR 20772). Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis is
found only on leeward east Maui and will be reviewed further in a
subsequent rule (Medeiros et al. 1986; HINHP Database 2000).
The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Kauai is
Diospyros spp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest,
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic forest, or Diospyros spp. mixed
mesic forest on dry slopes or in gulches, at elevations between 341 and
954 m (1,120 and 3,129 ft). Associated native plant species include
Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma spp., Bobea timonioides,
Caesalpinia kauaiense (uhiuhi), Canavalia spp. (awikiwiki), Carex
meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Doodia kunthiana, Hibiscus waimeae, Kokia
kauaiensis, Melicope knudsenii, Microlepia strigosa, Munroidendron
racemosum, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Pleomele spp., Pouteria sandwicensis,
Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia spp., Rauvolfia
sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Tetraplasandra spp., Xylosma spp.,
or Zanthoxylum spp. (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Kauai is threatened by
feral goats and pigs; the non-native plant species Melinis minutiflora,
Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmasberry), or Psidium cattleianum;
damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice (Mus
musculus); fire; depressed reproductive vigor; seed predation by
insects (probably the endemic micro-lepidopteran Prays cf.
fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; and, due to the very small
remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, natural
or human-caused environmental disturbances which could easily be
catastrophic (57 FR 20772).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Bonamia menziesii, a member of the morning-glory family
(Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when
young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to
the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its
two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Bonamia menziesii. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from the following
general areas: scattered locations on Kauai, the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu, scattered locations on Molokai, one location on West Maui, and
eastern Hawaii. Currently, it is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui,
and Hawaii. On Kauai, there are eight total populations with 62
individuals on State (Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali
Natural Area Reserve, Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve, Na Pali Coast State
Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands in
Waiahuakua, Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley, Paaiki Valley, Kipalau
Valley, Hulua, Wahiawa Falls, and Laauhihaihai (Service 1999; K. Wood,
in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Bonamia menziesii is found in dry, mesic, or wet Metrosideros
polymorpha-Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris forest at elevations between 351
and 1,415 m (1,151 and 4,644 ft). Associated native plant species
include Antidesma platyphyllum, Alphitonia ponderosa, Acacia koa,
Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra pickeringii, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Dianella
sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia
knudsenii, Hedyotis terminalis, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
hirta, Melicope anisata, Melicope barbigera, Myoporum sandwicense,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Pittosporum spp., Pouteria
sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, Psydrax
odoratum, Sapindus oahuensis, Scaevola procera, or Syzygium
sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
The primary threats to this species on Kauai include habitat
degradation and possible predation by feral pigs and goats, deer, and
cattle; competition with a variety of non-native plants; and fire (59
FR 56333).
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)
Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of the gentian family
(Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless
flowers. This species is distinguished from C. erythraea (bitter herb),
which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched
arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April. It is
possible that heavy rainfall induces flowering. Populations are found
in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy
rains. Little else is known about the life history of Centaurium
sebaeoides. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically and currently, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from
scattered localities on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and
Maui. Currently on Kauai, there are a total of three populations with
approximately 52 individuals on State-owned land. This species is found
at Puanaiea Point, the caves at Nakeikionaiwi, and Pohakuao within the
Na Pali Coast State Park (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Centaurium sebaeoides typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or
on cliffs in arid coastal areas at elevations between 0 and 147 m (0
and 483 ft). Associated native plant species include Artemisia spp.
(hinahina), Bidens spp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa,
Fimbristylis cymosa (mauu akiaki), Heteropogon contortus, Jacquemontia
ovalifolia (pauohiiaka), Lipochaeta succulenta, Lipochaeta heterophylla
(nehe), Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Lycium sandwicense, Lysimachia
mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), Mariscus phleoides, Panicum fauriei
(NCN), P. torridum (kakonakona), Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, or
Wikstroemia uva-ursi (akia) (56 FR 55770; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species on Kauai include habitat
degradation by feral goats and cattle; competition from the non-native
plant species Casuarina equisetfolia (ironwood), Casuarina glauca
(saltmarsh), Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis pallida (kiawe), Schinus
terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini (Java plum), and Tournefortia
argentea (tree heliotrope); trampling by humans on or near trails; and
fire (56 FR 55770; Medeiros et al. 1999; Service 1999).
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)
Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial of the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm
(0.2 to 0.4 in.) thick, creeping above the ground and densely covered
with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf

[[Page 3966]]

stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed with tan-colored scales up
to 1.8 cm (0.7 in.) long and 1 mm (0.04 in.) wide. The sori are tan-
colored when mature and are in a single row one-third of the distance
from the margin to the midrib of the ultimate segments. The indusium
(an outgrowth of a fern frond that invests the sori) is whitish before
wrinkling, thin and suborbicular (less than completely, perfectly
round), with a narrow sinus extending about half way, glabrous except
for a circular margin which is ciliolate (fringed with minute hairs)
with simple several-celled glandular and nonglandular hairs arising
directly from the margin or from the deltoid base. Ctenitis squamigera
can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by
the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its frond (Degener and
Degener 1957; Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of Ctenitis squamigera. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998c).
Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. It is currently found on
Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. It was last seen on Kauai in 1896
(HINHP Database 2000).
This species is found on rock faces in gulches in the forest
understory at elevations between 568 and 1,069 m (1,863 and 3,507 ft),
in Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros spp. mesic forest and diverse
mesic forest. Associated native plant species include Myrsine spp.,
Psychotria spp., and Xylosma spp. (Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000;
K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera are habitat degradation
by feral pigs and goats, competition with non-native plant species,
especially Psidium cattleianum or Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; and
extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of
existing populations and individuals (Service 1998a).
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)
Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae),
is a perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome. The culms are
densely tufted, obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, sticky, and
leafy at the base. This species is distinguished from others in the
genus by the short rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the
nodes, the shape of the glumes, and the length of the culms (Koyama
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cyperus trachysanthos.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos was known on Niihau, Kauai,
scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. It was last observed
on Molokai in 1912 and on Lanai in 1919. Currently, this species is
reported from the Nualolo Valley on Kauai on State-owned land and west
of Mokouia Valley on the privately owned island of Niihau. There is one
known population with about 300 individuals on the island of Kauai and
an unknown number of individuals on Niihau (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI
2000).
Cyperus trachysanthos is usually found in wet sites (mud flats, wet
clay soil, or wet cliff seeps) on seepy flats or talus slopes at
elevations between 0 and 234 m (0 and 767 ft). Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau)
is often found in association with this species (61 FR 53108; Koyama
1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
On Kauai, the threats to this species are the loss of wetlands and
a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of populations. The
threats on Niihau are unknown (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).
Delissea undulata (NCN)
Delissea undulata, a member of the bell flower family
(Campanulaceae), is an unbranched, palm-like, woody-stemmed perennial
tree, with a dense cluster of leaves at the tip of the stem. One or two
knob-like structures often occur on the back of the flower tube. The
three recognized subspecies are distinguishable on the basis of leaf
shape and margin characters: D. undulata ssp. kauaiensis, leaf blades
are oval and have a flat-margin with sharp teeth; D. undulata ssp.
niihauensis, leaf blades are heart shaped and have a flat-margin with
shallow, rounded teeth; and D. undulata ssp. undulata, leaf blades are
elliptic to lance-shaped and wavy-margin with small, sharply pointed
teeth. This species is separated from the other closely related members
of the genus by its large flowers and berries and broad leaf bases
(Lammers 1990).
On the island of Hawaii, Delissea undulata ssp. undulata was
observed in flower and fruit (immature) in August and outplanted
individuals were observed in flower in July. Little else is known about
the life history of Delissea undulata. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1996; 61 FR 53124).
Historically and currently, Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis is
known only from Kauai. Currently, there is one known population of
three individuals on State-owned land in Kuia Valley within the Kuia
Natural Area Reserve. Delissea undulata ssp. niihauensis was known only
from Niihau, but has not been seen since 1865. Delissea undulata ssp.
undulata was known from southwestern Maui and western Hawaii.
Currently, this variety occurs only on the island of Hawaii (K. Wood,
in litt. 1999; Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000; 61 FR 53124; HINHP Database
2000).
Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis occurs in dry or open Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha mesic forests or Alphitonia ponderosa montane
forest at elevations between 139 and 1,006 m (456 and 3,299 ft).
Associated native species include Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea
viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, Eragrostis variabilis, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Kokia kauaiensis, Microlepia strigosa, Panicum spp.,
Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Santalum
ellipticum (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this subspecies on Kauai are feral goats, pigs, and
cattle; small population size; competition with the non-native plants
Passiflora mollissima and Delairea odorata (cape ivy); fire; introduced
slugs; seed predation by rats and introduced game birds; and a risk of
extinction due to random naturally occurring events, such as landslides
or hurricanes (Service 1996).
Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia)
Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped
fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales.
This species differs from other members of the genus in having large
brown or dark gray scales, fused or separate sori along both margins,
shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not
usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).
Little is known about the life history of Diellia erecta. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).

[[Page 3967]]

Historically, Diellia erecta was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Lanai, scattered locations on Maui, and various locations on the Island
of Hawaii. Currently, it is only known from Moloka`i, Maui, and Hawaii
and recently rediscovered on Kauai. On Kauai there is one known
population with 30 individuals in Kawaiiki Valley on State-owned land
within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (Service 1999; HINHP Database
2000).
This species is found in brown granular soil with leaf litter and
occasional terrestrial moss on north facing slopes in deep shade on
steep slopes or gulch bottoms in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis wet forest or Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic with Acacia
koa and Acacia koaia as codominants, at elevations between 655 and
1,224 m (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Associated native plant species include
Asplenium aethiopicum (NCN), Asplenium contiguum (NCN), Asplenium
macraei (NCN), Coprosma spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris fusco-atra
(NCN), Dryopteris unidentata, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope spp.,
Microlepia strigosa, Myrsine spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria
spp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia spp.
(Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Diellia erecta on Kauai are habitat
degradation by pigs and goats; competition with non-native plant
species, including Blechnum occidentale, Grevillea robusta (silk oak),
Lantana camara, Mariscus meyenianus (NCN), Myrica faya, Passiflora
mollissima, Rubus argutus, or Setaria palmifolia (palm grass); and
random naturally occurring events that could cause extinction and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing
individuals (59 FR 56333; Service 1996).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived perennial member of the
woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and
green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This
species can be distinguished from other species of Diplazium in the
Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including
venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape,
and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of Diplazium molokaiense.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998c).
Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species is only known from
Maui. It was last seen on Kauai in 1909 (HINHP Database 2000).
This species occurs in brown soil with basalt outcrops near water
falls in lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa
forest at elevations between 476 and 1,284 m (1,562 and 4,212 ft)
(Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats on Kauai are habitat degradation by feral
goats, and pigs and competition with non-native plant species (59 FR
49025; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).
Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko)
Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is a dioecious tree with alternate papery leaves. This
short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus
in that it is a tree, whereas most of the other species are herbs or
shrubs, as well as by the large leaves with prominent veins (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Individual trees of Euphorbia haeleeleana bear only male or female
flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce
viable seed. Euphorbia haeleeleana sets fruit between August and
October. Little else is known about the life history of this species.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (Wagner et al. 1999; Service 1999).
Euphorbia haeleeleana is known historically and currently from
northwestern Kauai and the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. On Kauai, there
is a total of seven populations with 597 individuals occurring on
State-owned land. It is found at Pohakuao, Kalalau Valley, Hipalau
Valley, Koaie Canyon, Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia Valley, Poopooiki Valley,
Nualolo Trail, Makaha Valley, and Haeleele Valley within the Kuia
Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (61 FR 53108; Service 1999; K.
Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
Euphorbia haeleeleana is usually found in lowland mixed mesic or
dry Diospyros forest that is often co-dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha and Alphitonia ponderosa. This plant is typically found at
elevations between 284 and 1,178 m (931 and 3,866 ft). Associated
native plant species include Acacia koaia (koaia), Antidesma
platyphyllum, Claoxylon sandwicense, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis,
Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis,
Kokia kauaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, P.
greenwelliae, Pteralyxia sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis,
Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra
kauaiensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, or Xylosma
spp. (61 FR 53108; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Threats to this species on Kauai include habitat degradation and
destruction by deer, feral goats, and pigs; seed predation by rats;
fire; and competition with non-native plants (61 FR 53108; Service
1999).
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)
Flueggea neowawraea, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae),
is a large dioecious tree with white oblong pores covering its scaly,
pale brown bark. This long-lived perennial species is the only member
of the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other
species in the genus by its large size, scaly bark, the shape, size,
and color of the leaves, flowers clustered along the branches, and the
size and shape of the fruits (Neal 1965; Linney 1982; Hayden 1999;
Service 1999).
Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female
flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce
viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of this
species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Hayden 1999).
Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui,
Molokai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from Kauai,
Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, this species is reported from
Limahuli Valley, Pohakuao, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Kuia and
Paaiki Valleys, Kipalau Valley, Koaie Falls, Kawaiiki Valley, and
Waimea Canyon. There are eight populations with 85 known individuals
occurring on State (Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State
Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands.
However, it has been estimated that the total number of individuals may
be slightly over 100 (Hayden 1999; Service 1999; K. Wood, in litt.
1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or mesic forests at elevations
between 210

[[Page 3968]]

and 1,178 m (689 and 3,865 ft). Associated native plant species include
Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma pulvinatum (hame), A. platyphyllum,
Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea timonioides, Caesalpinia kavaiensis,
Charpentiera spp., Diospyros spp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia
arborea, Hibiscus spp., Isodendrion laurifolium, Kokia kauaiensis,
Melicope spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Munroidendron racemosum,
Myrsine lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Tetraplasandra spp., Pittosporum spp., Pouteria sandwicensis,
Pritchardia minor, Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia
kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Tetraplasandra
spp., Xylosma hawaiiense, or Xylosma crenatum (59 FR 56333; HINHP
Database 2000; Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species on Kauai include the black twig borer;
habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, and cattle; competition
with non-native plant species; fire; small population size; depressed
reproductive vigor; and a potential threat of predation on the fruit by
rats (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999).
Gouania meyenii (NCN)
Gouania meyenii, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is
a shrub with entire, papery leaves. This short-lived perennial species
is distinguished from the two other Hawaiian species of Gouania by its
lack of tendrils on the flowering branches, the absence of teeth on the
leaves, and the lack or small amount of hair on the fruit (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Gouania meyenii flowers from March to May. Seed capsules develop in
about 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about 10 to 18 years in the
wild. Little else is known about the life history of Gouania meyenii.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998b).
Historically, Gouania meyenii was known only from Oahu. It was
discovered on Kauai in 1993 (Lorence et al.) and published in the
supplement to the Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii (Wagner et al.
1999). Currently, this species is found on Oahu and on Kauai on State-
owned land within the Na Pali Coast State Park and the Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve. There is a total of three populations on Kauai with
nine individuals found in the Kalalau and Hipalau Valleys (56 FR 55770;
Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species typically grows on rocky ledges, cliff faces, and
ridge-tops in dry shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha lowland diverse
mesic forest at elevations between 375 and 1,179 m (1,231 and 3,867
ft). Associated native plant species include Bidens spp., Carex
meyenii, Chamaesyce spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros spp., Eragrostis
variabilis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Hedyotis spp., Hibiscadelphus spp.,
Lysimachia spp., Melicope pallida, Neraudia kauaiensis, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Nototrichium divaricatum, Panicum lineale, Poa mannii,
Psychotria spp., Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona), or Wilkesia
gymnoxiphium (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
Threats to Gouania meyenii on Kauai include competition from the
non-native plants Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, or
Psidium cattleianum; fire; habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats;
and the small number of extant populations and individuals (56 FR
55770; Service 1998b).
Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi)
Hedyotis cookiana, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a
small shrub with many branches and papery-textured leaves which are
fused at the base to form a sheath around the stem. This short-lived
perennial species is distinguished from other species in the genus that
grow on Kauai by being entirely hairless (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis cookiana.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Hedyotis cookiana was known from the islands of
Hawaii, Kauai, Molokai, and Oahu. Currently, it is only known from one
population of 80 individuals on State-owned land within Hono O Na Pali
Natural Area Reserve in Waiahuakua Valley on Kauai (GDSI 2000; HINHP
Database 2000).
This species generally grows in streambeds or on steep cliffs close
to water sources in relict Metrosideros polymorpha low mesic and low
wet forest communities at elevations between 119 and 553 m (392 and
1,814 ft). Associated native plant species include Boehmeria grandis,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp.
saintjohnianus, Machaerina angustifolia, Nototrichium sandwicense,
Pleomele aurea, Pipturus kauaiensis (mamaki), Pouteria sandwicensis,
Psydrax odoratum, or Rauvolfia sandwicensis. Hedyotis cookiana is
believed to have formerly been much more widespread on several of the
main Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species on Kauai are risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in
the only known population; flooding; competition with non-native
plants; and habitat modification by feral pigs and goats (59 FR 9304;
Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele)
Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived perennial and a member of the
mallow family (Malvaceae). The species is a sprawling to erect shrub or
small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in
having the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a
calyx consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single
midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules that fall
off, leaving an elliptic scar. Two subspecies are currently recognized,
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei and H. brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus (Bates 1990).
Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early
February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year.
Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else
is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei was known from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and the island of Hawaii. Hibiscus
brackenridgei was collected from an undocumented site on Kahoolawe,
though the subspecies has never been determined. Currently, Hibiscus
brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus is only known from Oahu. Hibiscus
brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is currently known from Lanai, Maui,
and the island of Hawaii (Bates 1990; Service 1999; HINHP Database
2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Hibiscus brackenridgei on the island of Kauai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei on the
island of Kauai.

[[Page 3969]]

Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum)
Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived perennial member of the grass
family (Poaceae), is a perennial species with creeping underground and
erect stems. Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished from other Hawaiian
grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower
units, which are awned and two-flowered, and a di- or trichotomously-
branching (two-or three-tiered) inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is generally unknown (Service 1996).
Historically, Ischaemum byrone was reported from Oahu, Molokai,
East Maui, Kauai and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is
found on Molokai, Hawaii, Maui, and recently rediscovered on the north
shore of Kauai. On Kauai, there are two populations with at least two
individuals at Kaweonui Point and Kauapea Beach on privately owned land
(59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000).
The habitat of Ischaemum byrone is coastal shrubland, occurring
near the ocean among rocks and seepy cliffs at elevations between 0 and
297 m (0 and 975 ft). Associated native plant species include Bidens
spp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Fimbristylis cymosa, Lipochaeta
succulenta, Lysimachia mauritiana, or Scaevola sericea (HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Threats to Ischaemum byrone include the invasion of non-native
plants, fire, grazing and browsing by goats and pigs. Disturbance
incurred from these ungulates further promotes the introduction and
establishment of non-native weeds. Some populations are also threatened
from residential development (59 FR 10305; Service 1996; HINHP Database
2000).
Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka)
Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae),
is a slender, straight shrub with few branches. The short-lived
perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus by its
leathery, oblong-elliptic or narrowly elliptic lance-shaped leaves
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Isodendrion laurifolium.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium is known from scattered
locations on Kauai and Oahu. Currently, on Kauai, this species is found
on State-owned land within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kuia Natural
Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest
Reserve in the following locations: Paaiki, Poopooiki, Kawaiula Valley,
Mehanaloa Valley, Makaha Valley, Haeleele Valley, Kipalau Valley,
Kawaiiki Valley and Kaluahaulu Ridge. There are a total of five
populations with 151 individuals (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000;
Service 1999).
Isodendrion laurifolium is usually found at elevations between 376
and 1,163 m (1,233 and 3,817 ft) in diverse mesic forest, dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa or Diospyros spp. Associated native
species include Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., Claoxylon
sandwicense, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp., Elaeocarpus bifidus,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope
anisata, Melicope barbigera, Melicope ovata, Melicope peduncularis,
Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Pittosporum
glabrum (hoawa), Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax
odoratum, Streblus pendulinus, or Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Isodendrion laurifolium on Kauai are habitat
degradation by feral goats, pigs and deer and competition with non-
native plants (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999).
Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka)
Isodendrion longifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae),
is a slender, straight shrub. Hairless, leathery, lance-shaped leaves
distinguish this species from others in the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Isodendrion longifolium.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically and currently, Isodendrion longifolium is known from
scattered locations on Kauai and Oahu. On Kauai, this species is
reported from Limahuli Valley, Manoa Stream, Hanakapiai, Pohakea,
Waioli Valley, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Honopu Valley,
Kawaiula Valley, Wahiawa, and Haupu. There is a total of nine
populations containing approximately 521 individual plants on State
(Halelea Forest Reserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Kokee
State Park, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve)
and privately owned lands (Lorence and Flynn 1991, 1993; 61 FR 53108;
Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Isodendrion longifolium is found on steep slopes and some flats in
certain undisturbed areas, gulches, or stream banks in mesic or wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests, usually at elevations
between 38 and 1,541 m (125 and 5,057 ft). Associated native plant
species include Antidesma spp., Bidens spp., Bobea brevipes,
Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium spp., Cyanea hardyi, Cyrtandra spp.,
Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., Eugenia spp., Hedyotis spp.,
Ilex anomala, Melicope spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Peperomia spp.,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Pittosporum spp., Pritchardia
spp., Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, or Syzygium spp. (61 FR 53108;
Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Isodendrion longifolium on Kauai are habitat
degradation or destruction by feral goats and pigs, and competition
with various non-native plants (Lorence and Flynn 1993; 61 FR 53108;
Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)
Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-live perennial of the violet family
(Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub with elliptic to lance-shaped
leaf blades. The papery-textured blade is moderately hairy beneath (at
least on the veins) and stalked. The petiole is subtended by oval,
hairy stipules. Fragrant, bilaterally symmetrical flowers are solitary.
The pedicel (flower stalk) is white-hairy, and subtended by two bracts.
Bracts arise at the tip of the peduncle. The five sepals are lance-
shaped, membranous-edged and fringed with white hairs. Five green-
yellow petals are somewhat unequal, and lobed, the upper being the
shortest and the lower the longest. The fruit is a three-lobed, oval
capsule, which splits to release olive-colored seeds. Isodendrion
pyrifolium is distinguished from other species in the genus by its
smaller, green-yellow flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf veins
(Wagner et al. 1999).
During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the
newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with
seeds ripening one to two months later. No other life history
information is currently known for this species (Service 1996).
Isodendrion pyrifolium is known historically from six of the
Hawaiian Islands. Locations of the populations on Niihau, Molokai, and
Lanai were

[[Page 3970]]

unspecified. Specific populations were found in Oahu's central Waianae
Mountains, Maui's southwestern Mountains, and on the western slope of
Hualalai mountain on the island of Hawaii. It is currently found only
on the island of Hawaii. It was last seen on Niihau in the 1850s (59 FR
10305; Service 1996; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Marie Bruegmann,
pers. comm., 2000).
Information on the physical and biological features that are
essential to the conservation of Isodendrion pyrifolium on the island
of Niihau is not known.
Information on the threats of Isodendrion pyrifolium on the island
of Niihau is not known.
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)
Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a small, branched shrub. This short-lived perennial
species is distinguished from others in the genus by lacking or nearly
lacking leaf stalks, the magenta-colored flowers, the width of the
leaf, and length of the flowers (Lammers 1999).
Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late summer and early fall. Fruits
mature a month to six weeks later. Plants are known to live as long as
20 years. Little else is known about the life history of Lobelia
niihauensis. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Service 1998b).
Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was known from Oahu, Niihau, and
Kauai. It is now known to be extant only on Kauai and Oahu. On Kauai,
11 populations containing 1,106 individuals can be found on State (Hono
o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and privately owned
lands in Limahuli Valley, Hoolulu Valley, Hanakoa Valley, Pohakuao, the
left and right branches of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kipalau
Valley, Polihale Spring Kaaweiki Valley, and Keopaweo (Service 1998b;
HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Lobelia niihauensis typically grows on exposed, mesic mixed
shrubland or coastal dry cliffs at elevations between 11 and 887 m (37
and 2,911 ft). Associated native plant species include Artemisia
australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Chamaesyce celastroides, Charpentiera
spp., Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint-johnianus,
Lipochaeta connata var. acris, Lythrum spp. (pukamole), Nototrichium
spp., Plectranthus parviflorus, Schiedea apokremnos, or Wilkesia hobdyi
(Service 1998b; Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
On Kauai, the major threats to this species are habitat degradation
and browsing by feral goats and competition from non-native plants (56
FR 55770).
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)
Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the primrose family
(Primulaceae), is a small shrub. This short-lived perennial species is
distinguished from other species of the genus by its leaf shape and
width, calyx lobe shape, and corolla length (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Lysimachia filifolia.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was known only from the upper
portion of Olokele Valley on Kauai. This species is now also known from
Oahu, and the ``Blue Hole'' area of Waialeale, Kauai. There is
currently one population containing a total of 75 individuals on State-
owned land on Kauai within the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (Service
1995; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
This species typically grows on mossy banks at the base of cliff
faces within the spray zone of waterfalls or along streams in lowland
wet forests at elevations between 177 and 1,088 m (581 and 3,568 ft).
Associated native plant species include mosses, mosses, ferns,
liverworts, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens valida (kookoolau), Bobea
elatior (ahakea lau nui), Cyanea asarifolia, Chamaesyce remyi var
kauaiensis (akoko), Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (naenae),
Eragrostis variabilis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Machaerina
angustifolia, Melicope spp., or Panicum lineale (59 FR 9304; Service
1995; Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
The major threats to Lysimachia filifolia on Kauai include
competition with non-native plant species; feral pigs; and the risk of
extinction on Kauai from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides
and hurricanes), due to the small number of individuals in the only
known population (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000).
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)
Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived member of the sedge family
(Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with a woody root system covered
with brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is a subdivided into two
subspecies, ssp. bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which are
distinguished by the length and width of the spikelets; color, length,
and width of the glume; and by the shape and length of the achenes.
This species differs from other members of the genus by its three-
sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of
spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems (Koyama
1990).
Mariscus pennatiformis is known to flower from November to December
after heavy rainfall. Additional information on the life history of
this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis was known from Kauai, Oahu,
East Maui, the Island of Hawaii, and from Laysan in the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands). Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. bryanii is only known
from Laysan Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National
Wildlife Refuge. Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is currently
found only on East Maui. It was last seen on Kauai in 1927 (K. Wood, in
litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Mariscus pennatiformis is found at elevations between 544 and 1,104
m (1,785 and 3,621 ft) in open sites in Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia
koa mixed mesic forest. Associated native plant species include
Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Alsinidendron viscosum, Carex
alligata (NCN), Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa), Dianella sandwicensis,
Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Myrsine linearifolia, Nestegis sandwicensis, Panicum nephelophilum, Poa
sandvicensis, Psydrax odoratum, Schiedea stellarioides, Styphelia
tameiameiae, or endemic ferns (Koyama 1990; HINHP Database 2000; K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Threats to Mariscus pennatiformis on Kauai include grazing and
habitat destruction caused by ungulates; competition from non-native
plant species; and extinction from random naturally occurring events
(59 FR 56333; Service 1999).
Melicope knudsenii (alani)
Melicope knudsenii, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a
tree with smooth gray bark and yellowish brown to olive-brown hairs on
the tips of the branches. The long-lived perennial species is
distinguished from M. haupuensis and other members of the genus by the
distinct carpels present in

[[Page 3971]]

the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger number of flowers per cluster,
and the distribution of hairs on the underside of the leaves (Stone et
al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope knudsenii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically and currently, Melicope knudsenii is known from Maui
and Kauai. On Kauai, this species is known from seven populations on
State-owned land, with a total of 10 individuals, in Poopooiki Valley,
Kuia Valley, Mahanaloa Valley, Makaha Ridge, Koaie Canyon, Koaie Falls,
and Kawaiiki Valley within the Kuia Natural Area Reserve and Na Pali-
Kona Forest Reserve (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; GDSI 2000; HINHP
Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Melicope knudsenii grows on forested flats with brown granular soil
in lowland dry to montane mesic forests at elevations between 111 and
1,141 m (364 and 3,745 ft) with Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma
platyphylla, Bobea brevipes, Carex meyenii, Cryptocarya mannii,
Diospyros sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gahnia beecheyi (NCN), Hedyotis spp., Hibiscus
waimeae, Isodendrion laurifolium, Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope
spp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Panicum nephelophilum,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Pisonia sandwicensis, Pittosporum kauaiensis,
Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, Psychotria
hobdyi, Psydrax odoratum, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Remya kauaiensis,
Scaevola procera, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Xylosma hawaiiense (Service
1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Melicope knudsenii on Kauai include
competition with the non-native plant Lantana camara; habitat
degradation by feral goats and pigs; fire; black twig borer; and the
risk of extinction on Kauai from naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of existing individuals and populations (59 FR 9304;
Service 1995).
Melicope pallida (alani)
Melicope pallida, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a tree
with grayish white hairs and black, resinous new growth. The long-lived
perennial species differs from M. haupuensis, M. knudsenii, and other
members of the genus by presence of resinous new growth, leaves folded
in clusters of three, and fruits with separate carpels (Stone et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope pallida.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically and currently, Melicope pallida is known from Oahu and
Kauai. On Kauai, the species is currently known in the following
locations: Pohakuao, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Honopu Trail,
Awaawapuhi Valley, and Koaie Canyon. There is a total of five
populations with 181 individuals on State-owned land within the Alakai
Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; D.W. Mathias, U.S. Navy (Navy), in
litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Melicope pallida usually grows on steep rock faces in lowland to
montane mesic to wet forests or shrubland at elevations between 359 and
1,081 m (1,179 and 3,546 ft). Associated native plant species include
Abutilon sandwicense, Alyxia oliviformis, Artemisia australis,
Boehmeria grandis, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides var
hanapepensis, Coprosma waimeae, Coprosma kauensis (koi), Dodonaea
viscosa, Dryopteris spp., Hedyotis terminalis, Lepidium serra, Melicope
spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Nototrichium spp., Pipturus albidus
(mamaki), Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, Psychotria mariniana, Pritchardia
minor, Sapindus oahuensis, Schiedea membranacea, Tetraplasandra
waialealae, or Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
The major threats to Melicope pallida are habitat destruction by
feral goats and pigs; the black twig borer; fire; susceptibility to
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or
hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number
of existing populations; and competition with non-native plant species
(59 FR 9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979; Medeiros et al. 1986; Service
1995; HINHP Database 2000).
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)
Peucedanum sandwicense, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae),
is a parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise from a short,
vertical stem with several fleshy roots. This short-lived perennial
species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands, one of
three genera of the family with species endemic to the island of Kauai.
This species differs from the other Kauai members of the parsley family
in having larger fruit and pinnately compound leaves with broad
leaflets (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Peucedanum sandwicense.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from
Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. Discoveries in 1990 extended the known
distribution of this species to the Waianae Mountains on the island of
Oahu. Additionally, a population is known from State-owned Keopuka
Rock, an islet off the coast of Maui. On Kauai, there are 14
populations on State (Haena State Park, Hono o Na Pali Natural Area
Reserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na
Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands, containing
approximately 340 individuals, in Maunahou Valley, Limahuli Valley,
Hoolulu, Hanakoa, Pohakuao, Kanakou, the left branch of Kalalau Valley,
Nualolo Valley, Kuia Valley, Mahanaloa Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Haupu
(59 FR 9304; Service 1995; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000;
GDSI 2000).
This species grows on cliff habitats in mixed shrub coastal dry
cliff communities or diverse mesic forest between 0 and 1,232 m (0 and
4,041 ft). Associated native plant species include Acacia koa,
Artemisia australis, Brighamia insignis, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii,
Chamaesyce celastroides, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis
variabilis, Hibiscus kokio, Lobelia niihauensis, Metrosideros
polymorpha, Panicum lineale, Psydrax odoratum, Psychotria spp., or
Wilkesia spp. (59 FR 9304; Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Peucedanum sandwicense on Kauai include
competition with introduced plants; habitat degradation and browsing by
feral goats and deer; and trampling and trail clearing (Hanakapiai
population) (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).
Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole)
Phlegmariurus mannii, a member of the clubmoss family
(Lycopodiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a pendant (hanging)
epiphyte with clustered,

[[Page 3972]]

delicate red stems and forked reproductive spikes. These traits
distinguish it from others in the genus in Hawaii (Holub 1991).
Little is known about the life history of Phlegmariurus mannii.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1997).
Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii was known from Kauai, West Maui,
and Hawaii island. Currently, this species is extant on Maui and Hawaii
island. It was last observed on Kauai in 1900 (HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Phlegmariurus mannii on the island of Kauai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Phlegmariurus mannii on the
island of Kauai.
Phlegmariurus nutans (waewaeiole)
Phlegmariurus nutans is an erect of pendulous herbaceous epiphyte
(plant not rooted in the ground) of the clubmoss family
(Lycopodiaceae). Its stiff, light green branches, 25 to 40 cm (10 to 16
in.) long and about 6 mm (0.2 in.) thick, are covered with stiff, flat,
leathery leaves, 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in.) long and about 2.5 mm
(0.1 in.) wide that overlap in acute angles. The leaves are arranged in
six rows and arise directly from the branches. The branches end in
thick, 7 to 13 cm (2.8 to 5.1 in.) long fruiting spikes that are
unbranched or branch once or twice, and taper toward a downward-curving
tip. Bracts on the fruiting spikes, between 3 to 6 mm (0.6 and 0.2 in.)
long, are densely layered and conceal the spore capsules. This species
can be distinguished from others of the genus in Hawaii by its
epiphytic habit, simple or forking fruiting spikes, and larger and
stiffer leaves (Wagner and Wagner 1987).
Phlegmariurus nutans has been observed fertile, with spores, in May
and December. Little else is known about the life history of
Phlegmariurus nutans. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b).
Historically, Phlegmariurus nutans was known from the island of
Kauai and from scattered locations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. It
is currently only known from Oahu. It was last observed on Kauai in
1900 (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2000).
Phlegmariurus nutans grows on tree trunks, usually on open ridges
and slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet
forests and occasionally mesic forests at elevations between 601 and
1,594 m (1,971 and 5,228 ft). The vegetation in those areas typically
include Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium chamissoi
(hapuu), Cheirodendron fauriei, Diploterygiun pinnatum, Hedyotis
terminalis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio, Melicope waialealae (alani wai),
Scaevola gaudichaudii, Syzygium sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis,
Psychotria hexandra, P. mariniana, or P. wawrae (K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
The primary threat to Phlegmariurus nutans is extinction due to
naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor because of
the small number of remaining individuals and limited distribution.
Additional threats to Phlegmariurus nutans are feral pigs and the
noxious non-native plants Clidemia hirta or Psidium cattleianum
(Service 1998b).
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)
Plantago princeps, a member of the plantain family
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This
short-lived perennial species differs from other native members of the
genus in Hawaii by its large branched stems, flowers at nearly right
angles to the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break open at
a point two-thirds from the base. The four varieties, anomala,
laxiflora, longibracteata, and princeps, are distinguished by the
branching and pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and
venation of the leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the
orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have been observed
in fruit from April through September (Service 1999).
Historically, Plantago princeps was found on the islands of Hawaii,
Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu. It no longer occurs on the island of
Hawaii. Two varieties of the species, totaling six populations, with
471 individuals, are extant on the island of Kauai, on both State
(Halelea Forest Reserve, Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve, and Na Pali Coast
State Park) and privately owned lands. Historically on Kauai, Plantago
princeps var. anomala was reported from a ridge west of Hanapepe River.
Currently, this variety is found in the left branch of Kalalau Valley
and Puu Ki. Plantago princeps var. longibracteata was historically
known from Hanalei, the Wahiawa Mountains, and Hanapepe Falls.
Currently, populations are known from Waioli Valley, Alakai Swamp, the
left branch of Wainiha Valley, and Blue Hole (59 FR 56333; Service
1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata is found in windswept areas
near waterfalls in Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron montane wet
forest with riparian vegetation at elevations between 347 and 1,598 m
(1,139 and 5,244 ft). Associated native plant species include Antidesma
platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens forbesii, Bobea elatior,
Boehmeria grandis, Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia
arborea, Gunnera spp., Hedyotis elatior, Huperzia spp. Hedyotis
centranthoides, Isachne pallens (NCN), Machaerina angustifolia,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pilea peploides (NCN), Pipturus spp.,
Sadleria cyatheoides (amau), or Tetraplasandra spp. (K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
Plantago princeps var. anomala is found in Metrosideros polymorpha
lowland to montane transitional wet forest on cliffs and ridges,
growing on basalt rocky outcrops. Associated native plant species
include Bidens sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis,
Charpentiera elliptica, Hedyotis spp., Lipochaeta connata, Lysimachia
glutinosa, Lysimachia kalalauensis, Melicope spp., Myrsine
linearifolia, Poa mannii, or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
The primary threats to both species of Plantago princeps on Kauai
are herbivory and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and
competition with various non-native plant species. Ungulate herbivory
is especially severe, with numerous observations of P. princeps
individuals exhibiting browse damage (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Platanthera holochila, a member of the orchid family (Orchidaceae),
is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from underground tubers,
the pale green leaves are lance to egg-shaped, and the greenish-yellow
flowers occur in open spikes. This short-lived perennial is the only
species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Platanthera holochila.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).

[[Page 3973]]

Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from the Alakai
Swamp, Kaholuamano area, and the Wahiawa Mountains on Kauai, and
scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. Currently, P. holochila
is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui. On Kauai, there are two
populations with 28 individuals reported on State (Alakai Wilderness
Preserve) owned lands at Kilohana and the Alakai Swamp (HINHP Database
2000; GDSI 2000).
Platanthera holochila is found in montane Metrosideros polymorpha -
Dicranopteris linearis wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog at
elevations between 803 and 1,563 m (2,635 and 5,128 ft). Associated
native plant species include mosses, grammitid ferns, Carex montis-eeka
(NCN), Cibotium spp., Clermontia fauriei (oha wai), Coprosma elliptica
(pilo), Dichanthelium spp, Lobelia kauaensis, Machaerina angustifolia,
Myrsine denticulata (kolea), Oreobolus furcatus, Rhynchospora laxa
(kuolohia), Styphelia tameiameiae, or Vaccinium spp., or Viola
kauaensis (61 FR 53108; Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Platanthera holochila on Kauai are habitat
degradation and destruction by pigs; competition with non-native
plants; and a risk of extinction on Kauai from naturally occurring
events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive
vigor, due to the small number of remaining populations and
individuals. Predation by introduced slugs may also be a potential
threat to this species (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)
Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This long-lived perennial
species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by
its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of the inflorescence,
number of flowers per inflorescence, and smaller leaves, flowers, and
seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Schiedea nuttallii. Based
on field and greenhouse observations, it is hermaphroditic (a flower
containing both male and female sexual parts). Plants on Oahu have been
under observation for 10 years, and they appear to be long-lived.
Schiedea nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing species. Under
greenhouse conditions, plants fail to set seed unless hand pollinated,
suggesting that this species requires insects for pollination. Fruits
and flowers are abundant in the wet season but can be found throughout
the year (Service 1999).
Historically, Schiedea nuttallii was known from Kauai and Oahu and
was reported from Maui. Currently, it is found on Kauai, Oahu, and
Molokai. On Kauai, one population with 50 individuals is found on Haupu
Peak on privately owned land. The status of individuals previously
found in the Limahuli Valley is currently unknown (61 FR 53108; HINHP
Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1999).
Schiedea nuttallii typically grows on cliffs in lowland diverse
mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations between
37 and 702 m (120 and 2,303 ft). Associated native plant species
include Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens valida,
Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis acuminata,
Hedyotis fluviatilis, Heteropogon contortus, Lepidium spp. (anaunau),
Lobelia niihauensis, Psychotria spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, or
Pisonia spp. (Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Schiedea nuttallii is threatened on Kauai by habitat degradation
and/or destruction by feral pigs, goats, and possibly deer; competition
with several non-native plants; landslides; predation by the black twig
borer; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g.,
landslides or hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the
small number of individuals in the only known population. Based on
observations that indicate that introduced snails and slugs may consume
seeds and seedlings, it is likely that introduced molluscs also
represent a major threat to this species (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)
Sesbania tomentosa, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is
typically a sprawling short-lived perennial shrub, but may also be a
small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic
leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky
hairs. The flowers are salmon color tinged with yellow, orange-red,
scarlet or rarely, pure yellow coloration. Sesbania tomentosa is the
only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the
naturalized S. sesban by the color of the flowers, the longer petals
and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).
The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa is being studied by
David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the
University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that
although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of
successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus
Hylaeus and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably
pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the
winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the
year. Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown year
(Service 1999).
Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on six of the eight main
Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii)
and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). Although
once found on Niihau and Lanai, it is no longer extant on these
islands. On Kauai, S. tomentosa is known from one population, with 18
individuals, on State-owned land from the Polihale State Park (59 FR
56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Sesbania tomentosa is found on sandy beaches, dunes, or pond
margins at elevations between 0 and 212 m (0 and 694 ft). It commonly
occurs in coastal dry shrublands or mixed coastal dry cliffs with the
associated native plant species Chamaesyce celastroides, Cluscuta
sandwichiana (kaunaoa), Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon contortus,
Myoporum sandwicense, Nama sandwicensis, Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax,
Sporobolus virginicus, Vitex rotundifolia or Waltheria indica (Service
1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Kauai are habitat
degradation caused by competition with various non-native plant
species; lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice
and, potentially, non-native insects; fire; and destruction by off-road
vehicles and other human disturbances (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).
Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Silene lanceolata, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is an upright, short-lived perennial plant with stems 15 to 51 cm (6 to
20 in.) long, which are woody at the base. The narrow leaves are smooth
except for a fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are arranged in
open clusters. The flowers are white with deeply-lobed, clawed petals.
The capsule opens at the top to release reddish-brown seeds. This
species is distinguished from S. alexandri by its smaller flowers and
capsules and its stamens, which are shorter than the sepals (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Silene lanceolata. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed

[[Page 3974]]

dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (57 FR 46325; Service 1996).
The historical range of Silene lanceolata includes five Hawaiian
Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Silene
lanceolata is presently extant on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and the
island of Hawaii. It was last observed on Kauai in the 1850s (57 FR
46325; GDSI 2000; Service 1996).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Silene lanceolata on the island of Kauai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Silene lanceolata on the island
of Kauai.
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai)
Solanum incompletum, a short-lived perennial member of the
nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower
leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes
with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces.
The oval to elliptic leaves have prominent veins on the lower surface
and lobed leaf margins. Numerous flowers grow in loose branching
clusters with each flower on a stalk. This species differs from other
native members of the genus by being generally prickly and having
loosely clustered white flowers, curved anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in.)
long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) in diameter (Symon 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Solanum incompletum. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (59 FR 56333).
Historically, Solanum incompletum was known Lanai, Maui, and the
island of Hawaii. According to David Symon (1999), the known
distribution of Solanum incompletum also extended to the islands of
Kauai and Molokai. Currently, Solanum incompletum is only known from
the island of Hawaii. The reported presence on Kauai may be erroneous
(HINHP Database 2000; Christopher Puttock, Bernice P. Bishop Museum,
pers comm., 2001).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Solanum incompletum on the island of Kauai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Solanum incompletum on the
island of Kauai.
Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, popolo)
Solanum sandwicense, a member of the nightshade family
(Solanaceae), is a large sprawling shrub. The younger branches are more
densely hairy than older branches and the oval leaves usually have up
to 4 lobes along the margins. This short-lived perennial species
differs from others of the genus in having dense hairs on young plant
parts, a greater height, and its lack of prickles (Symon 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Solanum sandwicense.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Solanum sandwicense was known from both Oahu and
Kauai. Currently, this species is only known from Kauai. On Kauai, this
species was historically reported from locations in the Kokee region
bounded by Kalalau Valley, Milolii Ridge, and extending to the Hanapepe
River. Currently, Solanum sandwicense is only known from six
populations of 14 individual plants on private and State lands (Kokee
State Park, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve)
at Kahuamaa Flats, Awaawapuhi Valley, Kumuwela Ridge, Waialae Valley,
and Mokuone Stream (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; K. Wood, in litt. 1999;
HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Joan Yoshioka, The Nature Conservancy
of Hawaii (TNCH), pers. comm., 2000).
This species is typically found under forest canopies at elevations
between 445 and 1,290 m (1,460 and 4,232 ft) in diverse lowland or
montane Acacia koa or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha mesic forests
or occasionally in wet forests. Associated native plant species include
Alphitonia ponderosa, Athyrium sandwicensis, Bidens spp., Carex
meyenii, Coprosma spp., Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella sandwicensis,
Dicranopteris linearis, Dubautia spp., Hedyotis spp., Ilex anomala,
Melicope spp., Poa spp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp.,
Syzygium sandwicensis, or Xylosma hawaiiense (59 FR 9304; Service 1995;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to populations of Solanum sandwicense on Kauai
are habitat degradation by feral pigs, and competition with non-native
plant species (Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Psidium
cattleianum, Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger), or Lonicera
japonica); fire; human disturbance and development; and a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or
hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number
of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database
2000).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae),
is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into
narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline
and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound umbrella-
shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the only member of the genus native to
Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by
being a non-succulent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is found on
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, this
species is known from State-owned land at Koaie Canyon, the rim of
Waimea Canyon, and Kapahili Gulch within the Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve. There are three known populations with five individuals total
on Kauai (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from Metrosideros polymorpha
forest and Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry shrubland, at elevations
between 56 and 725 m (184 and 2,377 ft). Associated native plant
species include Bidens sandvicensis, Doryopteris spp., Eragrostis
variabilis, Erythrina sandwicensis, Lipochaeta spp., Schiedea
spergulina, or Sida fallax (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Kauai are habitat
degradation by feral goats; competition with various non-native plants;
and erosion, landslides, and rock slides due to natural weathering
which result in the death of individual plants as well as habitat
destruction (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

[[Page 3975]]

Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a
slender twining short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf
is made up of three leaflets which vary in shape from round to linear,
and are sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in
clusters of one to four, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or
greenish-yellow petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear
distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The
fruits are long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated
and contain seven to 15 gray to black seeds. This species differs from
others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx,
and thin pods which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Vigna o-wahuensis. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu, Maui,
Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, Vigna
o-wahuensis is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe,
Maui, and the island of Hawaii. It was last observed on Niihau in the
1912 (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Vigna o-wahuensis on the island of Niihau.
Nothing is known of the threats to Vigna o-wahuensis on the island
of Niihau.
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is a medium-size tree with pale to dark gray
bark, and lemon-scented leaves in the rue family (Rutaceae). Alternate
leaves are composed of three small triangular-oval to lance-shaped,
toothed leaves (leaflets) with surfaces usually without hairs. A long-
lived perennial tree, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is distinguished from
other Hawaiian members of the genus by several characteristics: three
leaflets all of similar size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and
sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996).
Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was known from five islands:
Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island
of Hawaii. On Kauai, this species is only known from two populations
with three individuals on State-owned land in Kawaiiki and Kipalau
Valleys within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported from lowland dry or mesic
forests, at elevations between 464 and 887 m (1,522 and 2,911 ft). This
species is typically found in forests dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis with associated native plant
species including Antidesma platyphyllum, Alectryon macrococcus,
Charpentiera elliptica, Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope spp., Myrsine
lanaiensis, Pisonia spp., Pleomele aurea, Streblus pendulinus,
Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
The threats to Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Kauai include competition
with the non-native plant species Melia azedarach and Lantana camara;
fire; human disturbance; and risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in the only
known population (59 FR 10305; Service 1996).
A summary of populations and landownership for the 95 plant species
reported from the islands of Kauai and Niihau is given in Table 3.

Table 3.--Summary of Populations Occurring on Kauai and Niihau, and Landownership for 95 Species Reported From
Kauai and Niihau
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Landownership
Species current -------------------------------------------------
populations Federal State Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua................................. 0
Achyranthes mutica............................ 0
Adenophorus periens........................... 7 .............. X X
Alectryon macrococcus......................... 6 .............. X ...............
Alsinidendron lychnoides...................... 2 .............. X ...............
Alsinidendron viscosum........................ 5 .............. X ...............
Bonamia menziesii............................. 8 .............. X X
Brighamia insignis............................ 4 .............. X X
Centaurium sebaeoides......................... 3 .............. X ...............
Chamaesyce halemanui.......................... 6 .............. X ...............
Ctenitis squamigera........................... 0
Cyanea asarifolia............................. 1 .............. X ...............
Cyanea recta.................................. 7 .............. X X
Cyanea remyi.................................. 7 .............. X X
Cyanea undulata............................... 1 .............. ............... X
Cyperus trachysanthos......................... 2 .............. X X
Cyrtandra cyaneoides.......................... 5 .............. X X
Cyrtandra limahuliensis....................... 11 .............. X X
Delissea rhytidosperma........................ 3 .............. X X
Delissea rivularis............................ 2 .............. X ...............
Delissea undulata............................. 1 .............. X ...............
Diellia erecta................................ 1 .............. X ...............
Diellia pallida............................... 4 .............. X ...............
Diplazium molokaiense......................... 0
Dubautia latifolia............................ 9 .............. X ...............

[[Page 3976]]

Dubautia pauciflorula......................... 2 .............. X X
Euphorbia haeleeleana......................... 7 .............. X ...............
Exocarpos luteolus............................ 8 .............. X X
Flueggea neowawraea........................... 8 .............. X X
Gouania meyenii............................... 3 .............. X ...............
Hedyotis cookiana............................. 1 .............. X ...............
Hedyotis st.-johnii........................... 4 .............. X ...............
Hesperomannia lydgatei........................ 3 .............. X X
Hibiscadelphus woodii......................... 1 .............. X ...............
Hibiscus brackenridgei........................ 0
Hibiscus clayi................................ 1 .............. X ...............
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae................ 3 .............. X X
Ischaemum byrone.............................. 2 .............. ............... X
Isodendrion laurifolium....................... 5 .............. X ...............
Isodendrion longifolium....................... 9 .............. X X
Isodendrion pyrifolium........................ 0
Kokia kauaiensis.............................. 5 .............. X ...............
Labordia lydgatei............................. 6 .............. X X
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis.......... 1 .............. ............... X
Lipochaeta fauriei............................ 4 .............. X ...............
Lipochaeta micrantha.......................... 5 .............. X X
Lipochaeta waimeaensis........................ 1 .............. X ...............
Lobelia niihauensis........................... 11 .............. X X
Lysimachia filifolia.......................... 1 .............. X ...............
Mariscus pennatiformis........................ 0
Melicope haupuensis........................... 4 .............. X ...............
Melicope knudsenii............................ 7 .............. X ...............
Melicope pallida.............................. 5 .............. X ...............
Melicope quadrangularis....................... 0
Munroidendron racemosum....................... 14 .............. X X
Myrsine linearifolia.......................... 8 .............. X X
Nothocestrum peltatum......................... 6 .............. X ...............
Panicum niihauense............................ 1 .............. X ...............
Peucedanum sandwicense........................ 14 .............. X X
Phlegmariurus mannii.......................... 0
Phlegmariurus nutans.......................... 0
Phyllostegia knudsenii........................ 1 .............. X ...............
Phyllostegia waimeae.......................... 1 .............. X ...............
Phyllostegia wawrana.......................... 4 .............. X X
Plantago princeps............................. 6 .............. X X
Platanthera holochila......................... 2 .............. X ...............
Poa mannii.................................... 6 .............. X ...............
Poa sandvicensis.............................. 9 .............. X ...............
Poa siphonoglossa............................. 5 .............. X ...............
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii................. 1 .............. ............... X
Pritchardia napaliensis....................... 3 .............. X ...............
Pritchardia viscosa........................... 1 .............. X ...............
Pteralyxia kauaiensis......................... 15 .............. X ...............
Remya kauaiensis.............................. 12 .............. X ...............
Remya montgomeryi............................. 3 .............. X ...............
Schiedea apokremnos........................... 5 .............. X ...............
Schiedea helleri.............................. 3 .............. X ...............
Schiedea kauaiensis........................... 2 .............. X ...............
Schiedea membranacea.......................... 7 .............. X X
Schiedea nuttallii............................ 1 .............. ............... X
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda............. 1 .............. ............... X
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina........... 3 .............. X ...............
Schiedea stellarioides........................ 2 .............. X ...............
Sesbania tomentosa............................ 1 .............. X ...............
Silene lanceolata............................. 0
Solanum incompletum........................... 0
Solanum sandwicense........................... 6 .............. X X
Spermolepis hawaiiensis....................... 3 .............. X ...............
Stenogyne campanulata......................... 2 .............. X ...............
Vigna o-wahuensis............................. 0
Viola helenae................................. 1 .............. ............... X
Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis............ 2 .............. ............... X
Wilkesia hobdyi............................... 6 X* X ...............
Xylosma crenatum.............................. 3 .............. X ...............

[[Page 3977]]

Zanthoylum hawaiiense......................... 2 .............. X ...............
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Pacific Missile Range Facility at Makaha Ridge.

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to
prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or
extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document
No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that
document, Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, Bonamia
menziesii, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia lindseyana, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii (as Cyanea carlsonii),
Cyanea platyphylla (as Cyanea bryanii), Cyanea shipmanii, Flueggea
neowawraea (as Drypetes phyllanthoides), Hibiscadelphus giffardianus,
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and var. ``from
Hawaii''), Ischaemum byrone, Melicope zahlbruckneri (as Pelea
zahlbruckneri), Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum (as
Nothocestrum breviflorum var. breviflorum), Portulaca sclerocarpa,
Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi and Sesbania tomentosa var.
tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum (as Solanum
haleakalense and Solanum incompletum var. glabratum, var. incompletum,
and var. mauiensis), Vigna o-wahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var.
heterophylla and var. sandwicensis), and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. citriodora) were considered endangered;
Cyrtandra giffardii, Diellia erecta, Silene hawaiiensis (as Silene
hawaiiensis var. hawaiiensis), Zanthoxylum dipetalum ssp. tomentosum,
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. hawaiiense
and var. velutinosum) were considered threatened; and, Asplenium
fragile var. insulare (as Asplenium fragile), Clermontia pyrularia,
Delissea undulata (as Delissea undulata var. argutidentata and var.
undulata), Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion hosakae,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nothocestrum breviflorum (as Nothocestrum
breviflorum var. longipes), and Tetramolopium arenarium (as
Tetramolopium arenarium var. arenarium, var. confertum, and var.
dentatum) were considered to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published
a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the
Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2)
(now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave notice of our intention to
review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that
review, on June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in the Federal
Register (41 FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to
section 4 of the Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa,
including all of the above taxa except for Cyrtandra giffardii and
Silene hawaiiensis. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the
basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and
the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51, and the July 1,
1975, Federal Register publication.
General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR
17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over
2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to proposals
already over 2 years old. On December 10, 1979, we published a notice
in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the
June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four
other proposals that had expired. We published updated Notices of
Review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27,
1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993
(58 FR 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A summary of the
status categories for these 95 plant species in the 1980-1996 notices
of review can be found in Table 4(a). We listed the 95 species as
endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1996. A summary of the
listing actions can be found in Table 4(b).

Table 4(a).--Summary of Candidacy Status for 95 Plant Species From Kauai and Niihau
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Register notice of review
Species -------------------------------------------------------
1980 1985 1990 1993
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua........................................... C1 C1 C1 ............
Achyranthes mutica...................................... ............ ............ ............ ............
Adenophorus periens..................................... C1 C1 C1 ............
Alectryon macrococcus................................... C1 3C C1 ............
Alsinidendron lychnoides................................ ............ C1*............ C2
Alsinidendron viscosum.................................. ............ C1* 3A
Bonamia menziesii....................................... C1 C1 C1 ............
Brighamia insignis...................................... C1 C1 C1 ............
Centaurium sebaeoides................................... ............ ............ C1
Chamaesyce halemanui.................................... C1 C1 C1 ............
Ctenitis squamigera..................................... C1* C1* C1*
Cyanea asarifolia....................................... ............ ............ C1
Cyanea recta............................................ ............ ............ 3A
Cyanea remyi............................................ ............ ............ ............ ............
Cyanea undulata......................................... ............ ............ 3A

[[Page 3978]]

Cyperus trachysanthos................................... ............ ............ ............ C2
Cyrtandra cyaneoides.................................... ............ ............ ............ C2
Cyrtandra limahuliensis................................. ............ ............ C1
Delissea rhytidosperma.................................. C1 C1 C1
Delissea rivularis...................................... C2 C2 3A
Delissea undulata....................................... C1 C1* C1*
Diellia erecta.......................................... C1 C1 C1
Diellia pallida......................................... ............ ............ C1*
Diplazium molokaiense................................... C1* C1* C1
Dubautia latifolia...................................... C1 C1 C1
Dubautia pauciflorula................................... ............ ............ C1
Euphorbia haeleeleana................................... C1 C1 C1
Exocarpos luteolus...................................... ............ C1 C1
Flueggea neowawraea..................................... C1 C1 C1
Gouania meyenii......................................... 3A 3A C1
Hedyotis cookiana....................................... 3A 3A C1
Hedyotis st.-johnii..................................... C1 C1 C1
Hesperomannia lydgatei.................................. C1 C1 C1
Hibiscadelphus woodi.................................... ............ ............ ............
Hibiscus brackenridgei.................................. C1 C1 C1
Hibiscus clayi.......................................... C1 C1 C1
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae.......................... ............ ............ ............ ............
Ischaemum byrone........................................ 3C 3C C2 C2
Isodendrion laurifolium................................. C1 C1 C1 C2
Isodendrion longifolium................................. C1 C1 C1 C2
Isodendrion pyrifolium.................................. ............ ............ ............ ............
Kokia kauaiensis........................................ C2 C2 C2
Labordia lydgatei....................................... C2 C2 C2
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis....................
Lipochaeta fauriei...................................... C1* C1* C1
Lipochaeta micrantha.................................... C1 C1 C1
Lipochaeta waimeaensis.................................. C1 C1 C1
Lobelia niihauensis..................................... C1 C1 C1
Lysimachia filifolia.................................... C2 C2 C1
Mariscus pennatiformis.................................. ............ C1 C1
Melicope haupuensis..................................... C1 C1 C1
Melicope knudsenii...................................... C1* C1* C1
Melicope pallida........................................ ............ ............ C1*
Melicope quadrangularis................................. C1 C1 C1*
Munroidendron racemosum................................. C1 C1 C1
Myrsine linearifolia.................................... C1 C1 C2 C2
Nothocestrum peltatum................................... C1 C1 C1
Panicum niihauense...................................... ............ ............ ............ C2
Peucedanum sandwicense.................................. C2 C2 C2
Phlegmariurus mannii.................................... C1 C1 C1
Phlegmariurus nutans.................................... C1 C1 C1
Phyllostegia knudsenii.................................. C1 C1 3A
Phyllostegia waimeae.................................... ............ ............ C1
Phyllostegia wawrana.................................... ............ ............ 3A
Plantago princeps....................................... C2 C2 C1
Platanthera holochila................................... C1 C1 C1 C2
Poa mannii.............................................. C1 C1 C1*
Poa sandvicensis........................................ C1 C1 C1
Poa siphonoglossa....................................... C1 C1 C1
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii........................... C1 C1 C1
Pritchardia napaliensis................................. ............ ............ C2 C2
Pritchardia viscosa..................................... ............ ............ C2 C2
Pteralyxia kauaiensis................................... C1 C1 C1
Remya kauaiensis........................................ C1* C1*
Remya montgomeryi....................................... ............ ............ ............ ............
Schiedea apokremnos..................................... ............ C1 C1
Schiedea helleri........................................ ............ C1* 3A
Schiedea kauaiensis..................................... ............ ............ ............ ............
Schiedea membranacea.................................... C2 C2 C2 C2
Schiedea nuttallii...................................... ............ ............ ............ C2
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda....................... ............ C1 C1 *
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina..................... ............ C1 C1
Schiedea stellarioides.................................. ............ C1* 3A
Sesbania tomentosa...................................... C1* C1* C1
Silene lanceolata....................................... C1 C1 C1

[[Page 3979]]

Solanum incompletum..................................... C1* C1* C1
Solanum sandwicense..................................... C1* C1* C1
Spermolepis hawaiiensis................................. ............ ............ C1
Stenogyne campanulata................................... ............ ............ C1
Vigna o-wahuensis....................................... C1 C1 C1
Viola helenae........................................... C1 C1 C1
Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis...................... C1 C1 C2 C2
Wilkesia hobdyi......................................... C1 C1
Xylosma crenatum........................................ C2 C2 C1
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.................................. C1 C1 C1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and
threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.
C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.
C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support
listing proposals at this time.
3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire
high priority for listing.
3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not
subject to any identifiable threat.

Federal Register Notice of Review:
1980: 45 FR 82479
1985: 50 FR 39525
1990: 55 FR 6183
1993: 58 FR 51144

Table 4(b).--Summary of Listing Actions for 95 Plant Species From Kauai and Niihau.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determinations and
Federal ------------------------------------------------------------------------ proposed critical habitat
Species status -----------------------------------
Date Federal Register Date Federal Register Date(s) Federal Register
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua................. E 05/24/1991 56 FR 23842 05/15/1992 57 FR 20787 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192
Achyranthes mutica............ E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 NA NA
Adenophorus periens........... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/29/2000 66 FR 83157
Alectryon macrococcus......... E 05/24/1991 56 FR 23842 05/15/1992 57 FR 20772 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/29/2000 66 FR 83157
Alsinidendron lychnoides...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Alsinidendron viscosum........ E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Bonamia menziesii............. E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
Brighamia insignis............ E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Centaurium sebaeoides......... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086,
12/29/2000 66 FR 83157
Chamaesyce halemanui.......... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Ctenitis squamigera........... E 06/24/1993 58 FR 34231 09/09/1994 59 FR 49025 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/27/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/29/2000 66 FR 83157
Cyanea asarifolia............. E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Cyanea recta.................. T 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Cyanea remyi.................. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Cyanea undulata............... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Cyperus trachysanthos......... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Cyrtandra cyaneoides.......... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Cyrtandra limahuliensis....... T 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Delissea rhytidosperma........ E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Delissea rivularis............ E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Delissea undulata............. E 06/27/1994 59 FR 32946 10/10/1996 61 FR 53124 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Diellia erecta................ E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/29/2000 65 FR 83157
Diellia pallida............... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Diplazium molokaiense......... E 06/24/1993 58 FR 34231 09/09/1994 59 FR 49025 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192
Dubautia latifolia............ E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Dubautia pauciflorula......... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Euphorbia haeleeleana......... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Exocarpos luteolus............ E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808

[[Page 3980]]

Flueggea neowawraea........... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192
Gouania meyenii............... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Hedyotis cookiana............. E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Hedyotis st.-johnii........... E 08/03/1990 55 FR 31612 09/30/1991 56 FR 49639 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Hesperomannia lydgatei........ E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Hibiscadelphus woodii......... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Hibiscus brackenridgei........ E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
Hibiscus clayi................ E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Ischaemum byrone.............. E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 03/04/1994 59 FR 10305 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/29/2000 65 FR 83157
Isodendrion laurifolium....... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Isodendrion longifolium....... T 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Isodendrion pyrifolium........ E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 03/04/1994 59 FR 10305 NA NA
Kokia kauaiensis.............. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Labordia lydgatei............. E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Labordia tinifolia var. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
wahiawaensis.
Lipochaeta fauriei............ E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Lipochaeta micrantha.......... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Lipochaeta waimeaensis........ E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Lobelia niihauensis........... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Lysimachia filifolia.......... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Mariscus pennatiformis........ E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192
Melicope haupuensis........... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Melicope knudsenii............ E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192
Melicope pallida.............. E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Melicope quadrangularis....... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Munroidendron racemosum....... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Myrsine linearifolia.......... T 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Nothocestrum peltatum......... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Panicum niihauense............ E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Peucedanum sandwicense........ T 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/29/2000 66 FR 83157
Phlegmariurus mannii.......... E 05/24/1991 56 FR 23842 05/15/1992 57 FR 20772 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192
Phlegmariurus nutans.......... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 NA NA
Phyllostegia knudsenii........ E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Phyllostegia waimeae.......... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Phyllostegia wawrana.......... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Plantago princeps............. E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/29/2000 65 FR 83157
Platanthera holochila......... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/29/2000 65 FR 83157
Poa mannii.................... E 04/07/1993 58 FR 18073 11/10/1994 59 FR 56330 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Poa sandvicensis.............. E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Poa siphonoglossa............. E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii. E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59970 08/07/1996 61 FR 41020 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Pritchardia napaliensis....... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Pritchardia viscosa........... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Pteralyxia kauaiensis......... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Remya kauaiensis.............. E 10/02/1989 54 FR 40447 01/14/1991 56 FR 1450 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Remya montgomeryi............. E 10/02/1989 54 FR 40447 01/14/1991 56 FR 1450 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Schiedea apokremnos........... E 08/03/1990 55 FR 31612 09/30/1991 56 FR 49639 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Schiedea helleri.............. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Schiedea kauaiensis........... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Schiedea membranacea.......... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Schiedea nuttallii............ E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/29/2000 65 FR 83157
Schiedea spergulina var. E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
leiopoda.
Schiedea spergulina var. T 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
spergulina.

[[Page 3981]]

Schiedea stellarioides........ E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Sesbania tomentosa............ E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/29/2000 65 FR 83157
Silene lanceolata............. E 09/20/1991 56 FR 47718 10/08/1992 57 FR 46325 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157
Solanum incompletum........... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 NA NA
Solanum sandwicense........... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Spermolepis hawaiiensis....... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/29/2000 65 FR 83157
Stenogyne campanulata......... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Vigna o-wahuensis............. E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086,
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83157
Viola helenae................. E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Viola kauaiensis var. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
wahiawaensis.
Wilkesia hobdyi............... E 10/02/1989 54 FR 40444 06/22/1992 57 FR 27859 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Xylosma crenatum.............. E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense........ E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 03/04/1994 59 FR 10305 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192,
12/29/2000 65 FR 83157
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
E = Endangered.
T = Threatened.

Critical Habitat

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time
the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our
regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical
habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations
exist: (1) the species is threatened by taking or other human activity,
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical
habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant
was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not
prudent because it would not benefit the plant and/or would increase
the degree of threat to the species.
The not prudent determinations for these species, along with
others, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt,
2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the United States
District Court for the District of Hawaii, directed us to review the
prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii. Among
other things, the court held that, in most cases, we did not
sufficiently demonstrate that the species are threatened by human
activity or that such threats would increase with the designation of
critical habitat. The court also held that we failed to balance any
risks of designating critical habitat against any benefits (id. at
1283-85).
Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would
have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those
already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the
Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of
the consultation requirement on each species (id. at 1286-88). In
addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of
the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential
benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held
that, substantively, designation establishes a ``uniform protection
plan'' prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with
section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that
the designation of critical habitat educates the public, State, and
local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the
designation (id. at 1288). The court also stated that private lands may
not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7
requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the
potential benefit of informing the public, State, and local governments
of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the species'
conservation, the court found that there may be Federal activity on
private property in the future, even though no such activity may be
occurring there at the present (id. at 1285-88).
On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed
critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or
non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 (24 F.
Supp. 2d 1074).
On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register
requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation
of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63
FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened
from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received more
than 100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the
DOFAW, county governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. Department of
Defense--Army, Navy, Air Force). Only a few responses offered
information on the status of individual plant species or on current
management actions for one or more of the 245 Hawaiian plants. While
some of the respondents expressed support for the designation of
critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent opposed
the designation of critical habitat for these plants. In general, these
respondents opposed designation

[[Page 3982]]

because they believed it would cause economic hardship, discourage
cooperative projects, polarize relationships with hunters, or
potentially increase trespass or vandalism on private lands. In
addition, commenters also cited a lack of information on the biological
and ecological needs of these plants which, they suggested, may lead to
designation based on guesswork. The respondents who supported the
designation of critical habitat cited that designation would provide a
uniform protection plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote funding for
management of these plants; educate the public and State government;
and protect partnerships with landowners and build trust.
On October 5, 1999, we mailed letters to more than 160 landowners
on the islands of Kauai and Niihau requesting any information
considered germane to the management of any of the 95 plants on his/her
property, and containing a copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal
Register notice, a map showing the general locations of the species
that may be on his/her property, and a handout containing general
information on critical habitat. We received 25 written responses to
our landowner mailing with varying types of information on their
current land management activities. These responses included
information on the following: the presence of fences or locked gates to
restrict public access; access to the respondent's property by hunters
or whether hunting is allowed on the property; ongoing weeding and rat
control programs; and the propagation and/or planting of native plants.
Some respondents stated that the plants of concern were not on her/his
property. Only a few respondents expressed support for the designation
of critical habitat. We held three open houses on the island of Kauai,
at the Waimea Community Center, the Kauai War Memorial Convention Hall
in Lihue, and the Kilauea Neighborhood Center, on October 19 to 21,
1999, respectively, to meet one-on-one with local landowners and other
interested members of the public. A total of 48 people attended the
three open houses. In addition, we met with Kauai County Division of
Forestry and Wildlife staff and Kauai State Parks staff to discuss
their management activities on the island.
On November 7, 2000, we published the first of the court-ordered
prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations or
non-designations for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR 66808). The
prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations for
Maui and Kahoolawe plants were published on December 18, 2000 (65 FR
79192), for Lanai plants on December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086), and for
Molokai plants on December 29, 2000 (65 FR 83157). All of these
proposed rules had been sent to the Federal Register by or on November
30, 2000, as required by the court's order. In those proposals we
determined that critical habitat was prudent for 85 species
(Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides,
Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea
rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta,
Diellia pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia
pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii,
Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis,
Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta
fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia
niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope
haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron
racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum
niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia
knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia
kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos,
Schiedea helleri, Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea
nuttallii, Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, Schiedea spergulina var.
spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene
lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne
campanulata, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola helenae, Viola kauaiensis var.
wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense) that are reported from Kauai and/or Niihau as well as on
Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai.
In the November 7, 2000, proposal we determined that it was prudent
to designate approximately 24,348 ha (60,165 ac) of lands on the island
of Kauai and approximately 191 ha (471 ac) of lands on the island of
Niihau as critical habitat. The publication of the proposed rule opened
a 60-day public comment period, which closed on January 7, 2001. On
January 18, 2001, we published a notice (66 FR 4782) announcing the
reopening of the comment period until February 19, 2001, on the
proposal to designate critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and
Niihau and a notice of a public hearing. On February 6, 2001, we held a
public hearing at the Radisson Kauai Beach Resort in Lihue, Kauai.
On March 7, 2001, we published a notice announcing the reopening of
the comment period, and announced the availability of the draft
economic analysis on the proposal to designate critical habitat for 76
plants from Kauai and Niihau (66 FR 13691). This third public comment
period was open until April 6, 2001.
On October 3, 2001, we submitted a joint stipulation with Earth
Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting extension of the court order for
the final rules to designate critical habitat for plants from Kauai and
Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai
(September 16, 2002), and Molokai (October 16, 2002), citing the need
to revise the proposals to incorporate or address new information and
comments received during the comment periods. The joint stipulation was
approved and ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. Publication of
this revised proposal for plants from Kauai and Niihau is consistent
with the court-ordered stipulation.

Summary of Comments and Recommendations

In the November 7, 2000, proposed rule (65 FR 66808), we requested
all interested parties to submit comments on the specifics of the
proposal, including information, policy, and proposed critical habitat
boundaries as provided in the proposed rule. The first comment period
closed on December 7, 2000. We reopened the comment period from January
18, 2001, to February 19, 2001 (66 FR 4782), to accept comments on the
proposed designations and to hold a public hearing on February 6, 2001,
in Lihue, Kauai. The comment period was reopened from March 7, 2001, to
April 6, 2001 (66 FR 13691), to allow for additional comments on the
proposed rule and comments on the

[[Page 3983]]

draft economic analysis of the proposed critical habitat.
We contacted all appropriate State and Federal agencies, county
governments, elected officials, and other interested parties and
invited them to comment. In addition, we invited public comment through
the publication of notices in the following newspapers: the Honolulu
Advertiser on November 13, 2000, and the Garden Island on November 15,
2000. We received two requests for a public hearing. We announced the
date and time of the public hearing in letters mailed to all interested
parties, appropriate State and Federal agencies, county governments,
and elected officials, and in notices published in the Honolulu
Advertiser and in the Garden Island newspaper on January 19, 2001. A
transcript of the hearing held in Lihue, Kauai on February 6, 2001, is
available for inspection (see ADDRESSES section).
We requested three botanists who have familiarity with Kauai and
Niihau plants to peer review the proposed critical habitat
designations. All three peer reviewers submitted comments on the
proposed critical habitat designations, providing updated biological
information, critical review, and editorial comments.
We received a total of 37 oral and 202 written comments during the
three comment periods. These included responses from one Federal
agency, seven State offices, one local agency, one elected official,
and 207 private organizations or individuals. We reviewed all comments
received for substantive issues and new information regarding critical
habitat and the Kauai and Niihau plants. Of the 239 comments we
received, 157 supported designation, 25 were opposed to it, and eight
provided information or declined to oppose or support the designation.
Similar comments were grouped into eight general issues relating
specifically to the proposed critical habitat determinations and draft
economic analysis on the proposed determinations. These are addressed
in the following summary.

Issue 1: Biological Justification and Methodology

(1) Comment: The designation of critical habitat in unoccupied
habitat is particularly important, since this may be the only mechanism
available to ensure that Federal actions do not eliminate the habitat
needed for the survival and recovery of extremely endangered species.
Our Response: We agree. Our recovery plans for these species
(Service 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999) identify
the need to expand existing populations and reestablish wild
populations within historic range. We have revised the November 7,
2000, proposal to designate critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai
and Niihau to incorporate new information and/or address comments and
new information received during the comment periods, including
information on areas of potentially suitable unoccupied habitat for
some of these species.
(2) Comment: The data cited in the critical habitat proposal
documenting the habitat losses and threats is questionable. We do not
agree with the threats to the species as described in the proposed
rule.
Our Response: In the November 7, 2000, proposal to designate
critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and Niihau, we provided
information on the status of and threats to, the Kauai and Niihau
plants. The threats to these species, and the species status, were
documented in the listing rules for the Kauai and Niihau plants (56 FR
1450, 56 FR 47695, 56 FR 49639, 56 FR 55770, 57 FR 20580, 57 FR 20772,
57 FR 20787, 57 FR 27859, 57 FR 46325, 59 FR 9304, 59 FR 10305, 59 FR
49025, 59 FR 56330, 59 FR 56333, 61 FR 53070, 61 FR 53108, 61 FR 53124,
and 61 FR 41020), and in the recovery plans for these species (Service
1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, and 1999), and in the
supporting documentation in the files at the Pacific Islands Office
(See ADDRESSES section).
(3) Comment: The proposal provides very limited information on the
criteria and data used to determine the areas proposed as critical
habitat. For example, some of the data used by the Service was 30 years
old or older.
Our Response: When developing the November 7, 2000, proposal to
designate critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and Niihau, we used
the best scientific and commercial data available at the time,
including but not limited to, information from the known locations,
site-specific species information from the HINHP database and our own
rare plant database; species information from the Center for Plant
Conservation's (CPC) rare plant monitoring database housed at the
University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; the final listing rules for
these species; information received at the three informational open
houses held on Kauai at the Waimea Community Center, the Kauai War
Memorial Convention Hall in Lihue, and the Kilauea Neighborhood Center,
on October 19 to 21, 1999, respectively; recent biological surveys and
reports; our recovery plans for these species; information received in
response to outreach materials and requests for species and management
information we sent to all landowners, land managers, and interested
parties on the islands of Kauai and Niihau; discussions with botanical
experts; and recommendations from the Hawaii Pacific Plant Recovery
Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (Service 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a,
1998b, 1998c, 1999; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000; CPC in litt.
1999).
We have revised the proposed designations to incorporate new
information, and/or address comments and new information received
during the comment periods. This additional information comes from the
Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages (e.g. vegetation, soils,
annual rainfall, elevation contours, land ownership); new information;
completed recovery plans, and information received during the public
comment periods and public hearings.
(4) Comment: We received comments that the proposed critical
habitat designations were not specific enough, and were over broad and
therefore, failed to comply with Congressional intent to restrict
critical habitat to those areas ``essential to the conservation of the
species.'' On the other hand, we also received comments that the
designation was not inclusive enough and failed to include areas where
Kauai and Niihau plants have occurred and which are necessary for
recovery of the species.
Our Response: We used the best scientific information available to
develop the November 7, 2000, proposal to designate critical habitat
for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants. This information is detailed above in
our response to Comment (3). Based on the information described above,
we believe we have identified those areas essential to the conservation
of the Kauai and Niihau plant species at issue in this proposed rule.
(5) Comment: We are concerned that our property infrastructure
(i.e., roads, buildings, etc.) is within proposed critical habitat
boundaries, even though it does not contain any habitat for listed
plants. Areas seaward of the vegetation line were included in the maps.
Also, Units J, G, and H (on Navy lands) appear to include missile
launch pads, buildings, towers, and paved roads. Modify specific units
in order to avoid areas where existing projects (i.e., agricultural
lands with irrigation infrastructure) are planned or may occur.
Our Response: When delineating critical habitat units, we made an
effort to avoid developed areas such as towns, agricultural lands, and
other lands

[[Page 3984]]

unlikely to contribute to the conservation of these species. Existing
features and structures within proposed areas, such as buildings,
roads, aqueducts, telecommunications equipment, telemetry antennas,
radars, missile launch sites, arboreta and gardens, heiau (indigenous
places of worship or shrines), and other man-made features do not
contain, and are not likely to develop, constituent elements, and would
be specifically excluded from designation under this proposed rule.
Therefore, unless a Federal action related to such features or
structures indirectly affected nearby habitat containing the primary
constituent elements, operation and maintenance of such features or
structures generally would not be impacted by the designation of
critical habitat.
(6) Comment: The presence of non-native plants makes habitat
unsuitable and inappropriate for designation as critical habitat.
Our Response: The presence of non-native plant competitors does not
preclude designation of an area as critical habitat, if the area
contains physical and biological features that are essential to the
conservation of the species, and that may require special management
considerations or protection. We defined the primary constituent
elements on the basis of the habitat features of the areas in which the
plants are reported from, such as the type of plant community,
associated native plant species, locale information (e.g., steep rocky
cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and elevation.
(7) Comment: The Service avoided a statutory obligation to
determine whether the benefits of excluding particular areas (e.g.,
areas with conservation agreements, etc.) from critical habitat
designation outweigh the benefits of including each area.
Our Response: Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that we consider
the economic and other impacts of critical habitat designation and
allows us to exclude potentially suitable areas when the benefits of
exclusion outweigh the benefits of designation, provided the exclusion
will not result in the extinction of the species. We base our decision
to exclude an area from critical habitat designation on the best
scientific data available, taking into consideration the economic and
other impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. We
completed an economic analysis of the November 7, 2000, proposal.
However, we will revise that analysis to reflect this new proposal and
provide another opportunity for public comment. We will use that final
economic analysis in determining whether exclusions under section
4(b)(2) are appropriate (see 50 CFR 424.19).
We will provide technical assistance and work closely with
applicants throughout the development of any future Habitat
Conservation Plans (HCPs) or other conservation plans to identify lands
essential for the long-term conservation of the Kauai and Niihau plants
and appropriate management for those lands. If an HCP or other
conservation management plan is approved by us, we will reassess the
critical habitat boundaries in light of the conservation plan. We will
seek to undertake this review when an HCP or conservation management
plan is approved, but funding constraints may influence the timing of
such a review.

Issue 2: Site-Specific Biological Comments

(8) Comment: Critical habitat should be designated for Phyllostegia
waimeae and Melicope quadrangularis because habitats have not been
adequately surveyed and these species may still be extant in the wild.
Our Response: We have revised the November 7, 2000, proposal to
designate critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and Niihau to
incorporate new information and/or address comments and new information
received during the comment periods including information on the recent
rediscovery in August 2000 of Phvllostegia waimeae on Kauai. In light
of this new information we have reconsidered an earlier not prudent
finding and determine that the designation of critical habitat is
prudent for Phvllostegia waimeae. We determined on November 7, 2000,
that critical habitat designation is not prudent for Melicope
quadrangularis because it has not been seen recently in the wild on
Kauai and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist.
Therefore, critical habitat designation would be of no benefit to this
species and no change is made to that determination here. If this
species is rediscovered we may revise this proposal to incorporate or
address new information as new data becomes available.
(9a) Comment: Critical habitat should be designated for Pritchardia
or loulu palm species if the units are of adequate ecological size and
because the habitat is too inaccessible and remote for vandals. (9b)
Comment: Critical habitat for Pritchardia should not be designated
because of previous acts of vandalism to listed plant species.
Our Response: We have revised the November 7, 2000, proposal to
designate critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and Niihau to
incorporate new information, and/or address comments and new
information received during the comment periods. However, no additional
information was provided during the comment periods that would ensure
the protection of Pritchardia from vandalism or collection if critical
habitat was designated for the three Kauai and Niihau species. We
believe that the benefits of designating critical habitat do not
outweigh the potential increased threats from vandalism or collection
of these three species of Pritchardia.
(10) Comment: Include Sesbania tomentosa on the border of the
Navy's PMRF at Barking Sands and Munroidendron racemosum on the border
of unit E.
Our Response: We have revised the November 7, 2000, proposal to
designate critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and Niihau to
incorporate new information, and/or address comments and new
information received during the comment periods, including information
on Sesbania tomentosa and Munroidendron racemosum. We have proposed
critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa in units Kauai D, H, and I; and
for Munroidendron racemosum in units Kauai B, E, I, J and O in this
revised rule.
(11) Comment: U.S. Navy lands should be excluded from the critical
habitat designation because protections and management afforded the
Kauai and Niihau plants under the Integrated Natural Resource
Management Plans (INRMP), pursuant to the Sikes Act and amendments, and
under existing programmatic biological opinions were sufficient,
thereby resulting in these lands not requiring special management or
protection and not meeting the definition of critical habitat. In
addition, the PMRF should be excluded from critical habitat because its
existing programmatic, habitat-based management efforts reflected in
the Cooperative Agreement for the Conservation and Management of Fish
and Wildlife Resources at Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking
Sands, Kauai, Hawaii, and signed between the Service and the Navy in
1986, ensures long-term conservation of Federal trust species.
Furthermore, designation of critical habitat would detrimentally
restrain and limit the installation's flexibility, adversely affecting
its ability to perform its national defense mission.
Our Response: We agree that an INRMP can provide special management
for lands such that they no longer meet the definition of critical
habitat when the plan meets the following criteria: (1)

[[Page 3985]]

The plan must be complete and provide a conservation benefit to the
species, (2) the plan must provide assurances that the conservation
management strategies will be implemented, and (3) the plan must
provide assurances that the conservation management strategies will be
effective, i.e., provide for periodic monitoring and revisions as
necessary. If all of these criteria are met, the lands covered under
the plan would no longer meet the definition of critical habitat.
We believe that occupied and unoccupied areas that contain the
primary constituent elements for plants occurring on the Barking Sands
and Makaha Ridge Facility lands are needed for recovery of these
species. Management at the Barking Sands and Makaha Ridge Facility
lands currently consists of restricting human access and mowing
landscaped areas. These actions alone are not sufficient to address the
factors inhibiting the long-term conservation of Panicum niihauense and
Wilkesia hobdyi and address the primary threats to these species. Also,
we believe that the INRMP may not ensure that appropriate conservation
management strategies will be adequately funded or effectively
implemented. Therefore, we cannot at this time find that management on
these lands under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a
proposed designation of critical habitat. If the Navy completes and
implements an INRMP or other endangered species management plans that
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for
these two plant species, and provides for their long-term conservation
and assurances that it will be implemented, we will reassess the
critical habitat boundaries in light of these management plans. Also,
we may exclude these military lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if
the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of including the areas
within critical habitat, provided the exclusion will not result in
extinction of the species.
(12) Comment: The State of Hawaii identified specific areas that
they thought should not be designated as critical habitat.
Our Response: During the public comment periods for the November 7,
2000, proposal for plants from Kauai and Niihau, we received written
comments and a map showing the DOFAW's vegetation classes and
recommended critical habitat units. We have revised the November 7,
2000, proposed designations to incorporate new information, and/or
address comments and new information received during the comment
periods, including information received from DOFAW.
We evaluated DOFAW's comments on a species by species basis and
incorporated information that was consistent with our methodology.
DOFAW recommended deletion of some of the proposed critical habitat
units as they do not believe these areas are suitable for the recovery
of some species because they (DOFAW) would not be able to manage these
areas with their limited staff and funding. Because the basis for
identifying areas by DOFAW was made on the manageability of the area,
their mapping of habitat is distinct from the regulatory designation of
critical habitat as defined by the Act.

Issue 3: Legal Issues

(13) Comment: A premise for the proposed rule is that the Service
was ordered by the court on August 10, 1998, to designate critical
habitat by November 30, 2000. The court may not order critical habitat
to be designated. Rather, the court may order the Service to make a
decision on whether to designate critical habitat. The designation of
critical habitat is an action that is ultimately discretionary, and the
Service must apply the criteria in the Act and its regulations to
decide whether to designate critical habitat. Thus, the Service should
seek correction of that court order and reconsider whether, and to what
extent, critical habitat should be designated.
Our Response: As stated earlier, on August 10, 1998, the court
ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations or non-
designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to
publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145
species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. 2d 1074). Among other things,
the court did not order us to designate critical habitat for all
species. In fact, the court state that it ``expresse[d]
no opinion as
to whether or not critical habitat should be designated for any of the
subject species.'' (24 F. Supp. at 1288). Instead, Judge Kay remanded
our 245 ``not prudent'' decisions to the Service to consider
designation of critical habitat consistent with his opinion (Id. at
1288-89). The court explicitly stated that the designation of critical
habitat was beneficial because it: (1) Triggers section 7 consultation
in new areas where it would not otherwise occur because, for example,
it is or has become unoccupied, or the occupancy is in question; (2)
focuses conservation activities on the most essential areas; (3)
provides educational benefits to State or county governments or private
entities; and (4) prevents people from causing inadvertent harm to the
species (see 24 Supp.2d 1280 for the full text of Judge Kay's opinion).
In the November 7, 2000, proposal we published proposed determinations
of whether designation of critical habitat is prudent for 81 plants
from Kauai and Niihau, and proposed designations of critical habitat
for 76 of those plants. We have revised the proposed designations to
incorporate new information, and/or address comments and new
information received during the comment periods.
(14a) Comment: In the State of Hawaii, Native Hawaiians have a
constitutional right to access and gather certain resources for
traditional and cultural purposes. The proposal will limit and
extinguish these rights. (14b) Comment: The designations of areas as
critical habitat will affect human access to those areas. (14c)
Comment: Hunting and recreational opportunities need to be considered
when designating critical habitat. Also, the designation of critical
habitat will prohibit recreational, commercial, and subsistence
activities from taking place, as well as access for these activities.
Our Response: Critical habitat designation does not affect
activities, including human access, on State or private lands unless
some sort of Federal permit, license, or funding is involved and the
activities may affect the species. It imposes no regulatory
prohibitions on State or other non-Federal lands, nor does it impose
any restrictions on State or non-Federal activities that are not funded
or authorized by any Federal agencies.
Access to Federal lands that are designated as critical habitat is
not restricted unless access is determined to result in the destruction
or adverse modification of the critical habitat. If we determine that
access will result in adverse modification of the critical habitat, we
will suggest reasonable or prudent alternatives.
Activities of the State or private landowner or individual, such as
farming, grazing, logging, and gathering generally are not affected by
a critical habitat designation, even if the property is within the
geographical boundaries of the critical habitat. A critical habitat
designation has no regulatory effect on access to State or private
lands. Recreational, commercial, and subsistence activities, including
hunting, on non-Federal lands are not regulated by this critical
habitat designation, and may be impacted only where there is Federal
involvement in the action and the action is likely to destroy or
adversely modify critical habitat.

[[Page 3986]]

(15) Comment: The Service needs to make its decisions on objective
studies based on science rather than let the courts dictate its
decisions.
Our Response: We must comply with the orders of Federal courts. See
also our response to comment 13. When developing the proposed critical
habitat designations, we used the best scientific and commercial data
available at the time. We have revised the proposed designations to
incorporate new information, and/or address comments and new
information received during the comment periods. All of the information
that we used in our decision-making process is part of our
administrative record and can be reviewed at the Pacific Islands Field
Office (see ADDRESSES section).

Issue 4: Section 7 Consultation Issues

(16) Comment: Does section 7 apply to State and county agencies
with permit authority such as the Hawaii Pollution Discharge
Elimination System permit issued by the State of Hawaii and authorized
by the Environmental Protection Agency, and programs administered under
the Natural Resources Conservation Service?
Our Response: Section 7 of the Act requires each Federal agency to
ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species, or result
in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. Section
7 also requires that Federal agencies consult with us if their actions
may affect a listed species. State or county agencies are not required
to consult with us under section 7 of the Act if their programs are not
authorized, permitted, or funded by a Federal agency.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may delegate the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit authority to the
State. Therefore, any individual permit that is issued by the State of
Hawaii is not subject to section 7 consultation. Instead, procedures in
the January 2001 Memorandum Of Understanding between ourselves and the
EPA would apply. These procedures provide for us to notify EPA of any
concerns we may have with individual permits, and the EPA would take
corrective action if an individual permit has severe enough impacts on
a listed species or designated critical habitat and the State fails to
correct the problem. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
does consult with us on projects and specific actions that they fund,
authorize, or permit.
(17) Comment: The State of Hawaii endangered species law does not
require critical habitat.
Our Response: There is no State equivalent of critical habitat
designation under the State of Hawaii's endangered species law.
However, the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, is
applicable to all federally listed species, including those in the
State of Hawaii.

Issue 5: Mapping and Primary Constituent Elements

(18a) Comment: The designated areas are too large. (18b) Comment:
The units are not large enough, and don't allow for changes that occur
during known environmental processes.
Our Response: We have revised the proposed designations to
incorporate new information, and/or address comments and new
information received during the comment periods. Areas that contain
habitat necessary for recovery were identified and delineated on a
species by species basis. When species units overlapped, we combined
units for ease of mapping (see also Methods section). The areas we are
proposing to designate as critical habitat provide some or all of the
habitat components essential for the conservation of these plant
species.
(19) Comment: Map exhibits in the proposed rule and at the public
hearings did not show enough detail.
Our Response: The maps in the Federal Register are meant to provide
a general location and shape of critical habitat. At the public
hearing, these maps were expanded to wall-size to assist the public in
better understanding the proposal. These larger scale GIS products also
were provided to individuals upon request. The legal descriptions are
readily plotted and transferable to a variety of mapping formats.
(20) Comment: Once the designations are made, they will become
permanent.
Our Response: The Act specifically provides that we may, from time
to time, revise designations as appropriate (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B).
Thus, if new information indicates any of these areas should not be
included in the critical habitat designations because they no longer
meet the definition of critical habitat, under the section 3(5)(A)
definition, or because the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits
of designation, provided the exclusion will not result in the
extinction of the species, under section 4(b)(2), we may revise
critical habitat designations to exclude these areas. Also, we can
always revise the critical habitat designations to add land at a later
date. Critical habitat designations are removed at the time a species
is no longer protected under the Act (i.e., delisted).

Issue 6: Definition of Critical Habitat

(21) Comment: Critical habitat is being designated in otherwise
protected areas, such as State conservation lands, Navy lands with an
INRMP, and State parks. Managers should have the opportunity to
implement management actions that would avoid the additional regulatory
burden of critical habitat.
Our Response: In the November 7, 2000, proposal we examined all
currently occupied sites containing one or more of the primary
constituent elements considered essential to the conservation of the
Kauai and Niihau plant species to determine if additional special
management considerations or protection are required above those
currently provided. We reviewed all available management information on
these plants at these sites, including published reports and surveys;
annual performance and progress reports; management plans; grants;
memoranda of understanding and cooperative agreements; DOFAW planning
documents; internal letters and memos; biological assessments and
environmental impact statements; and section 7 consultations.
Additionally, each public (i.e., county, State, or Federal government
holdings) and private landowner on the islands of Kauai and Niihau with
a known occurrence of one of the plant species was contacted by mail.
We reviewed all information received in response to our landowner
mailing and open houses held at three locations (Waimea, Lihue, and
Kilauea) on the island of Kauai from October 19 to 21, 1999. When
clarification was required on the information provided to us, we
followed up with a telephone contact. Because of the large amount of
land on the island of Kauai under State of Hawaii jurisdiction, we met
with staff from Kauai's DOFAW office and Kauai State Parks to discuss
their current management for the plants on their lands. And, we
contacted the State's Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL)
regarding management for the plants on lands under their jurisdiction.
In addition, we reviewed new biological information and public comments
received during the public comment periods and at the public hearing.
With regard to the areas newly proposed for designation by this
revised proposal, we have also reviewed any management information
available to use at this time. In addition, we are requesting
information on management

[[Page 3987]]

of these lands during the comment period. Pursuant to the definition of
critical habitat in section 3 of the Act, the primary constituent
elements as found in any area so designated must also require ``special
management considerations or protections.'' Adequate special management
or protection is provided by a legally operative plan that addresses
the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements and provides
for the long-term conservation of the species. We consider a plan
adequate when it: (1) Provides a conservation benefit to the species
(i.e., the plan must maintain or provide for an increase in the
species' population or the enhancement or restoration of its habitat
within the area covered by the plan); (2) provides assurances that the
management plan will be implemented (i.e., those responsible for
implementing the plan are capable of accomplishing the objectives, have
an implementation schedule and/or have adequate funding for the
management plan); and, (3) provides assurances the conservation plan
will be effective (i.e., it identifies biological goals, has provisions
for reporting progress, and is of a duration sufficient to implement
the plan and achieves the plan's goals and objectives). If an area is
covered by a plan that meets these criteria, it does not constitute
critical habitat as defined by the Act because the primary constituent
elements found there are not in need of special management.
Based upon review of the information available to us at this time,
we have not been able to find that management on these lands is
adequate to preclude proposed designations of critical habitat. We are
aware that the State of Hawaii, the Navy, and other private landowners
are considering the development of land management plans or agreements
that may promote the conservation of endangered and threatened plant
species on the island of Kauai. We support these efforts, and we view
such plans as important in helping meet species recovery goals, and
ultimately can result in delisting of the species. We intend to work
closely with any interested landowner or land manager in the
development of conservation planning efforts for these, and other,
endangered and threatened plants. If new information indicates any of
these areas should not be included in the critical habitat designations
because they no longer meet the definition of critical habitat, we may
revise the proposed critical habitat designations in this proposal to
exclude these areas. We agree that implementation of management actions
for the conservation of these species should proceed; however, both the
Act and the relevant court order requires us to proceed with
designation at this time based on the best information available.
(22) Comment: Critical habitat for Kauai and Niihau plants is not
determinable because their biological needs are not sufficiently known.
Hawaiian plants are ``biologically incompetent'' and cannot maintain
self-sustaining wild populations. Recovery plans for the species
recommend significant research; without such information it cannot be
determined with reasonable scientific certainty which areas are
essential to the species.
Our Response: We are required under section 4 of the Act to
designate critical habitat based on what we know at the time of
designation. When we designate critical habitat at the time of listing,
or, as in this case, under court-ordered deadlines we will often not
have sufficient information to identify all areas of critical habitat.
We are required, nevertheless, to make a decision and thus must base
our designation on the best available information we have at the time.
(23) Comment: There is no direct relationship between the recovery
plans for these species and critical habitat.
Our Response: Development and completion of the recovery plans and
designation of critical habitat for these plant species are two
separate processes with two separate timeframes. The recovery plans for
these species were completed between 1994 and 1999. We recognize that
information contained within the recovery plans is directly relevant to
the development of the critical habitat designations, and we relied
heavily upon them. In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify
and map habitat it believed to be important for the recovery of 282
endangered and threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified
these areas on most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999,
we published them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants
(Service 1999). The HPPRCC expects there will be subsequent efforts to
further refine the locations of important habitat areas, and that new
survey information or research finding may also lead to additional
refinements. Because the HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for
all listed, proposed, and candidate plant species, and evaluated
species of concern to determine if essential habitat areas would
provide for their habitat needs as well, the HPPRCC's mapping of
habitat is distinct from the regulatory designation of critical habitat
as defined by the Act. More data has been collected since the
recommendations made by the HPPRCC in 1998. Much of the area that was
identified by the HPPRCC as inadequately surveyed has now been surveyed
in some way. New location data for many species has been gathered.
Also, the HPPRCC identified areas as essential based on species
clusters (areas that included listed species as well as candidate
species, and species of concern) while we have only delineated areas
that are essential for the conservation of the listed species at issue.
As a result, the proposed critical habitat designations in this revised
proposed rule include habitat that was not identified as essential in
the 1998 recommendations.

Issue 7: Effects of Designation

(24) Comment: Designation of critical habitat will result in
restrictions on subsistence hunting and State hunting programs funded
under the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program (Pittman-
Robertson program).
Our Response: We believe that game bird and mammal hunting in
Hawaii is an important recreational and cultural activity, and we
support the continuation of this tradition. The designation of critical
habitat requires Federal agencies to consult under section 7 of the Act
with us on actions they carry out, fund, or authorize that might
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. This requirement applies
to us and includes funds distributed by the Service to the State
through the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program (Pittman-
Robertson Program). Under the Act, activities funded by us or other
Federal agencies can not result in jeopardy to listed species, and they
can not adversely modify or destroy critical habitat. It is well
documented that game mammals affect listed plant and animal species. In
such areas, we believe it is important to develop and implement sound
land management programs that provide both for the recovery of listed
species and for continued game hunting. We are committed to working
closely with the State and other interested parties to ensure that game
management programs are implemented consistent with this need.
(25) Comment: Critical habitat could be the first step toward
making the area a national park or refuge.
Our Response: Critical habitat designation does not in any way
create a wilderness area, preserve, national park, or wildlife refuge,
nor does it close an area to human access or use. It's regulatory
implications apply only to activities sponsored at least in part by

[[Page 3988]]

Federal agencies. Land uses such as logging, grazing, and recreation
that may require Federal permits may take place if they do not
adversely modify critical habitat. Critical habitat designations do not
constitute land management plans.
(26) Comment: The designation of critical habitat would justify the
``destruction of private property rights,'' harassment from Federal
agents, and lawsuits.
Our Response: Section 3(5) of the Act defines critical habitat as
those specific areas which contain physical or biological features
essential to the conservation of the species and which may require
special management considerations or protection (16 U.S.C. 1532(5)).
Designations of critical habitat are to be made on the basis of the
best scientific and commercial data available, after taking into
account the economic and other relevant impacts of specifying any area
as critical habitat (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2)). An area may be excluded
from designation as critical habitat if the Secretary determines the
benefits of excluding the area outweigh the benefits of designating the
area as critical habitat (and provided the exclusion would not result
in the extinction of the species).
To a property owner, the designation of critical habitat becomes
important when viewed in the context of section 7 of the Act, which
requires all Federal agencies to ensure, in consultation with the
Service, that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by the
agency does not result in the destruction or adverse modification of
designated critical habitat. If, after consultation, our biological
opinion concludes that a proposed action is likely to result in the
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat, we are
required to suggest reasonable and prudent alternatives to the action
which would avoid the destruction or adverse modification of the
critical habitat (16 U.S.C. 1536(b)(3)(A)). If we cannot suggest
acceptable reasonable and prudent alternatives, the agency (or the
applicant) may apply for an exemption from the Endangered Species
Committee under section 7(e)-(p) of the Act.
The mere promulgation of a regulation, like the enactment of a
statute, does not take private property unless the regulation on its
face denies the property owners all economically beneficial or
productive use of their land (Agins v. City of Tiburon, 447 U.S. 255,
260-263 (1980); Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Ass'n,
452 U.S. 264, 195 (1981); Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505
U.S. 1003, 1014 (1992)). The designation of critical habitat alone does
not deny anyone economically viable use of their property. The Act does
not automatically restrict all uses of critical habitat, but only
imposes restrictions under section 7(a)(2) on Federal agency actions
that may result in destruction or adverse modification of designated
critical habitat. Furthermore, as discussed above, if a biological
opinion concludes that a proposed action is likely to result in
destruction or modification of critical habitat, we are required to
suggest reasonable and prudent alternatives.
We are aware of relatively few activities in the proposed critical
habitat areas for these 83 plants that have Federal involvement, and
thus, would require consultation or reinitiation of already completed
consultations for on-going projects. We are not aware of any commercial
activities on the Federal lands included in these proposed critical
habitat designations.
Since these 83 plant species were listed (between 1990 and 1996),
there have been no formal consultations on them, and we have conducted
only one informal consultation on Kauai, in addition to consultations
on purely Federal activities (ie. Defense installations). That informal
consultation was conducted with the NRCS through their Wildlife
Incentive Program for noxious weed control actions on leased cabin lots
within Kokee State Park. NRCS does not anticipate the need to
reinitiate consultation for these on-going actions as these actions are
not occurring within the areas of proposed critical habitat (Terrell
Kelly, NRCS, pers. comm., 2001). There have been no consultations on
any of these 83 species on the island of Niihau.
Nearly all of the land within the critical habitat units is
unsuitable for development or economically productive land uses because
of the remote locations, lack of access, and rugged terrain of these
lands. Also, nearly all of this land (99.2 percent) is within the State
Conservation District where State land-use controls severely limit
development and most activities. Approximately 0.7 percent of this land
is within the State Agricultural District, and about 0.1 percent is
within the State Urban District.
The limited economic activities that may occur consist of
improvements to roads and communications and tracking facilities;
recreational use such as hiking, camping, picnicking, game hunting, and
fishing; botanical gardens; and crop farming. On lands that are in
agricultural production, the types of activities that might trigger a
consultation include irrigation ditch system projects that may require
section 404 authorizations from the Corps, and watershed management and
restoration projects sponsored by NRCS.
Lands that are within the State Urban District are located within
undeveloped coastal areas. The types of activities that might trigger a
consultation include shoreline restoration or modification projects
that may require section 404 authorizations from the Corps or FEMA,
housing or resort development that may require permits from the
Department of Housing and Urban Development, and activities funded or
authorized by the EPA. However, we are not aware of a significant
future activities that would require Federal permitting or
authorization in these coastal areas.
The entire island of Niihau is under one private ownership and
within the State Agricultural District. The current and projected land
uses on Niihau are cattle and sheep ranching, commercial game hunting,
and military exercises to train downed combat pilots on how to evade
capture (DAHI 2001).
The kinds of actions that may be included in future reasonable and
prudent alternatives include conservation set-asides, management of
competing non-native species, restoration of degraded habitat,
propagation, outplanting and augmentation of existing populations,
construction of protective fencing, and periodic monitoring. These
measures are not likely to result in a significant economic impact. In
addition, all of these species are protected under the State of
Hawaii's Endangered Species Act (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chap. 195D-
4), and thus would have received some protections even without the Act.
As required under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we will conduct an
analysis of the potential economic impacts of this proposed critical
habitat designation, and will make that analysis available for public
review and comment before finalizing these designations. However, court
deadlines require us to publish this proposed rule before the economic
analysis can be completed. In the absence of this economic analysis, we
have reviewed our previously available draft economic analysis of the
likely economic impacts of designating critical habitat for 76 plants
from the islands of Kauai and Niihau (66 FR 13691). In that analysis,
which included proposed designations of critical habitat within 23
units on 24,349 ha (60,166 ac) on Kauai and 191 ha (471 ac) on Niihau,
we determined that the designations would have modest economic impacts
because nearly all of the land within the critical habitat units has
limited suitability for development, land uses, and activities

[[Continued on page 3989]]

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Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii

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