Food and Food By-Products Used as a Pesticide; Proposed Exemption From the Requirement of a Tolerance

Note: EPA no longer updates this information, but it may be useful as a reference or resource.
 [Federal Register: July 10, 1998 (Volume 63, Number 132)]
[Proposed Rules]               
[Page 37307-37309]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr10jy98-21]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

[OPP-300680; FRL-6016-1]

40 CFR Part 180

RIN 2070-AB18

 
Food and Food By-Products Used as a Pesticide; Proposed Exemption 
From the Requirement of a Tolerance

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: EPA proposes to establish an exemption from the requirement of 
a tolerance for residues of any edible food commodity (except for 
peanuts, tree nuts, milk, soybean, eggs, fish, crustacea, and wheat) 
used as a pesticide, when applied in accordance with good agricultural 
practices, in or on all food commodities. Any edible food commodity 
used as a pesticide under this exemption must not be ``adulterated 
food'' as defined in FFDCA section 402. 21 U.S.C. 342. The exemption 
from the requirement of a tolerance is being proposed by the Agency on 
its own initiative, since the

[[Page 37308]]

Agency believes that the exemption for edible food commodities will be 
safe.
DATES: Comments, identified by the docket control number [OPP-300680], 
must be received on or before September 8, 1998.
ADDRESSES: By mail, submit written comments to: Public Information and 
Records Integrity Branch, Information Resources and Services Division 
(7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 
401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460. In person, deliver comments to: 
Rm. 119, CM #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202. 
Information submitted as a comment concerning this document may be 
claimed confidential by marking any part or all of that information as 
``Confidential Business Information'' (CBI). Information so marked will 
not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 
CFR part 2. A copy of the comment that does not contain CBI must be 
submitted for inclusion in the public record. Information not marked 
confidential will be included in the public docket by EPA without prior 
notice. The public docket is available for public inspection in Rm. 119 
at the address given above, from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through 
Friday, excluding legal holidays.
    Comments and data may also be submitted electronically by following 
the instructions under Unit IV of this document. No Confidential 
Business Information (CBI) should be submitted through e-mail.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: By mail: Freshteh Toghrol, 
Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division (7511W), Office of 
Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St. SW., 
Washington, DC 20460. Office location, telephone number, and e-mail 
address: Crystal Station #1, 5th Floor, 2805 Crystal Drive, Arlington, 
VA 22202; (703) 308-7014; toghrol.freshteh@epamail.epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Pursuant to section 408(e) of the Federal 
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(e), EPA proposes to 
amend 40 CFR part 180 by establishing an exemption from the requirement 
of a tolerance for residues of any edible food commodity (except for 
peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, fish, crustacea, and wheat) used as a 
pesticide, when applied in accordance with good agricultural practices 
in or on all food commodities. By edible food commodity, EPA means 
foods that are widely consumed for their nutrient properties. This 
exemption would not apply to any ``adulterated food'' under FFDCA 
section 402.

I. Statutory Authority

    New section 408(c)(2)(A)(i) allows EPA to establish an exemption 
from the requirement of a tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide 
chemical residue in or on a food) only if EPA determines that the 
exemption from tolerance is ``safe.'' Section 408(c)(2)(A)(ii) defines 
``safe'' to mean that`` there is a reasonable certainty that no harm 
will result from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue, 
including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for 
which there is reliable information.'' This includes exposure through 
drinking water and in residential settings, but does not include 
occupational exposure. Section 408(c)(2)(B) requires EPA to give 
special consideration to exposure of infants and children to the 
pesticide chemical residue in establishing an exemption and to ``ensure 
that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to 
infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical 
residue....'' EPA performs a number of analyses to determine the risks 
from aggregate exposure to pesticide residues. First, EPA determines 
the toxicity of pesticides. Second, EPA examines exposure to the 
pesticide through food, drinking water, and through other exposures 
that occur as a result of pesticide use in residential settings.

 II. Risk Assessment and Statutory Findings

    Under the conditions of the proposed tolerance exemption for 
residues of any edible food commodity used as a pesticide (as defined 
above) in or on all food commodities, and in consideration of the 
conditions, criteria, and requirements set forth by FQPA, the Agency 
believes that this tolerance exemption will be safe for humans, 
including infants and children. This exemption only applies to those 
foods that have been widely consumed for their nutrient properties. Any 
safety concerns regarding exposure to residues of such edible food 
commodities have been addressed by the long history of safe use of 
these foods in commerce, as well as the adequate regulation of foods by 
the Food and Drug Administration. Additionally, any cumulative effects 
from aggregate exposure to residues of food commodities when used as 
pesticides in or on other food commodities would not likely impact 
those effects that may occur from much broader exposure via consumption 
of food in the diet.
    Some edible foods produce an allergic reaction in certain 
individuals. Allergy to food proteins occurs in less than 1 to 2% of 
the population. The majority of individuals with documented immunologic 
reactions to foods exhibit immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated immediate 
hypersensitivity reactions that can be sudden and severe. Current 
scientific knowledge suggest that common food allergens are 
glycosylated proteins, which tends to be resistant to degradation by 
heat, acid, and proteases. Where food allergy is confirmed patients are 
usually allergic to only a few specific proteins within one or two 
specific foods. Eight food or food groups (peanut, soybean, tree nuts, 
milk, eggs, fish, crustacea, and wheat) account for the vast majority 
of documented food allergies worldwide (the Food and Agriculture 
Organization (FAO) of the United Nation: Report of the FAO Technical 
Consultation on Food Allergies, Rome, Italy, November 13-14, 1995). 
Even though, as explained below, there are unlikely to be significant 
residues from use of edible food as a pesticide, the Agency has decided 
not to include those known allergenic food commodities in this 
exemption.
    The Agency believes that food commodities will be used as 
pesticides to control or mitigate pests or as plant growth regulators 
in only very limited cases. It is unlikely that an edible food 
commodity could be used to control a pest via a toxic mode of action. 
This assumption is supported by the Agency's experience to date where 
food commodities have been used to attract, repel or otherwise suppress 
pests. The purported mechanisms of action for food commodities involve 
feeding deterrence for herbivorous insects or mammals or an alteration 
in the microbial flora which suppresses the microbial pests. In the 
case of an altered microbial populations, it is necessary for the food 
commodity to be degraded or metabolized before the desired effect can 
occur.
    The Agency also believes that residues from any edible food 
commodity, when used as a pesticide on another food commodity would be 
minimal to non-existent because of rapid degradation in the 
environment.
    No tolerances or exemptions from requirements of tolerances have 
been issued in the United States or internationally for all food 
commodities as biochemical pesticides; however, some individual foods 
or food by-products have tolerance exemptions in the United States.

III. Safety Determination for U.S. Population and Infants and 
Children

    The Agency believes that this tolerance exemption will be safe for 
humans, including infants and children.

[[Page 37309]]

Any safety concerns regarding exposure to residues of edible food 
commodities have been addressed by the long history of safe use of 
foods in commerce, as well as the adequate regulation of foods by the 
Food and Drug Administration. Additionally, any cumulative effects from 
aggregate exposure to residues of food commodities when used as 
pesticides in or on other food commodities would not likely impact 
those effects that may occur from much broader exposure via consumption 
of food in the diet. Since food commodities are non toxic to humans 
including infants and children, EPA has not assessed the risk from food 
commodities using a safety factor approach. Accordingly, application of 
an additional 10X safety factor analysis or quantitative risk 
assessment for the protection of infants and children is not necessary 
to protect the safety of infants and children.
    Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the 
available scientific data and other relevant information in support of 
this action. Based on the information and data considered, the Agency 
has determined that, in amending 40 CFR 180.1164, as proposed, there is 
reasonable certainty that no harm to the general population, including 
infants and children will result from aggregate exposure to edible food 
commodities used as pesticides. An exemption from tolerance is 
appropriate for these pesticides because EPA believes they do not pose 
a dietary risk under reasonably forseeable circumstances. Accordingly, 
EPA proposes that the exemption from the requirement of a tolerance be 
established as set forth below.

 IV. Public Docket and Electronic Submissions

    The official record for this rule making, as well as the public 
version, has been established for this rule making under document 
control number [OPP-300680] (including comments and data submitted 
electronically). A public version of this record, including printed, 
paper versions of electronic comments, which does not include any 
information claimed as CBI, is available for inspection from 8:30 a.m. 
to 4 p.m.,Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The public 
record is located in Room 119 of the Public Information and Records 
Integrity Branch, Information Resources and Services Division (7502C), 
Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, Crystal 
Mall #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. 22202.
    Electronic comments may be sent directly to EPA at:
    opp-docket@epamail.epa.gov

    Electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the 
use of special characters and any form of encryption.
    The official record for this rule making, as well as the public 
version, as described above will be kept in paper form. Accordingly, 
EPA will transfer any copies of comments received electronically into 
printed paper form as they are received and will place the paper copies 
in the official rule making record. The official rule making record is 
the paper record maintained at the Virginia address in ``ADDRESSES'' at 
the beginning of this document.

V. Regulatory Assessment Requirements

    This rule proposes an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance 
under FFDCA section 408(d). The EPA is proposing this regulation on its 
own initiative. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted 
these types of actions from review under Executive Order 12866, 
entitled Regulatory Planning and Review (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). 
This action does not contain any information collections subject to OMB 
approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et 
seq., or impose any enforceable duty or contain any unfunded mandate as 
described under Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
(UMRA; Pub. L. 104-4). Nor does it require any prior consultation as 
specified by Executive Order 12875, entitled Enhancing the 
Intergovernmental Partnership (58 FR 58093, October, 1993), or special 
considerations as required by Executive Order 12898, entitled Federal 
Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and 
Low-Income Populations (59 FR 7629), February 16, 1994), or require OMB 
review in accordance with Executive Order 13045, entitled Protection of 
Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, 
April 23, 1997).
    Pursuant to the requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act 
(Pub. L. 96-354, 94 Stat. 1164, 5 U.S.C. 601-612), the Agency 
previously assessed whether establishing tolerances, exemptions from 
tolerances, raising tolerance levels or expanding exemptions might 
adversely impact small entities and concluded, as a generic matter, 
that there is no adverse economic impact. The factual basis for the 
Agency's generic certification for tolerance actions published on May 
4, 1981 (46 FR 24950), and was provided to the Chief Counsel for 
Advocacy of the Small Business Administration.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 180

    Environmental protection, Agricultural commodities, Food additives, 
Feed additives, Pesticides and pests, Reporting and record keeping 
requirements.

    Dated: June 29, 1998.

Kathleen D. Knox,

Acting Director, Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division, 
Office of Pesticide Programs.
    Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I, part 180 is proposed to be amended as 
follows:

PART 180--[AMENDED]

    1. The authority citation for part 180 continues to read as 
follows:
    Authority: 21 U.S.C. 346a and 371

    2. Section 180.1164 is amended by adding paragraph (d) to read as 
follows:


Sec. 180.1164   Food and food by-products; exemption from the 
requirement of a tolerance.

*    *    *    *    *
    (d) Any edible food commodity (except for peanuts, tree nuts, milk, 
eggs, fish, crustacea, and wheat) used as a pesticide is exempted from 
the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good 
agricultural practice in or on all food commodities. This exemption 
shall not apply to any edible food commodity that is adulterated under 
section 342 of Title 21 of the United States Code.
[FR Doc. 98-18280 Filed 7-9-98; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-F
Food and Food By-Products Used as a Pesticide; Proposed Exemption From the Requirement of a Tolerance

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