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Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition To Establish a Tolerance for Certain Pesticide Chemicals in or on Food
Note: EPA no longer updates this information, but it may be useful as a reference or resource.
[Federal Register: June 21, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 120)]
[Notices]
[Page 38535-38543]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr21jn00-63]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[PF-945; FRL-6558-9]
Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition To Establish a Tolerance
for Certain Pesticide Chemicals in or on Food
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
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SUMMARY: This notice announces the initial filing of pesticide
petitions proposing the establishment of regulations for residues of
certain pesticide chemicals in or on various food commodities.
DATES: Comments, identified by docket control number PF-945, must be
received on or before July 21, 2000.
ADDRESSES: Comments may be submitted by mail, electronically, or in
person. Please follow the detailed instructions for each method as
provided in Unit I.C. of the ``SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION.'' To ensure
proper receipt by EPA, it is imperative that you identify docket
control number PF-945 in the subject line on the first page of your
response.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: By mail: Shaja R. Brothers,
Registration Division (7505C), Office of Pesticide Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania
Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: (703) 308-3194; e-
mail address: brothers.shaja@epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. General Information
A. Does this Action Apply to Me?
You may be affected by this action if you are an agricultural
producer, food manufacturer or pesticide manufacturer. Potentially
affected categories and entities may include, but are not limited to:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Examples of
Categories NAICS codes potentially
affected entities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Industry 111 Crop production
112 Animal production
311 Food manufacturing
32532 Pesticide
manufacturing
------------------------------------------------------------------------
This listing is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides
a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this
action. Other types of entities not listed in the table could also be
affected. The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS)
codes have been provided to assist you and others in determining
whether or not this action might apply to certain entities. If you have
questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular
entity, consult the person listed under ``FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT.''
B. How Can I Get Additional Information, Including Copies of this
Document and Other Related Documents?
1. Electronically. You may obtain electronic copies of this
document, and certain other related documents that might be available
electronically, from the EPA Internet Home Page at http://www.epa.gov/.
To access this document, on the Home Page select ``Laws and
Regulations'' and then look up the entry for this document under the
``Federal Register--Environmental Documents.'' You can also go directly
to the Federal Register listings at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/.
2. In person. The Agency has established an official record for
this action under docket control number PF-945. The official record
consists of the documents specifically referenced in this action, any
public comments received during an applicable comment period, and other
information related to this action, including any information claimed
as confidential business information (CBI). This official record
includes the documents that are physically located in the docket, as
well as the documents that are referenced in those documents. The
public version of the official record does not include any information
claimed as CBI. The public version of the official record, which
includes printed, paper versions of any electronic comments submitted
during an applicable comment period, is available for inspection in the
Public Information and Records Integrity Branch (PIRIB), Rm. 119,
Crystal Mall #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA, from 8:30
a.m. to 4 p.m.,
[[Page 38536]]
Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The PIRIB telephone
number is (703) 305-5805.
C. How and to Whom Do I Submit Comments?
You may submit comments through the mail, in person, or
electronically. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, it is imperative that
you identify docket control number PF-945 in the subject line on the
first page of your response.
1. By mail. Submit your comments to: Public Information and Records
Integrity Branch (PIRIB), Information Resources and Services Division
(7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), Environmental Protection
Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460.
2. In person or by courier. Deliver your comments to: Public
Information and Records Integrity Branch (PIRIB), Information Resources
and Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP),
Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. 119, Crystal Mall #2, 1921
Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The PIRIB is open from 8:30
a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The
PIRIB telephone number is (703) 305-5805.
3. Electronically. You may submit your comments electronically by
e-mail to: ``opp-docket@epa.gov,'' or you can submit a computer disk as
described above. Do not submit any information electronically that you
consider to be CBI. Avoid the use of special characters and any form of
encryption. Electronic submissions will be accepted in Wordperfect 6.1/
8.0 or ASCII file format. All comments in electronic form must be
identified by docket control number PF-945. Electronic comments may
also be filed online at many Federal Depository Libraries.
D. How Should I Handle CBI That I Want to Submit to the Agency?
Do not submit any information electronically that you consider to
be CBI. You may claim information that you submit to EPA in response to
this document as CBI by marking any part or all of that information as
CBI. Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance
with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. In addition to one complete
version of the comment that includes any information claimed as CBI, a
copy of the comment that does not contain the information claimed as
CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public version of the
official record. Information not marked confidential will be included
in the public version of the official record without prior notice. If
you have any questions about CBI or the procedures for claiming CBI,
please consult the person identified under ``FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT.''
E. What Should I Consider as I Prepare My Comments for EPA?
You may find the following suggestions helpful for preparing your
comments:
1. Explain your views as clearly as possible.
2. Describe any assumptions that you used.
3. Provide copies of any technical information and/or data you used
that support your views.
4. If you estimate potential burden or costs, explain how you
arrived at the estimate that you provide.
5. Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns.
6. Make sure to submit your comments by the deadline in this
notice.
7. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, be sure to identify the docket
control number assigned to this action in the subject line on the first
page of your response. You may also provide the name, date, and Federal
Register citation.
II. What Action is the Agency Taking?
EPA has received pesticide petitions as follows proposing the
establishment and/or amendment of regulations for residues of certain
pesticide chemicals in or on various food commodities under section 408
of the Federal Food, Drug, and Comestic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a.
EPA has determined that these petitions contain data or information
regarding the elements set forth in section 408(d)(2); however, EPA has
not fully evaluated the sufficiency of the submitted data at this time
or whether the data support granting of the petitions. Additional data
may be needed before EPA rules on the petitions.
List of Subjects
Environmental protection, Agricultural commodities, Feed additives,
Food additives, Pesticides and pests, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.
Dated: June 2, 2000.
Peter Caulkins,
Acting Director, Registration Division, Office of Pesticide Programs.
Summaries of Petitions
The petitioner summaries of the pesticide petitions are printed
below as required by section 408(d)(3) of the FFDCA. The summaries of
the petitions were prepared by the petitioner and represents the view
of the petitioner. The petition summaries announce the availability of
a description of the analytical methods available to EPA for the
detection and measurement of the pesticide chemical residues or an
explanation of why no such method is needed.
I. Interregional Research Project Number 4
9E6026
EPA has received pesticide petition 9E6026 from the Interregional
Research Project Number 4 (IR-4), New Jersey Agricultural Experiment
Station, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903,
proposing, pursuant to section 408(d) of the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(d), to amend 40 CFR part 180 by
establishing a tolerance for residues of paraquat in or on the raw
agricultural commodity (RAC) endive at 0.05 parts per million (ppm).
EPA has determined that the petition contains data or information
regarding the elements set forth in section 408(d)(2) of the FFDCA;
however, EPA has not fully evaluated the sufficiency of the submitted
data at this time or whether the data support granting of the petition.
Additional data may be needed before EPA rules on the petition. This
notice includes a summary of the petition prepared by Zeneca Ag
Products, the registrant, 1800 Concord Pike. P.O. Box 15458,
Wilmington, DE 19850-5458.
A. Residue Chemistry
1. Plant metabolism. The qualitative nature of the residues in
plants is adequately understood based on studies depicting the
metabolism of paraquat in carrots and lettuce following pre-emergence
treatments and in potatoes and soybeans following desiccant treatment.
The residue of concern in plants is the parent chemical, paraquat.
2. Analytical method. An adequate analytical method (spectrometric
method) has been accepted and published in the Pesticide Analytical
Manual (PAM Vol. II) for the enforcement of tolerances in plant
commodities.
B. Toxicological Profile
1. Acute toxicity. Acute toxicity studies conducted with the 45.6%
paraquat dichloride technical concentrate give the following results:
oral lethal dose (LD)50 in the rat of 344 milligrams/
kilograms (mg/kg) males and 283 mg/kg females Category II; dermal
LD50 in the rat of >2,000 mg/kg for
[[Page 38537]]
males and females (Category III); the primary eye irritation study
showed corneal involvement with clearing within 17-days (Category II);
and dermal irritation of slight erythema and edema at 72 hours
(Category IV). Paraquat is not a dermal sensitizer. Acute inhalation
studies conducted pursuant to EPA guideline with aerosolized sprays
result in lethal concentration (LC)50 of 0.6 to 1.4
g paraquat cation/L (Category I). However, since paraquat
dichloride has no measurable vapor pressure; and hydraulic spray
droplets are too large to be respirable, inhalation exposure is not a
concern in practice.
2. Genotoxicity. Paraquat dichloride was not mutagenic in the Ames
test using Salmonella typhinurium strains TA1535, TA1538, TA98, and
TA100; the chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow test system; or
in the dominant lethal mutagenicity study with CD-1 mice. Additionally,
paraquat dichloride was negative for unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat
hepatocyctes in vitro and in vivo. Paraquat was weakly positive in the
mouse lymphoma cell assay only in the presence of metabolic activation.
Paraquat dichloride was weakly positive in mammalian cells
(lymphocytes) and positive in the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay
in chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Paraquat is non-mutagenic.
3. Reproductive and developmental toxicity. A 3-generation
reproduction study in rats fed diets containing 0, 25, 75, and 150 ppm
(0, 1.25, 3.75, or 7.5 mg of paraquat cation/kg/day, respectively)
showed no effect on body weight gain, food consumption and utilization,
fertility and length of gestation of the F0, F1, and F2 parents at any
dose. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and lowest observed
adverse effect level (LOAEL) for systemic toxicity are 25 ppm (1.25 mg/
kg/day) and 75 ppm (3.75 mg/kg/day), respectively, expressed as
paraquat cation, based on high mortality due to lung damage. The NOAEL
for reproductive toxicity is 150 ppm 7.5 mg/kg/day; highest
dose tested (HDT) expressed as paraquat cation, as there were no
reproductive effects observed.
Two developmental toxicity studies were conducted in rats given
gavage doses of 0, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day and 0, 1, 3, or 8 mg/kg/day,
respectively, expressed as paraquat cation. In the first study, the
NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 1 mg/kg/day based on clinical signs of
toxicity and decreased body weight gain at 5 mg/kg/day (the LOAEL). The
NOAEL for developmental toxicity was set at 5 mg/kg/day based on
delayed ossification of the forelimb and hindlimb digits. In the second
study, the maternal and developmental NOAEL is 8 mg/kg/day HDT as there
were no effects observed at any dose level. Based on both studies, the
overall NOAEL for maternal and developmental toxicity is at least 3 mg/
kg/day.
Two developmental toxicity studies were conducted in mice given
gavage doses of 0, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day and 0, 7.5, 15, or 25 mg/kg/
day paraquat ion, respectively. In the first study the NOAEL and LOAEL
for maternal toxicity are 5 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively,
based on reductions in body weight gain and death (range-finding
study). The NOAEL and LOAEL for developmental toxicity are 5 mg/kg/day
and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively based on an increased number of litters
and fetuses with partial ossification of the 4th sternebra at 10 mg/kg/
day HDT. Both the maternal and developmental NOAELs are at 15 mg/kg/day
in the second study. The maternal LOAEL of 25 mg paraquat cation/kg/day
is based on death, decreases in body weight and body weight gain, and
other clinical signs. The developmental LOAEL of 25 mg/kg/day is based
on decreases in mean fetal weights, retarded ossification and other
skeletal effects. According to the registrant, Paraquat dichloride is
not a developmental toxin and the developmental/maternal NOAEL should
be based on the second study and is 15 mg/kg/day.
4. Subchronic toxicity. A 90-day feeding study was conducted in
dogs fed doses of 0, 7, 20, 60, or 120 ppm with a NOAEL of 20 ppm based
on lung effects such as alveolitis and alveolar collapse seen at the
LOAEL of 60 ppm. In a 21-day inhalation toxicity study, rats were
exposed to respirable aerosols of paraquat at doses of 0, 0.01, 0.1,
0.5, or 1.0 g/L with a NOAEL of 0.01 g/L and a LOAEL
of 0.10 g/L based on histopathological changes to the
epithelium of the larynx and nasal discharge.
5. Chronic toxicity. A 12-month feeding study was conducted in dogs
fed dose levels of 0, 15, 30, or 50 ppm, expressed as paraquat cation.
These levels corresponded to 0, 0.45, 0.93, or 1.51 mg of paraquat
cation/kg/day, respectively, in male dogs or 0, 0.48, 1.00, or 1.58 mg
of paraquat cation/kg/day, respectively for female dogs. There was a
dose-related increase in the severity and extent of chronic pneumonitis
in the mid-dose and high-dose male and female dogs. This effect was
also noted in the low-dose male group, but was minimal when compared
with the male controls. The systemic NOAEL is 15 ppm (0.45 mg/kg/day
for males and 0.48 mg/kg/day for females, expressed as parquet cation).
The systemic LOAEL is 30 ppm (0.93 mg/kg/day for males and 1.00 mg/kg/
day for females, expressed as paraquat cation).
In a 2-year chronic feeding/carcinogenicity study, rats were fed
doses of paraquat dichloride at 0, 25, 75, or 150 ppm which correspond
to 0, 1.25, 3.75, or 7.5 mg of paraquat cation/kg/day. Paraquat
enhanced the development of ocular lesions in all of the treated
groups. The predominant lesions detected opthalmoscopically were
lenticular opacities and cataracts. At test week 103, dose-related
statistically significant (P0.001) increases in the incidence of ocular
lesions were observed only in the mid-dose and high-dose male and
female groups. Based on these findings, the NOAEL (approximate) and the
LOAEL for systemic toxicity, for both sexes, are 25 ppm (1.25 mg/kg/
day) and 75 ppm (3.75 mg/kg/day), respectively.
In another 2-year chronic feeding/carcinogenicity study, rats were
dosed at 0, 6, 30, 100, or 300 ppm, expressed as paraquat dichloride
(nominal concentrations), equivalent to 0, 0.25, 1.26, 4.15, or 12.25
mg/kg/day, respectively (males) and 0, 0.30, 1.5, 5.12, or 15.29 mg/kg/
day respectively (females), expressed as paraquat dichloride. The
incidence of ocular changes were low and not caused by paraquat in this
study. The systemic NOAEL is 100 ppm of paraquat dichloride (4.15 and
5.12 mg/kg/day, for males and females, respectively); or 3.0 mg/kg/day
(males) and 3.7 mg/kg/day (females), expressed as paraquat cation. The
systemic LOAEL is 300 ppm of paraquat dichloride (12.25 and 15.29 mg/
kg/day, for males and females, respectively); or 9.0 mg/kg/day (males)
and 11.2 mg/kg/day (females), expressed as paraquat cation.
A chronic feeding/carcinogenicity study was conducted in rats fed
dose levels of 0, 25, 75, or 150 ppm, expressed as paraquat cation
(nominal concentrations). These doses corresponded to 0, 1.25, 3.75, or
7.5 mg paraquat cation/kg/day, respectively. There was uncertain
evidence of carcinogenicity (squamous cell carcinomas in the head
region; ears, nasal cavity, oral cavity and skin) in males at 7.5 mg/
kg/day HDT with a systemic NOAEL of 1.25 mg/kg/day. Upon submission of
additional data to EPA, the incidence of pulmonary adenomas and
carcinomas was well within historical ranges and it was determined that
paraquat was not carcinogenic in the lungs and head region of the rat.
In another chronic feeding/carcinogenicity study, rats were fed
dose levels of 0, 6, 30, 100, or 300 ppm,
[[Page 38538]]
expressed as paraquat dichloride. There were no carcinogenic findings
in this study at the HDT. In a 2-year chronic feeding/concinogenicity
study, SPF Swiss derived mice were fed paraquat dichloride at dose
levels of 0, 12.5, 37.5, or 100/125 ppm, expressed as paraquat cation.
These rates correspond to 0, 1.87, 5.62, and 15 mg/kg/day as cation.
Because no toxic signs appeared after 35 weeks of dosing, the 100 ppm
level was increased to 125 ppm at week 36. There were no carcinogenic
effects observed in this study. The systemic NOAEL for both sexes is
12.5 ppm (1.87 mg/kg/day) and the systemic LOAEL is 37.5 ppm (5.6 mg/
kg/day), each expressed as paraquat cation based on renal tubular
degeneration in males and weight loss and decreased food intake in
females.
Paraquat is classified Category E for carcinogenicity (no evidence
of carcinogenicity in animal studies).
6. Animal metabolism. The qualitative nature of the residue in
animals is adequately understood based on the combined studies
conducted with ruminants (goats and cows), swine, and poultry. The
residue of concern in eggs, milk, and poultry, and livestock tissues is
the parent, paraquat.
C. Aggregate Exposure
In examining aggregate exposure, FQPA directs EPA to take into
account available information concerning exposures from the pesticide
residue in food and all other exposures for which there is reliable
information. These other sources of exposure include drinking water,
and non-occupational exposures, e.g., to pesticides used in and around
the home. For estimating acute and chronic risks the Agency considers
aggregate exposures from the diet and from drinking water. Exposures
from uses in and around the home that may be short term, intermediate,
or other durations may also be aggregated as appropriate for specific
chemicals.
1. Dietary exposure. For purposes of assessing the potential
dietary exposure under the proposed tolerance, Zeneca has estimated
aggregate exposure based on the tolerance levels of 0.05 ppm, 0.3 ppm,
0.05 ppm, and 0.05 ppm in or on globe artichokes, dry peas, persimmons,
endive and from all other established tolerances. Percent crop treated
was also incorporated into the assessment to derive an upper bound
anticipated residue contribution (ARC). The registrant has concluded
that there are no acute endpoints of concern for paraquat, and an acute
aggregate assessment is not required. The chronic population adjusted
dose (cPAD) for chronic dietary assessments is 0.0045 mg/kg/day, based
on a NOAEL of 0.45 mg/kg/day from a 1-year dog study and the addition
of a standard uncertainty factor of 100.
i. Food.-- a. Chronic dietary assessment. A chronic dietary
exposure analysis was performed using current and reassessed tolerance
level residues, contributions from the proposed tolerance for use on
globe artichoke, dry peas, persimmons, endive, and current percent crop
treated information to estimate the ARC for the general population and
22 subgroups. The tolerance in globe artichoke resulted in an ARC of
0.0000001 mg/kg/day (0.002% of the cPAD) for the general population.
The resulting ARC for the general U.S. population from all established
uses is 0.000367 mg/kg/day (8.2% of the cPAD). For children ages 1 to
6, the most highly exposed subgroup, the resulting ARC is 0.001077 mg/
kg/day (23.9% of the cPAD).
b. Acute dietary assessment. The registrant has determined that
current data on paraquat shows no acute dietary endpoint of concern.
Therefore, an acute dietary risk assessment was not conducted for
paraquat.
ii. Drinking water. The registration eligibility document (RED) for
paraquat has stated the following:
Paraquat is not expected to be a contaminant of groundwater.
Paraquat dichloride binds strongly to soil clay particles and it did
not leach from the surface in terrestrial field dissipation studies.
There were, however, detections of paraquat in drinking water wells
from two states cited in the pesticides in groundwater data base
(1991). These detections are not considered to be representative of
normal paraquat use. Therefore, paraquat is not expected to be a
groundwater contaminant or concern based on normal use patterns.
Due to its persistent nature, paraquat could potentially be found
in surface water systems associated with soil particles carried by
erosion, however, paraquat is immobile in most soils, and at very high
application rates (50-1000X), there was no desorption of paraquat from
soils. Based on paraquat's normal use patterns and unique environmental
fate characteristics, exposures to paraquat in drinking water are not
expected to be obtained from surface water sources. Therefore, the only
exposures considered in aggregate risk assessment for paraquat is
chronic dietary.
2. Non-dietary exposure. Paraquat dichloride has no residential or
other non-occupational uses that might result in non-occupational, non-
dietary exposure for the general population. Paraquat products are
restricted use, for use by certified applicators only, which means the
general public cannot buy or use paraquat products.
D. Cumulative Effects
In assessing the potential risk from cumulative effects of paraquat
and other chemical substances, the Agency has considered structural
similarities that exist between paraquat and other bipyridylium
compounds such as diquat dibromide. Examination of the toxicology data
bases of paraquat and diquat dibromide, indicates that the two
compounds have clearly different target organs. Based on available
data, the registrant does not believe that the toxic effects produced
by paraquat would be cumulative with those of diquat dibromide.
E. Safety Determination
1. U.S. population. Based on the paraquat RED, the only exposure
route of concern for paraquat is chronic dietary. Using the
conservation assumptions presented earlier, EPA has established a cPAD
of 0.0045 mg/kg/day. This was based on the NOAEL for the 1-year dog
study of 0.45 mg/kg/day and employed a 100-fold uncertainty factor.
Results of this aggregate exposure assessment, which includes EPA's
reassessment of tolerances for existing crops and the tolerance for use
on globe artichokes, dry peas, persimmons, and endive utilize 8.2% of
the cPAD. Generally, exposures below 100% of the cPAD are of no concern
because it represents the level at or below which daily aggregate
dietary exposure over a lifetime will not pose appreciable risk to
human health. Thus, the registrant has concluded that there is
reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposures
to paraquat residues.
2. Infants and children. Zeneca has determined that the established
tolerances for paraquat, with amendments and changes as specified in
this notice, meet the safety standards under the FQPA amendments to
section 408(b)(2)(C) for infants and children. The safety determination
for infants and children considers the factors noted above for the
general population, but also takes into account the possibility of
increased dietary exposure due to specific consumption patterns of
infants and children, as well as the possibility of increased
susceptibility to the toxic effects of paraquat residues in this
population subgroup.
In determining whether or not infants and children are particularly
susceptible to toxic effects from paraquat residues, Zeneca considered
the completeness of the data base for developmental and
[[Page 38539]]
reproductive effects, the nature and severity of the effects observed,
and other information.
Based on the current data requirements, paraquat has a complete
data base for developmental and reproductive toxicity. In the
developmental studies, effects were seen (delayed ossification in the
forelimb and hindlimb digits) in the fetuses only at the same or higher
dose levels than effects in the mother. In the reproduction study, no
effects on reproductive performance were seen. Also because the NOAELs
from the developmental and reproduction studies were equal to or
greater than the NOAEL used for establishing the cPAD, the registrant
concluded that it is unlikely that there is additional risk concern for
immature or developing organisms. Finally, there is no epidemiological
information suggesting special sensitivity of infants and children to
paraquat. Therefore, the registrant found that an additional safety
factor for infants and children is not warranted for paraquat.
Zeneca estimates that paraquat residues in the diet of non-nursing
infants (less than 1 year) account for 17.6% of the cPAD and 23.9% of
the cPAD for children aged 1 to 6 years. Further, residues in drinking
water are not expected. Therefore, Zeneca has determined that there is
reasonable certainty that dietary exposure to paraquat will not cause
harm to infants and children.
F. International Tolerances
There is no approved CODEX maximum residue level (MRL) established
for residues of paraquat on endive.
II. Interregional Research Project Number 4
0E6090
EPA has received a pesticide petition 0E6090 from the Interregional
Research Project Number 4 (IR-4); Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
NJ, 08903-0231 proposing, pursuant to section 408(d) of the Federal
Food , Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(d), to amend 40
CFR part 180 by establishing a tolerance for residues of Fosetyl-Al in
or on the raw agricultural commodity (RAC) cranberries at 0.5 parts per
million (ppm). EPA has determined that the petition contains data or
information regarding the elements set forth in section 408(d)(2) of
the FFDCA; however, EPA has not fully evaluated the sufficiency of the
submitted data at this time or whether the data support granting of the
petition. Additional data may be needed before EPA rules on the
petition. This notice includes a summary of the petition prepared by
Aventis CropScience the registrant, P.O. Box 12014, 2 T.W. Alexander
Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709.
A. Residue Chemistry
1. Plant metabolism. The metabolism of fosetyl-Al in plants is
adequately understood. Adequate data on the nature of the residues in
plants, including identification of major metabolites and degradates of
fosetyl-Al, are available. Radiolabeled studies on the uptake,
translocation and metabolism in plants show that the chemical proceeds
through hydrolytic cleavage of the ethyl ester. The major residues are
fosetyl-Al, phosphorus acid, and ethanol. The tolerances are
established for the parent only, that is fosetyl-Al.
2. Analytical method. Adequate methods are available for
enforcement purposes. There are two analytical methods acceptable for
determining residues of fosetyl-Al in plants: a gas chromatography
method is available for enforcement of tolerance in pineapple and is
listed as method I in pesticide analytical manual (PAM), Vol. II; a gas
chromatography/phosphorus specific flame photometric detector (FPD-P)
method (Aventis CropScience method no. 163) for citrus has undergone a
successful method tryout on oranges and has been sent to the Food and
Drug Adminstration (FDA) for inclusion in PAM as method II.
3. Magnitude of residues. Field trials were conducted in EPA
regions 1 (MA), 2 (NJ), 5 (WI), and 12 (OR). All field trial sites
consisted of 1 untreated control plot and 1 treated plot. Each treated
plot received four foliar spray applications of fosetyl-Al at a rate of
4.0 lb active ingredient per acre (ai/A) # 5% each, for a total of
approximately 16 lb ai/A. The first application was made at
approximately 93 days prior to harvest and subsequent applications were
made at approximately 30-day intervals. Samples were collected at 3 or
4 days after the last application in all trials. Fosetyl-Al residues in
treated samples ranged from <0.05 ppm to 0.35 ppm. Data from this study
support the proposed tolerance of 0.5 ppm.
B. Toxicological Profile
1. Acute toxicity. A complete battery of acute toxicity studies for
fosetyl-Al technical has been conducted. The lethal dose
LD50 from the acute oral rat is 5.4 g/kg and the
LD50 from an acute dermal rabbit study is >2 g/kg. The
LC50 for a rat inhalation study is >1.73 mg/L. The acute
oral rat and primary dermal irritation studies indicate category IV
toxicity. A guinea pig dermal sensitization study shows fosetyl-Al is
not a skin sensitizer. The primary eye irritation study in rabbits
shows fosetyl-Al to be an eye irritant with Category I toxicity.
2. Genotoxicity. Fosetyl-Al is neither mutagenic nor genotoxic. The
genetic toxicity potential of fosetyl-Al was assessed in several
assays. Eight mutagenicity tests performed with fosetyl-Al were
negative. The tests included two Ames assays with S. typhimurium, two
phase induction assays using E. coli, two micronucleus studies in mice,
one DNA repair assay using E. coli and one mutation assay in
Saccharomyces cereviseae.
3. Reproductive and developmental toxicity. Fosetyl-Al is not a
reproductive toxicant and shows no evidence of estrogenic or androgenic
related effects.
i. In a 3-generation reproduction study, fosetyl-Al was
administered to rats at dietary levels of 0, 6,000, 12,000, or 24,000
ppm. No adverse effects on reproductive performance or pup survival
were observed in any dose group. The lowest observed adverse effect
level (LOAEL) was established at 12,000 ppm based on effects on animal
weights and urinary tract changes. The no observed adverse effect level
(NOAEL) for all effects was 6,000 ppm.
ii. A developmental study in rats dosed via oral gavage at 500,
1,000 or, 4,000 mg/kg/day showed a developmental NOAEL of 1,000 mg/kg.
At 4,000 mg/kg, there was maternal toxicity, as evidenced by effects on
animal weights, maternal deaths, increased resorptions and delayed
fetal ossification.
iii. A rabbit developmental study showed no toxic effects at oral
doses up to 500 mg/kg. Effects of fosetyl-Al on fetal development were
observed only in the rat at a dose producing severe maternal toxicity.
In the absence of maternal toxicity, no adverse effects on fetal
development were observed, i.e. at 1,000 mg/kg/day in rats or at 500
mg/kg/day in rabbits.
4. Subchronic toxicity. In subchronic studies, no significant
toxicity was observed even at doses exceeding the limit of 1,000 mg/kg/
day.
i. A 21-day dermal study in rabbits showed mild to moderate skin
irritation and a NOAEL of 1.5 g/kg/day.
ii. A 90-day feeding study in rats showed a NOAEL of >5,000 ppm;
the LOAEL was 25,000 ppm with extramedullary hematopoiesis in the
spleen.
iii. A 90-day dog feeding study showed a NOAEL of 10,000 ppm and a
[[Page 38540]]
LOAEL at 50,000 ppm, at which the test animals had a lower serum
potassium level than untreated animal.
5. Chronic toxicity. Chronic toxicity studies have been conducted
in dogs and rats:
i. Dog. Fosetyl-Al was fed to dogs for 2-years at concentrations of
0, 10,000, 20,000, and 40,000 ppm. The NOAEL was 10,000 ppm, equivalent
to 250 mg/kg/day. The LOAEL was 20,000 ppm based on a slight
degenerative effect on the testes. These testicular changes, as well as
a few scattered clinical changes, were seen in the high dose dogs. No
effects were observed in the urinary tract.
ii. Rat. Fosetyl-Al was administered via admixture in the diet to
CD rats at target levels of 0, 2,000, 8,000, and 30,000/40,000 ppm for
approximately 2-years. Based on these levels, respective doses were
100, 400 and 2,000/1,500 mg/kg/day. After 2-weeks at 40,000 ppm, this
dietary level was reduced to 30,000 ppm due to the occurrence of red
coloration of the urine and a decrease in body weight gain. Although
these findings were no longer apparent after week 2, analytical
verification of dietary levels revealed that the highest dietary level
ranged from approximately 38,000 to 61,000 ppm during the first 32-
weeks of the study. No significant differences in body weight or food
consumption were noted at 2,000 or 8,000 ppm. No biologically
significant differences were observed in ophthalmoscopy, hematology,
clinical chemistry, or urinalysis for treated and control animals.
Calculi in the urinary bladder were observed for several male and
female rats in the high dose group. Non-neoplastic findings consisted
of epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation in the urinary bladders of
males at 30,000/40,000 ppm. Increased incidences of hydronephrosis,
inflammation, and epithelial hyperplasia in the kidney were also
observed in males from the high dose group. Females from the same group
exhibited increased incidences of epithelial hyperplasia in the urinary
bladder and hydronephrosis in the kidney. The NOAEL in the chronic rat
study was 8,000 ppm (400 mg/kg/day).
The lowest NOAEL for chronic effects of fosetyl-Al is 10,000 ppm
(250 mg/kg/day) based on the dog study. This NOAEL is based on minor
changes at 20,000 ppm. In the rat, calculi in the urinary bladder and
related histopathological changes in the bladder and kidneys of males
and females were observed at 30,000/40,000 ppm.
6. Carcinogenicity. Long-term feeding studies were conducted with
technical grade fosetyl-Al in mice and rats and with monosodium
phosphite, the primary urinary metabolite of fosetyl-Al, in rats. These
studies, in addition to a mechanistic study in rats, are described
below:
i. Rat. Fosetyl-Al was administered via admixture in the diet to CD
rats at target levels of 0, 2,000, 8,000, and 30,000/40,000 ppm for
approximately 2-years. After 2-weeks at 40,000 ppm, this dietary level
was reduced to 30,000 ppm due to the occurrence of red coloration of
the urine and a decrease in body weight gain. Although these findings
were no longer apparent after Week 2, analytical verification of
dietary levels revealed that the highest dietary level ranged from
approximately 38,000 to 61,000 ppm during the first 32-weeks of the
study. Calculi in the urinary bladder were observed for several male
and female rats at 30,000/40,000 ppm. Microscopic examination revealed
transitional cell carcinomas and papillomas in the urinary bladders of
high dose males. In addition, a statistically significant increase in
adrenal pheochromocytomas (benign and malignant combined) was observed
in males at 8,000 and 30,000/40,000 ppm. The adrenal slides were
independently reread by two consulting pathologists who found no
significant dose-related increases in the incidence of
pheochromocytomas or hyperplasia. The NOAEL for fosetyl-Al in the
chronic rat study was 8,000 ppm. A subsequent mechanistic study in rats
conducted with dietary levels of 8,000, 30,000 and 50,000 ppm
demonstrated that the massive doses of 30,000 and 50,000 ppm fosetyl-Al
alter calcium/phosphorous homeostasis resulting in severe acute renal
injury, similar to that observed in the chronic rat study, and the
formation of calculi in kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Under conditions
of chronic exposure, these effects could lead to the formation of
bladder tumors as seen in the chronic rat study. At 8,000 ppm, no
evidence of renal injury was observed, a result consistent with the
absence of bladder tumors. Thus, the bladder tumors induced by fosetyl-
Al were the result of acute renal injury followed by a chronic toxic
reaction rather than a true carcinogenic effect.
A carcinogenicity study in rats was conducted with monosodium
phosphite administered via dietary mixture at levels of 2,000, 8,000,
and 32,000 ppm. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in this
study.
ii. Mouse. A 2-year feeding/carcinogenicity study was conducted in
mice fed diets containing fosetyl-Al at 0, 2,500, 10,000, or 20,000/
30,000 ppm. The 20,000 ppm dose was increased to 30,000 ppm during week
19 of the study. The NOAEL for all effects was 20,000/30,000 ppm
(3,000/4,500 mg/kg/day). There were no carcinogenic effects observed
under the conditions of this study.
7. Animal metabolism. Rat metabolism studies showed that most of
the radiolabel rapidly appeared in exhaled carbon dioxide. There was
also some radiolabel excreted in the urine as phosphite, along with a
smaller amount as the unchanged parent compound. It appears that
fosetyl-Al is essentially completely absorbed after ingestion and
extensively hydrolyzed to carbon dioxide which is exhaled. The
phosphite is excreted in the urine without further oxidation to
phosphate. Aluminum does not appear to be absorbed to a significant
extent from the gastrointestinal trac.
8. Metabolite toxicology. There are no metabolites of toxicological
concern. The tolerances are established for the parent only, that is
fosetyl-Al.
9. Endocrine disruption. No evidence of estrogenic or androgenic
effects were noted in any study with fosetyl-Al. No adverse effects on
mating or fertility indices and gestation, live birth, or weaning
indices were noted in a 3-generation rat reproduction study at doses
well above EPA's limit of 1,000 mg/kg/day. Therefore, Aventis
CropScience concludes that fosetyl-Al does not have any effect on the
endocrine system.
C. Aggregate Exposure
1. Dietary exposure. EPA has established the chronic reference dose
(RfD) for fosetyl-Al at 2.5 mg/kg/day. This RfD is based on a NOAEL of
250 mg/kg/day from a 2-year feeding study in dogs and the use of a 100
fold safety factor to account for inter-species and intra-species
differences. No appropriate endpoint attributable to a single dose
exposure was identified in oral toxicity studies. Therefore, an acute
RfD was not established and there is no expectation of acute risk.
Since no dermal or systemic toxicity was seen at the limit dose
following repeated dermal applications in the 21-day toxicity study
using rats, no endpoint value was calculated for short-and
intermediate-term exposure and risk. The Agency has concluded that
fosetyl-Al is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic hazard to humans.
Therefore, a cancer exposure and risk assessment is not appropriate.
i. Food. For all currently registered uses of fosetyl-Al, chronic
food exposure for various subgroups of the U.S. population was
estimated by EPA through the use of the dietary exposure evaluation
model (DEEM) software. The DEEM analysis evaluated the individual
[[Page 38541]]
food consumption as reported by respondents in the U. S. Department of
Agricultural (USDA) 1989-1991 nationwide continuing surveys of food
intake by individuals. As the risk estimate was low for even the most
highly exposed subpopulation, no anticipated residues were used. In the
surveys, 100% crop treated and tolerance level residues were assumed
for all crops. The calculated potential exposure for the U.S.
population is 0.077 mg/kg/day resulting in utilization of 3% of the
chronic population adjusted dose (cPAD). Potential exposure for the
most highly exposed group, children (1-6 years), is 0.157 mg/kg/day and
corresponds to 6% of the chronic cPAD. Aventis CropScience anticipates
that the incremental exposure resulting from the proposed use on
cranberries will be minimal and that dietary exposure for the proposed
tolerance in addition to all existing tolerances for fosetyl-Al will be
well below the Agency's level of concern.
ii. Drinking water. There is no established maximum contaminant
level (MCL) or health advisory level for fosetyl-Al. The potential for
ground water and/or surface water contamination by fosetyl-Al and its
degradates is expected to be very low, in most cases, due to the rapid
degradation of the compound in soil to non-toxic degradates under both
aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic laboratory conditions,
the half-life of fosetyl-Al is between 1 and 1.5 hours in loamy sand,
silt loam and clay loam and 20 minutes in sandy loam soil. The
degradation proceeds through the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester bond,
resulting in the formation of phosphorous acid and ethanol. The ethanol
is further degraded into carbon dioxide. Based on the short half-life
of fosetyl-Al and the known fate of phosphates under anaerobic
conditions, EPA determined that an anaerobic soil metabolism study was
not necessary. An anaerobic aquatic soil metabolism study was
conducted. When anaerobic conditions were established by flooding soil,
the half-life was 40 hours with silty clay loam and 14 hours with sandy
loam soil. Aventis CropScience expects that potential fosetyl-Al
residues in drinking water are not a significant contribution to
aggregate exposure.
2. Non-dietary exposure. Fosetyl-Al is currently registered for
residential use on turf and ornamental plants. Chronic exposure is not
expected for residential uses. There is also no expectation of acute
risk. No appropriate endpoint attributable to a single dose exposure
was identified in oral toxicity studies and consequently, an acute RfD
cannot be calculated. No endpoint value is calculable for short-term
and intermediate-term exposure and a risk analysis cannot be performed
since no dermal or systemic toxicity was seen at the limit dose
following repeated dermal applications in the 21-day toxicity study
using rats. The Agency has previously concluded that fosetyl-Al is
unlikely to pose a carcinogenic hazard to humans. Therefore, a cancer
exposure and risk assessment is not appropriate. Thus, Aventis
CropScience concludes that the ornamental and turf uses do not add
significantly to the aggregate exposure for fosetyl-Al.
D. Cumulative Effects
Effects associated with fosetyl-Al are unlikely to be cumulative
with any other compound. The formation of calculi and bladder tumors in
rats are the only significant toxicological effects observed with
fosetyl-Al. These effects were observed in the rat only at a dose
which, not only exceeds estimated human exposure by several orders of
magnitude, but is in excess of EPA's dose limit for carcinogenicity
studies. Therefore, an aggregate assessment based on common mechanisms
of toxicity is not appropriate as exposure to humans will be well below
the levels producing calculi and bladder tumors in rats. Further,
considering the rapid elimination of fosetyl-Al in the rat metabolism
study, any effects associated with fosetyl-Al are unlikely to be
cumulative with any other compound. Based on these reasons, only the
potential risks of fosetyl-Al are considered in the exposure
assessment.
E. Safety Determination
1. U.S. population. Chronic risk estimates associated with exposure
to fosetyl-Al in food and water are expected to be well below the
Agency's level of concern. The DEEM chronic exposure analysis
previously performed by the Agency for all currently registered food
uses showed that the U.S. general population, 3% of the cPAD is
occupied by dietary (food) exposure. For the most highly exposed
subgroup, children 1-6 years old, 6% of the cPAD is occupied by dietary
(food) exposure. The contribution of fosetyl-Al residues in surface and
ground water to chronic aggregate exposure is expected to be minimal.
The incremental exposure resulting from the proposed use on cranberries
is also expected to be negligible. Therefore, Aventis CropScience
concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result
from aggregate exposure to fosetyl-Al residues.
2. Infants and children. No indication of increased susceptibility
of rat or rabbit fetuses to in utero and/or postnatal exposure was
noted in the developmental and reproductive toxicity studies. The
Agency has previously determined that no additional safety factor to
protect infants and children is necessary for this product.
Using the conservative assumptions described in the exposure
section above (unit II.C.), aggregate exposure to fosetyl-Al from
currently registered food uses will utilize up to 6% of the cPAD for
infants and children. The incremental exposure to fosetyl-Al resulting
from the proposed use on cranberries is expected to be minimal and even
when considered in addition to the potential for exposure to residues
in drinking water and from non-dietary, non-occupational exposure, the
aggregate exposure to fosetyl-Al is not expected to exceed 100% of the
cPAD. Aventis CropScience concludes that there is a reasonable
certainty that no harm will result to infants and children from
aggregate exposure to fosetyl-Al residues.
F. International Tolerances
There are presently no Codex alimentarius commission maximum
residue levels established for residues of fosetyl-Al.
III. Interregional Research Project Number 4
8E5012
EPA has received a pesticide petition 8E5012 from the Interregional
Research Project Number 4 (IR-4), New Jersey Agricultural Experiment
Station, P.O. Box 231 Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
proposing, pursuant to section 408(d) of the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(d), to amend 40 CFR part 180 by
establishing a tolerance for residues of cyprodinil in or on the raw
agricultural commodities dry bulb onion, green onion, and strawberries
at 0.6, 4.0, and 5.0 parts per million (ppm).
A. Residue Chemistry
1. Plant metabolism. Novartis believes the metabolism of cyprodinil
has been well characterized in plants. The metabolism profile supports
the use of an analytical enforcement method that accounts for only
parent cyprodinil.
2. Analytical method. Analytical method AG-631A is a practical
analytical method involving extraction, filtration, and solid phase
cleanup of samples with analysis by high performance liquid
chromotography
[[Page 38542]]
(HPLC) and ultra-violet ray (UV). The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for
various commodities are as follows: fruit, grain, juice-0.02 ppm;
forage, fodder, straw-0.05 ppm; and grapes-0.01 ppm.
3. Magnitude of residues. This petition is supported by field
trials conducted on representative members of the bulb vegetable crop
grouping and strawberries. All samples were analyzed by residue method
AG-631A to determine the residues of cyprodinil. In bulb vegetables,
the maximum residue found on representative commodities were 3.9 ppm
and 2.7 ppm, for green onion and bulb onion, respectively. The maximum
residue found in strawberries was 3.3 ppm. A tolerance of 5.0 ppm for
strawberries has been proposed.
B. Toxicological Profile
Cyprodinil appears to pose relatively little human toxicity risk
due to low use rate, low risk to groundwater, low dietary risk and low
worker exposure. The risk from acute dietary exposure to cyprodinil is
considered to be very low. The mammalian toxicity studies that have
been conducted to support the tolerances of cyprodinil are listed
below.
1. Acute toxicity. The following are results from the acute
toxicity tests conducted on the technical material:
i. A rat acute oral study for cyprodinil with a LD50 of
2,796 milligrams/kilograms(mg/kg).
ii. A rat acute dermal study for cyprodinil with a LD50
> 2,000 mg/kg.
iii. A rat inhalation study for cyprodinil with a LC50 >
1.2 mg/liter air.
iv. A primary eye irritation study in rabbits showing cyprodinil as
minimally irritating.
v. A primary dermal irritation study in rabbits showing cyprodinil
as slightly irritating.
vi. A skin sensitization study in guinea pigs showing cyprodinil as
a weak sensitizer.
2. Genotoxicity. The following are results from the genotoxicity
test:
i. In vitro gene mutation test. Ames assay-negative; chinese
hamster V79 cell test-negative; rat hepatocyte DNA repair test-
negative.
ii. In vitro chromosome test. Chinese hamster ovary cell
cytogenetic test-negative.
iii. In vivo mutagenicity test. Mouse bone marrow test-negative.
3. Reproductive and developmental toxicity. Cyprodinil is not a
reproductive or developmental hazard, as is demonstrated by the results
of the following studies:
i. Rat oral developmental. An oral developmental study in the rat
with a maternal no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 200 mg/kg
based on reductions in body weight gain and food consumption and a
fetal NOAEL of 200 mg/kg based on decreased pup weight and delayed
skeletal growth at 1,000 mg/kg.
ii. Rabbit oral developmental study. An oral developmental study in
the rabbit with a maternal NOAEL of 150 mg/kg based on reduction in
body weight gain and a fetal NOAEL of 400 mg/kg based on the absence of
any fetal effects.
iii. Rat 2-generation reproduction study. A 2-generation
reproduction study in the rat with a systemic NOAEL of 100 ppm and a
fetal NOAEL of 1,000 ppm (100 mg/kg). A slight decrease in pup weight
at birth and subsequent body weight gain during the lactation phase was
observed only at the maternally toxic dose of 4,000 ppm without any
effects on reproduction and fertility.
4. Subchronic toxicity. These tests are summarized below:
i. A 28-day dermal study in the rat with a NOAEL of 5 mg/kg based
on clinical signs.
ii. A 90-day feeding study in the dog with a NOAEL of 1,500 ppm
(37.5 mg/kg) based on reduced food intake and body weight.
iii. A 90-day feeding study in the mouse with a NOAEL of 500 ppm
(75 mg/kg) based on liver histologic changes.
iv. A 90-day feeding study in the rat with a NOAEL of 50 ppm (5 mg/
kg) based on hematologic and histologic findings.
5. Chronic toxicity. The reference dose (RfD) for cyprodinil is
0.0375 mg/kg/day. This value is based on the systemic NOAEL of 3.75 mg/
kg/day in the rat chronic feeding study with a 100-fold safety factor
to account for interspecies extrapolation and intraspecies variability.
i. A 12-month feeding study in the dog with a NOAEL of 2,500 ppm
(62.5 mg/kg) based on liver histologic changes.
ii. An 18-month carcinogenicity feeding study in the mouse with a
NOAEL of 2,000 ppm (300 mg/kg). The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was
5,000 ppm based on reduction in body weight gain and no evidence of
carcinogenicity was seen.
iii. A 24-month chronic feeding/carcinogenicity study in the rat
with a NOAEL of 75 ppm (3.75 mg/kg) based on hematologic and histologic
findings. The MTD was 2,000 ppm based on liver histopathology and no
evidence of carcinogenicity was seen.
6. Animal metabolism. Ruminant metabolism shows extensive
degradation following a pathway that is similar to plants.
Extrapolating from goat studies, none of the metabolites, including
parent compound, will be near the normal minimum range for detection by
analytical methods (0.01 to 0.05 ppm). Therefore, parent residues will
be proposed as an adequate marker for total residues of cyprodinil in
animals. The analysis also demonstrates that livestock tolerances are
not required in conjunction with this petition.
7. Endocrine disruption. Cyprodinil does not belong to a class of
chemicals known or suspected of having adverse effects on the endocrine
system. Developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits and a
reproduction study in rats gave no indication that cyprodinil might
have any effects on endocrine function related to development and
reproduction. The chronic studies also showed no evidence of a long-
term effect related to the endocrine system.
C. Aggregate Exposure
1. Dietary exposure--i. Food. For the purposes of assessing the
potential dietary exposure under the proposed tolerances, Novartis has
estimated aggregate exposure from the previously established tolerances
for the raw agricultural commodities: almond nutmeat at 0.02 (ppm),
almond hulls at 0.05 ppm, grapes at 2.0 ppm, raisins at 3.0 ppm, pome
fruit crops at 0.1 ppm, wet apple pomace at 0.15 ppm, and stone fruit
crops at 2.0 ppm; and the requested tolerances of strawberries at 5.0
ppm, dry bulb onion at 0.6 ppm, and green onion at 4.0 ppm. The tier 1
chronic cyprodinil assessment displayed below used tolerance values
listed in 40 CFR 180.532 for all commodities; 100% market share was
assumed for all crops. Results of the cyprodinil assessment are
displayed below as a percentage of the chronic RfD.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Population Chronic RfD
------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Population........................... 11.5%
All infants ( 1 year)..................... 24.6%
Nursing infants ( 1 year)................. 10.7%
Non-nursing infants ( 1 year)............. 28.6%
Children (1-6 years)...................... 31.1%
Children (7-12 years)..................... 13.5%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii. Drinking water. The potential for exposure to cyprodinil
through drinking water (surface or ground water) is slight due to the
minimal level of this chemical anticipated to reach these
[[Page 38543]]
bodies of water. This expectation is based on the rapid degradation of
cyprodinil and the recommended low use rates that will further restrict
the amount of chemical available for leaching or run-off.
2. Non-dietary exposure. Novartis believes that the potential for
non-occupational exposure to the general public is unlikely except for
potential residues in food crops discussed above. The proposed uses for
cyprodinil are for agricultural crops and the product is not used
residentially in or around the home.
D. Cumulative Effects
Consideration of a common mechanism of toxicity is not appropriate
at this time since there is no information to indicate that toxic
effects produced by cyprodinil would be cumulative with those of any
other chemicals. Consequently, only the potential exposure to
cyprodinil is considered in this risk assessment.
E. Safety Determination
1. U.S. population. For the U.S. population (48 contiguous states)
chronic exposure was 11% of the RfD. EPA usually has no concern for
exposures below 100% of the RfD because the RfD represents the level at
or below which daily aggregate dietary exposure over a lifetime will
not pose appreciable risks to human health. Novartis concludes that
there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate
exposure to cyprodinil.
2. Infants and children. Maximum expected chronic exposure to
cyprodinil in the diets of the most sensitive sub-populations, for non-
nursing infants (1-year old) and 31.1% of the RfD for childern (1-6
years old) was calculated to be 28.6% of the RfD.
F. International Tolerances
Codex maximum residue levels (MRLs) have not been established for
residues.
[FR Doc. 00-15161 Filed 6-20-00; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-F