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[[pp. 4039-4088]]
Note: EPA no longer updates this information, but it may be useful as a reference or resource.
[Federal Register: January 28, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 18)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 4039-4088]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr28ja02-21]
[[pp. 4039-4088]]
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised
Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical
Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii
[[Continued from page 4038]]
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This unit (Kauai L) contains a total of 3,407 ha (8,418 ac) on
State and privately owned lands. It is within the Hanalei watershed.
The natural features include: Kaliko summit, Kaumanalehua summit,
Kawailewa summit, Keanaawi Ridge, Kiloa summit, Maheo summit, and
Pohakupele summit. This unit is within a portion of the Halelea Forest
Reserve.
Kauai M
The proposed unit Kauai M provides occupied habitat for eight
species: Adenophorus periens, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea
remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia
lydgatei, and Phyllostegia wawrana. It is proposed for designation
because it contains the physical and biological features that are
considered essential for their conservation on Kauai, and provides
habitat to support one or more of the 8 to 10 populations for each
species and 300 mature individuals per population throughout their
known historical range considered by the recovery plans to be necessary
for the conservation of each species. This unit also provides
unoccupied habitat for one species: Bonamia menziesii. Designation of
this unit is essential to the conservation of this species because it
contains the physical and biological features that are considered
essential for its conservation on Kauai, and provides habitat to
support one or more additional populations necessary to meet the
recovery objectives for this species of 8 to10 populations and 300
mature individuals per population, throughout its known historical
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D,
and in the table for Kauai M).
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This unit (Kauai M) contains a total of 3,302 ha (8,160 ac) on
State and privately owned lands. It contains portions of the Anahola,
Kalihiwai, Kapaa, and Kilauea watersheds. The natural features include:
Haleone summit, Kahili summit, Kamahuna summit, Kamalii Ridge, Keahua
summit, Kekoiki summit, Leleiwi summit, Makaleha summit, Makaleha
Mountains, Malamalamaiki summit, Namahana Mount, Pohakupili summit, Puu
Awa, Puu Eu, Uluawaa summit, and Waihunehune Falls. It contains
portions of Kealia Forest Reserve and Moloaa Forest Reserve.
Kauai N
The proposed unit Kauai N provides occupied habitat for 16 species:
Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea
recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Dubautia pauciflorula,
Exocarpos luteolus, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei,
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Myrsine
linearifolia, Plantago princeps, Viola helenae, and Viola kauaiensis
var. wahiawaensis. It is proposed for designation because it contains
the physical and biological features that are considered essential for
their conservation on Kauai, and provides habitat to support one or
more of the 8 to 10 populations for each species and 100 mature
individuals per population for Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis and
Myrsine linearifolia, or 300 mature individuals per population for
Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea
recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Dubautia pauciflorula,
Exocarpos luteolus, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei,
Lysimachia filifolia, Plantago princeps, Viola helenae, and Viola
kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, throughout their known historical range
considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation
of each species. This unit also provides unoccupied habitat for seven
species: Cyanea undulata, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Delissea rivularis,
Hesperomannia lydgatei, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia wawrana, and
Platanthera holochila. Designation of this unit is essential to the
conservation of these species because it contains the physical and
biological features that are considered essential for their
conservation on Kauai, and provides habitat to support one or more
additional populations necessary to meet the recovery objectives of 8
to 10 populations for each species and 100 mature individuals per
population for Hesperomannia lydgatei, or 300 mature individuals per
population for Cyanea undulata, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Delissea
rivularis, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia wawrana, and Platanthera
holochila), throughout their known historical range (see the discussion
of conservation requirements in Section D, and in the table for Kauai
N).
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This unit (Kauai N) contains a total of 6,599 ha (16,307 ac) on
State and privately owned lands. The majority of this unit is in the
Wailua watershed with the southernmost portion in the Wahiawa watershed
with the Huleia watershed in between. The natural features include:
Hanalei summit, Iole summit, Iole Stream, Kahili summit, Kalalea
summit, Kamanu summit, Kanaele Swamp, Kapakaiki Falls, Kapakanui Falls,
Kapalaoa summit,
[[Page 4049]]
Kapehuaala summit, Kaulu Stream, Kawaikini summit, Kualapa summit,
Kuilau Ridge, Palikea summit, and Wekiu summit. Includes a portion of
the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve.
Kauai O
The proposed unit Kauai O provides occupied habitat for 41 species:
Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Alsinidendron
viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce halemanui, Diellia erecta,
Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos
luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta
micrantha, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope
knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine
linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana,
Platanthera holochila, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia
kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea helleri,
Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Schiedea
stellarioides, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Xylosma
crenatum, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. It is proposed for designation
because it contains the physical and biological features that are
considered essential for their conservation on Kauai, and provides
habitat to support one or more of the 8 to 10 populations for each
species and 100 mature individuals per population for Alectryon
macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Flueggea neowawraea, Kokia
kauaiensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida,
Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum,
Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, or 300 mature individuals
per population for Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce halemanui, Diellia erecta, Diellia pallida, Dubautia
latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Gouania meyenii,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha,
Lobelia niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii,
Phyllostegia waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana, Platanthera holochila, Poa
sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi,
Schiedea helleri, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var.
spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, and Solanum sandwicense, or 500
mature individuals per population for Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
throughout their known historical range considered by the recovery
plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species. This unit
also provides unoccupied habitat for 10 species: Adenophorus periens,
Cyanea recta, Delissea rivularis, Diplazium molokaiensis, Isodendrion
longifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, Plantago princeps, Poa mannii,
Schiedea kauense, and Stenogyne campanulata. Designation of this unit
is essential to the conservation of these species because it contains
the physical and biological features that are considered essential for
their conservation on Kauai, and provides habitat to support one or
more additional populations necessary to meet the recovery objective of
8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population for each
species, throughout their known historical range (see the discussion of
conservation requirements in Section D, and in the table for Kauai O).
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This unit (Kauai O) contains a total of 9,462 ha (23.382 ac) on
State and privately owned lands. This unit is predominately in the
Waimea watershed with a small portion extending into upper reaches of
the Haeleele, Hikimoe, Kaaweiki, Kaulaula, and Nahomalu watersheds. The
natural features include: the Alakai Swamp, Awini Falls, Awini Stream,
Halehaha Stream, Halemanu Stream, Halepaakai Stream, Hipalau Valley,
Kaaha summit, Kaluahaulu Ridge, Kaou summit, Kauaikinana Stream,
Kawaiiki Ridge, Kawaiiki Valley, Kawaikoi Stream, Kipalau Valley, Koali
summit, Kohua Ridge, Kokee Stream, Kumuwela Ridge, Loli River, Moeloa
Falls, Mohihi Falls, Mohihi Stream, Nawaimaka Stream, Puu Lua summit,
Wahane Valley, Waiakoali Stream, Waialae Falls, and Waipoo Falls. This
unit contains portions of Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Halelea Forest
Reserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Kokee State Park, Kuia
Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve, Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon State Park.
Niihau A
The proposed unit Niihau A provides occupied habitat for two
species: Brighamia insignis, and Cyperus trachysanthos. It is proposed
for designation because it contains the physical and biological
features that are considered essential for their conservation on
Niihau, and provides habitat to support one or more of the 8 to 10
populations for each species and 100 mature individuals per population
for Brighamia insignis or 300 mature individuals per population for
Cyperus trachysanthos, throughout their known historical range
considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation
of each species (see the discussion of conservation requirements in
Section D, and in the table for Niihau A).
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4310-55-C
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Key for Tables Kauai A-O and Niihau A
? Not all suitable habitat is designated, only those
areas essential to the conservation of the species.
1. This unit is needed to meet the recovery plan objectives of 8
to 10 viable populations (self perpetuating and sustaining for at
least 5 years) with 100 to 500 mature, reproducing individuals per
species throughout its historical range as specified in the recovery
plans.
2. Island endemic.
3. Multi-island species with current locations on other islands.
4. Multi-island species with no current locations on other
islands.
5. Current locations do not necessarily represent viable
populations with the required number of mature individuals.
6. Several current locations may be affected by one naturally
occurring, catastrophic event.
7. Species with variable habitat requirements, usually over wide
areas. Wide ranging species require more space per individual over
more land area to provide needed primary constituent elements to
maintain healthy population size.
8. Not all currently occupied habitat was determined to be
essential to the recovery of the species.
9. Life history, long-lived perennial--100 mature, reproducing
individuals needed per population.
10. Life history, short-lived perennial--300 mature, reproducing
individuals needed per population.
11. Life history, annual--500 mature, reproducing individuals
needed per population.
12. Narrow endemic, the species probably never naturally
occurred in more than a single or a few populations.
13. Species has extremely restricted, specific habitat
requirements.
14. Hybridization is possible so distinct populations of related
species should not overlap, requiring more land area.
This unit (Niihau A) contains a total of 282 ha (697 ac) on
privately owned land. The natural features include Puu Alala, Mokouia
Valley, and two unnamed intermittent bodies of water near Puu Alala.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out do
not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Destruction or
adverse modification occurs when a Federal action directly or
indirectly alters critical habitat to the extent it appreciably
diminishes the value of critical habitat for the conservation of the
species. Individuals, organizations, States, local governments, and
other non-Federal entities are affected by the designation of critical
habitat only if their actions occur on Federal lands, require a Federal
permit, license, or other authorization, or involve Federal funding.
Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies to evaluate their
actions with respect to any species that is proposed or listed as
endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical habitat, if
any is designated or proposed. Regulations implementing this
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR
part 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to
confer with us on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of a species proposed for listing or result in destruction or
adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. Conference reports
provide conservation recommendations to assist the agency in
eliminating conflicts that may be caused by the proposed action. The
conservation recommendations in a conference report are advisory.
We may issue a formal conference report, if requested by the
Federal action agency. Formal conference reports include an opinion
that is prepared according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if the species was
listed or critical habitat was designated. We may adopt the formal
conference report as the biological opinion when the species is listed
or critical habitat is designated, if no substantial new information or
changes in the action alter the content of the opinion (see 50 CFR
402.10(d)).
If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of such a species or destroy or adversely modify
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency)
must enter into consultation with us. Through this consultation, the
Federal action agency would ensure that the permitted actions do not
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat.
If we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat, we would also provide reasonable and prudent alternatives to
the project, if any are identifiable. Reasonable and prudent
alternatives are defined at 50 CFR 402.02 as alternative actions
identified during consultation that can be implemented in a manner
consistent with the intended purpose of the action, that are consistent
with the scope of the Federal agency's legal authority and
jurisdiction, that are economically and technologically feasible, and
that the Director believes would avoid destruction or adverse
modification of critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent alternatives
can vary from slight project modifications to extensive redesign or
relocation of the project. Costs associated with implementing a
reasonable and prudent alternative are similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
consultation on previously reviewed actions under certain
circumstances, including instances where critical habitat is
subsequently designated and the Federal agency has retained
discretionary involvement, or control has been retained or is
authorized by law. Consequently, some Federal agencies may request
reinitiation of consultation or conferencing with us on actions for
which formal consultation has been completed if those actions may
affect designated critical habitat or adversely modify or destroy
proposed critical habitat.
Activities on Federal lands that may affect critical habitat of one
or more of the 83 plant species will require Section 7 consultation.
Activities on private or State lands requiring a permit from a Federal
agency, such as a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps)
under section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344 et seq.), or a
section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from us, or some other Federal action,
including funding (e.g. from the Federal Highway Administration,
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA)), permits from the Department of Housing and Urban
Development, activities funded by the EPA, Department of Energy, or any
other Federal agency; regulation of airport improvement activities by
the FAA; and construction of communication sites licensed by the
Federal Communication Commission will also continue to be subject to
the section 7 consultation process. Federal actions not affecting
critical habitat and actions on non-Federal lands that are not
federally funded, authorized, or permitted do not require section 7
consultation.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly describe and
evaluate in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat those activities involving a Federal action that may adversely
modify such habitat or that may be affected by such designation. We
note that such activities may also jeopardize the continued existence
of the species.
Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency, may directly or indirectly
[[Page 4060]]
adversely affect critical habitat include, but are not limited to--
(1) Activities that appreciably degrade or destroy the primary
constituent elements including, but not limited to: overgrazing;
maintenance of feral ungulates; clearing or cutting of native live
trees and shrubs, whether by burning or mechanical, chemical, or other
means (e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building,
mining, herbicide application); introducing or enabling the spread of
non-native species; and taking actions that pose a risk of fire.
(2) Activities that alter watershed characteristics in ways that
would appreciably reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural, dynamic
wetland or other vegetative communities. Such activities may include
water diversion or impoundment, excess groundwater pumping,
manipulation of vegetation such as timber harvesting, residential and
commercial development, and grazing of livestock or horses that
degrades watershed values.
(3) Rural residential construction that includes concrete pads for
foundations and the installation of septic systems where a permit under
section 404 of the Clean Water Act would be required by the Corps.
(4) Recreational activities that appreciably degrade vegetation.
(5) Mining of sand or other minerals.
(6) Introducing or encouraging the spread of non-native plant
species.
(7) Importation of non-native species for research, agriculture,
and aquaculture, and the release of biological control agents.
If you have questions regarding whether specific activities will
likely constitute adverse modification of critical habitat, contact the
Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological Services Field Office (see
ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies of the regulations on listed
plants and animals, and inquiries about prohibitions and permits may be
addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of Endangered
Species/Permits, 911 N.E. 11th Ave., Portland, Oregon 97232-4181
(telephone 503/231-2063; facsimile 503/231-6243).
Relationship to Habitat Conservation Plans and Other Planning Efforts
Currently, there are no HCPs that include any of the plant species
discussed in this proposal as covered species. In the event that future
HCPs covering any of the discussed plant species are developed within
the boundaries of designated critical habitat, we will work with
applicants to encourage them to provide for protection and management
of habitat areas essential to the conservation of the species. This
could be accomplished by either directing development and habitat
modification to nonessential areas, or appropriately modifying
activities within essential habitat areas so that such activities will
not adversely modify the primary constituent elements. The HCP
development process would provide an opportunity for more intensive
data collection and analysis regarding the use of particular areas by
these plant species. If an HCP that addresses one or more of the 83
plant species as covered species is ultimately approved, we will
reassess the critical habitat boundaries in light of the HCP. We intend
to undertake this review when the HCP is approved, but funding and
priority constraints may influence the timing of such a review.
Application of the Section 3(5)(A) Criteria Regarding Special
Management Considerations or Protection
Critical habitat is defined in section 3, paragraph (5)(A) of the
Act as--(i) The specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which
are found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the
conservation of the species and (II) that may require special
management considerations or protection; and (ii) specific areas
outside the geographic area occupied by a species at the time it is
listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the
conservation of the species. Special management and protection are not
required if adequate management and protection are already in place.
Adequate special management or protection is provided by a legally
operative plan/agreement that addresses the maintenance and improvement
of the primary constituent elements important to the species and
manages for the long-term conservation of the species. If any areas
containing the primary constituent elements are currently being managed
to address the conservation needs of one or more of the 83 plant
species and do not require special management or protection, these
areas would not meet the definition of critical habitat in section
3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and would not be included in this proposed rule.
To determine if a plan provides adequate management or protection
we consider--(1) Whether there is a current plan specifying the
management actions and whether such actions provide sufficient
conservation benefit to the species; (2) whether the plan provides
assurances that the conservation management strategies will be
implemented; and (3) whether the plan provides assurances that the
conservation management strategies will be effective. In determining if
management strategies are likely to be implemented, we consider
whether--(a) A management plan or agreement exists that specifies the
management actions being implemented or to be implemented; (b) there is
a timely schedule for implementation; (c) there is a high probability
that the funding source(s) or other resources necessary to implement
the actions will be available; and (d) the party(ies) have the
authority and long-term commitment to implement the management actions,
as demonstrated, for example, by a legal instrument providing enduring
protection and management of the lands. In determining whether an
action is likely to be effective, we consider whether--(a) The plan
specifically addresses the management needs, including reduction of
threats to the species; (b) such actions have been successful in the
past; (c) there are provisions for monitoring and assessment of the
effectiveness of the management actions; and (d) adaptive management
principles have been incorporated into the plan.
The Sikes Act Improvements Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) requires each
military installation that includes land and water suitable for the
conservation and management of natural resources to complete, by
November 17, 2001, an INRMP. An INRMP integrates implementation of the
military mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural
resources found there. Each INRMP includes an assessment of the
ecological needs on the installation, including needs to provide for
the conservation of listed species; a statement of goals and
priorities; a detailed description of management actions to be
implemented to provide for these ecological needs; and a monitoring and
adaptive management plan. We consult with the military on the
development and implementation of INRMPs for installations with listed
species. We believe that bases that have completed and approved INRMPs
that address the needs of the species generally do not meet the
definition of critical habitat discussed above, because they require no
additional special management or protection. Therefore, we do not
include these areas in critical habitat designations if they meet the
following three criteria: (1) A current INRMP must be complete and
provide a conservation benefit to the species; (2)
[[Page 4061]]
the plan must provide assurances that the conservation management
strategies will be implemented; and (3) the plan must provide
assurances that the conservation management strategies will be
effective, by providing for periodic monitoring and revisions as
necessary. If all of these criteria are met, then the lands covered
under the plan would not meet the definition of critical habitat.
Two species, Panicum niihauense and Wilkesia hobdyi, occur on the
Barking Sands and Makaha Ridge Facility lands, and we believe these
lands are needed for the recovery of these species. Management on these
lands currently consist of restricting human access and mowing
landscaped areas. We do not believe that these measures are sufficient
to address the primary threats to these species, nor do we believe that
appropriate conservation management strategies will be adequately
funded or effectively implemented. Therefore, we cannot at this time
find that management of these lands under Federal jurisdiction is
adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat.
However, if an INRMP or other endangered species management plan that
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for
these two plant species, and provides for their long-term conservation
and assurances that it will is completed and implemented, we will
reassess the critical habitat boundaries in light of these management
plans. Also, we may exclude these military lands under section 4(b)(2)
of the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of including
the areas within critical habitat, provided the exclusion will not
result in extinction of the species.
Economic and Other Relevant Impacts
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us to designate critical
habitat on the basis of the best scientific and commercial information
available and to consider the economic and other relevant impacts of
designating a particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas
from critical habitat upon a determination that the benefits of such
exclusions outweigh the benefits of specifying such areas as critical
habitat. We cannot exclude such areas from critical habitat if the
exclusion will result in the extinction of the species concerned.
We prepared an analysis of the economic effects of critical habitat
designation for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (Decision Analysts Hawaii,
Inc. (DAHI) 2001) and made it available for public review on March 7,
2001 (66 FR 13691). In that document, we concluded that no significant
economic impacts were expected from critical habitat designation above
and beyond those already caused by the listing of the 76 plant species
because nearly all of the land within the proposed critical habitat
unit is unsuitable for development due to their remote locations, lack
of access, and rugged terrain; nearly all of this land (98.5 percent)
is within the State Conservation District where state land use controls
severely limit development and most activities; very few of the current
and planned projects, land uses, and activities that could affect the
proposed critical habitat units have a Federal involvement requiring
section 7 consultations and most of the activities that do have Federal
involvement are operations and maintenance of existing facilities and
structures, so they would not be impacted by the critical habitat
designation. We will conduct a reanalysis of the economic impacts of
designating these areas as critical habitat in light of this new
proposal and in accordance with recent decisions in the N.M.
Cattlegrowers Ass'n v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 248 F.3d 1277
(10th Cir. 2001) prior to a final determination. The economic analysis
will include detailed information on the baseline costs and benefits of
the critical habitat designation regardless of whether the costs are
coextensive with listing, where such estimates are available. This
information on the baseline will allow a fuller appreciation of the
economic impacts associated with critical habitat designation. When
completed, we will announce the availability of the revised draft
economic analysis with a notice in the Federal Register, and we will
open a public comment period on the revised draft economic analysis and
re-open the comment period on the proposed rule at that time.
We will utilize the final economic analysis, and take into
consideration all comments and information regarding economic or other
impacts submitted during the public comment period and the public
hearing, to make final critical habitat designations. We may exclude
areas from critical habitat upon a determination that the benefits of
such exclusions outweigh the benefits of specifying such areas as part
of critical habitat; however, we cannot exclude areas from critical
habitat when such exclusion will result in the extinction of the
species.
Public Comments Solicited
It is our intent that any final action resulting from this proposal
be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we solicit
comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental
agencies, the scientific community, industry or any other interested
party concerning this proposed rule.
We invite comments from the public that provide information on
whether lands within proposed critical habitat are currently being
managed to address conservation needs of these listed plants. As stated
earlier in this revised proposed rule, if we receive information that
any of the areas proposed as critical habitat are adequately managed,
we may delete such areas from the final rule, because they would not
meet the definition in section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act. In determining
adequacy of management, we must find that the management effort is
sufficiently certain to be implemented and effective so as to
contribute to the elimination or adequate reduction of relevant threats
to the species.
We are soliciting comment in this revised proposed rule on whether
current land management plans or practices applied within areas
proposed as critical habitat adequately address the threat to these
listed species.
We are aware that the State of Hawaii and some private landowners
are considering the development and implementation of land management
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of
endangered and threatened plant species on the island of Kauai. We are
soliciting comments in this proposed rule on whether current land
management plans or practices applied within the areas proposed as
critical habitat provide for the conservation of the species by
adequately addressing the threats. We are also soliciting comments on
whether future development and approval of conservation measures (e.g.,
HCPs, Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor Agreements) should be
excluded from critical habitat and if so, by what mechanism.
In addition, we are seeking comments on the following:
(1) The reasons why critical habitat for any of these species is
prudent or not prudent as provided by section 4 of the Act and 50 CFR
424.12(a)(1), including those species for which prudency determinations
have been published in previous proposed rules and which have been
incorporated by reference;
(2) The reasons why any particular area should or should not be
designated as critical habitat for any of these species, as critical
habitat is defined by section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532 (5));
(3) Specific information on the amount and distribution of habitat
for the 83 species, and what habitat is
[[Page 4062]]
essential to the conservation of the species and why;
(4) Land use practices and current or planned activities in the
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat;
(5) Any economic or other impacts resulting from the proposed
designations of critical habitat, including any impacts on small
entities, energy development, low income households, and local
governments;
(6) Economic and other potential values associated with designating
critical habitat for the above plant species such as those derived from
non-consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, birding, enhanced
watershed protection, increased soil retention, ``existence values,''
and reductions in administrative costs);
(7) The methodology we might use, under section 4(b)(2) of the Act,
in determining if the benefits of excluding an area from critical
habitat outweigh the benefits of specifying the area as critical
habitat; and
(8) The effects of critical habitat designation on military lands,
and how it would affect military activities, particularly military
activities at the PMRF at Barking Sands and Makaha Ridge Facility
lands, both on the island of Kauai. Whether there will be a significant
impact on military readiness or national security if we designate
critical habitat on these facilities. Whether these facilities should
be excluded from the designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Our practice is to make comments, including names and home
addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular
business hours. Individual respondents may request that we withhold
their home address, which we will honor to the extent allowable by law.
There also may be circumstances in which we would withhold a
respondent's identity, as allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold
your name and/or address, you must state this request prominently at
the beginning of your comment. However, we will not consider anonymous
comments. To the extent consistent with applicable law, we will make
all submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals
identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations
or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety.
Comments and materials received will be available for public
inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above
address (see ADDRESSES section).
The comment period closes on March 29, 2002. Written comments
should be submitted to the Service Office listed in the ADDRESSES
section. We are seeking comments or suggestions from the public, other
concerned governmental agencies, the scientific community, industry, or
any other interested parties concerning the proposed rule. For
additional information on public hearings see the ADDRESSES section.
Public Hearing
The Act provides for a public hearing on this proposal, if
requested. Requests for public hearings must be made within 45 days of
the date of publication of this proposal in the Federal Register. Given
the high likelihood of requests and the need to publish the final
determination by July 30, 2002, we have scheduled a public hearing to
be held 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., Wednesday, February 13, 2002, at the
Radisson Kauai Beach Resort.
Anyone wishing to make an oral statement for the record is
encouraged to provide a written copy of their statement and present it
to us at the hearing. In the event there is a large attendance, the
time allotted for oral statements may be limited. Oral and written
statements receive equal consideration. There are no limits to the
length of written comments presented at the hearing or mailed to the
Service.
The public hearing will be held from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. on
Tuesday, January 29, 2002, on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Prior to the
public hearing, we will be available from 3:30 to 4:30 p.m. to provide
information and to answer questions. Registration for the hearing will
begin at 5:30 p.m. The public hearing will be held at the Radisson
Kauai Beach Resort, 4331 Kauai Beach Drive, Lihue, Kauai.
Peer Review
In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34270), we will seek the expert opinions of at least three appropriate
and independent specialists regarding this proposed rule. The purpose
of such a review is to ensure listing and critical habitat decisions
are based on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We
will send copies of this proposed rule to these peer reviewers
immediately following publication in the Federal Register. We will
invite the peer reviewers to comment, during the public comment period,
on the specific assumptions and conclusions regarding the proposed
designations of critical habitat.
We will consider all comments and data received during the 60-day
comment period on this revised proposed rule during preparation of a
final rulemaking. Accordingly, the final decision may differ from this
proposal.
Clarity of the Rule
Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations and
notices that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to
make this proposed rule easier to understand including answers to
questions such as the following: (1) Are the requirements in the
proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Does the proposed rule contain
technical language or jargon that interferes with the clarity? (3) Does
the format of the proposed rule (grouping and order of sections, use of
headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its clarity? (4) Is the
description of the proposed rule in the ``Supplementary Information''
section of the preamble helpful in understanding the document? (5) What
else could we do to make the proposed rule easier to understand?
Please send any comments that concern how we could make this notice
easier to understand to the Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office
(see ADDRESSES).
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
In accordance with Executive Order 12866, this document is a
significant rule and was reviewed by the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB) in accordance with the four criteria discussed below. We
are preparing a revised economic analysis of this proposed action,
which will be available for public comment, to determine the economic
consequences of designating the specific areas identified as critical
habitat. The availability of the draft economic analysis will be
announced in the Federal Register so that it is available for public
review and comments.
(a) While we will prepare an economic analysis to assist us in
considering whether areas should be excluded pursuant to section 4 of
the Act, we do not believe this rule will have an annual economic
effect of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way
the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs,
the environment, public health or safety, or State or local governments
or communities. Therefore, at this time, we do not believe a cost
benefit and economic analysis pursuant to Executive Order 12866 is
required. We will revisit this if the economic analysis indicates
greater impacts than currently anticipated.
[[Page 4063]]
The dates for which the 83 plant species were listed as threatened
or endangered can be found in Table 4(b). Consequently, and as needed,
we will conduct formal and informal section 7 consultations with other
Federal agencies to ensure that their actions will not jeopardize the
continued existence of these species. Under the Act, critical habitat
may not be adversely modified by a Federal agency action. Critical
habitat does not impose any restrictions on non-Federal persons unless
they are conducting activities funded or otherwise sponsored,
authorized, or permitted by a Federal agency (see Table 6).
Table 6.--Impacts of Critical Habitat Designation for 83 Plants From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional activities
Activities potentially affected by species potentially affected by
Categories of activities listing only critical habitat
designation \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Activities Potentially Affected Activities conducted by the Army Corps of These same activities
\2\. Engineers, Department of Transportation, carried out by Federal
Department of Defense, Department of Agencies in designated
Agriculture, Environmental Protection areas where section 7
Agency, Federal Emergency Management consultations would not
Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, have occurred but for the
Federal Communications Commission, critical habitat
Department of Interior activities that designation.
require a Federal action (permit,
authorization, or funding) and may remove
or destroy habitat for these plants by
mechanical, chemical, or other means
(e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cutting
native live trees and shrubs, water
diversion, impoundment, groundwater
pumping, road building, mining, herbicide
application, recreational use etc.) or
appreciably decrease habitat value or
quality through indirect effects (e.g.,
edge effects, invasion of exotic plants
or animals, fragmentation of habitat).
Private or other non-Federal Activities Activities conducted by the Army Corps of These same activities
Potentially Affected \3\. Engineers, Department of Transportation, carried out by Federal
Department of Defense, Department of Agencies in designated
Agriculture, Environmental Protection areas where section 7
Agency, Federal Emergency Management consultations would not
Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, have occurred but for the
Federal Communications Commission, critical habitat
Department of Interior activities that designation.
require a Federal action (permit,
authorization, or funding) and may remove
or destroy habitat for these plants by
mechanical, chemical, or other means
(e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cutting
native live trees and shrubs, water
diversion, impoundment, groundwater
pumping, road building, mining, herbicide
application, recreational use etc.) or
appreciably decrease habitat value or
quality through indirect effects (e.g.,
edge effects, invasion of exotic plants
or animals, fragmentation of habitat).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to
those activities potentially affected by listing the species.
\2\ Activities initiated by a Federal agency.
\3\ Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or
funding.
Section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that they
do not jeopardize the continued existence of these species. Based on
our experience with these species and their needs, we conclude that
most Federal or federally-authorized actions that could potentially
cause an adverse modification of the proposed critical habitat would
currently be considered as ``jeopardy'' under the Act in areas occupied
by the species because consultation would already be required due to
the presence of the listed species, and the duty to avoid adverse
modification of critical habitat would not trigger additional
regulatory impacts beyond the duty to avoid jeopardizing the species.
Accordingly, we do not expect the designation of currently occupied
areas as critical habitat to have any additional incremental impacts on
what actions may or may not be conducted by Federal agencies or non-
Federal persons that receive Federal authorization or funding.
The designation of areas as critical habitat where section 7
consultations would not have occurred but for the critical habitat
designation (that is, in areas currently unoccupied by the listed
species), may have impacts that are not attributable to the species
listing on what actions may or may not be conducted by Federal agencies
or non-Federal persons who receive Federal authorization or funding. We
will evaluate any impact through our economic analysis (under section 4
of the Act; see Economic Analysis section of this rule). Non-Federal
persons who do not have a Federal nexus with their actions are not
restricted by the designation of critical habitat.
(b) We do not expect this rule to create inconsistencies with other
agencies' actions. As discussed above, Federal agencies have been
required to ensure that their actions not jeopardize the continued
existence of the 83 plant species since their listing between 1991 and
1996. For the reasons discussed above, the prohibition against adverse
modification of critical habitat would be expected to impose few, if
any, additional restrictions to those that currently exist in the
proposed critical habitat on currently occupied lands. However, we will
evaluate any impact of designating areas where section 7 consultations
would not have occurred but for the critical habitat designation
through our economic analysis. Because of the potential for impacts on
other Federal agency activities, we will continue to review this
proposed action for any inconsistencies with other Federal agency
actions.
(c) We do not expect this proposed rule, if made final, to
significantly affect entitlements, grants, user fees, loan programs, or
the rights and obligations of their recipients. Federal agencies are
currently required to ensure that their activities do not jeopardize
the continued existence of a listed species, and, as discussed above,
we do not anticipate that the adverse modification prohibition,
resulting from critical habitat designation will have any incremental
effects in areas of occupied habitat on any Federal entitlement, grant,
or loan program. We will evaluate any impact of designating areas where
section 7 consultation would not have occurred but for the critical
habitat designation through our economic analysis.
(d) OMB has determined that this rule may raise novel legal or
policy issues
[[Page 4064]]
and, as a result, this rule has undergone OMB review.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Act (SBREFA) of
1996), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking
for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for
public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the
effects of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small
organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the Regulatory
Flexibility Act (RFA) to require Federal agencies to provide a
statement of the factual basis for certifying that the rule will not
have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small
entities. SBREFA also amended the RFA to require a certification
statement. In today's rule, we are certifying that the rule will not
have a significant effect on a substantial number of substantial
entities. However, should our revised economic analysis provide a
contrary indication, we will revisit this determination at that time.
The following discussion explains our rationale.
Small entities include small organizations, such as independent
non-profit organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions,
including school boards and city and town governments that serve fewer
than 50,000 residents, as well as small businesses. Small businesses
include manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500
employees, wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees,
retail and service businesses with less than $5 million in annual
sales, general and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5
million in annual business, special trade contractors doing less than
$11.5 million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with
annual sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic
impacts to these small entities are significant, we consider the types
of activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under this rule as
well as the types of project modifications that may result. In general,
the term significant economic impact is meant to apply to a typical
small business firm's business operations.
To determine if the rule would affect a substantial number of small
entities, we consider the number of small entities affected within
particular types of economic activities (e.g., housing development,
grazing, oil and gas production, timber harvesting, etc.). We apply the
``substantial number'' test individually to each industry to determine
if certification is appropriate. In estimating the numbers of small
entities potentially affected, we also consider whether their
activities have any Federal involvement; some kinds of activities are
unlikely to have any Federal involvement and so will not be affected by
critical habitat designation.
Designation of critical habitat only affects activities conducted,
funded, or permitted by Federal agencies; non-Federal activities are
not affected by the designation. In areas where the species is present,
Federal agencies are already required to consult with us under section
7 of the Act on activities that they fund, permit, or implement that
may affect Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron
lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia
insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea
undulata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra
limahuliensis, Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Delissea
undulata, Diellia erecta, Diellia pallida, Diplazium molokaiense,
Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis
cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus
woodii, Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Ischaemum
byrone, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia
kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis,
Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis,
Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis,
Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida,
Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum,
Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans,
Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana,
Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis,
Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya
montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, Schiedea
kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea
spergulina var. leiopoda, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Schiedea
stellarioides, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola kauaiensis
var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. If these critical habitat designations are finalized,
Federal agencies must also consult with us if their activities may
affect designated critical habitat. However, in areas where the species
is present, we do not believe this will result in any additional
regulatory burden on Federal agencies or their applicants because
consultation would already be required due to the presence of the
listed species, and the duty to avoid adverse modification of critical
habitat likely would not trigger additional regulatory impacts beyond
the duty to avoid jeopardizing the species.
Even if the duty to avoid adverse modification does not trigger
additional regulatory impacts in areas where the species is present,
designation of critical habitat could result in an additional economic
burden on small entities due to the requirement to reinitiate
consultation for ongoing Federal activities. However, since these 83
plant species were listed (between 1990 and 1996), there have been no
formal consultations, and we have conducted only six informal
consultations, in addition to consultations on Federal grants to State
wildlife programs, which would not affect small entities. On the island
of Kauai there have been no formal consultations regarding
Alsinidendron lychnoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Cyanea recta,
Diellia erecta, Dubautia latifolia, Exocarpos luteolus, Panicum
niihauense, Sesbania tomentosa, and Wilkesia hobdyi, with the Corps,
Navy, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. One informal consultation
was conducted on behalf of the Corps for the Defense Environmental
Restoration Program, who requested a list of endangered species on a
site formerly used by the Department of Defense at the Wailua Impact
Area. Three of the 83 species, Cyanea recta, Cyrtandra limahuliensis,
and Exocarpos luteolus were reported from the project area. Four
informal consultations were conducted with the Navy: one for the
construction of a missile support facility at the PMRF at Barking Sands
regarding several listed birds, a turtle, the Hawaiian monk seal,
[[Page 4065]]
Hawaiian hoary bat, and the endangered plant Sesbania tomentosa; one on
the PMRF's Enhanced Capability regarding several listed birds and
turtles, the Hawaiian hoary bat, Hawaiian monk seal, several whale
species, and the plants Panicum niihauense and Sesbania tomentosa; one
for the mountaintop surveillance sensor test integration center
facility at PMRF at Barking Sands regarding several listed birds, the
Hawaiian hoary bat, and the endangered plants Panicum niihauense and
Sesbania tomentosa; and, one for the Navy's INRMP for PMRF at Barking
Sands regarding several listed birds, a listed turtle, the Hawaiian
hoary bat, and Wilkesia hobdyi. In addition, Panicum niihauense and
Sesbania tomentosa were identified as occurring in Polihale State Park,
adjacent to the Naval facility. The fifth informal consultation was
conducted on one listed bird, the Hawaiian hoary bat, and three plants
(Alsinidendron lychnoides, Dubautia latifolia, and Diellia erecta) with
the NRCS through their Wildlife Incentive Program for noxious weed
control actions on leased cabin lots within Kokee State Park. NRCS does
not anticipate the need to reinitiate consultation for these on-going
actions as these actions are not occurring within the areas of proposed
critical habitat (Terrell Kelly, NRCS, pers. comm., 2001).
Except for the NRCS project, none of these consultations affected
or concerned small entities. In all five consultations, we concurred
with each agency's determination that the project, as proposed, was not
likely to adversely affect listed species. None of these consultations
affected or concerned small entities, and none of the proposed projects
are ongoing. As a result, the requirement to reinitiate consultation
for ongoing projects will not affect a substantial number of small
entities on Kauai.
There have been no consultations on any of these 83 species on the
island of Niihau. Therefore, the requirement to reinitiate
consultations for ongoing projects will not affect a substantial number
of small entities on Niihau.
In areas where the species is clearly not present, designation of
critical habitat could trigger additional review of Federal activities
under section 7 of the Act, that would otherwise not be required. We
are aware of relatively few activities in the proposed critical habitat
areas for these 83 plants that have Federal involvement, and thus,
would require consultation or reinitiation of already completed
consultations for on-going projects. As mentioned above, we have
conducted only five informal consultations under section 7 involving
any of the species. As a result, we can not easily identify future
consultations that may be due to the listing of the species or the
increment of additional consultations that may be required by this
critical habitat designation. Therefore, for the purposes of this
review and certification under the Regulatory Flexibility Act, we are
assuming that any future consultations in the area proposed as critical
habitat will be due to the critical habitat designations.
On Kauai, approximately 0.5 percent of the designations are on
Federal lands, 66.8 percent are on State lands, and 32.7 percent are on
private lands. Nearly all of the land within the critical habitat units
will have limited suitability for development, land uses, and
activities because of the remote locations, lack of access, and rugged
terrain of these lands. Also, nearly all of this land (99.2 percent) is
within the State Conservation District where State land-use controls
severely limit development and most activities. Approximately 0.7
percent of this land is within the State Agricultural District, and
about 0.1 percent is within the State Urban District. On non-Federal
lands, activities that lack Federal involvement would not be affected
by the critical habitat designations. However, activities of an
economic nature that are likely to occur on non-Federal lands in the
area encompassed by these proposed designations consist of improvements
in State parks and communications and tracking facilities; road
improvements; recreational use such as hiking, camping, picnicking,
game hunting, fishing; botanical gardens; and, crop farming. On lands
that are in agricultural production, the types of activities that might
trigger a consultation include irrigation ditch system projects that
may require section 404 authorizations from the Corps, and watershed
management and restoration projects sponsored by NRCS. However the NRCS
restoration projects typically are voluntary, and the irrigation ditch
system projects within lands that are in agricultural production are
rare, and may affect only a small percentage of the small entities
within these proposed critical habitat designations.
Lands that are within the State Urban District are located within
undeveloped coastal areas. The types of activities that might trigger a
consultation include shoreline restoration or modification projects
that may require section 404 authorizations from the Corps or FEMA,
housing or resort development that may require permits from the
Department of Housing and Urban Development, and activities funded or
authorized by the EPA. However, we are not aware of a significant
number of future activities that would be federally funded, permitted,
or authorized in these coastal areas. Therefore, we conclude that the
proposed rule would not affect a substantial number of small entities.
We are not aware of any commercial activities on the Federal lands
included in these proposed critical habitat designations.
The entire island of Niihau is under one private ownership and
within the State Agricultural District. The current and projected land
uses on Niihau are cattle and sheep ranching, commercial game hunting,
and military exercises to train downed combat pilots on how to evade
capture (DAHI 2001). The proposed rule would not affect a substantial
number of small agricultural entities on the island of Niihau.
Therefore, we conclude that the proposed rule would not affect a
substantial number of small entities.
We also considered the likelihood that this rule would result in
significant economic impacts to small entities. In general, two
different mechanisms in section 7 consultations could lead to
additional regulatory requirements. First, if we conclude, in a
biological opinion, that a proposed action is likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of a species or adversely modify its critical
habitat, we can offer ``reasonable and prudent alternatives.''
Reasonable and prudent alternatives are alternative actions that can be
implemented in a manner consistent with the scope of the Federal
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are economically and
technologically feasible, and that would avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of listed species or resulting in adverse
modification of critical habitat. A Federal agency and an applicant may
elect to implement a reasonable and prudent alternative associated with
a biological opinion that has found jeopardy or adverse modification of
critical habitat. An agency or applicant could alternatively choose to
seek an exemption from the requirements of the Act or proceed without
implementing the reasonable and prudent alternative. However, unless an
exemption were obtained, the Federal agency or applicant would be at
risk of violating section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to proceed
without implementing the reasonable and prudent alternatives. Secondly,
if we find that a proposed action is not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of a listed animal species, we may identify
reasonable and prudent measures designed to minimize the amount or
extent of take and require
[[Page 4066]]
the Federal agency or applicant to implement such measures through non-
discretionary terms and conditions. However, the Act does not prohibit
the take of listed plant species or require terms and conditions to
minimize adverse effect to critical habitat. We may also identify
discretionary conservation recommendations designed to minimize or
avoid the adverse effects of a proposed action on listed species or
critical habitat, help implement recovery plans, or to develop
information that could contribute to the recovery of the species.
Based on our experience with section 7 consultations for all listed
species, virtually all projects--including those that, in their initial
proposed form, would result in jeopardy or adverse modification
determinations in section 7 consultations--can be implemented
successfully with, at most, the adoption of reasonable and prudent
alternatives. These measures must be economically feasible and within
the scope of authority of the Federal agency involved in the
consultation. As we have a very limited consultation history for these
83 species from Kauai and Niihau, we can only describe the general
kinds of actions that may be identified in future reasonable and
prudent alternatives. These are based on our understanding of the needs
of these species and the threats they face, especially as described in
the final listing rule and in this proposed critical habitat
designation, as well as our experience with similar listed plants in
Hawaii. In addition, all of these species are protected under the State
of Hawaii's Endangered Species Act (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chap.
195D-4). Therefore, we have also considered the kinds of actions
required under the State licensing process for these species. The kinds
of actions that may be included in future reasonable and prudent
alternatives include conservation set-asides, management of competing
non-native species, restoration of degraded habitat, propagation,
outplanting and augmentation of existing populations, construction of
protective fencing, and periodic monitoring. These measures are not
likely to result in a significant economic impact to a substantial
number of small entities because there are not a substantial number of
small entities affected.
As required under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we will conduct an
analysis of the potential economic impacts of this proposed critical
habitat designation, and will make that analysis available for public
review and comment before finalizing these designations. In the absence
of a revised economic analysis at this time, we have reviewed our
previously available draft economic analysis of the likely economic
impacts of designating critical habitat for 76 plants from the islands
of Kauai and Niihau (66 FR 13691). In that analysis, which included
proposed designations of critical habitat within 23 units on 24,349 ha
(60,166 ac) on Kauai and 191 ha (471 ac) on Niihau, we determined that
the designations would have modest economic impacts because nearly all
of the land within the critical habitat units has limited suitability
for development, land uses, and activities because of the remote
locations, lack of access, and rugged terrain, of the land, and their
inclusion within the State Conservation District where State land-use
controls severely limit development and most activities. The proposed
critical habitat designations were expected to cause little or no
increase in the number of section 7 consultations; few, if any,
increases in costs associated with consultations; and few, if any
delays in, or modifications to planned projects, land uses and
activities).
In general, two different mechanisms in section 7 consultations
could lead to additional regulatory requirements. First, if we
conclude, in a biological opinion, that a proposed action is likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of a species or adversely modify its
critical habitat, we can offer ``reasonable and prudent alternatives.''
Reasonable and prudent alternatives are alternative actions that can be
implemented in a manner consistent with the scope of the Federal
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are economically and
technologically feasible, and that would avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of listed species or resulting in adverse
modification of critical habitat. A Federal agency and an applicant may
elect to implement a reasonable and prudent alternative associated with
a biological opinion that has found jeopardy or adverse modification of
critical habitat. An agency or applicant could alternatively choose to
seek an exemption from the requirements of the Act or proceed without
implementing the reasonable and prudent alternative. However, unless an
exemption were obtained, the Federal agency or applicant would be at
risk of violating section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to proceed
without implementing the reasonable and prudent alternatives. Secondly,
if we find that a proposed action is not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of a listed animal species, we may identify
reasonable and prudent measures designed to minimize the amount or
extent of take and require the Federal agency or applicant to implement
such measures through non-discretionary terms and conditions. However,
the Act does not prohibit the take of listed plant species or require
terms and conditions to minimize adverse effect to critical habitat. We
may also identify discretionary conservation recommendations designed
to minimize or avoid the adverse effects of a proposed action on listed
species or critical habitat, help implement recovery plans, or to
develop information that could contribute to the recovery of the
species.
Based on our experience with section 7 consultations for all listed
species, virtually all projects--including those that, in their initial
proposed form, would result in jeopardy or adverse modification
determinations in section 7 consultations--can be implemented
successfully with, at most, the adoption of reasonable and prudent
alternatives. These measures, by definition, must be economically
feasible and within the scope of authority of the Federal agency
involved in the consultation.
In summary, we have considered whether this proposed rule would
result in a significant economic effect on a substantial number of
small entities. It would not affect a substantial number of small
entities. Approximately 67 percent of the lands proposed as critical
habitat are on State of Hawaii lands. The State of Hawaii is not a
small entity. Approximately 33 percent of the lands proposed as
critical habitat are on private lands. Many of these parcels are
located in areas where likely future land uses are not expected to
result in Federal involvement or section 7 consultations. As discussed
earlier, most of the private and State parcels within the proposed
designation are currently being used for recreational and agricultural
purposes and, therefore, are not likely to require any Federal
authorization. In the remaining areas, Federal involvement--and thus
section 7 consultations, the only trigger for economic impact under
this rule--would be limited to a subset of the area proposed. The most
likely future section 7 consultations resulting from this rule would be
for informal consultations on federally funded land and water
conservation projects, species-specific surveys and research projects,
and watershed management and restoration projects sponsored by NRCS.
These consultations would likely occur on only a subset of the total
number of parcels and therefore not likely to affect a substantial
number of small entities. This rule would result in project
modifications only when proposed Federal activities would destroy or
[[Page 4067]]
adversely modify critical habitat. While this may occur, it is not
expected frequently enough to affect a substantial number of small
entities. Even when it does occur, we do not expect it to result in a
significant economic impact, as the measures included in reasonable and
prudent alternatives must be economically feasible and consistent with
the proposed action. Therefore, since we are certifying that the
proposed designation of critical habitat for the following species:
Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides,
Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea
rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta,
Diellia pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia
pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii,
Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus
waimeae ssp. hannerae, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia
tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha,
Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia,
Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii,
Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia,
Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia waimeae,
Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Poa
mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis,
Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea
helleri, Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii,
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina,
Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola
kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities, and an initial regulatory
flexibility analysis is not required. However, should the revised
economic analysis of this rule indicate otherwise, we will revisit this
determination.
Executive Order 13211
On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 on
regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, and
use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of
Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Although this rule is
a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, it is not
expected to significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use.
Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no
Statement of Energy Effects is required.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.):
a. We believe this rule, as proposed, will not ``significantly or
uniquely'' affect small governments. A Small Government Agency Plan is
not required. Small governments will not be affected unless they
propose an action requiring Federal funds, permits or other
authorizations. Any such activities will require that the Federal
agency ensure that the action will not adversely modify or destroy
designated critical habitat. However, as discussed above, these actions
are currently subject to equivalent restrictions through the listing
protections of the species, and no further restrictions are anticipated
to result from critical habitat designation of occupied areas. In our
economic analysis, we will evaluate any impact of designating areas
where section 7 consultations would not have occurred but for the
critical habitat designation.
b. This rule, as proposed, will not produce a Federal mandate on
State or local governments or the private sector of $100 million or
greater in any year, that is, it is not a ``significant regulatory
action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. The designation of
critical habitat imposes no obligations on State or local governments.
Takings
In accordance with Executive Order 12630 (``Government Actions and
Interference with Constitutionally Protected Private Property
Rights''), we have analyzed the potential takings implications of
designating critical habitat for the 83 species from Kauai and Niihau
in a preliminary takings implication assessment. The takings
implications assessment concludes that this proposed rule does not pose
significant takings implications. Once the revised economic analysis is
completed for this proposed rule, we will review and revise this
preliminary assessment as warranted.
Federalism
In accordance with Executive Order 13132, the proposed rule does
not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not
required. In keeping with Department of Interior policy, we requested
information from appropriate State agencies in Hawaii. The designation
of critical habitat in areas currently occupied by one or more of the
83 plant species imposes no additional restrictions to those currently
in place, and, therefore, has little incremental impact on State and
local governments and their activities. The designation of critical
habitat in unoccupied areas may require section 7 consultation on non
Federal lands (where a Federal nexus occurs) that might otherwise not
have occurred. However, there will be little additional impact on State
and local governments and their activities because all but one of the
proposed critical habitat areas are occupied by at least one species.
The designations may have some benefit to these governments in that the
areas essential to the conservation of these species are more clearly
defined, and the primary constituent elements of the habitat necessary
to the survival of the species are specifically identified. While this
definition and identification does not alter where and what federally
sponsored activities may occur, it may assist these local governments
in long range planning, rather than waiting for case-by-case section 7
consultation to occur.
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the
Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the
judicial system and does meet the requirements of sections 3(a) and
3(b)(2) of the Order. We are proposing to designate critical habitat in
accordance with the provisions of the Endangered Species Act. The rule
uses standard property descriptions and identifies the primary
constituent elements within the designated areas to assist the public
in understanding the habitat needs of the 83 plant species.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain any new collections of information that
require
[[Page 4068]]
approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act. This rule will not
impose recordkeeping or reporting requirements on State or local
governments, individuals, businesses, or organizations. An agency may
not conduct or sponsor and a person is not required to respond to a
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB
control number.
National Environmental Policy Act
We have determined we do not need to prepare an Environmental
Assessment and/or an Environmental Impact Statement as defined by the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 in connection with
regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Endangered Species
Act, as amended. We published a notice outlining our reason for this
determination in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR
49244). This proposed determination does not constitute a major Federal
action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments'' (59 FR 22951) E.O. 13175 and 512 DM 2, we readily
acknowledge our responsibility to communicate meaningfully with
recognized Federal Tribes on a government-to-government basis. We have
determined that there are no Tribal lands essential for the
conservation of these 83 plant species. Therefore, designation of
critical habitat for these 83 species has not been proposed on Tribal
lands.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited in this proposed rule is
available upon request from the Pacific Islands Office (see ADDRESSES
section).
Authors
The primary authors of this notice are Marigold Zoll, Gregory Koob,
Christa Russell, and Michelle Stephens (see ADDRESSES section).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, and Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
2. In Sec. 17.12(h) revise the entries for ``Alectryon macrococcus,
Alsinidendron lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii,
Brighamia insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyanea
asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea
rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Delissea undulata, Dubautia
latifolia, Dubautia pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos
luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana,
Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus woodii,
Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis,
Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta
fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia
niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope
haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron
racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum
niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii,
Phyllostegia waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa,
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea
apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea
membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda,
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania
tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne
campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis,
Wilkesia hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense'' under
``FLOWERING PLANTS'' and ``Adenophorus periens, Ctenitis squamigera,
Diellia erecta, Diellia pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, and
Phlegmariurus nutans `` under ``FERNS AND ALLIES'' to read as follows:
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When Critical Special
Species--Scientific name Common name Historic range Family Status listed habitat rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flowering Plants
* * * * * * *
Alectryon macrococcus........ Mahoe............... U.S.A. (HI) Sapindaceae........ E 467 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Alsinidendron lychnoides..... Kuawawaenohu........ U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Alsinidendron viscosum....... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Bonamia menziesii............ None................ U.S.A. (HI) Convolvulaceae..... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Brighamia insignis........... Olulu............... U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Centaurium sebaeoides........ Awiwi............... U.S.A. (HI) Gentianaceae....... E 448 17.96(a) NA
[[Page 4069]]
* * * * * * *
Chamaesyce halemanui......... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae...... E 464 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea asarifolia............ Haha................ U.S.A (HI) Campanulaceae...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea recta................. Haha................ U.S.A (HI) Campanulaceae...... T 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea remyi................. Haha................ U.S.A (HI) Campanulaceae...... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea undulata.............. None................ U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae...... E 436 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyperus trachysanthos........ Puukaa.............. U.S.A. (HI) Cyperaceae......... E 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra cyaneoides......... Mapele.............. U.S.A. (HI) Gesneriaceae....... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra limahuliensis...... Haiwale............. U.S.A. (HI) Gesneriaceae....... T 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Delissea rhytidosperma....... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Delissea rivularis........... Oha................. U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae...... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Delissea undulata............ None................ U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae...... E 593 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Dubautia latifolia........... Naenae.............. U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae......... E 464 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Dubautia pauciflorula........ Naenae.............. U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae......... E 436 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Euphorbia haeleeleana........ Akoko............... U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae...... E 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Exocarpos luteolus........... Heau................ U.S.A. (HI) Santalaceae........ E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Flueggea neowawraea.......... Mehamehame.......... U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae...... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Gouania meyenii.............. None................ U.S.A. (HI) Rhamnaceae......... E 448 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Hedyotis cookiana............ Awiwi............... U.S.A. (HI) Rubiaceae.......... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Hedyotis st.-johnii.......... Na Pali beach U.S.A. (HI) Rubiaceae.......... E 441 17.96(a) NA
hedyotis.
* * * * * * *
Hesperomannia lydgatei....... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae......... E 436 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Hibiscadelphus woodii........ Hau kuahiwi......... U.S.A. (HI) Malvaceae.......... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Hibiscus clayi............... Clay's hibiscus..... U.S.A. (HI) Malvaceae.......... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Hibiscus waimeae spp. Kokio keokeo........ U.S.A. (HI) Malvaceae.......... E 590 17.96(a) NA
hannerae.
* * * * * * *
Ischaemum byrone............. Hilo ischaemum...... U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae............ E 532 17.96(a) NA
[[Page 4070]]
* * * * * * *
Isodendrion laurifolium...... Aupaka.............. U.S.A. (HI) Violaceae.......... E 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Isodendrion longifolium...... Aupaka.............. U.S.A. (HI) Violaceae.......... T 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Kokia kauaiensis............. Kokio............... U.S.A. (HI) Malvaceae.......... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Labordia lydgatei............ Kamakahala.......... U.S.A. (HI) Loganiaceae........ E 436 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Labordia tinifolia var. Kamakahala.......... U.S.A. (HI) Loganiaceae........ E 590 17.96(a) NA
wahiawaensis.
* * * * * * *
Lipochaeta fauriei........... Nehe................ U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae......... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Lipochaeta micrantha......... Nehe................ U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae......... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Lipochaeta waimeaensis....... Nehe................ U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae......... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Lobelia niihauensis.......... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae...... E 448 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Lysimachia filifolia......... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Primulaceae........ E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Mariscus pennatiformis....... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Cyperaceae......... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope haupuensis.......... Alani............... U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae........... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope knudsenii........... Alani............... U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae........... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope pallida............. Alani............... U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae........... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Munroidendron racemosum...... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Araliaceae......... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Myrsine linearifolia......... Kolea............... U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae........ T 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Nothocestrum peltatum........ Aiea................ U.S.A. (HI) Solanaceae......... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Panicum niihauense........... Lau ehu............. U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae............ E 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Peucedanum sandwicense....... Makou............... U.S.A. (HI) Apiaceae........... T 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia knudsenii....... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae.......... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia waimeae......... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae.......... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia wawrana......... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae.......... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Plantago princeps............ Laukahi kuahiwi..... U.S.A. (HI) Plantaginaceae..... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Platanthera holochila........ None................ U.S.A. (HI) Orchidaceae........ E 592 17.96(a) NA
[[Page 4071]]
* * * * * * *
Poa mannii................... Mann's bluegrass.... U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae............ E 558 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Poa sandvicensis............. Hawaiian bluegrass.. U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae............ E 464 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Poa siphonoglossa............ None................ U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae............ E 464 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Pteralyxia kauaiensis........ Kaulu............... U.S.A. (HI) Apocynaceae........ E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Remya kauaiensis............. None................ U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae......... E 413 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Remya montgomeryi............ None................ U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae......... E 413 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea apokremnos.......... Maolioli............ U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... E 441 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea helleri............. None................ U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea kauaiensis.......... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... E 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea membranacea......... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... E 590 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea nuttallii........... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... E 592 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea spergulina var. None................ U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... E 530 17.96(a) NA
leiopoda.
* * * * * * *
Schiedea spergulina var. None................ U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... T 530 17.96(a) NA
spergulina.
* * * * * * *
Schiedea stellarioides Laulihilihi......... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae.... E 590 17.96(a) NA
(=Maolioli).
* * * * * * *
Sesbania tomentosa........... Ohai................ U.S.A. (HI) Fabaceae........... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Solanum sandwicense.......... Aiakeakua, popolo... U.S.A. (HI) Solanaceae......... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Spermolepis hawaiiensis...... None................ U.S.A. (HI) Apiaceae........... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Stenogyne campanulata........ None................ U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae.......... E 464 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Viola helenae................ None................ U.S.A. (HI) Violaceae.......... E 436 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Viola kauaiensis var. Nani wai ale ale.... U.S.A. (HI) Violaceae.......... E 590 17.96(a) NA
wahiawaensis.
* * * * * * *
Wilkesia hobdyi.............. Dwarf iliau......... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae......... E 473 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Xylosma crenatum............. None................ U.S.A. (HI) Flacourtiaceae..... E 464 17.96(a) NA
[[Page 4072]]
* * * * * * *
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense....... Ae.................. U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae........... E 532 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Ferns and Allies
Adenophorus periens.......... Pendant kihi fern... U.S.A. (HI) Grammitidaceae..... E 559 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Ctenitis squamigera.......... Pauoa............... U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae....... E 553 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Diellia erecta............... Asplenium-leaved U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae....... E 559 17.96(a) NA
diellia.
* * * * * * *
Diellia pallida.............. None................ U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae....... E 530 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Diplazium molokaiense........ None................ U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae....... E 553 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
Phlegmariurus nutans......... Wawae iole.......... U.S.A. (HI) Lycopodiaceae...... E 536 17.96(a) NA
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. In Sec. 17.96, as proposed to be amended at 65 FR 66865,
November 7, 2000, add introductory text to paragraph (a)(1)(i), and
revise paragraphs (a)(1)(i)(A) and (a)(1)(i)(B) to read as follows:
Sec. 17.96 Critical habitat--plants.
(a) * * *
(1) * * *
(i) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions. The following
sections contain the legal descriptions of the critical habitat units
designated for each of the Hawaiian Islands. Existing features and
structures within proposed areas, such as buildings, roads, aqueducts,
telecommunications equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, missile
launch sites, arboreta and gardens, heiau (indigenous places of worship
or shrines), and other man-made features, do not contain, and are not
likely to develop, the constituent elements described for each species
in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) of this section.
Therefore, these features or structures are not critical habitat.
(A) Kauai. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates
in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of 1983
(NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the 15
critical habitats units designated on the island of Kauai.
(1) Note: Map 1--Index map follows:
[[Page 4073]]
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[[Page 4074]]
(2) Kauai A1 (2 ha; 6 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 10 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 450111, 2458178; 450040, 2458211; 449937,
2458177; 449899, 2458187; 449875, 2458235; 449837, 2458220; 449804,
2458237; 449797, 2458256; 450118, 2458243; 450111, 2458178.
(ii) Note: See Map 2.
(3) Kauai A2 (6 ha; 16 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 29 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 451432, 2457896; 451355, 2457848; 451317,
2457895; 451277, 2457919; 451132, 2458101; 451110, 2458153; 451031,
2458185; 450999, 2458165; 450916, 2458191; 450900, 2458226; 450902,
2458273; 450852, 2458252; 450818, 2458217; 450778, 2458211; 450737,
2458190; 450679, 2458208; 450673, 2458233; 450650, 2458236; 450636,
2458255; 450615, 2458247; 450600, 2458145; 450574, 2458143; 450568,
2458168; 450506, 2458152; 450472, 2458173; 450420, 2458129; 450376,
2458129; 450360, 2458202; 451432, 2457896.
(ii) Note: Map 2 follows:
[GRAPHIC]
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TP28JA02.044
(4) Kauai A3 (6 ha; 16 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 22 boundary points: 457168,
2457531; 457342, 2457591; 457498, 2457593; 457625, 2457613; 457697,
2457660; 457754, 2457649; 457811, 2457710; 457865, 2457661; 458080,
2457809; 458248, 2457952; 458296, 2457792; 458241, 2457839; 458199,
2457830; 458122, 2457761; 458032, 2457682; 457883, 2457600; 457794,
2457610; 457536, 2457524; 457441, 2457569; 457364, 2457561; 457230,
2457492; 457168, 2457531.
(ii) Note: Map 3 follows:
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TP28JA02.045
(5) Kauai B (271 ha; 669 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 16 boundary points: 462951,
2439791; 463026, 2440139; 463194, 2440476; 463197, 2440513; 463212,
2440748; 463578, 2441162; 463693, 2441201; 463739, 2440731; 464227,
2439803; 463785, 2439663; 463768, 2439658; 463960, 2439113; 463380,
2438382; 462504, 2438614; 462139, 2438979; 462951, 2439791.
(ii) Note: Map 4 follows:
[[Page 4075]]
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(6) Kauai C (97 ha; 239 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 32 boundary points: 461253,
2426125; 461390, 2426310; 461387, 2426567; 461678, 2426687; 461714,
2426795; 461907, 2426808; 462068, 2426762; 462130, 2426658; 462247,
2426612; 462487, 2426760; 462793, 2426916; 463349, 2426860; 463493,
2426936; 463781, 2426818; 463743, 2426750; 463719, 2426707; 463425,
2426746; 463363, 2426733; 463062, 2426671; 462693, 2426409; 462532,
2426329; 462422, 2426274; 462417, 2426272; 462234, 2426225; 462055,
2426178; 461911, 2426141; 461862, 2426197; 461719, 2426089; 461655,
2426041; 461649, 2426036; 461289, 2426053; 461253, 2426125.
(ii) Note: Map 5 follows:
[GRAPHIC]
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TP28JA02.047
(7) Kauai D1 (14 ha; 35 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 5 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 454015, 2418349; 454018, 2418363; 454442,
2418909; 454833, 2419220; 454863, 2419007.
(ii) Note: See Map 6.
(8) Kauai D2 (240 ha; 594 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 30 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 455383, 2419661; 456197, 2419949; 456652,
2420011; 456632, 2420344; 456832, 2420571; 457154, 2420676; 457451,
2420968; 457851, 2421259; 457907, 2421577; 458908, 2422538; 459329,
2422943; 459406, 2422835; 459880, 2423311; 460246, 2423542; 460249,
2423591; 460406, 2423648; 460400, 2423702; 460256, 2423702; 460348,
2423941; 460461, 2424061; 461318, 2424658; 461502, 2424866; 461855,
2424745; 461990, 2424632; 454952, 2418994; 455018, 2419106; 455066,
2419201; 455056, 2419302; 455037, 2419384; 455383, 2419661.
(ii) Note: Map 6 follows:
[[Page 4076]]
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[[Page 4077]]
(9) Kauai E (563 ha; 1,390 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 21 boundary points: 456926,
2424980; 456931, 2425122; 459982, 2425617; 460718, 2425043; 460747,
2425021; 460838, 2424471; 460139, 2424297; 460339, 2424005; 460222,
2423839; 459424, 2423673; 459236, 2423816; 458949, 2423502; 458737,
2423478; 458542, 2423456; 458541, 2423457; 457976, 2423340; 457712,
2424357; 456908, 2424519; 456913, 2424541; 456911, 2424542; 456926,
2424980.
(ii) Note: Map 7 follows:
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(10) Kauai F (5 ha; 12 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 14 boundary points: 447961,
2421793; 447951, 2421694; 447757, 2421647; 447804, 2421699; 447721,
2421781; 447569, 2421791; 447473, 2421836; 447380, 2422014; 447443,
2422008; 447527, 2421894; 447636, 2421848; 447736, 2421847; 447843,
2421739; 447961, 2421793.
(ii) Note: Map 8 follows:
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TP28JA02.050
(11) Kauai G (317 ha; 784 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points: 430576,
2431555; 430622, 2431957; 430275, 2432253; 430256, 2432269; 430228,
2432381; 430120, 2432802; 430088, 2432926; 430087, 2432937; 430073,
2433073; 430051, 2433291; 430032, 2433480; 430239, 2434243; 430413,
2434499; 430495, 2434992; 430433, 2435411; 430703, 2435680; 431807,
2435389; 431657, 2435218; 431661, 2434861; 431524, 2434832; 431378,
2434688; 431271, 2434232; 430955, 2433867; 430825, 2433606; 430743,
2433270; 430926, 2432023; 430997, 2431853; 430576, 2431555.
(ii) Note: Map 9 follows:
[GRAPHIC]
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TP28JA02.051
(12) Kauai H1 (138 ha; 341 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 21 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 422157, 2442895; 422253, 2442799; 422313,
2442829; 422340, 2442802; 422267, 2442675; 420764, 2441227; 420336,
2440626; 420237, 2440644; 420191, 2440681; 420140, 2440696; 420065,
2440682; 420011, 2440623; 420030, 2440550; 420059, 2440472; 420121,
2440503; 420131, 2440566; 420224, 2440562; 420256, 2440546; 420246,
2440519; 419159, 2439682; 422157, 2442895.
(ii) Note: See Map 10.
(13) Kauai H2 (107 ha; 265 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 10 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 418768, 2436406; 418924, 2435411; 419092,
2434621; 419386, 2434766; 419792, 2434204; 420366, 2434018; 420895,
2433034; 420508, 2432883; 418693, 2436403; 418768, 2436406.
(ii) Note: See Map 10.
(14) Kauai H3 (84 ha; 206 ac):
[[Page 4078]]
(i) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 421100, 2432099; 421251, 2431804; 421178,
2431753; 421599, 2430981; 423896, 2430158; 423847, 2430037; 423847,
2430037; 420858, 2431995; 421100, 2432099.
(ii) Note: Map 10 follows:
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(15) Kauai I (8,237 ha; 20,355 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 69 boundary points: 431369,
2447027; 431298, 2446522; 430955, 2445963; 430827, 2445619; 430759,
2445406; 430405, 2445422; 429208, 2445113; 429227, 2444972; 428580,
2445127; 428254, 2445343; 428120, 2444908; 424377, 2445349; 425013,
2445087; 425384, 2445106; 426057, 2444655; 424969, 2444599; 424087,
2444665; 424298, 2444527; 424541, 2444533; 425048, 2444395; 425576,
2444097; 425196, 2443945; 424131, 2444021; 424042, 2443733; 425270,
2443619; 426430, 2443155; 427818, 2443383; 427950, 2442970; 426322,
2442783; 425169, 2443141; 424357, 2442849; 424194, 2442643; 422571,
2442723; 422383, 2442876; 422340, 2442802; 422313, 2442829; 422253,
2442799; 422157, 2442895; 423103, 2443764; 423201, 2443796; 423371,
2444122; 423625, 2444198; 424851, 2444198; 424627, 2444336; 424140,
2444296; 423626, 2444520; 423573, 2444725; 423777, 2445276; 423805,
2445404; 439536, 2457157; 439833, 2456737; 439743, 2455809; 439623,
2455659; 439743, 2454910; 439713, 2454101; 439593, 2454011; 439623,
2453262; 438633, 2451794; 438423, 2451764; 438393, 2450655; 437193,
2450205; 436683, 2450295; 435693, 2449427; 434493, 2449217; 434313,
2448797; 434043, 2448767; 432136, 2447629; 432001, 2447726; 431369,
2447027.
(ii) Excluding two areas:
(A) Bounded by the following 11 points (22 ha; 55 ac): 424797,
2447905; 424876, 2447985; 424979, 2447908; 425131, 2447737; 425411,
2447634; 425540, 2447530; 425388, 2447289; 424938, 2447423; 424917,
2447544; 425029, 2447600; 424797, 2447905.
(B) Bounded by the following 11 points (3 ha, 8 ac): 433368,
2449292; 433367, 2449352; 433448, 2449426; 433546, 2449412; 433567,
2449398; 433589, 2449323; 433612, 2449262; 433588, 2449244; 433567,
2449260; 433369, 2449255; 433368, 2449292.
(iii) Note: Map 11 follows:
[[Page 4079]]
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(16) Kauai J (5,536 ha; 13,681 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 78 boundary points: 445389,
2441352; 445395, 2441421; 444534, 2442190; 444669, 2442684; 444273,
2443397; 444123, 2443427; 443883, 2444237; 443313, 2444777; 443013,
2445316; 442653, 2445466; 441843, 2446246; 441783, 2446546; 440433,
2447566; 440403, 2448286; 440163, 2448466; 439893, 2448945; 439533,
2448945; 438963, 2449455; 438753, 2449995; 438363, 2450205; 438033,
2450145; 437779, 2450425; 438393, 2450655; 438423, 2451764; 438633,
2451794; 439623, 2453262; 439593, 2454011; 439713, 2454101; 439743,
2454910; 439623, 2455659; 439743, 2455809; 439833, 2456737; 439536,
2457157; 440525, 2457717; 440256, 2456761; 440510, 2456709; 440974,
2457238; 441381, 2457162; 441384, 2456934; 441835, 2456137; 441845,
2456118; 441608, 2454449; 441325, 2453390; 441466, 2451514; 442740,
2452877; 443187, 2453024; 443153, 2452602; 443329, 2452030; 443002,
2451449; 442929, 2450549; 443097, 2449921; 443398, 2449211; 443914,
2448260; 444078, 2448101; 444452, 2448023; 444805, 2447309; 445085,
2446779; 445494, 2446452; 445812, 2445884; 446570, 2445402; 447238,
2444584; 447943, 2444240; 448503, 2444146; 448563, 2443006; 448413,
2442586; 448725, 2442030; 448713, 2441507; 448923, 2441417; 448953,
2441117; 448694, 2440858; 448333, 2440649; 447224, 2441008; 447126,
2441246; 446698, 2441431; 446351, 2441108; 446122, 2441415; 445539,
2441150; 445389, 2441352.
(ii) Note: Map 12 follows:
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(17) Kauai K (1,752 ha; 4,330 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 36 boundary points: 446572,
2445400; 446733, 2445375; 448070, 2445147; 448658, 2445334; 448450,
2446319; 447413, 2447271; 447101, 2448274; 447568, 2449571; 445666,
2451248; 445376, 2452300; 445558, 2452748; 446226, 2452194; 446834,
2452923; 448013, 2452416; 448295, 2451280; 449257, 2451734; 449308,
2452305; 450213, 2452567; 450213, 2452118; 450003, 2451969; 449703,
2451040; 449733, 2450650; 449553, 2449931; 448773, 2449272; 448893,
2448312; 448803, 2448103; 448983, 2446963; 449643, 2446064; 449643,
2445644; 449433, 2445045; 449043, 2444565; 448683, 2444415; 448503,
2444146; 447943, 2444240; 447238, 2444584; 446572, 2445400.
(ii) Note: Map 13 follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TP28JA02.055
(18) Kauai L (3,407 ha; 8,418 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 67 boundary points: 450213,
2452567; 450542, 2452265; 450684, 2451568; 450241, 2450373; 450869,
2449790; 450678, 2448523; 451007, 2447330; 451389, 2447179; 451389,
2446751; 451639, 2445679; 451955, 2445659; 452403, 2445232; 452304,
2444416; 452455, 2444074; 452811, 2444732; 452837, 2445409; 452567,
2445396; 452446, 2446166; 453271, 2446225; 451942, 2446718; 451876,
2446968; 452347, 2447150; 452890, 2446882; 453396, 2447638; 452923,
2448184; 452240, 2447869; 451990, 2448589; 452433, 2448946; 453048,
2448507; 452547, 2449722; 452673, 2449704; 452793, 2449510; 452943,
2449120; 453147, 2449166; 453543, 2448400; 453993, 2448310; 454083,
2447621; 454773, 2446721; 454844, 2446408; 455103, 2446182; 455133,
2445672; 454563, 2445223; 454106, 2444132; 453446, 2443901; 450222,
2440919; 448953, 2441117; 448923, 2441417; 448713, 2441507; 448725,
2442030; 448413, 2442586; 448563, 2443006; 448503, 2444146; 448683,
2444415; 449043, 2444565; 449433, 2445045; 449643, 2445644; 449643,
2446064; 448983, 2446963; 448803, 2448103; 448893, 2448312; 448773,
2449272; 449553, 2449931; 449733, 2450650; 449703, 2451040; 450003,
2451969; 450213, 2452118; 450213, 2452567.
(ii) Note: Map 14 follows:
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(19) Kauai M (3,302 ha; 8,160 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 59 boundary points: 457113,
2445012; 457383, 2445252; 457413, 2445671; 457330, 2446252; 457139,
2445925; 456963, 2445911; 456358, 2445200; 455806, 2445269; 455433,
2445612; 455133, 2445672; 455103, 2446182; 454844, 2446408; 454773,
2446721; 454083, 2447621; 453993, 2448310; 453543, 2448400; 453147,
2449166; 452943, 2449120; 452793, 2449510; 452673, 2449704; 453308,
2449613; 454728, 2448128; 455547, 2446621; 456055, 2447542; 454829,
2448978; 454794, 2449939; 454414, 2450755; 454419, 2450755; 454397,
2450801; 454803, 2450718; 457459, 2450181; 458261, 2450765; 459840,
2450099; 459883, 2450071; 460618, 2449594; 461011, 2449133; 460939,
2448483; 460823, 2448447; 459945, 2448170; 459945, 2447565; 459070,
2447590; 459050, 2447366; 460682, 2446642; 460893, 2446313; 461052,
2445865; 461142, 2445474; 460992, 2445024; 460551, 2444860; 460143,
2444860; 459129, 2444624; 459015, 2444484; 459403, 2444098; 459186,
2443804; 457304, 2443646; 457391, 2443201; 457173, 2443303; 457113,
2443633; 456930, 2443789; 457113, 2445012.
(ii) Note: Map 15 follows:
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(20) Kauai N (6,599 ha; 16,307 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 93 boundary points: 448304,
2440658; 448694, 2440858; 448953, 2441117; 450222, 2440919; 453446,
2443901; 454106, 2444132; 454563, 2445223; 455133, 2445672; 455433,
2445612; 455806, 2445269; 456358, 2445200; 456963, 2445911; 457139,
2445925; 457330, 2446252; 457413, 2445671; 457383, 2445252; 457113,
2445012; 456930, 2443789; 457113, 2443633; 457173, 2443303; 457391,
2443201; 457391, 2443203; 457413, 2443151; 456187, 2443214; 456187,
2443771; 454827, 2444169; 454776, 2443575; 455563, 2443214; 455793,
2442722; 454346, 2443301; 454007, 2443091; 454007, 2442616; 454324,
2442737; 454726, 2442067; 454213, 2441785; 454761, 2441232; 453538,
2439738; 454020, 2439628; 453739, 2438982; 453910, 2438601; 453949,
2438081; 454213, 2438153; 454040, 2437796; 453121, 2437802; 453094,
2437443; 453351, 2437357; 453904, 2436874; 453443, 2436719; 453634,
2436351; 453634, 2436068; 453541, 2435864; 453817, 2435628; 453495,
2435607; 453498, 2434903; 453140, 2434258; 453166, 2434936; 452758,
2434969; 452436, 2435107; 451870, 2435213; 452047, 2434897; 452403,
2434857; 452791, 2434686; 452804, 2434147; 452722, 2433415; 452542,
2433070; 451682, 2432466; 451433, 2432389; 450631, 2432141; 450283,
2431389; 449586, 2431600; 449899, 2430693; 449848, 2429818; 449308,
2429151; 448109, 2429291; 447532, 2429359; 447101, 2429410; 445132,
2428625; 445203, 2428817; 445869, 2429806; 446327, 2430072; 446237,
2430356; 448515, 2432105; 448503, 2432172; 448267, 2433542; 448319,
2433974; 447886, 2434845; 448515, 2436159; 448226, 2436801; 448728,
2437943; 448103, 2438785; 448819, 2439175; 448608, 2440560; 448304,
2440658.
(ii) Note: Map 16 follows:
[[Page 4084]]
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(21) Kauai O (9,462 ha; 23,382 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 112 boundary points: 431732,
2447115; 432759, 2446609; 432659, 2446240; 432948, 2446150; 433397,
2446440; 433257, 2446958; 433706, 2447138; 433746, 2447766; 433527,
2447856; 432918, 2447407; 432609, 2447647; 432320, 2447497; 432136,
2447629; 434043, 2448767; 434313, 2448797; 434493, 2449217; 435693,
2449427; 436683, 2450295; 437193, 2450205; 437779, 2450425; 438033,
2450145; 438363, 2450205; 438753, 2449995; 438963, 2449455; 439533,
2448945; 439893, 2448945; 440163, 2448466; 440403, 2448286; 440433,
2447566; 441783, 2446546; 441843, 2446246; 442653, 2445466; 443013,
2445316; 443313, 2444777; 443883, 2444237; 444123, 2443427; 444273,
2443397; 444669, 2442684; 444534, 2442190; 445395, 2441421; 445394,
2441346; 445365, 2441385; 444417, 2440969; 444062, 2441230; 443700,
2441108; 442976, 2441356; 442451, 2441191; 441892, 2441565; 441645,
2441557; 440236, 2440690; 440053, 2440443; 439019, 2440382; 438851,
2440177; 438403, 2440161; 438371, 2440418; 438028, 2440409; 437996,
2440301; 437460, 2439694; 437359, 2439476; 437201, 2439467; 437026,
2439616; 436101, 2439350; 435269, 2440031; 435665, 2440354; 436455,
2440433; 436408, 2440716; 436547, 2440821; 436843, 2440742; 436494,
2441058; 436158, 2440696; 435346, 2440541; 435078, 2440832; 434002,
2440921; 434077, 2442149; 433931, 2442137; 433683, 2441844; 433347,
2441698; 433378, 2441400; 433086, 2441406; 432762, 2442447; 432421,
2443974; 432044, 2444251; 431123, 2443581; 430966, 2442944; 431612,
2442073; 429503, 2441778; 429077, 2442068; 428753, 2443380; 428890,
2444606; 428578, 2445127; 429227, 2444972; 429378, 2443867; 430155,
2443777; 430205, 2444275; 430564, 2444465; 431153, 2445133; 431083,
2445402; 430991, 2445457; 430977, 2445767; 431060, 2445963; 431278,
2446215; 431483, 2446536; 431491, 2446759; 431622, 2446390; 431522,
2446121; 431622, 2445871; 431312, 2445542; 431632, 2445303; 432001,
2445941; 431961, 2446460; 431624, 2446959; 431732, 2447115.
(ii) Excluding the area bounded by the following 12 points (109 ha;
270 ac): 434647, 2444577; 435769, 2444203; 435794, 2444068; 435447,
2443848; 435263, 2443927; 434786, 2443298; 434344, 2443435; 434216,
2443741; 434411, 2443957; 434416, 2444196; 434314, 2444351; 434647,
2444577.
(iii) Note: Map 17 follows:
[[Page 4085]]
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TP28JA02.059
Table (a)(1)(i)(A).--Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit
for Kauai
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
Unit name Species occupied unoccupied
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai A....................... Ischaemum byrone...... Centaurium
sebaeoides
Kauai B....................... Hibiscus clayi,
Munroidendron
racemosum.
Kauai C....................... Brighamia insignis,
Lobelia niihauensis.
Kauai D....................... Sesbania
tomentosa
Kauai E....................... Brighamia insignis, Melicope
Delissea haupuensis,
rhytidosperma, Myrsine
Isodendrion linearifolia
longifolium,
Lipochaeta micrantha,
Munroidendron
racemosum, Peucedanum
sandwicense,
Pteralyxia
kauaiensis, Schiedea
nuttallii.
Kauai F....................... Schiedea spergulina
var. leiopoda.
Kauai G....................... Lipochaeta Schiedea
waimeaensis, spergulina var.
Spermolepis spergulina
hawaiiensis.
Kauai H....................... Panicum niihauense,
Sesbania tomentosa.
Kauai I....................... Adenophorus periens, Ctenitis
Alectryon squamigera,
macrococcus, Cyanea recta,
Alsinidendron Cyanea remyi,
lychnoides, Bonamia Cyrtandra
menziesii, Brighamia limahuliensis,
insignis, Centaurium Diplazium
sebaeoides, molokaiense,
Chamaesyce halemanui, Hesperomannia
Cyperus lydgatei,
trachysanthos, Ischaemum
Delissea byrone,
rhytidosperma, Labordia
Delissea rivularis, lydgatei,
Delissea undulata, Panicum
Diellia pallida, niihauense,
Dubautia latifolia, Platanthera
Euphorbia holochila,
haeleeleana, Sesbania
Exocarpos luteolus, tomentosa
Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania meyenii,
Hedyotis cookiana,
Hedyotis st.-johnii,
Hibiscadelphus
woodii, Hibiscus
waimeae ssp.
hannerae, Isodendrion
laurifolium,
Isodendrion
longifolium, Kokia
kauaiensis,
Lipochaeta fauriei,
Lobelia, niihauensis,
Melicope haupuensis,
Melicope knudsenii,
Melicope pallida,
Munroidendron
racemosum, Myrsine
linearifolia,.
[[Page 4086]]
Kauai J....................... Adenophorus periens, Alsinidendron
Cyanea recta, Cyanea lychnoides,
remyi, Cyrtandra Bonamia
cyaneoides, Cyrtandra menziesii,
limahuliensis, Brighamia
Hesperomannia insignis,
lydgatei, Hibiscus Delissea
waimeae ssp. rivularis,
hannerae, Isodendrion Delissea
longifolium, Labordia undulata,
lydgatei, Lobelia Euphorbia
niihauensis, Myrsine haeleeleana,
linearifolia, Exocarpos
Peucedanum luteolus,
sandwicense, Plantago Munroidendron
princeps, Schiedea racemosum,
membranacea. Phyllostegia
wawrana,
Platanthera
holochila,
Remya
montgomeryi,
Schiedea
kauaiensis
Kauai K....................... Adenophorus periens, Alsinidendron
Cyanea recta, Cyanea lychnoides,
remyi, Cyrtandra Bonamia
cyaneoides, Cyrtandra menziesii,
limahuliensis, Schiedea
Hesperomannia membranacea
lydgatei, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia
lydgatei, Myrsine
linearifolia,
Plantago princeps.
Kauai L....................... Plantago princeps..... Adenophorus
periens,
Bonamia
menziesii,
Cyanea recta,
Cyanea remyi,
Cyrtandra
cyaneoides,
Cyrtandra
limahuliensis,
Hesperomannia
lydgatei,
Isodendrion
longifolium,
Labordia
lydgatei,
Lysimachia
filifolia,
Myrsine
linearifolia,
Platanthera
holochila
Kauai M....................... Adenophorus periens, Bonamia
Cyanea asarifolia, menziesii
Cyanea recta, Cyanea
remyi, Cyrtandra
cyaneoides, Cyrtandra
limahuliensis,
Labordia lydgatei,
Phyllostegia wawrana.
Kauai N....................... Adenophorus periens, Cyanea undulata,
Bonamia menziesii, Cyrtandra
Cyanea asarifolia, cyaneoides,
Cyanea recta, Cyanea Delissea
remyi, Cyrtandra rivularis,
limahuliensis, Hesperomannia
Dubautia lydgatei,
pauciflorula, Phelgmariurus
Exocarpos luteolus, nutans,
Isodendrion Phyllostegia
longifolium, Labordia wawrana,
lydgatei, Labordia Platanthera
tinifolia var. holochila
wahiawaensis,
Lysimachia filifolia,
Myrsine linearifolia,
Plantago princeps,
Viola helenae, Viola
kauaiensis var.
wahiawaensis.
Kauai O....................... Alectryon macrococcus, Adenophorus
Alsinidendron periens, Cyanea
lychnoides, recta, Delissea
Alsinidendron rivularis,
viscosum, Bonamia Diplazium
menziesii, Chamaesyce molokaiensis,
halemanui, Diellia Isodendrion
erecta, Diellia longifolium,
pallida, Dubautia Mariscus
latifolia, Euphorbia pennatiformis,
haeleeleana, Plantago
Exocarpos luteolus, princeps, Poa
Flueggea neowawraea, mannii,
Gouania meyenii, Schiedea
Isodendrion kauense,
laurifolium, Kokia Stenogyne
kauaiensis, campanulata
Lipochaeta fauriei,
Lipochaeta micrantha,
Lobelia niihauensis,
Melicope haupuensis,
Melicope knudsenii,
Melicope pallida,
Munroidendron
racemosum, Myrsine
linearifolia,
Nothocestrum
peltatum, Peucedanum
sandwicense,
Phyllostegia
knudsenii,
Phyllostegia waimeae,
Phyllostegia wawrana,
Platanthera
holochila, Poa
sandvicensis, Poa
siphonoglossa,
Pteralyxia.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 4087]]
(B) Niihau. Critical habitat units with multiple species are
described below. Coordinates are in UTM Zone4 with units in meters
using North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(1) Niihau A (282 ha; 697 ac):
(i) Unit consists of the following 35 boundary points: 384729,
2427553; 384573, 2427962; 384698, 2428162; 384929, 2428330; 385085,
2428326; 385229, 2428448; 385276, 2428623; 385229, 2428846; 385014,
2428881; 384889, 2428830; 384737, 2428958; 384796, 2429103; 384952,
2429173; 385026, 2429146; 385136, 2429275; 385284, 2429244; 385335,
2429178; 385710, 2429377; 385795, 2429261; 385710, 2429120; 386002,
2428917; 386022, 2428707; 386780, 2428559; 386959, 2428247; 387475,
2427909; 387322, 2427686; 386416, 2427981; 386362, 2427840; 386256,
2427750; 386010, 2427731; 386042, 2427438; 385897, 2427457; 385678,
2427367; 385116, 2427542; 384729, 2427553.
(ii) Note: Map 18 follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TP28JA02.060
Table (a)(1)(i)(B). Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit
for Niihau
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
Unit name Species occupied unoccupied
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Niihau A...................... Brighamia insignis,
Cyperus trachysanthos.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Hawaiian plants--Constituent elements.
(A) Flowering plants.
Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)
Kauai E, I, J, and O, identified in the legal descriptions in
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense on
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
(1) Cliff habitats in mixed shrub coastal dry cliff communities or
diverse mesic forest and containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Acacia koa, Artemisia australis,
Brighamia insignis, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce
celastroides, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis,
Hibiscus kokio, Lobelia niihauensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Panicum
lineale, Psydrax odoratum, Psychotria spp., or Wilkesia spp.; and
(2) Elevations between 0 and 1,232 m (0 and 4,041 ft).
Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Kauai G and O, identified in the legal descriptions in
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis
on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
(1) Metrosideros polymorpha forests or Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry
shrubland containing one or more of the following associated plant
species: Bidens sandvicensis, Doryopteris spp., Eragrostis variabilis,
Erythrina sandwicensis, Lipochaeta spp., Schiedea spergulina, or Sida
fallax; and
(2) Elevations of about 56 and 725 m (184 and 2,377 ft).
Family Apocynaceae: Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu)
Kauai E, I and O, identified in the legal descriptions in
(a)(1)(i)(A),
[[Page 4088]]
constitute critical habitat for Pteralyxia kauaiensis on Kauai. Within
these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
(1) Diverse mesic or Diospyros sandwicensis mixed mesic forests
with Pisonia spp. containing one or more of the following associated
plant species: Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia ponderosa,
Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea brevipes, Carex spp.,
Charpentiera elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, Cyanea spp., Dianella
sandwicensis, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium
sandwichianum, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia arborea, Gahnia spp.,
Gardenia remyi, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus kokio, Kokia kauaiensis,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Neraudia spp., Nesoluma
polynesicum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Peperomia spp., Pleomele aurea,
Pipturus spp., Pisonia sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria
sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, Pritchardia spp.,
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum var. pyrularium,
Schiedea spp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis,
Tetraplasandra spp., Xylosma hawaiiense, or Zanthoxylum dipetalum; and
(2) Elevations between 915 and 1,007 m (3,002 and 3,305 ft).
Family Araliaceae: Munroidendron racemosum (NCN)
Kauai B, E, I, and O identified in the legal descriptions in
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Munroidendron racemosum
on Kauai. Within these units the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
(1) Steep exposed cliffs or ridge slopes in coastal or lowland
mesic forest and containing one or more of the following associated
plant species: Bobea brevipes, Brighamia insignis, Canavalia
napaliensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Pleomele
aurea, Pouteria sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum,
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Schiedea spp., Sida fallax, or Tetraplasandra
spp; and
(2) Elevations between 6 and 979 m (19 and 3,213 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia latifolia (naenae)
Kauai I and O, identified in the legal descriptions in
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Dubautia latifolia on
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
(1) Gentle or steep slopes on well drained soil in semi-open or
closed, diverse montane mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or
Metrosideros polymorpha and containing one or more of the following
native plant species: Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., Bobea spp.,
Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma waimeae, Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris
linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus
bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope anisata, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Pleomele spp., Pouteria sandvicensis, Psychotria
mariniana, Scaevola spp., or Xylosma spp.; and
(2) Elevations between 544 and 1,277 m (1,786 and 4,189 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae)
Kauai N, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A),
description above, constitutes critical habitat for Dubautia
pauciflorula on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that
provide:
(1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet
forest within stream drainages containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia
arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Dubautia laxa, Embelia pacifica,
Hesperomannia lydgatei, Labordia waialealae, Melicope spp.,
Nothoperanema rubiginosa, Pritchardia spp., Psychotria spp., Sadleria
spp., Scaevola mollis, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Tetraplasandra spp.;
and
(2) Elevations between 564 and 1,093 m (1,849 and 3,587 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN)
Kauai I, J, K, L, and N, identified in the legal descriptions in
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Hesperomannia lydgatei on
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
(1) Stream banks and forested slopes in rich brown soil and silty
clay in Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest and containing one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Adenophorus periens,
Antidesma spp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cyanea spp.,
Dubautia knudsenii, Dubautia laxa, Dubautia pauciflorula, Dubautia
raillardioides, Elaphoglossum spp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis
terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia spp.,
Pritchardia spp., Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and
(2) Elevations between 405 and 1,570 m (1,329 and 5,151 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe)
Kauai I, and O, identified in the legal descriptions in
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Lipochaeta fauriei on
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
(1) Moderate shade to full sun on the sides of steep gulches in
diverse lowland mesic forests and containing one or more of the
following native species: Acacia koa, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis,
Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Hibiscus waimeae, Kokia kauaiensis, Myrsine lanaiensis,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria greenwelliae,
Psychotria mariniana, or Sapindus oahuensis; and
(2) Elevations between 437 and 947 m (1,432 and 3,108 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe)
Kauai E and O, identified in the legal descriptions in
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha on
Kauai. Within these units the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha are the habitat
components provided by:
(1) Cliffs, ridges, stream banks, or slopes in mesic to wet mixed
communities and containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, Antidesma spp.,
Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea spp., Chamaesyce celastroides var.
hanapepensis, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis grandis,
Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio, Lepidium bidentatum, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melicope spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Neraudia
kauaiensis, Nototrichium spp. Plectranthus parviflorus, Pleomele aurea,
Psydrax odoratum, Pipturus spp., Rumex spp., Sida fallax, or Xylosma
hawaiiense; and
(2) Elevations between 35 and 1,362 m (115 and 4,468 ft).
[[Continued on page 4089]]