Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations or Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 101 Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI

Note: EPA no longer updates this information, but it may be useful as a reference or resource.

[Federal Register: June 17, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 116)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 35949-35998]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr17jn03-9]

[[Page 35950]]

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AI24

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations
or Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 101 Plant Species From the
Island of Oahu, HI

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate
critical habitat pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act), for 99 of the 101 species known historically from the
Hawaiian island of Oahu. A total of approximately 22,274 hectares (ha)
(55,040 acres (ac)) of land on Oahu fall within the boundaries of the
303 critical habitat units designated for the 99 species. This critical
habitat designation requires the Service to consult under section 7 of
the Act with regard to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic
and other relevant impacts when specifying any particular area as
critical habitat. This rule also determines that designating critical
habitat would not be prudent for two species (Cyrtandra crenata and
Pritchardia kaalae). We solicited data and comments from the public on
all aspects of the proposed rule, including data on economic and other
impacts of the designation.

DATES: This rule becomes effective on July 17, 2003.

ADDRESSES: Comments and materials received, as well as supporting
documentation, used in the preparation of this final rule will be
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business
hours at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300
Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, PO Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific
Islands Office at the above address (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile
808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Disclaimer

Designation of critical habitat provides little additional
protection to species. In 30 years of implementing the ESA, the Service
has found that the designation of statutory critical habitat provides
little additional protection to most listed species, while consuming
significant amounts of scarce conservation resources. The present
system for designating critical habitat has evolved since its original
statutory prescription into a process that provides little real
conservation benefit, is driven by litigation rather than biology,
forces decisions to be made before complete scientific information is
available, consumes enormous agency resources that would otherwise be
applied to actions of much greater conservation benefit, and imposes
huge social and economic costs. The Service believes that rational
public policy demands serious attention to this issue in order to allow
our limited resources to be applied to those actions that provide the
greatest benefit to the species most in need of protection.

Role of Critical Habitat in Actual Practice of Administering and
Implementing the Act

While attention to and protection of habitat is paramount to
successful conservation actions, we have consistently found that, in
most circumstances, the designation of critical habitat is of little
additional value for most listed species, yet it consumes large amounts
of conservation resources. [Sidle (1987. Env. Manage.11(4):429-437)
stated, ``Because the ESA can protect species with and without critical
habitat designation, critical habitat designation may be redundant to
the other consultation requirements of section 7.'']
Currently, only
306 species or 25% of the 1,211 listed species in the U.S. under the
jurisdiction of the Service have designated critical habitat. We
address the habitat needs of all 1,211 listed species through
conservation mechanisms such as listing, section 7 consultations, the
Section 4 recovery planning process, the Section 9 protective
prohibitions of unauthorized take, Section 6 funding to the States, and
the Section 10 incidental take permit process. The Service believes
that it is these measures that may make the difference between
extinction and survival for many species.

Procedural and Resource Difficulties in Designating Critical Habitat

With a budget consistently inadequate to fund all of the petition
review, listing, and critical habitat designation duties required of us
by statute, we have in the past prioritized our efforts and focused our
limited resources on adding species in need of protection to the lists
of threatened or endangered species. We have been inundated with
lawsuits for our failure to designate critical habitat, and we face a
growing number of lawsuits challenging critical habitat determinations
once they are made. These lawsuits have subjected the Service to an
ever-increasing series of court orders and court-approved settlement
agreements, compliance with which now consumes nearly the entire
listing program budget. This leaves the Service with little ability to
prioritize its activities to direct scarce listing resources to the
listing program actions with the most biologically urgent species
conservation needs.
The consequence of the critical habitat litigation activity is that
limited listing funds are used to defend active lawsuits, to respond to
Notices of Intent (NOIs) to sue relative to critical habitat, and to
comply with the growing number of adverse court orders. As a result,
listing petition responses, the Service's own proposals to list
critically imperiled species, and final listing determinations on
existing proposals are significantly delayed. Litigation over critical
habitat issues for species already listed and receiving the Act's full
protection has precluded or delayed many listing actions nationwide.
The accelerated schedules of court ordered designations have left
the Service with almost no ability to provide for adequate public
participation or ensure a defect-free rulemaking process before making
decisions on listing and critical habitat proposals due to the risks
associated with noncompliance with judicially-imposed deadlines. This
in turn fosters a second round of litigation in which those who fear
adverse impacts from critical habitat designations challenge those
designations. The cycle of litigation appears endless, is very
expensive, and in the final analysis provides relatively little
additional protection to listed species.
The costs resulting from the designation include legal costs, the
cost of preparation and publication of the designation, the analysis of
the economic effects and the cost of requesting and responding to
public comment, and in some cases the costs of compliance with NEPA,
all are part of the cost of critical habitat designation. None of these
costs result in any benefit to the species that is not already afforded
by the protections of the Act enumerated earlier, and they directly
reduce the funds available for direct and tangible conservation
actions.

Background

In the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12(h)),

[[Page 35951]]

there are 101 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported
from the island of Oahu and are at issue in this final rule. These
species and their distribution by island are identified in Table 1 in
the Federal Register notice proposing this critical habitat designation
(67 FR 37107-37272; chart page 37108).
Fifty-seven of these species are endemic to the island of Oahu,
while 44 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well
as Oahu. Each of these species is described in more detail below in the
section ``Discussion of Plant Taxa.'' Although we considered
designating critical habitat on Oahu for each of the 101 plant species,
for the reasons described below, the final designation includes
critical habitat for 99 of 101 plant species. We have designated
critical habitat on other islands (Kauai, Niihau, Maui, and Molokai)
for species that are also reported from Oahu. Critical habitat may be
designated for the species that are also reported from the island of
Hawaii in a subsequent rulemaking.

The Island of Oahu

The island of Oahu was formed from the remnants of two large shield
volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano to the east and the older Waianae
volcano to the west (60 FR 51398; Service 1995a, 1996b). Their original
shield volcano shape has been lost as a result of extensive erosion,
and today these volcanoes are called mountains or ranges and consist of
long, narrow ridges. The Koolau Mountains were built by eruptions that
took place primarily along a northwest-trending rift zone and formed a
range now approximately 60 kilometers (km) (37 miles (mi)) long
(Service 1996b). Median annual rainfall for the Koolau Mountains varies
from 100 to 710 centimeters (cm) (40 to 280 inches (in)), most of which
is received at higher elevations along the entire length of the
windward (northeastern) side (Service 1996b).
The Waianae Mountains were built by eruptions that took place
primarily along three rift zones. The two principal rift zones run in a
northwestward and south-southeastward direction from the summit, and a
lesser one runs to the northeast. The range is approximately 32 km (20
mi) long. The caldera lies between the north side of Makaha Valley and
the head of Nanakuli Valley (MacDonald et al. 1983). The Waianae
Mountains are in the rain shadow of the parallel Koolau Mountains and
receive much less rainfall, except for Mt. Kaala, the highest point on
Oahu at an elevation of 1,225 meters (m) (4,020 feet (ft)) (Wagner et
al. 1999). The median annual rainfall for the Waianae Mountains varies
from 51 to 190 cm (20 to 75 in), with only the small summit area of Mt.
Kaala receiving the highest amount (Service 1995a).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Oahu

Abutilon sandwicense[chyph]
(No common name (NCN))
Abutilon sandwicense, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and
a short-lived perennial, is a shrub that grows to 3 m (5 ft) tall and
is covered with short glandular hairs. This species is distinguished
from others in the genus by the green or reddish-brown tipped petals
that extend beyond the sepals (Bates 1999).
Abutilon sandwicense has been observed flowering in winter and
spring. By summer, most plants have flowered, and the fruits have
usually dried up by fall. Fruit capsules develop within six weeks.
Although seedlings are often initially abundant, few plants appear to
survive to maturity for unknown reasons (56 FR 55770). Little else is
known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors.
Historically, Abutilon sandwicense was known from nearly the entire
length of the Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli
Valley. This species is now known from Huliwai Gulch, Kaawa Gulch,
Kaimuhole Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Makaha Valley, Makaha-Waianae Kai
Ridge, Makaleha Valley, Manuwai Gulch, Halona subdistrict, Mikilua
subdistrict, Alaiheihe Gulch, and Nanakuli Valley on Federal, State,
private, city, and county lands. The 30 known occurrences contain an
estimated 253 to 263 individuals (Bates 1999; Hawaii Heritage Program
(HINHP) Database 2001).
Abutilon sandwicense typically grows on steep slopes or gulches in
dry to mesic lowland forest between 149 and 875 m (489 and 2,870 ft)
elevation. Associated native species include Antidesma pulvinatum
(hame), Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Elaeocarpus bifidus (kalia),
Eugenia reinwardtiana (nioi), Hibiscus arnottianus (kokio keokeo),
Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia), Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Nestegis
sandwicensis (olopua), Pipturus albidus (mamaki), Pisonia sp. (papala
kepau), Pittosporum sp. (hoawa), Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Psydrax
odorata (alahee), Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao), Reynoldsia sandwicensis
(ohe), and Sapindus oahuensis (lonomea) (Bates 1999; HINHP Database
2001; Environmental Division of the U.S. Army (EDA), in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Abutilon sandwicense are competition from the
nonnative plant species Ageratina riparia (hamakua pamakani), Aleurites
moluccana (kukui), Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), Ficus microcarpa
(Chinese banyan), Grevillea robusta (silk oak), Hyptis pectinata (Comb
hyptis), Ipomoea sp. (morning glory), Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant),
Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), Melia azedarach (chinaberry),
Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Montanoa hibiscifolia (tree
daisy), Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass), Panicum maximum (Guinea
grass), Passiflora suberosa (huehue haole), Pimenta dioica (allspice),
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), Psidium guajava (guava), Rivina
humilis (coral berry), Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmasberry),
Syzygium cumini (Java plum), and/or Toona ciliata (Australian red
cedar); fire; damage from the black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus)
and Chinese rose beetle (Adoretus sinicus); habitat degradation and/or
destruction by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra hircus); and
trampling by feral cattle (Bos taurus) (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Alsinidendron obovatum (NCN)
Alsinidendron obovatum, a member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branching subshrub
growing to 3 ft (1 m) tall with thick, somewhat fleshy leaves. This
species and Alsinidendron trinerve can be distinguished from other
members of the genus by their shrubby habit and fleshy purple sepals
surrounding the capsule. This species differs from A. trinerve in
having a more crowded inflorescence (flowering part of plant) with
shorter peduncles (flower stalks) and sepals with a rounded tip (Wagner
et al. 1999).
Alsinidendron obovatum generally flowers after about two years of
growth. Plants flower and fruit year round, but flowering is usually
heavier in winter and spring depending on the level of precipitation.
Plants survive three to six years, unless there are drought conditions.
Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors (56 FR 55770).
Historically, Alsinidendron obovatum was known from the northern
and southern ends of the Waianae Range. This species remains in
Keawapilau

[[Page 35952]]

Gulch, Kahanakaiki Gulch, Makaleha, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch on
Federal and State lands. The 6 known occurrences contain about 8 to 10
individuals (EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al.
1999).
Alsinidendron obovatum typically grows on ridges and slopes in
lowland diverse mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa (koa) and
Metrosideros polymorpha between 476 and 943 m (1,561 and 3,093 ft)
elevation. Associated native species include Alyxia oliviformis
(maile), Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Bidens torta (kookoolau),
Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), Coprosma sp. (pilo), Hedyotis terminalis
(manono), Ilex anomala (kawau), Machaerina sp. (uki), Peperomia sp.
(ala ala wai nui), Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), Pipturus sp.
(mamaki), Psydrax odorata, or the endangered Cyanea longiflora (haha)
(HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Alsinidendron obovatum are competition from
the aggressive nonnative plant species Blechnum appendiculatum (NCN),
Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Melinus minutiflora, Paspalum
conjugatum (Hilo grass), Psidium cattleianum, Rubus argutus (prickly
Florida blackberry), Schinus terebinthifolius, and/or Stachytarpheta
dichotoma (owi); habitat degradation by feral pigs; trampling by
humans; rockslides; and the small number of occurrences and
individuals, which make the species highly vulnerable to extinction
from random environmental events (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Alsinidendron trinerve (NCN)

Alsinidendron trinerve, a member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is very similar in
appearance to A. obovatum but differs in that it has a more open
inflorescence with peduncles more than 2 cm (0.8 in) long and sepals
with an acute tip (Wagner et al. 1999).
Alsinidendron trinerve flowers and fruits throughout the year with
the possible exception of fall (56 FR 55770). Little else is known
about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.
Historically, Alsinidendron trinerve was known from the north-
central and southern Waianae Mountains. This species is known to be in
Makaleha Gulch, on Mt. Kaala and Puu Kalena on Federal and State lands.
The 13 known occurrences total between 18 and 34 individuals (EDA
Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Alsinidendron trinerve typically grows on slopes in wet forest or
the wetter portions of diverse mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha and Ilex anomala or Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet
forest between 833 and 1,233 m (2,732 and 4,044 ft) elevation.
Associated native species include Broussaisia arguta (kanawao),
Coprosma ochracea (pilo), Diplazium sandwichianum (hoio), Gunnera sp.
(apeape), Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Machaerina sp., Nothoperanema rubiginosa,
Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Phyllostegia sp. (NCN),
Pipturus albidus, or Vaccinium sp. (ohelo) (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner
et al. 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Alsinidendron trinerve are competition from
the aggressive nonnative plant species Buddleia asiatica (butterfly
bush), Clidemia hirta, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Rubus argutus; habitat
degradation by feral pigs; trampling by humans along trails; and the
small number of extant individuals, which makes the species highly
vulnerable to extinction from random environmental events (Service
1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (Akoko)
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, a member of the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a low-growing or
upright shrub to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall with milky sap. Its leaves fall off
during the dry season, are mostly hairless, and are arranged in two
opposite rows along the stem. This species is distinguished from other
members of the genus in the area in which it grows in that it is a
woody shrub rather than an herb or small subshrub (Koutnik and Huft
1999).
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana has been observed flowering
and fruiting throughout the year, probably in response to
precipitation. Fruits mature in three to four weeks and plants live
from five to 10 years. No additional information is available on
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (56
FR 55770).
Historically, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana was known from
the northwestern end of the Waianae Mountains as well as from one
collection from the southeastern end of the Koolau Mountains. This
taxon remains at Kaena Point, Keawaula, Alau Gulch, Waianae Kai, and
Kahanahaiki on State land and land under Federal jurisdiction. The 15
known occurrences contain 569 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik
and Huft 1999).
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana typically grows in coastal dry
shrubland on windward talus slopes, leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy
slopes, or on vegetated cliff faces between sea level and 862 m (0 and
2,827 ft) elevation. Associated native species include Artemisia
australis (ahinahina), Boerhavia sp. (alena), Chamaesyce celastroides
var. amplectans (akoko), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Gossypium tomentosum
(mao), Heteropogon contortus (pili grass), Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp.
sandwicensis (pauohiiaka), Lipochaeta lobata (nehe), Myoporum
sandwicense (naio), Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), Psilotum nudum (moa),
Psydrax odorata, Santalum sp. (iliahi), Sida fallax (ilima), or
Waltheria indica (uhaloa) ( HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana are
competition from the nonnative plant species Acacia confusa (Formosan
koa), Grevillea robusta, Hyptis pectinata, Leucaena leucocephala,
Melinis repens (natal redtop), Panicum maximum, Pluchea carolinensis
(sourbush), and/or Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; and effects of
recreational activities (Service 1998b; 56 FR 5577).
Chamaesyce deppeana (Akoko)
Chamaesyce deppeana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is an erect subshrub up to 1.2 m (4 ft)
tall with fuzzy branches. This species is distinguished from others in
the genus by the following combination of characters: Leaves arranged
in two rows on opposite sides of the branches, leaves glabrous, leaf
apex notched, leaf margin toothed, and cyathia (flower cluster) width
(Koutnik and Huft 1999).
Chamaesyce deppeana has been observed in flower in May and
September. No further information is available on flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Chamaesyce deppeana was known only from southern
Oahu. Because the few collections that were made were collected prior
to the 20th century, it was thought to be extinct. In 1986, Joel Lau
and Sam Gon of The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) rediscovered C.
deppeana on State land in the southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu in
Nuuanu Pali Wayside State Park near the Pali Lookout, a popular tourist
attraction. About 50 individuals grow near there (HINHP Database 2001;
Koutnik and Huft 1999).

[[Page 35953]]

The habitat of the only known occurrence of Chamaesyce deppeana is
windward-facing ridge crests, cliff faces, and mixed native cliffs with
such plant species as Bidens sandvicensis (kookoolau) or Metrosideros
polymorpha between 274 and 661 m (899 and 2,168 ft) elevation (HINHP
Database 2001).
The major threats to the single known occurrence of Chamaesyce
deppeana are competition for water, space, light, and nutrients with
the nonnative plant species Casuarina equisetifolia (common ironwood),
Paspalum conjugatum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; and extinction due
to naturally caused events because of the limited number of individuals
and restricted range. Fire and impact by humans threaten the species as
well (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).
Chamaesyce herbstii (Akoko)
Chamaesyce herbstii, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a small tree ranging from 3 to 8 m (10
to 26 ft) tall with thin, leathery leaves arranged in pairs on the same
plane. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the
length of the flowering stalk and the color of the angular fruits
(Koutnik and Huft 1999).
Chamaesyce herbstii has been observed in flower year-round in
January, May, July, September, and October. Little else is known about
its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998b).
Historically, Chamaesyce herbstii was known from scattered
occurrences in the northern and central Waianae Mountains on the island
of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from 4 occurrences with
between 162 and 164 individuals in the central and northern Waianae
Mountains, South Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole (Kukuiula) Gulch, Kapuna Gulch,
and West Makaleha-Central Makaleha. These occurrences are found on
private and State lands (Geographic Decision Systems International
(GDSI) 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Chamaesyce herbstii typically grows in shaded gulch bottoms and
slopes in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forests or
diverse mesic forests at elevations between 435 and 886 m (1,427 and
2,906 ft). Associated plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum,
Coprosma sp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis sp., Hibiscus
arnottianus var. arnottianus (kokio keokeo), Melicope sp. (alani),
Morinda trimera (noni), Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa),
Pteralyxia sp. (kaulu), Urera glabra (opuhe), or Xylosma sp. (maua)
(HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Chamaesyce herbstii are habitat degradation
and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with nonnative plant
species such as Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa,
Psidium cattleianum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; potential fire; a
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes)
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining
occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Chamaesyce kuwaleana (Akoko)
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is an erect shrub 20 to 90 cm (8 to 36 in)
tall with leaves arranged in two rows along the stem. This species is
distinguished from other species of the genus in its habitat by its
stalked, oval to rounded leaves with untoothed margins and by the bent
stalk supporting the small fruit capsule (Koutnik and Huft 1999).
Chamaesyce kuwaleana bears fruit in spring and early summer and has
usually finished fruiting by fall. No further information is available
on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(56 FR 55770).
Historically, Chamaesyce kuwaleana was known from the central
Waianae Mountains and Moku Manu Island off the eastern coast of Oahu.
This species is currently known only from Kauaopuu Peak, Mauna Kuwale,
Waianae Kai-Lualualei Ridge, Puu Kailio, and Kauaopuu in the Waianae
Mountains, on Federal and State lands. The 5 occurrences contain around
2,000 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft
1999).
Chamaesyce kuwaleana typically grows in thin guano soil on basaltic
rock, on arid, exposed volcanic cliffs, on dry or mesic rocky ridges,
or on sparsely vegetated slopes between sea level and 596 m (0 to 1,955
ft) elevation. Associated native species include Artemisia sp.
(hinahina), Bidens sp. (kookoolau), Carex sp. (NCN), Chamaesyce sp.
(akoko), Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon contortus, Plectranthus
parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Schiedea sp. (NCN), or Sida fallax
(HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999; Service 1998b).
The major threats to Chamaesyce kuwaleana are competition from the
nonnative plant species Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), Kalanchoe
pinnata, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis repens, Opuntia sp. (prickly
pear), and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; two-spotted leafhoppers
(Saphonia rufofascia); and the small number of occurrences, which makes
the species highly vulnerable to extinction from random environmental
events (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Chamaesyce rockii (Akoko)
Chamaesyce rockii, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is usually a compact shrub or sometimes a
small tree typically ranging from 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall, but
in protected sites it has been known to reach 4 m (13 ft) in height.
This species differs from others in the genus in that it has large,
red, capsular fruit (Koutnik and Huft 1999).
Chamaesyce rockii has been observed fruiting in February. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Chamaesyce rockii was known historically from scattered occurrences
along the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. Today, 20 occurrences
are located in Waikakalaua Gulch, Kaukonahua-Kahana summit area,
Punaluu-Kaluanui, Peahinaia Trail Laie-Kaipapau-Kawai Nui junction
area, Puu Keahiakahoe, Halawa Trail, summit ridge between Aiea Ridge
Trail and Waimano Trail, Ewa Forest Reserve, Halemano Gulch, Kawaiiki-
Opaeula Ridge, Puu Kainapuaa, Kawai Iki Stream, Maakua Gulch, and
Kaipapau-Loloa Ridge, on State, Federal, and private lands. Currently
the total number of plants is estimated to be between 641 and 773 (EDA
Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Chamaesyce rockii typically grows on gulch slopes, gulch bottoms,
and ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
(uluhe) forest and shrubland between 208 and 871 m (682 and 2,857 ft)
in elevation. Associated plant species include Bidens sp., Antidesma
platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp. (hapuu), Coprosma
longifolia (pilo), Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe lau nui), Dubautia
laxa (naenae pua melemele), Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina sp.,
Melicope spp., Myrsine juddii (kolea), Psychotria spp. (kopiko), and
Wikstroemia sp. (akia) (HINHP Database 2001).
The primary threats to Chamaesyce rockii are habitat degradation
and/or destruction by feral pigs; trail clearing;

[[Page 35954]]

potential impacts from military activities; and competition with
nonnative plant species such as Clidemia hirta, Leptospermum scoparium
(tea tree), Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, and Pterolepis
glomerata (NCN) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Cyanea acuminata (Haha)
Cyanea acuminata, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to
6.6 ft) tall with inversely lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or
elliptic leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the color of the petals and fruit and the
length of the calyx (the outer of two series of floral leaves) lobes,
flowering stalk, and leaf stalks (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea acuminata has been observed fruiting in February and
November. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Cyanea acuminata was known from 31 scattered
occurrences in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, fewer than 200
plants are known from 20 occurrences on private, city, county, State,
and Federal lands on Puu o Kona, near South Kaukonahua Stream, in
Halemano Gulch, Kawai Iki Gulch, near Poamoho Stream, on Schofield-
Waikane Trail, Helemano-Punaluu summit ridge, Konahuanui, in Kamana Nui
Valley, Pukele, in Makaua Gulch, on Niu-Waimanalo summit ridge, Waahila
Ridge, Kaipapau, Puu Keahia Kahoe, Kaala, Kaluanui, Pia Gulch,
Makaleha, and Maakua Gulch (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001).
Cyanea acuminata typically grows on slopes, ridges, or stream banks
between 216 and 1,208 m (708 and 3,962 ft) elevation. The plants are
found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis, Acacia koa-M.
polymorpha wet or mesic forest or shrubland, or Diospyros sandwicensis-
M. polymorpha lowland mesic forest with one or more of the following
associated native species: Antidesma sp. (hame), Broussaisia argutas,
Chamaesyce sp., Charpentiera sp. (papala), Cyrtandra spp. (hai wale),
Diplazium sandwichianum, Dryopteris sandwicensis (palapalaia), Dubautia
laxa, Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Hedyotis sp.,
Ilex anomala, Labordia sp. (kamakahala), Machaerina sp., Melicope spp.,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Phyllostegia sp., Pipturus albidus, Pisonia
sp., Psychotria sp., Sadleria sp. (amau), Syzygium sandwicensis,
Touchardia latifolia (olona), or Wikstroemia sp. (ohia ha) (HINHP
Database 2001; Lammers 1999).
The major threats to Cyanea acuminata are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military
activities; potential predation by rats (Rattus rattus); competition
with the nonnative plant species Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani),
Aleurites moluccana, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa (ti),
Dioscorea sp. (yam), Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Musa sp.
(banana), Passiflora suberosa, Rubus argutus, and Schinus
terebinthifolius; a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Cyanea crispa (NCN)
Cyanea crispa, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with leaves
clustered at the ends of succulent stems. It is distinguished from
other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its leaf shape,
distinct calyx lobes, and the length of the flowers and stalks of
flower clusters (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea crispa was observed in flower in April 1930. It was more
recently observed fruiting in June and September. Little else is known
about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).
Historically, Cyanea crispa was known from scattered locations
throughout the upper elevations of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu from
Kaipapau Valley to Waialae Iki Ridge. This species is now known from
Federal, State, city, county, and private lands in Hidden Valley,
Palolo Valley, Kapakahi Gulch, Moanalua Valley, Wailupe, Koolau Summit
Trail, Kawaipapa Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Kaipapa Gulch, Maunawili, and Pia
Valley. There are a total of 11 occurrences containing a total of 56
individual plants (EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Cyanea crispa is found in habitats ranging from steep, open mesic
forests to gentle slopes or moist gullies of closed wet forests and
stream banks, at elevations between 56 and 959 m (184 and 3,146 ft ).
Associated native plant species include Antidesma platyphylla,
Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Broussaisia argutus, Christella cyatheoides
(kikawaio), Cibotium chamissoi, Cyrtandra spp., Diospyros sp. (lama),
Dubautia sp. (naenae), Metrosideros polymorpha, Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia umbellifera (papala kepau),
Psychotria sp., or Touchardia latifolia (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1998b).
The major threats to Cyanea crispa are habitat alteration and
predation by feral pigs; competition with the nonnative plant species
Arthrostemma ciliatum (NCN), Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum,
Psidium guajava, Pterolepis glomerata, Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry),
Schinus terebinthifolius, Setaria palmifolia (palm grass), and Zingiber
zerumbet (awapuhi); and extinction due to naturally occurring events
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining
individuals, their limited gene pool, and restricted distribution
(Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (Haha)
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually
unbranched, growing from 1 to 3.2 m (3.3 to 10.5 ft) tall with wide,
deeply lobed leaves. This subspecies can be distinguished from the
other two by its short, narrow calyx lobes that are not fused or
overlapping (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae flowers and fruits year round,
depending on rainfall. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (59 FR 32932).
Historically, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae was known from the
southern Waianae Mountains from Puu Hapapa to Kaaikukai. This taxon is
known to be extant in Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, North Palawai
Gulch, and Pahole Gulch. The occurrences are on State and private
lands. A total of 8 occurrences are known that contain 16 individuals
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae typically grows on steep, moist,
shaded slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland forests between 404 and
1,075 m (1,325 and 3,528 ft) elevation. Associated native species
include Acacia koa, Antidesma platyphyllum, Chamaesyce sp.,
Charpentiera obovata (papala), Cibotium chamissoi, Claoxylon
sandwicense (poola), Coprosma sp., Cyanea membranacea (haha), Cyrtandra
waianaeensis (hahala), Diplazium sandwichianum, Dryopteris unidentata

[[Page 35955]]

(akole), Dubautia sp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis acuminata (au),
Hedyotis terminalis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lessertiana
(kolea lau nui), Nothocestrum sp. (aiea), Perrottetia sandwicensis,
Pipturus albidus, Pisonia umbellifera, Pouteria sandwicensis,
Psychotria hathewayi (kopiko), Rumex sp. (sorrel), Selaginella
arbuscula (lepelepe a moa), and Streblus pendulinus (aiai) (HINHP
Database 2001; Lammers 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae are habitat
degradation by feral pigs; competition from nonnative plant species
such as Ageratina riparia, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum
appendiculatum, Buddleia asiatica, Clidemia hirta, Christella
parasitica (NCN), Lantana camara (lantana), Morella faya (firetree),
Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus
rosifolius, Schinus terebinthifolius, Setaria palmifolia, and Toona
ciliata; predation of seeds or fruits by introduced slugs; and
extinction caused by naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).
Cyanea humboltiana (Haha)
Cyanea humboltiana, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 1
to 2 m (3.2 to 6.6 ft) tall with woody stems and inversely egg-shaped
to broadly elliptic leaves. The leaf edges are hardened and have
shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. This species differs from others in
this endemic Hawaiian genus by the downward bending flowering stalk and
the length of the flowering stalk (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea humboltiana has been observed in flower from September
through January. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Cyanea humboltiana was known historically from 17 occurrences from
the central portion to the southern end of the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. Currently, between 133 and 239 plants are known from 9
occurrences at Konahuanui summit, Moanalua-Kaneohe summit, Wailupe
summit, Poamoho Trail, Opaeula Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Kaluanui, and
Lulumahu Gulch. These occurrences are on Federal, private, State, city,
and county lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Cyanea humboltiana is usually found in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland shrubland between 261 and 959 m (856 and
3,146 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Acacia
koa, Bobea elatior (ahakea), Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium chamissoi,
Dubautia laxa, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Machaerina
angustifolia (uki), Melicope sp., Phyllostegia sp., Psychotria
mariniana (kopiko), Sadleria sp., Scaevola mollis (naupaka kuahiwi),
Syzygium sandwicensis, Wikstroemia sp., and ferns (HINHP Database
2001).
The major threats to Cyanea humboltiana are habitat degradation
and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats;
competition with the nonnative plant species Axonopus fissifolius
(narrow-leaved carpet grass), Clidemia hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus,
Psidium cattleianum, and Pterolepis glomerata, and a risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due
to the small number of remaining occurrences. The Konahuanui summit
occurrence is also threatened by trampling by hikers (HINHP Database
2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Cyanea koolauensis (Haha)
Cyanea koolauensis, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 1
to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) tall with woody stems and linear to narrowly
elliptic leaves with a whitish underside. The leaf edges are hardened
with shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. Cyanea koolauensis is
distinguished from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the
leaf shape and width; the whitish green lower leaf surface; and the
lengths of the leaf stalks, calyx lobes, and hypanthium (base of
flower) (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea koolauensis has been observed in flower and fruit during the
months of May through August. Little else is known about its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Cyanea koolauensis was known historically from 27 scattered
occurrences throughout the Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, 42
occurrences totaling fewer than 80 plants are known from the Waimea-
Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge in the Koolau Mountains. These
occurrences are on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands (EDA
Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Cyanea koolauensis is usually found on slopes, stream banks, and
ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
forest or shrubland at elevations between 163 and 959 m (535 and 3,146
ft). Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Antidesma
platyphyllum, Bidens sp., Bobea elatior, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium
sp., Diplopterygium pinnatum, Dubautia sp., Hedyotis sp., Machaerina
sp., Melicope sp., Pittosporum sp., Pritchardia martii (loulu hiwa),
Psychotria mariniana, Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp. (naupaka), Syzygium
sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).
The major threats to Cyanea koolauensis are habitat destruction by
feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; trail clearing;
potential predation by rats; competition with the aggressive nonnative
plant species Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus popayanensis (moho), Psidium
cattleianum, and Pterolepis glomerata; trampling by hikers; and a risk
of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Cyanea longiflora (Haha)
Cyanea longiflora, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 1
to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long with woody stems and elliptic or inversely
lance-shaped leaves. Mature leaves have smooth or hardened leaf edges
with shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. Cyanea longiflora differs from
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the fused calyx lobes (Lammers
1999).
Cyanea longiflora has been observed in flower in February, April,
and May and in fruit in August. Little else is known about its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998b).
Cyanea longiflora was known historically from five occurrences in
the Waianae Mountains and six occurrences in the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. Currently, 4 occurrences with less than 217 individuals of this
species are known on State, Federal, city, county, and private lands on
Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Makaha Valley, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch
in the Waianae Mountains (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service
1998b).
Cyanea longiflora is usually found on steep slopes, bases of
cliffs, or ridge

[[Page 35956]]

crests in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest
usually between 221 and 1,191 m (725 and 3,906 ft) elevation.
Associated native plant species include Antidesma sp., Cibotium sp.,
Coprosma sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., Schiedea sp., or
Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).
The major threats to Cyanea longiflora are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military
activities; potential predation by rats; competition with the nonnative
plant species Psidium cattleianum and Rubus arguta; potential fire; and
a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining, widely
dispersed occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR
53089).
Cyanea pinnatifida (Haha)
Cyanea pinnatifida, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually
unbranched, growing from 0.8 to 3.0 m (2.6 to 10 ft) tall, with deeply
lobed leaves. This species differs from other members of the genus on
Oahu by its leaves, which are deeply cut into two to six lobes per
side. The only other member of the genus on Oahu with lobed leaves has
9 to 12 lobes per side (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea pinnatifida has been observed flowering in August. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Cyanea pinnatifida was known from the central Waianae
Mountains. The last known wild individual died in August 2001 (HINHP
Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Trae Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001).
Currently, this species is known only from individuals under
propagation at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum and the
National Tropical Botanical Garden (G. Koob, pers. comm., 2002).
Cyanea pinnatifida typically grows on steep, wet, rocky slopes in
diverse mesic forest between 450 and 881 m (1,476 and 2,890 ft)
elevation. Associated native plant species include Canavalia sp.
(awikiwiki), Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia
sandwicensis (aulu), Pisonia umbellifera, Psychotria sp., Strongylodon
ruber (nunuiiwi), and native ferns (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).
The major threats to Cyanea pinnatifida are competition from the
nonnative plant species Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum,
Clidemia hirta, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium
guajava, and Toona ciliata; habitat degradation by feral pigs;
predation by slugs; and trampling by humans on or near trails (Service
1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Cyanea st-johnii (Haha)
Cyanea st-johnii, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with a woody stem
30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) long and lance-shaped to inversely lance-
shaped leaves. The leaf edges are thickened, are smoothly toothed, and
curl under. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic
Hawaiian genus by the length of the leaves, the distinctly curled leaf
margins, and the petal color (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea st-johnii has been observed in flower in July through
September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Cyanea st-johnii was known historically from 11 occurrences in the
central and southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, 57 plants are
known from 7 occurrences at Waimano Trail summit to Aiea Trail summit,
the summit ridge crest between Manana and Kipapa Trails, between the
summit of Aiea and Halawa trails, Summit Trail south of Poamoho Cabin,
and Wailupe-Waimanalo summit ridge. These occurrences are found on
city, county, private, and State lands, as well as lands under Federal
jurisdiction (GDSI Database 2000; HINHP Database 2001).
Cyanea st-johnii typically grows on wet, windswept slopes and
ridges between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) elevation in
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland shrubland or Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland shrubland. Associated native
plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma sp., Bidens
macrocarpa (kookoolau), Broussaisia arguta, Chamaesyce clusiifolia
(akoko), Cibotium sp., Dubautia laxa, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis
sp., Labordia sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope sp., Psychotria
sp., Sadleria pallida (amau), Scaevola mollis, or Syzygium sandwicensis
(HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Cyanea st-johnii are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats; predation by
slugs and snails; competition with the nonnative plant species
Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia
hirta, and Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass); and a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of remaining occurrences and individuals.
The plants between the summit of Aiea and Halawa Trail are also
threatened by trampling by hikers (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b;
61 FR 53089).
Cyanea superba (NCN)
Cyanea superba, of member the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and
a short-lived perennial, is morphologically very different from its
closest relatives. It grows to 6 m (20 ft) tall and has a terminal
rosette of large leaves; each rosette is 50 to 100 cm long (20 to 40
in) and 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) wide atop a single, unbranched trunk
(Lammers 1999).
The flowering season of Cyanea superba varies from year to year
depending on precipitation. It ranges from late August to early
October. Generally, flowering is at its peak in early to mid-September.
Fruits have been known to mature in two to five months, depending on
climatic conditions (Service 1998b). Little else is known about its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.
Historically, Cyanea superba was collected from the gulches of
Makaleha on Mt. Kaala in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently,
there are no natural occurrences and an outplanted population of 140
individuals on State and Federal lands in the Waianae Mountains (EDA
Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; K.
Kawela, pers. comm., 2003, M. Keir, pers. comm., 2001).
Cyanea superba grows in the understory on sloping terrain on well
drained rocky substrate within mesic forest between 232 and 872 m (761
and 2,860 ft) in elevation with one or more of the following associated
native species: Diospyros sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Metrosideros
polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia brunoniana (papala kepau),
Psychotria sp., and Xylosma sp. (HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Cyanea superba are degradation of its habitat
due to competition with the nonnative plant species Aleurites
moluccana, Melinis minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum, and Schinus
terebinthifolius; wildfires generated in the nearby military firing
range; habitat degradation by feral pigs;

[[Page 35957]]

a restricted range that makes it vulnerable to any local environmental
disturbance or single incident that could destroy a significant
percentage of the known individuals; and the limited gene pool that may
depress reproductive vigor (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR
46235).
Cyanea truncata (Haha)
Cyanea truncata, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or sparsely branched
shrub covered with small sharp prickles. Its oval leaves are wider
above the middle and lined with hardened teeth along the margins.
Cyanea truncata is distinguished from other members of this genus by
the length of the flower cluster stalk and the size of the flowers and
flower lobes (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea truncata was observed in flower in December 1919 and
November 1980, the last time the species was observed at that
population before feral pigs extirpated it. Little else is known about
its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).
Historically, Cyanea truncata was known from Punaluu, Waikane, and
Waiahole in the northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Two occurrences are
currently known to exist in Hanaimoa Gulch on State and private lands
(GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Cyanea truncata typically grows on windward slopes and stream banks
in mesic to wet forests at elevations between 54 and 705 m (177 and
2,312 ft). Associated native plant species include Cibotium chamissoi,
Cyrtandra calpidicarpa (haiwale), Cyrtandra laxiflora (haiwale),
Cyrtandra propinqua (haiwale), Diospyros sandwicensis, Hibiscus
arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Neraudia melastomifolia (maaloa),
Pipturus albidus, or Pisonia umbellifera (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers
1999; Service 1998b).
The major threats to Cyanea truncata are habitat degradation and
predation by feral pigs; competition with the invasive nonnative plant
species Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa,
Oplismenus hirtellus, and Psidium cattleianum; predation by rats and
slugs; and extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals
(Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).
Cyrtandra crenata (Haiwale)
Cyrtandra crenata, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 1 to 2 m (3 to 7
ft) tall with few branches and leaves arranged in whorls of three,
which are tufted at the end of branches. Cyrtandra crenata is
distinguished from other species in the genus by the combination of its
three-leaf arrangement, bilaterally symmetrical calyx, and brownish,
hemispherical glands (Wagner et al. 1999).
Cyrtandra crenata has been observed in flower in June. Little else
is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).
Historically, Cyrtandra crenata was known from Waikane Valley along
the Waikane-Schofield Trail in the Koolau Mountains and was last
observed in 1947 (HINHP Database 2001).
Cyrtandra crenata typically grows on steep slopes, in ravines, or
gulches in mesic to wet forests between elevations of 328 and 779 m
(1,076 and 2,555 ft) with associated native plant species such as
Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, and Metrosideros
polymorpha (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner et al. 1999).
The primary threat to Cyrtandra crenata is extinction due to
naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
species' restricted range. No individuals are known to be extant at
this time (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).
Cyrtandra dentata (Haiwale)
Cyrtandra dentata, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a sparingly branched
shrub ranging from 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall with papery textured
leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the
number and arrangement of the flowers, the length of the bracts and
flower stalks, and the shape of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
Cyrtandra dentata has been observed in flower and fruit in May and
November. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Cyrtandra dentata was historically known from six occurrences in
the Waianae Mountains and three occurrences in the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. Currently, this species is found only in Pahole Gulch, Kapuna
Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch, Kahanahaiki, Kawai Iki Gulch,
Opaeula Stream, and Makaleha Valley on Federal, State, city, and county
lands (within TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve). The 11 known occurrences
total 136 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database
2001).
Cyrtandra dentata typically grows in gulches, slopes, stream banks,
or ravines in mesic or wet forest with associated native plant species
such as Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia
sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Pouteria sandwicensis, Syzygium
sandwicensis, or Urera glabra, at elevations between 255 and 953 m (836
and 3,126 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, in litt.
2001).
The major threats to Cyrtandra dentata are competition with the
nonnative plant species Aleurites moluccana, Belchnum appendiculatum,
Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium
guajava, and Schinus terebinthifolius; potential predation by rats;
potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events (such as landslides/hurricanes/flooding) and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant occurrences and
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Cyrtandra polyantha (Haiwale)
Cyrtandra polyantha, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or few-
branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) in height with leathery, elliptic,
unequal leaves. Cyrtandra polyantha is distinguished from other species
in the genus by the texture and hairiness of the leaf surfaces and the
length, shape, and degree of cleft of the calyx. This species differs
from C. crenata by the lack of short-stalked glands and by its leathery
leaves, opposite leaf arrangement, and radially symmetrical calyx
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Nothing is known about the flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors for Cyrtandra polyantha (Service 1998b).
Historically, Cyrtandra polyantha was known from the Kalihi region
and from Kulepeamoa Ridge above Niu Valley on the leeward (southwest)
side of the southern Koolau Mountains. Currently, one occurrence with
three individuals is extant on the summit ridge between Kuliouou and
Waimanalo on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001).
Cyrtandra polyantha grows on ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha
mesic or

[[Page 35958]]

wet forests at elevations between 331 and 762 m (1,086 and 2,499 ft).
Cyrtandra polyantha probably grows in association with Broussaisia
arguta, Coprosma foliosa (pilo), Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina
angustifolia, and Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
The primary threats to Cyrtandra polyantha are habitat degradation
by feral pigs; competition with the invasive plant species Ageratina
adenophora, Clidemia hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus, and Melinus
minutiflora; extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and
their restricted distribution (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59
FR 14482).
Cyrtandra subumbellata (Haiwale)
Cyrtandra submumbellata, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 2 to 3 m (6.6 to
10 ft) tall. Papery in texture, the leaves are almost circular to egg-
shaped. It is distinguished from other species in the genus by its leaf
shape and texture, the number of flowers per cluster, and the length of
bracts, flower stem, calyx lobes, floral tube, and styles (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Cyrtandra submumbellata has been observed in fruit in September.
Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Cyrtandra submumbellata was known from the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 5 occurrences containing 12
individuals in the central Koolau Mountains at Schofield-Waikane Trail,
Puu Ohulehule, and in Kaukonahua drainage on Federal, private, and
State lands (EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Cyrtandra submumbellata typically grows on moist, forested slopes
or gulch bottoms dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or in mixed
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-Acacia koa wet forests
between 345 and 790 m (1,132 and 2,591 ft) elevation. Associated native
plant species include Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta, Dryopteris
sp. (palapalai), and Machaerina sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1998b; Wagner et al. 1999).
The primary threats to Cyrtandra submumbellata are competition with
the nonnative plant species Clidemia hirta, impacts from military
activities, predation by rats, fire, and risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of extant occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database
2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Cyrtandra viridiflora (Haiwale)
Cyrtandra viridiflora, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub 0.5 to 2 m
(1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the
genus by the leaves, which are thick, fleshy, heart-shaped, and densely
hairy on both surfaces (Wagner et al. 1999).
Cyrtandra viridiflora has been observed in flower and fruit from
May through September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Cyrtandra viridiflora was known from scattered
occurrences in the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. Fifty-two
plants are known from 23 occurrences at Puu Kainapuaa, Maakua-Kaipapau
Ridge, Kawai Nui Drainage, Opaeula Gulch, and Kawai Nui-Laie Divide
(GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Cyrtandra viridiflora is usually found on wind-blown ridge tops in
cloud-covered wet forest or shrubland at elevations between 443 and 867
m (1,453 and 2,844 ft). Associated native plant species include
Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron platyphyllum (olapa), Dicranopteris
linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Dubautia sp., Freycinetia arborea,
Hedyotis sp., Ilex anomala, Machaerina sp., Melicope sp., Metrosideros
polymorpha, Metrosideros rugosa (lehua papa), Psychotria sp., or
Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, in
litt. 2001).
The major threats to Cyrtandra viridiflora are habitat degradation
or destruction by feral pigs, impacts from military activities,
predation by rats, competition with the nonnative plant species
Clidemia hirta and Psidium catteianum, and risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of remaining occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database
2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Delissea subcordata (Oha)
Delissea subcordata, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branched or
unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) tall. This species is
distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape
and size of the leaves, the length of the calyx lobes and corolla, and
the hairless condition of the anthers (Lammers 1999).
Fertile plants of Delissea subcordata have been observed in July.
An examination of herbarium specimens shows that this plant flowers
throughout the year. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Delissea subcordata was known from scattered
occurrences in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. A specimen
collected by Mann and Brigham in the 1860s and labeled from the island
of Kauai is believed to have been mislabeled. Delissea subcordata is
now known from 21 occurrences at South Huliwai Gulch, Palikea Gulch,
Kaluaa Gulch, South Mohiakea Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kapuhi Gulch,
South Ekahanui Gulch, Waikoekoe Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, North
Palawai Gulch, Kealia land section, Kapuna Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch,
North Huliwai Gulch, Kuaokala, and Kolekole. This species is found on
private, Federal, and State lands. The total number of plants is
estimated to be fewer than 70 (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001).
Delissea subcordata typically grows on moderate to steep gulch
slopes in mixed mesic forests between 162 and 1,025 m (531 and 3,362
ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Acacia koa,
Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma sp., Bobea sp. (ahakea), Chamaesyce
multiformis (akoko), Charpentiera obovata, Claoxylon sandwicense,
Diospyros hillebrandii (lama), Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis
acuminata, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi,
Psydrax odorata, or Streblus pendulinus (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1998b).
The major threats to Delissea subcordata are habitat degradation
and/or destruction by pigs and goats; impacts from military activities,
including road construction and housing development; predation by rats
and slugs; competition with the nonnative plant species Blechnum
appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara,
Melinus minutiflora, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta
dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini,
and Toona ciliata; fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of

[[Page 35959]]

remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR
53089).
Diellia falcata (NCN)
Diellia falcata, in the polypody family (Polypodiaceae) and a
short-lived perennial fern, grows from a rhizome (underground stem) 1
to 5 cm (0.4 to 2 in) long and 0.5 to 2 cm (0.2 to 0.8 in) in diameter.
The rhizome is covered with small black or maroon scales. This species
is distinguished from others in the genus by the color and texture of
its leaf stalk, the venation pattern of its fronds, the color of its
scales, its rounded and reduced lower pinnae (leaflets), and its
separate sori (spore clusters) arranged on marginal projections
(Service 1998b; Wagner 1952).
Diellia falcata hybridizes with Diellia unisora. It has been
observed with fronds bearing sori (spores) year-round. Little else is
known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Diellia falcata was known from almost the entire
length of the Waianae Mountains, from Manini Gulch to Palehua Iki, as
well as from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, from Kaipapau Valley to Aiea
Gulch. This species remains in Waieli Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Makaleha
Valley, Makaha Valley, Palikea Gulch, Makua Valley, Kaimuhole Gulch,
Kuaokala-Manini Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Puu Ku Makalii, Kapuna Gulch,
Mohiakea Gulch, Waianae Kai, Pualii Gulch, Napepeiauolelo Gulch,
Kahanahaiki Valley, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Makua, Kamaileunu Ridge,
Kaluaa Gulch, and Huliwai Gulch on Federal, State, city, county, and
private lands. The 30 known occurrences contain fewer than 6,000
individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Diellia falcata is a terrestrial fern that typically grows in deep
shade or open understory on moderate to moderately steep slopes and
gulch bottoms in diverse mesic forest between 224 and 953 m (735 and
3,126 ft) elevation. Associated native species include Acacia koa,
Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma sp., Asplenium kaulfussii (kuau), Carex
meyenii (NCN), Charpentiera sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma
foliosa, Diospyros hillebrandii, Diplazium sandwichianum, Doodia
kunthiana (okupukupu), Dryopteris unidentata, Elaeocarpus bifidus,
Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus sp., Melicope sp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nephrolepis exaltata
(kupukupu), Nestegis sandwicensis, Nothocestrum sp., Pipturus sp.,
Pisonia sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Psydrax
odorata, Sapindus oahuensis, Selaginella arbuscula, Sophora
chrysophylla (mamane), or Xylosma sp. (HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Diellia falcata are habitat degradation by
feral goats and pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species
Aleurites moluccana, Ageratina riparia, Blechnum appendiculatum,
Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Heliocarpus
popayanensis, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Melinus minutiflora,
Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla),
Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium
guajava, Rubus argutus, Schefflera actinophylla (octopus tree), Schinus
terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, and Toona ciliata; and fire (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Diellia unisora (NCN)
Diellia unisora, a short-lived perennial in the polypody fern
family (Polypodiaceae), grows from a slender, erect rhizome to reach
0.5 to 3 cm (0.2 to 1.2 in) in height and 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in)
in diameter. The rhizome is covered with the bases of the leaf stalks
and a few small black scales. This species is distinguished from others
in the genus by a rhizome completely covered by the persisting bases of
the leaf stalks and few, very small scales; by sori mostly confined to
the upper pinnae margins; and by delicate fronds gradually and
symmetrically narrowing toward the apex (Wagner 1952).
Diellia unisora hybridizes with Diellia falcata. Little else is
known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Diellia unisora was known from steep, grassy, rocky
slopes on the western side of the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. This
species is known to be extant in the southern Waianae Mountains at
South Ekahanui Gulch, Palawai Gulch, and the Pualii-Napepeiauolelo
Ridge. The 4 known occurrences, which are on State and private lands,
contain fewer than 800 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Diellia unisora is a terrestrial fern that typically grows on
moderate to steep slopes or gulch bottoms in deep shade or open
understory, mesic forest between 382 and 953 m (1,253 and 3,126 ft)
elevation. Associated native species include Acacia koa, Alyxia
oliviformis, Antidesma sp., Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce
multiformis, Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Doryopteris unidentata,
Eragrostis grandis (lovegrass), Hedyotis schlechtendahliana (kopa),
Hedyotis terminalis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lessertiana,
Rumex sp., Psychotria sp., or Selaginella arbuscula (HINHP Database
2001; 59 FR 32932).
The major threats to Diellia unisora are habitat degradation by
feral pigs and competition from the nonnative plant species Ageratina
riparia, Blechnum appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Melinis minutiflora,
Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Schefflera actinophylla, and
Schinus terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 32932).
Dubautia herbstobatae (Naenae)
Dubautia herbstobatae, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a small, spreading shrub to 50 cm (20
in) tall. Dubautia herbstobatae is distinguished from other species on
Oahu in this endemic genus by the outer bracts of the flower heads
being fused, forming a cup surrounding the florets, and by one large
vein showing in each leaf (Carr 1999).
Dubautia herbstobatae is likely out-crossing and possibly self-
incompatible (i.e., pollen from the same plant will not produce seed).
Flowering usually occurs in May and June. Pollination is almost
certainly achieved by insect activity, and fruit dispersal is probably
quite localized (Service 1998b). Little else is known about its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.
Dubautia herbstobatae is known to be extant in 12 occurrences in
the northern Waianae Mountains, on Ohikilolo and Kamaileunu Ridges,
Keaau, and Waianae Kai on State lands and land under Federal
jurisdiction. Fewer than 100 individuals are known from these locations
(EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Dubautia herbstobatae typically grows on rock outcrops, ridges,
moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry or mesic shrubland at
elevations between 266 and 978 m (872 and 3,208 ft). Associated native
species include Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex meyenii,
Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis
variabilis (kawelu), Metrosideros polymorpha, and Schiedea mannii (NCN)
(HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Dubautia herbstobatae are habitat degradation
by

[[Page 35960]]

feral goats and pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species
Ageratina riparia, Bromus mollis (soft chess), Grevillea robusta,
Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, Melinis repens, and Schinus
terebinthifolis; fire; visitation and possible trampling by humans; and
a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small
number of remaining individuals (56 FR 55770).
Eragrostis fosbergii (Fosberg's love grass)
Eragrostis fosbergii, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a
short-lived perennial species with stout, tufted culms (stems), which
are 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 in) long and usually arise from an abruptly
bent woody base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus
by its stiffly ascending flowering stalk and the long hairs on the
margins of the glumes (floral bracts) and occasionally on the margins
of the lemmas (floral bracts) (O'Connor 1999).
No information is available on flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Eragrostis fosbergii was known only from the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu, from the slopes of Mount Kaala, and in Waianae Kai
and its associated ridges. Only four individuals are known to remain in
Waianae Kai and on Kumaipo Trail in four occurrences on Federal and
State lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Eragrostis fosbergii typically grows on ridge crests or moderate
slopes in dry and mesic forests between 578 and 941 m (1,896 and 3,086
ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Acacia koa,
Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens sp., Chamaesyce sp., Dodonaea viscosa,
Doodia sp. (oku pukupulauii), Eragrostis grandis, Melicope sp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Nephrolepis exaltata, Psydrax odorata, or
Sphenomeris sp. (palaa) (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).
The major threats to Eragrostis fosbergii are degradation of
habitat by feral pigs and goats; competition with nonnative plant
species such as Grevillea robusta, Psidium cattleianum, and Schinus
terebinthifolis; trampling by hikers; hybridization with Eragrostis
grandis; and a threat of extinction from random environmental events
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining
occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; G.
Koob, pers. comm., 2001).
Gardenia mannii (Nanu)
Gardenia mannii, a short-lived perennial member of the coffee
family (Rubiaceae), is a tree 5 to 15 m (16 to 50 ft) tall. This
species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape and
number of the calyx spurs (Wagner et al. 1999).
Gardenia mannii has been observed in flower and fruit in June and
September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Gardenia mannii was known from 7 widely scattered
occurrences in the Waianae Mountains and 39 occurrences distributed
along almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu.
Currently, there are 49 occurrences of Gardenia mannii at Haleauau
Gulch, Peahinaia Ridge, Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea Ridge, Castle
Trail, Halawa Valley and Halawa-Kalauao Ridge, Moanalua Valley, Makaua-
Kahana Ridge, Poamoho and Halemano Gulches, Kaluaa and Maunauna
Gulches, Waimano Trail, Kawailoa Trail, Puu Hapapa and Waieli Gulch,
Wiliwilinui Ridge, Koloa Stream, Waialae Nui-Kapakahi Ridge, Manaiki
Valley, Laie Trail, Malaekahana-Waimea Summit Ridge, Haleauau Gulch,
Schofield-Waikane Trail, Kaukonahua Gulch, Kapakahi Gulch, Manana
Trail, Peahinaia Trail and Opaeula Stream, Kamana Nui Stream, Pukele,
Hanaimoa Gulch, Papali Gulch, Kawai Nui, and Kaipapau Gulch. The 49
extant occurrences are on private, State, and Federal lands. The
existing occurrences total between 69 and 80 plants (EDA Database 2001;
GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Gardenia mannii is usually found on moderate to moderately steep
gulch slopes, ridge crests, in gulch bottoms, and on stream banks in
mesic or wet forests between 82 and 1,050 m (269 and 3,444 ft) in
elevation. Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Alyxia
oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bobea sp., Boehmeria grandis,
Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron sp. (NCN), Cibotium sp., Coprosma
foliosa, Dicranopteris linearis, Elaeocarpus sp., Freycinetia arborea,
Hedyotis acuminata, Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., Metrosideros
polymorpha, Perottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Pisonia sp.,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium sandwicensis, and
Thelypteris sp. (HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Gardenia mannii are habitat degradation and/or
destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities;
competition with nonnative plant species such as Clidemia hirta,
Leptospermum scoparium, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum,
Psidium guajava, Rubus argutus, and Toona ciliata; fire; and risk of
extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the widely dispersed, small number of remaining
individuals. The Kapakahi Gulch occurrence is also threatened by the
black twig borer (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Hedyotis degeneri (NCN)
Hedyotis degeneri, a short-lived perennial member of the coffee
family (Rubiaceae), is a prostrate shrub with four-sided stems and
peeling, corky bark. This species can be distinguished from others in
the genus on Oahu by its low-growing habit, the peeling corky layers on
older stems, and the short, crowded, leafy shoots growing in the leaf
axils; two varieties within the species are recognized: Hedyotis
degeneri var. coprosmifolia and Hedyotis degeneri var. degeneri (Wagner
et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in flower in June, July, and
November, and in fruit in July. No further information is available on
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors
(Service 1998b).
Historically, Hedyotis degeneri is known from Mt. Kaala in the
northern Waianae Mountains. Variety coprosmifolia has not been
collected since the 1980s, and no current occurrences are known. Four
occurrences, totaling 60 individuals, of variety degeneri are known
from Makaleha, Pahole Gulch, Kahanahaiki, and Alaiheihe Gulch on
Federal, State, city, and county lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Wagner et al. 1999).
Hedyotis degeneri typically grows on ridge crests in diverse mesic
forest between 349 and 1,083 m (1,145 and 3,552 ft) elevation.
Associated native species include Alyxia oliviformis, Carex meyenii
Chamaesyce multiformis, Cocculus sp. (huehue), Dicranopteris linearis,
Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp. (NCN), Hedyotis
terminalis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae (pukiawe), Lobelia yuccoides
(panaunau), Lysimachia hillebrandii (kolokolo kuahiwi), Metrosideros
polymorpha, Pleomele sp., Psychotria hathewayi, Psydrax odorata, or
Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia) (HINHP Database 2001).

[[Page 35961]]

The major threats to Hedyotis degeneri are habitat destruction by
feral pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species Ageratina
adenophora, Blechnum appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta,
Melinis minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus
argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Toona ciliata; and a threat of
extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased
reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals and
occurrences (HINHP Database 2001).
Hedyotis parvula (NCN)
Hedyotis parvula, a short-lived perennial member of the coffee
family (Rubiaceae), is a small, many-branched shrub, either upright or
sprawling, with stems usually no more than 30 cm (1 ft) in length.
Closely spaced, overlapping leaves that are uniform in size along the
stem distinguish this species from other members of the genus on Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Hedyotis parvula has been observed flowering in both winter and
summer. The plant is found in dry areas and flowering may be induced by
rain. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Hedyotis parvula was known from the central and
southern Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley.
Currently, this species is known from five locations on Federal, State,
city, and county lands at Makaleha Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei-
Nananakuli Ridge, Ohikilolo Ridge, and Halona. Seven occurrences
totaling between 116 and 131 individuals are known (EDA Database 2001;
GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).
Hedyotis parvula typically grows on and at the base of cliff faces,
rock outcrops, and ledges in mesic habitat at elevations between 331
and 1,160 m (1,086 and 3,805 ft). Associated native species include
Bidens sp., Carex sp., Chamaesyce sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp.
(kawelu), Metrosideros polymorpha, Metrosideros tremuloides (lehua
ahihi), Plectranthus parviflorus, Psydrax odorata, or Rumex sp. (HINHP
Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; 56 FR 55770).
The major threats to Hedyotis parvula are habitat degradation by
feral goats and pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species
Ageratina riparia, Melinis minutiflora, Morella faya, and Schinus
terebinthifolius; and a threat of extinction from random environmental
events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of
individuals and occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).
Labordia cyrtandrae (Kamakahala)
Labordia cyrtandrae, a short-lived perennial member of the logania
family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. This
species is distinguished from others in the genus by its fleshy, hairy,
cylindrical stem that flattens upon drying, the shape and length of the
floral bracts, and the length of the corolla tube and lobes (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Labordia cyrtandrae has been observed flowering from May through
June, fruiting from July through August, and is sporadically fertile
year-round. The flowers are functionally unisexual, and male and female
flowers are on separate plants. Little else is known about its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998b).
Historically, Labordia cyrtandrae was known from both the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. In the Koolau Mountains, this species
extended from Kawailoa Trail to Waialae Iki, almost the entire length
of the mountain range. This species currently is known only from 20
individuals in 10 occurrences in Haleauau Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Kaala,
and Makaleha. These occurrences are on State, city, county, and private
lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Labordia cyrtandrae typically grows in shady gulches, slopes, and
glens in mesic to wet forests and shrublands dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum, and/or Acacia koa between the
elevations of 212 and 1,233 m (695 and 4,044 ft). Associated native
plant species include Antidesma sp., Artemisia australis, Bidens torta,
Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta, Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp.,
Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Dubautia plantaginea (naenae), Lysimachia hillebrandii, Peperomia
membranacea (ala ala wai nui), Perrottetia sandwicensis, Phyllostegia
sp., Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., or Rumex
sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
The major threats to Labordia cyrtandrae are habitat degradation
and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military
activities; competition with the nonnative plant species Axonopus
fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Juncus planifolius (NCN), Psidium
cattleianum, Rubus argutus, Setaria parviflora (yellow foxtail), and
Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; and risk of extinction from random
environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of remaining individuals and occurrences (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1998b).
Lepidium arbuscula (Anaunau)
Lepidium arbuscula, a short-lived perennial member of the mustard
family (Brassicaceae), is a gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 4 ft)
tall. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its
height (Wagner et al. 1999).
Lepidium arbuscula has been observed in flower in February. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Lepidium arbuscula was known from 10 occurrences in
the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. Currently, there are a total of
approximately 1,000 individuals known from 12 occurrences on Federal,
State, city, and county lands at Kamaileunu Ridge, Lualualei-Nanakuli
Ridge, Kapuhi Gulch, northwest of Puu Kaua, Manini Gulch, Mohiakea
Gulch, Ohikilolo Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, the ridge between the Paahoa
and Halona subdistricts, northwest of Puu Ku Makalii, and Halona
subdistrict (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Lepidium arbuscula generally grows on exposed ridge tops and cliff
faces in mesic and dry vegetation communities between 131 and 978 m
(430 and 3,208 ft) elevation. This species is typically associated with
native plant species such as Artemisia australis, Bidens sp., Carex
meyenii, Carex wahuensis (NCN), Chamaesyce multiformis, Dodonaea
viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Dubautia sp., Eragrostis sp.,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Metrosideros
polymorpha, Peperomia sp., Psydrax odorata, Rumex albescens (huahuako),
Schiedea ligustrina (NCN), Sida fallax, or Sophora chrysophylla (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b).
The primary threats to Lepidium arbuscula are habitat degradation
and/or destruction by feral goats, potential impacts from military
activities, competition with nonnative plants, and fire. The occurrence
at the head of Kapuhi Gulch is also threatened by its proximity to a
road (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (Nehe)
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, a member of the aster family
(Asteraceae),

[[Page 35962]]

is a low, somewhat woody, short-lived perennial herb with arched or
nearly prostrate stems that may be up to 150 cm (59 in) long. Aside
from being a coastal species, this species is the only member of its
genus on Oahu with four-parted disk florets. This variety has narrower
leaves, spaced more closely along the stem, than those of Lipochaeta
lobata var. lobata, the only other variety of the species (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Flowering of Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla is probably rain-
induced. Occurrences may consist of fewer distinct individuals than it
appears because many plants are connected underground by the roots and
are probably clones. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla was known from the
southern Waianae Mountains of Oahu, from Kolekole Pass to Lualualei.
Currently, there are a total of 147 individuals found in 4 occurrences
on State, Federal, city, and county lands at Lualualei-Nanakuli Ridge,
Kauhiuhi, Puu Hapapa, Mikilua, and Kamaileunu Ridge, (EDA Database
2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla typically grows on cliffs,
ridges, and slopes in dry or mesic shrubland at elevations between 256
and 978 m (840 and 3,208 ft). Associated native species include
Artemisia australis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., Dodonaea
viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Melanthera tenuis (nehe), Peperomia sp.,
Psydrax odorata, and Stenogyne sp. (NCN) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in
litt. 2001).
The major threats to Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla include
competition from nonnative plant species such as Ageratina adenophora,
Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Grevillea robusta, Kalanchoe
pinnata, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora,
Passiflora suberosa, and Schinus terebinthifolius; habitat degradation
by feral pigs and goats; fire; and a threat of extinction from random
environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the
small number of individuals and occurrences (HINHP Database 2001).
Lipochaeta tenuifolia (Nehe)
Lipochaeta tenuifolia, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae),
is a low growing, somewhat woody, short-lived perennial herb with
short, more or less erect branches. Its five-parted disk florets and
its deeply cut, stalkless leaves separate this species from other
members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
Lipochaeta tenuifolia has been observed flowering in April. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Lipochaeta tenuifolia occurs in the northern half of the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu, from Kaluakauila Gulch to Kamaileunu Ridge and east
to Mt. Kaala, and northwest, southwest, southeast, and north of Puu Ku
Makalii on State, Federal, city, and county lands. The 41 known
occurrences contain between 759 and 1,174 individuals (EDA Database
2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Lipochaeta tenuifolia typically grows on ridgetops and bluffs in
open areas, protected pockets of dry to mesic forests and shrublands,
and forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis at elevations between
67 and 978 m (220 and 3,208 ft). Associated native species include
Artemisia australis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., Dodonaea
viscosa, Doryopteris sp. (kumu niu), Dubautia sp., Eragrostis sp.,
Myoporum sandwicense, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei), Psydrax
odorata, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Rumex sp., Santalum sp., Sapindus
oahuensis, or Schiedea sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).
The major threats to Lipochaeta tenuifolia are habitat degradation
by feral goats and pigs; competition for light and space from nonnative
plant species including Ageratina riparia, Aleurites moluccana,
Blechnum appendiculatum, Coffea arabica (coffee), Grevillea robusta,
Hyptis pectinata, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis
minutiflora, Panicum maximum, Psidium cattleianum, Rivina humilis,
Schinus terebinithifolius, or Toona ciliata; and fire (HINHP Database
2001; 56 FR 55770).
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (NCN)
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, a short-lived perennial
member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched,
woody shrub 0.3 to 1 m (1 to 3.5 ft) tall. The species is distinguished
from others in the genus by the length of the stem, the length and
color of the corolla, the leaf width, the length of the floral bracts,
and the length of the calyx lobes. The subspecies koolauensis is
distinguished by the greenish or yellowish white petals and the
branched flowering stalks (Lammers 1990; 61 FR 53089).
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis has been observed in flower
in September and in fruit in December. Little else is known about its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998b).
Historically, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis was known from
only two occurrences in the central Koolau Mountains on Oahu.
Currently, this subspecies is known from five occurrences in the
central Koolau Mountains, on Federal, State, and private lands at
Waimano-Waiawa Ridge, Waimano, the plateau above Sacred Falls, and
Kaukonahua Gulch. The total number of plants is estimated to be fewer
than 270 (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis typically grows on moderate
to steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet shrublands and
bogs at elevations between 383 and 867 m (1,256 and 2,844 ft).
Associated native plant species include Bidens sp., Broussaisia arguta,
Cibotium sp., Dicanthelium koolauense (NCN), Isachne distichophylla
(ohe), Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope sp., Sadleria pallida,
Scaevola sp., or Vaccinium dentatum (ohelo) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,
in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis are
habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with
the nonnative plant species Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta,
Pterolepis glomerata, and Sacciolepis indica; trampling by hikers;
landslides; and risk of extinction from random environmental events
and/or reduced reproductive vigor of the few remaining individuals
(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).
Lobelia monostachya (NCN)
Lobelia monostachya, a short-lived perennial member of the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a prostrate woody shrub with
stems 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) long. The species is distinguished from
others in the genus by its narrow, linear leaves without stalks and its
short pink flowers (Lammers 1999).
This species has been observed in flower in May and June. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific

[[Page 35963]]

environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Lobelia monostachya was known only from the Koolau
Mountains and had not been seen since its original discovery in the
1800s in Niu Valley, and in the 1920s in Manoa Valley. In 1994, Joel
Lau discovered one individual in a previously unknown location in
Wailupe Valley on State and private lands. Currently, one occurrence
with a total of three plants is known (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Lobelia monostachya occurs on steep, sparsely vegetated cliffs in
mesic shrubland between 44 and 614 m (144 and 2,014 ft) elevation.
Associated native plant species include Artemisia australis, Carex
meyenii, Eragrostis sp., or Psilotum nudum (HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Lobelia monostachya are predation by rats;
competition with the nonnative plants Ageratum riparia, Kalanchoe
pinnata, Melinis minutiflora, and Schinus terebinthifolius; and risk of
extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the low number of individuals in the only known occurrence
(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).
Lobelia oahuensis (NCN)
Lobelia oahuensis, a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is a stout, erect, unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3
to 10 ft) tall. Lobelia oahuensis differs from other members of the
genus in having the following combination of characters: Erect stems 1
to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long, dense rosettes of leaves at the end of stems,
lower leaf surfaces covered with coarse grayish or greenish hairs, and
flowers 42 to 45 millimeters (mm) (1.7 to 1.8 in) long (Lammers 1999).
This species has been observed in flower during November. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Lobelia oahuensis was known from Kahana Ridge, Kipapa
Gulch, and the southeastern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. The 12 current
occurrences totaling 42 individuals are located on private, State, and
Federal lands. These occurrences are on Mt. Olympus, Konahuanui summit,
Waikakalaua-Waikane Ridge, Puu o Kona, the summit area between Aiea and
Halawa Valley, Puu Keahiakahoe and the summit ridge south of Puu
Keahiakahoe, Waialae Nui-Waimanalo and Kapakahi-Waimanalo, Puu Kalena,
and Eleao (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Lobelia oahuensis grows on steep slopes between elevations of 415
and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) on summit cliffs in cloudswept wet
forests or in lowland wet shrubland that is frequently exposed to heavy
wind and rain. Associated native plant species include Bidens sp.,
Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), Cibotium sp.,
Dicranopteris linearis, Dubautia laxa, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis
sp., Labordia hosakana (kamakahala), Lycopodiella cernua (wawae iole),
Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha,
Peperomia sp., Phyllostegia sp., Sadleria squarrosa (apuu), Scaevola
sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Vaccinium sp., or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP
Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 1998b).
The primary threats to Lobelia oahuensis are competition with the
nonnative plant species Clidemia hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus,
Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus argutus, and Rubus rosifolius, and habitat
degradation by feral pigs (HINHP Database 2001).
Melicope lydgatei (Alani)
Melicope lydgatei, a long-lived perennial member of the citrus
family (Rutaceae), is a small shrub that has leaves arranged oppositely
or in threes. The species' leaf arrangement, the amount of fusion of
the fruit sections, and the hairless exocarp (outermost layer of the
fruit wall) and endocarp (innermost layer) distinguish it from other
species in the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in flower in May and in fruit from
June to July. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Melicope lydgatei was formerly known throughout the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu from Hauula to Kahana, Kipapa Gulch to Waimano, and
Kalihi Valley to Wailupe Valley. Eighteen occurrences remain within its
historical range on State and private lands along Poamoho Trail,
Peahinaia Trail, and Manana Trail (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001).
Melicope lydgatei typically grows in association with Acacia koa,
Bobea elatior, Dicranopteris linearis, Metrosideros polymorpha,
Psychotria sp., or Syzygium sandwicensis on ridges in mesic and wet
forests at elevations between 349 and 671 m (1,145 and 2,201 ft) (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The primary threat to Melicope lydgatei is a threat of extinction
due to random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor
because of the small number of occurrences remaining (59 FR 14482).
Melicope saint-johnii (Alani)
Melicope saint-johnii, a long-lived perennial member of the rue
family (Rutaceae), is a slender tree 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) tall. This
species is distinguished from others in the genus by the combination of
the hairless exocarp, hairy endocarp, densely hairy petals, and
sparsely hairy to smooth sepals (Stone et al. 1999).
No information exists on flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Melicope saint-johnii was known from both the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains at Makaha to Mauna Kapu in the Waianae Mountains
and Papali Gulch in Hauula, Manoa-Aihualama, Wailupe, and Niu Valley in
the Koolau Mountains. Today 6 occurrences of this species are found on
Federal and private lands from the region between Puu Kaua and Puu
Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the southern Waianae Mountains, with a total
of fewer than 170 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Melicope saint-johnii typically grows on mesic forested ridges and
gulch bottoms between the elevation of 240 and 953 m (787 and 3,126
ft). Associated native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis,
Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex wahuensis, Coprosma
longifolia, Eragrostis sp., Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Labordia
kaalae (kamakahala), Lysimachia hillebrandii, Metrosideros polymorpha,
Panicum beechyi (panic grass), Pipturus albidus, Pittosporum sp.,
Pleomele halapepe (hala pepe), Psychotria hathewayi, or Rumex albescens
(HINHP Database 2001).
The primary threats to Melicope saint-johnii are habitat
degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; potential
predation by the black twig borer; potential fire; competition with
nonnative plant species such as Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina
riparia, Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, Melinis
minutiflora, Morella faya, Passiflora suberosa, Passiflora sp., Psidium
cattleianum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; and risk of extinction due
to naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor because
of the few individuals remaining and their restricted distribution
(HINHP

[[Page 35964]]

Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Myrsine juddii (Kolea)
Myrsine juddii, short-lived perennial a member of the myrsine
family (Myrsinaceae), is a many branched shrub ranging from 1 to 2 m
(3.5 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the
genus by the hairiness of the lower leaf surface and the shape of the
leaf base. In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish this species from
all other species of Myrsine on Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999).
Myrsine juddii has been reported from only three occurrences in the
central Koolau Mountains: the North Kaukonahua-Kahana Summit divide,
Peahinaia Trail, and Puu Kainapuaa to Poamoho Trail. These occurrences
are found on State and Federal lands. The total number of individuals
is thought to be around 5,000 (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Myrsine juddii typically grows on ridge crests and gulch slopes in
wet forests and shrublands dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a
mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis at
elevations between 384 and 867 m (1,260 and 2,844 ft). Associated
native plant species include Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cheirodendron
trigynum, Machaerina sp., Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana),
Psychotria mariniana, and Syzygium sandwicensis (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Myrsine juddii are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military
activities; competition with nonnative plant species such as Clidemia
hirta and Psidium cattleianum; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of extant occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR
53089).
Neraudia angulata (NCN)
Neraudia angulata, a short-lived perennial member of the nettle
family (Urticaceae), is an erect shrub up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. This
species is distinguished from other species in its genus by the
conspicuously angled, ridged, fleshy calyx in the female flower. There
are two varieties, N. angulata var. angulata and N. angulata var.
dentata, that differ in the types of leaf hairs on the lower surface of
the leaves and the type of leaf margin (Wagner et al. 1999).
Neraudia angulata flowers and fruits from early spring to summer.
Fruits mature in about one month. Little else is known about its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998b).
Historically, Neraudia angulata was known from almost the entire
length of the Waianae Mountains, from Kaluakauila Gulch nearly to Puu
Manawahua. This species is currently known from Kaluakauila Gulch along
Makua-Keaau Ridge to Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, on Federal, State, city,
county, and private lands. The 27 known occurrences are estimated to
comprise approximately 51 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001).
Neraudia angulata var. angulata typically grows on slopes, ledges,
or gulches in lowland mesic or dry forest between 189 and 978 m (620
and 3,208 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include
Artemisia australis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., Dodonaea
viscosa, Hibiscus sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis,
Psydrax odorata, or Sida fallax. Neraudia angulata var. dentata
typically grows on cliffs, rock embankments, gulches, and slopes in
mesic or dry forests between 110 and 978 m (361 and 3,208 ft)
elevation. Associated native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis,
Antidesma pulvinatum, Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Canavalia sp.,
Carex sp., Charpentiera sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Hibiscus sp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Pisonia sp., Psydrax odorata, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sapindus
oahuensis, Sida fallax, or Streblus pendulinus (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Neraudia angulata var. angulata are habitat
degradation by feral goats and pigs; potential impacts from military
activities; competition from the nonnative plant species Ageratina
riparia, Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora sp., Psidium cattleianum, and
Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events due to the small number of extant individuals. The
major threats to Neraudia angulata var. dentata are habitat degradation
by feral pigs and goats; fire; competition with the nonnative plant
species Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Aleurites moluccana,
Blechnum appendiculatum, Erigeron karvinskianus, Leucaena leucocephala,
Melinis sp., Montanoa hibiscifolia, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora
suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Psidium guajava, Schefflera actinophylla,
Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, and Tecoma castanifolia
(yellow elder); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events due to the small number of extant individuals (HINHP Database
2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN)
Phyllostegia hirsuta, a short-lived perennial member of the mint
family (Lamiaceae), is an erect subshrub or vine with stems densely
covered with coarse or stiff hairs. This species is distinguished from
others in the genus by the texture, hairiness, size of the leaves, and
the length of the upper bracts (Wagner et al. 1999).
Phyllostegia hirsuta has been observed in flower in February and in
fruit in June. Cultivated material flowered in July. Little else is
known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Phyllostegia hirsuta was known from widespread
locations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, this
species is found in 26 occurrences with a total of between 214 and 227
individuals from the ridge between Makaha and Waianae Kai to the south
fork of North Palawai Gulch in the Waianae Mountains and from Kawainui
Gulch in Kawailoa Training Area to south Kaukonahua drainage in the
Koolau Mountains. These occurrences are on Federal, State, city,
county, and private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database
2001).
Phyllostegia hirsuta is usually found on steep, shaded slopes,
cliffs, ridges, gullies, and stream banks in mesic or wet forests
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros
polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis between 195 and 1,202 m (640 and
3,943 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Antidesma
platyphyllum, Astelia sp. (painiu), Brousaissia arguta, Chamaesyce
multiformis, Cibotium sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Clermontia kekeana
(oha wai), Coprosma longifolia, Cyanea membranacea, Cyrtandra
waianaeensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dryopteris unidentata, Dubautia
laxa, Dubautia sherffiana (naenae), Elaeocarpus bifidus, Freycinetia
arborea, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus
sp., Ilex anomala, Labordia kaalae, Liparis hawaiiensis
(awapuhiakanaloa), Lysimachia

[[Page 35965]]

hillebrandii, Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope sp., Myrsine
lessertiana, Myrsine sandwicensis (kolea lau nui), Neraudia sp. (NCN),
Nothocestrum sp., Perottetia sandwicensis, Phyllostegia grandiflora
(kapana), Pipturus sp., Pisonia sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria
sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Rumex albescens, Scaevola gaudichaudiana
(naupaka kuahiwi), Streblus pendulinus, Zanthoxylum kauaense (ae), or
native ferns (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
The primary threats to Phyllostegia hirsuta are habitat degradation
and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military
activities; rockslides; predation by rats; and competition with
Adiantum raddianum, Athyrium sp. (NCN), Axonopus fissifolius, Blechnum
appendiculatum, Buddleia asiatica, Clidemia hirta, Drymaria cordata
(pipili), Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora suberosa,
Paspalum conjugatum, Physalis peruviana (poha), Pimenta dioica, Psidium
cattleianum, Rubus argutus, Rubus rosifolius, or Schinus
terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001).
Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN)
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae),
is a short-lived perennial herb. The egg-shaped leaves are 5 to 13 cm
(2 to 5 in) long. The species is distinguished from others of the genus
by the spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf edges and by the hairs
along the margins of the calyx and bracts (Wagner et al. 1999).
No information is available on flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Phyllostegia kaalaensis was formerly known from only six scattered
locations in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is
known from 7 occurrences containing a total of fewer than 45 plants, in
Waianae Kai, Pahole Gulch, central Ekahanui Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, and
Palikea Gulch. These occurrences are on State and private lands (GDSI
2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Phyllostegia kaalaensis is found on gulch slopes and bottoms and on
almost vertical rock faces in mesic forest or Sapindus oahuensis forest
between 374 and 796 m (1,227 and 2,611 ft) elevation. Associated native
plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Claoxylon sandwicense,
Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Hibiscus sp., Myrsine
lanaiensis, Myrsine lessertiana, Neraudia melastomifolia, Pipturus
albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Streblus
pendulinus, or Urera glabra (HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Phyllostegia kaalaensis are habitat
degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs and goats; fire; trail
clearing; competition with the nonnative plant species Ageratina
adenophora, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum, Buddleia
asiatica, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa,
Lantana camara, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora edulis (passion
fruit), Passiflora ligularis, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum,
Psidium guajava, Rubus rosifolius, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Toona
ciliata; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of occurrences and
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Pritchardia kaalae (Loulu)
Pritchardia kaalae, a long-lived perennial member of the palm
family (Arecaceae), is a single-stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall.
The waxy, hairless leaves are thin and papery or thick and leathery.
Sometimes small points, dots, or linear, rusty scales are scattered on
the lower leaf surface. Pritchardia kaalae is distinguished from other
members of the genus by the hairless or scaly leaves (Read and Hodel
1999).
Pritchardia kaalae plants have been observed in fruit in April,
August, and October and may fruit throughout the year. Little else is
known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Pritchardia kaalae was known from scattered
occurrences in the central and north-central Waianae Mountains of Oahu.
Currently, 6 occurrences are known from Manuwai Gulch, East Makaleha,
Kaumokunui Gulch, Waianae Kai-Haleauau summit divide, Makua-Keaau Ridge
and Makaha Valley, totaling about 200 individuals. These occurrences
are located on Federal, State, city, and county lands (EDA Database
2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Pritchardia kaalae is typically found on steep slopes and gulches
in mesic forest or shrubland between elevations of 421 and 1,123 m
(1,381 and 3,683 ft). Associated native plant species include Bidens
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia sp., Eragrostis sp., Metrosideros
polymorpha, Metrosideros tremuloides, Myrsine sp., Pipturus sp., or
Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR
53089; EDA, in litt. 2001).
Major threats to Pritchardia kaalae are habitat degradation by
feral pigs and goats; fruit predation by rats; potential impacts from
military activities; competition with the nonnative plant species
Ageratina adenophora, Rubus argutus, and Schinus terebinthifolius;
potential fire; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Sanicula mariversa (NCN)
Sanicula mariversa, a short-lived perennial member of the parsley
family (Apiaceae), is an upright herb, 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) tall,
that produces a caudex (a single branched stem from a sturdy base)
growing just beneath the surface of the soil. The larger size of the
plant and basal leaves, the color of the flower petals, and the hooked
prickles on the fruit separate this species from others of the genus in
Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Sanicula mariversa is known to flower from February through May,
and fruits can be found until August. Dry fruits remain on the plant
for a long time and may persist beyond August. Little else is known
about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998b).
Historically, Sanicula mariversa was known from the central Waianae
Mountains from Makua-Keaau Ridge to Kaluaa-Lualualei Summit Ridge. This
species is now extant on Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau-Makaha Ridge,
Kamaileunu Ridge, and northwest of Puu Kanehoa on Federal, State, city,
and county lands. The 4 known occurrences contain approximately 170
individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Sanicula mariversa typically grows on well-drained, dry slopes and
rock faces in mesic shrublands and open grassy areas at elevations
between 582 and 978 m (1,909 and 3,208 ft). Associated native species
include Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Doryopteris sp., Eragrostis sp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, or Metrosideros tremuloides (HINHP Database
2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Sanicula mariversa are habitat degradation by
feral goats; fire; erosion; competition from the nonnative plant
species Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinus minutiflora,
Schinus terebinthifolius, and

[[Page 35966]]

Stachytarpheta dichotoma; trampling by humans on or near trails; and
the risk of extinction due to the small number of occurrences (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Schiedea kaalae (NCN)
Schiedea kaalae, a short-lived perennial member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), has a short woody caudex less than 20 cm (8 in)
long. This species can be distinguished from other members of its genus
by its very short stems and its thick leaves with one conspicuous vein
(Wagner et al. 1999).
This plant has been observed in flower from March through June.
Based on field and greenhouse observations, Schiedea kaalae has
bisexual flowers. A series of experimental self-pollinations, within-
population crosses, and crosses among occurrences has demonstrated that
Schiedea kaalae experiences moderately strong inbreeding depression.
These results indicate that reductions in population size could result
in expression of inbreeding depression among progeny, with potentially
deleterious consequences for the long-term persistence of this species.
Consistent with the evidence for inbreeding depression, Schiedea kaalae
appears to be an out-crossing species. Under greenhouse conditions,
flowers do not set seed unless hand-pollinated. In the field, this
species was observed being visited by the introduced syrphid fly,
Simosyrphus grandicornis. The fly did not appear to be foraging for
nectar but may have been feeding on pollen. Individuals of Schiedea
kaalae appear to be long-lived, but there is no evidence of
regeneration from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of Schiedea
kaalae, like those of other Schiedea species in mesic or wet sites, are
apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been
observed feeding on Schiedea membranacea, a mesic forest species from
Kauai. In contrast, Schiedea occurring in dry areas produce abundant
seedlings following winter rains, presumably because dry areas have
fewer nonnative predators. Little else is known about its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; Weller
and Sakai, unpublished data).
Historically, Schiedea kaalae was known from the north-central and
south-central Waianae Mountains and the northern Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. This species remains on State and private lands at Pahole Gulch,
Kaluaa Gulch, Puu Kaua, Palawai Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, and
Makaua Stream. The 7 known occurrences contain only 49 individuals
(GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Schiedea kaalae typically grows in deep shade on steep slopes,
cliffs, and stream banks in diverse mesic and wet forests at elevations
between 64 and 869 m (210 and 2,850 ft). Associated native species
include Alyxia oliviformis, Athyrium arnottii (hoio), Athyrium
sandwichianum, Boehmeria grandis, Charpentiera sp., Claoxylon
sandwicense, Cyrtandra calpidicarpa, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Diospyros
hillebrandii, Dryopteris unidentata, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis
acuminata, Nothocestrum longifolium (aiea), Pipturus albidus, Pisonia
sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria
hathewayi, Selaginella arbuscula, or Xylosma hawaiiense (maua) (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b).
The major threats to Schiedea kaalae are habitat degradation by
feral pigs and goats; competition from the nonnative plant species
Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Blechnum appendiculatum,
Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa, Melinus
minutiflora, Morella faya, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora suberosa,
Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus rosifolius, and Schinus
terebinthifolius; fire; predation by introduced slugs and snails; and a
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
Schiedea kealiae (Ma oli oli)
Schiedea kealiae, a short-lived perennial member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a subshrub with weakly ascending to sprawling
stems that form loose clumps. The species is distinguished from others
of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the sepals and
nectaries and by the stalkless glands found only on the flowering stalk
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Schiedea kealiae has been observed in flower in December. A series
of self-pollinations, within-population crosses, and crosses among
occurrences has demonstrated that many related Schiedea species
experience moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results
indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression
of inbreeding depression among progeny, with potentially deleterious
consequences for the long-term persistence of the species. Individuals
of Schiedea kealiae appear to be long-lived; however, there is no
evidence of regeneration from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of
Schiedea species occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently
consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed
feeding on Schiedea membranacea, a mesic forest species from Kauai. In
contrast, Schiedea occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings
following winter rains, presumably because dry areas have fewer
nonnative predators. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; Weller
and Sakai, unpublished data).
Historically, Schiedea kealiae was known from the northern Waianae
Mountains and one collection from the Palikea area, near the southern
end of the same mountain range. Currently, 4 occurrences totaling
between 265 and 315 plants are located on the cliffs above Dillingham
Airfield and Camp Erdman and at Kaena Point at the northern end of the
Waianae Mountains. These occurrences are on private and State lands, as
well as State lands under Federal jurisdiction (Army 2001b; GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001).
Schiedea kealiae is usually found on steep slopes and cliff faces
and bases in dry remnant Erythrina sandwicensis forest at elevations
between 46 and 341 m (151 and 1,118 ft). Associated native plant
species include Bidens sp., Hibiscus arnottianus, Lepidium bidentatum
(anaunau), Lipochaeta remyi (nehe), Myoporum sandwicense, Plumbago
zeylanica, Psydrax odorata, Sicyos sp. (anunu), or Sida fallax (HINHP
Database 2001).
The major threats to Schiedea kealiae are competition with the
nonnative plant species Leucaena leucocephala, Panicum maximum, and
Schinus terebinthifolius; predation by introduced slugs and snails;
lack of a pollinator; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
existing occurrences. The Kaena Point occurrence is additionally
threatened by naturally occurring rock slides and fire (HINHP Database
2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Silene perlmanii (NCN)
Silene perlmanii, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
a short-lived perennial plant with stems that are woody at the base. It
usually is much branched from the base and often forms clumps. It is
the only species of the genus on Oahu and can be distinguished from
other Silene species by its white petals and a calyx that is

[[Page 35967]]

more than 19 mm (0.7 in) long and densely covered with short hairs
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Silene perlmanii flowers in the spring, depending on climatic
conditions. Flowers last for one day. Fruits develop in a few weeks.
Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Silene perlmanii was discovered in the 1980s and was known from a
few individuals in two occurrences in the southern Waianae Mountains on
Federal and privately owned lands. The occurrences were about 1.6 km (1
mi) apart at Palikea and Palawai Gulch. Since December of 1997, no
individuals are known to be extant in the wild. Currently, this species
is known only from individuals under propagation at the National
Tropical Botanical Garden (G. Koob, pers. comm. 2002; GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Silene perlmanii typically grew on steep rocky slopes in Acacia
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest at elevations between
493 and 919 m (1,617 and 3,014 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b;
56 FR 55770).
The major threats to Silene perlmanii are competition from the
nonnative plant species Ageratina adenophora, Erigeron karvinskianus,
Melinis minutiflora, Morella faya, Passiflora suberosa, and Schinus
terebinthifolius; habitat degradation by feral pigs; and the risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events and reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of individuals believed to be extinct
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN)
Stenogyne kanehoana is a climbing vine in the mint family
(Lamiaceae) with stems weakly four-angled, hairy, and 1 to 2 m (3 to 6
ft) long. Stenogyne kanehoana is distinguished from the only other
member of the genus occurring on Oahu, S. kaalae, primarily by the size
and color of its flowers. The flowers of S. kanehoana are large, white
to yellow, and tipped in pink, while those of S. kaalae are small and
deep purple (Weller and Sakai 1999).
Stenogyne kanehoana generally flowers from February through March,
but flowering depends on precipitation, and flowers have been noted
from January to as late as April. Fruits mature within six weeks. The
lifespan of this species appears to be about seven to 12 years. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Stenogyne kanehoana was known from the east ridge of Puu Kanehoa in
the Waianae Mountains, near the summit of the ridge connecting Puu
Kanehoa with Puu Hapapa to the north and Puu Kaua to the south, a
distance totaling approximately 2.8 km (1.7 mi). This population
consisting of two plants near the summit of Puu Kanehoa on privately
owned land was found dead recently. An additional occurrence in Kaluaa
Gulch was discovered in 2000 by Joan Yoshioka of TNCH. This occurrence
consists of one to six individual plants and is located on privately
owned land (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 57 FR
20592).
The remnant occurrence of Stenogyne kanehoana is found in lowland
mesic forest between 559 and 1,168 m (1,834 and 3,831 ft) elevation.
Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis,
Bidens sp., Chamaesyce sp., Cibotium sp., Freycinetia arborea,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Psychotria sp., or Scaevola sp. (HINHP
Database 2001).
The major threats to Stenogyne kanehoana are habitat degradation
and competition for space, water, light, and nutrients by the nonnative
species Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora suberosa,
Psidium cattleianum, and Schinus terebinthifolius. The extremely small
number of individual plants and their restricted distribution increases
the potential for extinction from naturally occurring events. Other
potential threats that have been suggested include fire and
deforestation, but, at present, these probably are not serious threats
to the species. Habitat degradation by feral pigs, predation by the two
spotted leafhopper, and trampling by hikers are also thought to be
threats to this species (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 57 FR
20592).
Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN)
Tetramolopium filiforme, a short-lived perennial member of the
aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in)
tall with complexly branched stems. This species is distinguished from
the other extant species on Oahu by its separate male and female
flowers both on the same plant and its inflorescence of one to four
heads (Lowrey 1999).
In cultivation, Tetramolopium filiforme germinates in about three
weeks. Fifteen weeks after germination, the plants are approximately 9
cm (3.5 in) high and produce their first buds. The first blossoms are
noted about 18 weeks after germination. During growth, an inflorescence
forms at the apex of each shoot while new shoots develop laterally.
Tetramolopium filiforme is relatively short-lived, usually living fewer
than five years. In the wild, it usually flowers in the late winter or
spring but flowering can also be induced by heavy rainfall. Little else
is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Tetramolopium filiforme was known from the northern
Waianae Mountains, from Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau Valley, and Makaha
Valley. This species remains in Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki Valley,
Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei, Waianae Kai, and Puu Kawiwi on Federal,
State, city, and county lands. The 21 known occurrences are estimated
to contain approximately 253 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001).
Tetramolopium filiforme typically grows on dry cliff faces and
ridges in dry and mesic forests at elevations of 247 to 978 m (810 to
3,208 ft). Associated native species include Artemisia australis,
Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Peperomia tetraphylla
(ala ala wai nui), Schiedea sp., or Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Tetramolopium filiforme are habitat
degradation by feral goats; competition from the nonnative plant
species Acacia confusa, Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus,
Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis
minutiflora, Melinis repens, and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire;
potential impacts from military activities; trampling or collection by
humans on or near trails; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of remaining occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (Oheohe)
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, a long-lived perennial member of the
ginseng family (Araliaceae), is a tree 2.5 to 10 m (8 to 33 ft) tall
with 7 to 21 leathery, oval to elliptic leaflets per leaf.
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa is distinguished from all other species in
the genus in that its ovary appears placed fully above the base of the
flower (Lowrey 1999).
This species has been observed in flower in November 1991 and in
fruit in May, September, and November. Little else is known about its
flowering cycles,

[[Page 35968]]

pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa was historically known from Punaluu,
Waikakalaua Gulch, Mount Olympus, and the region between Niu and
Wailupe, all in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. This species was also
sighted in the Waianae Range at Palikea in 1954. Currently, 30
occurrences are scattered along the summit ridges of the Koolau
Mountains from the region of Paumalu at the northern extreme to
Kuliouou and Waimanalo at the southeasternmost point, on Federal,
State, city, and county lands. Fewer than 100 individuals are known
(EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa is typically found on windswept summit
ridges, on slopes, or in gullies in wet or sometimes mesic lowland
forests and shrublands between elevations of 93 and 959 m (305 and
3,146 ft). Associated native plant species include Acacia koa,
Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens sp., Bobea elatior, Broussaisia arguta,
Cheirodendron sp., Cibotium chamissoi, Cibotium spp., Cyanea
humboltiana, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Dubautia
laxa, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis fosbergii (manono), Hedyotis
terminalis, Labordia sp., Lobelia hypoleuca (kuhiaikamoowahie),
Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope spp., Metrosideros polymorpha,
Myrsine fosbergii (kolea), Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp.,
Sadleria spp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe
mauka), or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR
14482).
The major threats to Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa are competition with
the nonnative plant species Aleurites moluccana, Araucaria columnaris
(Norfolk Island pine), Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia), Axonopus
fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus, Eucalyptus sp.
(gum tree), Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, Pterolepis
glomerata, Sacciolepis indica, and Setaria palmifolia; the two-spotted
leafhopper; habitat degradation by feral pigs; and reduced reproductive
vigor due to the species' limited gene pool as a consequence of the
small number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b;
59 FR 14482).
Trematolobelia singularis (NCN)
Trematolobelia singularis, a short-lived perennial member of the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched shrub with stems
0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) long. This species differs from others of this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the unbranched, erect flowering stalk
(Lammers 1999).
This species has been observed in flower in October and has wind
dispersed seeds. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Trematolobelia singularis has been reported only from the southern
Koolau Mountains. Approximately 165 plants are known from 3 occurrences
at Moanalua-Tripler Ridge summit to Puu Keahiakahoe, Konahuanui, and
Puu Lanipo. These occurrences are found on State and private lands
(GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
This species usually grows on steep, windswept cliff faces or
slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet
shrubland from 545 to 953 m (1,788 to 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated
native plant species include Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Dubautia
laxa, Eugenia sp. (nioi), Melicope sp., Sadleria sp., or Wikstroemia
sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
The major threats to Trematolobelia singularis are habitat
degradation by feral pigs, potential predation by rats and slugs,
competition with the aggressive nonnative plant species Clidemia hirta,
and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant occurrences (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Urera kaalae (Opuhe)
Urera kaalae, a long-lived perennial member of the nettle family
(Urticaceae), is a small tree or shrub 3 to 7 m (10 to 23 ft) tall.
This species can be distinguished from the other Hawaiian species of
the genus by its heart-shaped leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
Urera kaalae has been observed flowering in the spring. It is
difficult to predict when seeds will be produced and they are often
sterile. This may be an indication of pollinator limitation. The plants
are fast-growing. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Urera kaalae was known from the central to southern
windward Waianae Mountains, from Waianae Uka to Kupehau Gulch. This
species now occurs only in North and South Ekahanui, Pualii Gulch,
Halona Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, North and South Palawai, Puu Hapapa,
Napepeiauolelo Gulch, and Waianae Kai on Federal, State, and private
lands. The 12 known occurrences contain approximately 41 individuals
(EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Urera kaalae typically grows on slopes and in gulches in diverse
mesic forest at elevations of 439 to 1,074 m (1,440 to 3,523 ft).
Associated native species include Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma
platyphyllum, Asplenium kaulfusii, Athyrium sp., Canavalia sp.,
Charpentiera sp., Chamaesyce sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Diospyros
hillebrandii, Doryopteris sp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis acuminata,
Hibiscus sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus, Pleomele sp.,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona),
Streblus pendulinus, Urera glabra, or Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner et al. 1999; 61 FR 53089).
The major threats to Urera kaalae are habitat degradation by feral
pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species Buddleia asiatica,
Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus popayaensis, Melinis
minutiflora, Morella faya, Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Psidium
cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus rosifolius, and Schinus
terebinthifolius; fire; rockslides; and a risk of extinction from
naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1998b; 61 FR 53089).
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (Pamakani)
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, a short-lived perennial
member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a branched shrub up to 90
cm (3 ft) tall. This subspecies can be distinguished from the other
members of the genus in the Waianae Mountains by the small size of its
leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana has been observed in fruit
and flower in April, August, and October. No further information is
available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting
factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana was known from
the central and southern Waianae Mountains and Makaleha Valley. This
taxon now occurs on Kamaileunu Ridge,

[[Page 35969]]

Palikea Ridge (between Nanakuli and Lualualei), Puu Hapapa, Makua-Keaau
Ridge, Halona, and Puu Kumakalii on Federal, State, city, and county
lands. The 15 known occurrences contain 59 individuals (EDA Database
2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana typically grows on dry
cliffs, rocky ledges, and steep slopes in mesic shrubland and cliff
vegetation at elevations of 414 to 1,149 m (1,358 to 3,769 ft).
Associated native species include Artemisia australis, Bidens torta,
Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia sp.,
Eragrostis sp., Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lipochaeta tenuis,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Peperomia sp., Rumex sp., Schiedea sp., or
Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
The major threats to Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana are
habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the
nonnative plant species Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia,
Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinis minutiflora, Morella faya, and Schinus
terebinthifolius; fire; landslides; and a risk of extinction from
naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Viola oahuensis (NCN)
Viola oahuensis, a short-lived perennial member of the violet
family (Violaceae), is usually an erect, unbranched subshrub 6 to 40 cm
(2.4 to 16 in) tall. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian
members of the genus by the shape of the stipules (leaf bracts), the
length of the leaf stalks, and the length and papery texture of the
leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
Viola oahuensis has been observed flowering in August and
September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Viola oahuensis was known from 17 occurrences in the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu, scattered over about a 37 km (23 mi) distance
from Puu Kainapuaa to Palolo. The 18 extant occurrences, which total
fewer than 200 individuals, are now found from the Kawainui-Koloa
summit divide to the Waimalu-Koolaupoko divide on Federal, State, and
private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Viola oahuensis is generally found on exposed, windswept ridges of
moderate to steep slope in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis shrublands and Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs in
the cloud zone from 415 to 959 m (1,361 to 3,146 ft) elevation. This
species typically grows among wind-stunted Antidesma sp., Bidens
macrocarpa, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Dubautia laxa, Hedyotis
terminalis, Labordia sp., Machaerina sp., Melicope sp., Sadleria sp.,
Syzygium sandwicensis, Vaccinium sp., or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).
The primary threats to Viola oahuensis are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military
activities; competition with the nonnative plants Axonopus fissifolius,
Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, and
Pterolepis sp. (NCN); and risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens (Pendent kihi fern)
Adenophorus periens, a member of the grammitis family
(Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendent,
epiphytic (not rooted on the ground) fern. This species differs from
other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the
pinna margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis,
by the placement of the sori on the pinnae, and by the degree of
dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).
Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens,
which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high
humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very
likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed
by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or
insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat, which may indicate their
longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak
differences between the seasons in the habitats where this species is
found, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or
reproduction. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity,
specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not
available (Linney 1989).
Historically, Adenophorus periens was known from Kauai, the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it
is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. This
species is no longer extant on the island of Oahu. It was collected in
1909 on the west ridge of Palolo Crater and the west ridge of Palolo
Valley (HINHP Database 2001).
Adenophorus periens grows epiphytically on trees in Metrosideros
polymorpha and Metrosideros rugosa wet forests between 309 and 867 m
(1,014 and 2,844 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include
Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis
terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia, or Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP
Database 2001).
Nothing is known of the threats to Adenophorus periens on Oahu
because the species was last collected there in 1909 (Service 1999; 59
FR 56333).
Alectryon macrococcus (Mahoe)
Alectryon macrococcus, a member of the soapberry family
(Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus and auwahiensis,
both trees with reddish-brown branches and leaves with one to five
pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. On leaves of young
A. macrococcus var. macrococcus plants, the underside of the leaf has
dense brown hairs. Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis is only found
on the island of Maui. The only member of its genus found in Hawaii,
this species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family
by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in) or more in diameter
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow-growing, long lived tree
that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought.
Little else is known about the life history of this species. Flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, and specific
environmental requirements are unknown (Service 1997).
Currently and historically, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus
occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Oahu, there are a total of
82 occurrences containing around 300 individuals. These occurrences are
found in Kapuna Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch,
Manuwai Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Makua Valley, Puu Ku Makalii, Nanakuli-
Lualualei Ridge, Palikea Gulch, Makaha, Pahole Gulch, Makaleha Valley,
Waianae Kai, Waieli Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Kaaua Gulch, Puu Hapapa,
Mikilua subdistrict, Kaaawa Gulch, and Napepeiauolelo

[[Page 35970]]

Gulch on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (EDA Database
2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, in litt.
2001).
Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus grows on slopes or ridges,
or in gulches, within mesic lowland forests between elevations of 367
and 941 m (1,204 and 3,086 ft). Associated native plant species include
Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Canavalia sp., Charpentiera
sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hibiscus
arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Neraudia sp.,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia sandwicensis, Pisonia
umbellifera, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Psydrax
odorata, Streblus pendulinus, or Xylosma sp. (HINHP Database 2001).
The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Oahu are
habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition with the
nonnative plant species Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum,
Buddleia asiatica, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpos
popayanensis, Lanatana camara, Melinus minutiflora, Oplismenus
hirtellus, Passiflora suberosa, Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass),
Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus rosifolius, Schinus
terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, and Toona ciliata; damage from the
black twig borer; seed predation by rats, mice (Mus domesticus), and
insects; fire; depressed reproductive vigor; loss of pollinators; and,
due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited
distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental
disturbance, which could easily be catastrophic (Service 1997; 57 FR
20772).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Bonamia menziesii, a member of the morning-glory family
(Convolvulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a vine with twining
branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of
the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from
other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and
petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Bonamia menziesii. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1999).
Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
this species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. There
are 18 total occurrences on Oahu, containing a total of fewer than 100
plants. These occurrences are found in Niu Valley, Makaleha Valley,
Makua-Keaau Ridge, Wailupe, Waialae Nui-Kapakahi Ridge and Kapakahi
Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Keawaula, Hawaii Loa Ridge and Kului Gulch,
Nanakuli Valley, Kuaokala, Halona, Waialae Iki, Kapuna Gulch, Mikilua,
Waianae Kai, and Alaiheihe Gulch on Federal, State, and private lands
(EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Bonamia menziesii is found on Oahu on steep slopes or level ground
in dry or mesic forest in open or closed canopy at elevations between
31 and 809 m (102 and 2,654 ft). Associated native species include
Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, ,Hedyotis
terminalis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Melicope sp., Metrosideros
polymorpha, Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sp.,
Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata,
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Sicyos sp., Sida fallax, or
Waltheria indica (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).
The primary threats to Bonamia menziesii on Oahu are habitat
degradation and possible predation by wild and feral pigs, goats, and
cattle; competition with the nonnative plant species Aleurites
moluccana, Grevillea robusta, Hyptis pectinata, Kalanchoe pinnata,
Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melia azedarach, Montanoa
hibiscifolia, Panicum maximum, Passiflora suberosa, Pennisetum setaceum
(fountain grass), Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Rivina humilis,
Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, and Toona ciliata; fire; and
nonnative insect (Physomerus grossipes); and potential impacts from
military activities (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Cenchrus agrimonioides (Kamanomano)
Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of the grass family (Poaceae) and
a short-lived perennial, has leaf blades that are flat or folded and
that have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties, C. agrimonioides
var. laysanensis and C. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They differ
from each other in that var. agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter
stems, and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others
in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement
and position of the bristles (O'Conner 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cenchrus agrimonioides.
Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors, except that this species has been observed to
produce fruit year-round (Service 1999; 65 FR 53108).
Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known
from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and an undocumented
account from the island of Hawaii. Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
laysanensis was historically and currently only known from the
Northwest Hawaiian Islands. Currently, Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
agrimonioides is known from Oahu and Maui; on Oahu from a total of 7
occurrences containing between 113 and 118 individuals. These
occurrences are found in Pahole Gulch, on Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, in
or near Kahanahaiki Gulch, in east Makaleha, Puu Kaua, Huliwai Gulch,
and in Pualii drainage, on Federal, State, city, county, and private
lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999;
61 FR 53108).
Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on Oahu is usually found
on dry upper slopes or ridges in lowland mixed mesic forest at
elevations between 357 and 890 m (1,171 and 2,919 ft). Associated
native plant species include Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea sp.,
Carex wahuensis, Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma foliosa, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Eragrostis variabilis, Gahnia beecheyi (NCN),
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, or Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001;
EDA, in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on
Oahu are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs;
competition with the nonnative plant species Ageratina riparia,
Blechnum appendiculatum, Casuarina sp., Clidemia hirta, Grevillea
robusta, Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum,
Rubus argutus, and Schinus terebinthifolius; trampling and fire from
military activities; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
existing individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

[[Page 35971]]

Centaurium sebaeoides (Awiwi)
Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of the gentian family
(Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless
flowers. This species is distinguished from C. erythraea (bitter herb),
which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched
arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April.
Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Occurrences are found in
dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy
rains. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (56 FR 55770).
Historically and currently, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently on Oahu, 2 occurrences
of this species remain with a total of between 60 and 80 individuals at
Kaena Point and Koko Head on State, city, and county lands (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).
Centaurium sebaeoides typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or
on cliffs in arid coastal areas or on coral plains below 368 m (1,207
ft) elevation. Associated native species include Artemisia sp., Bidens
sp., Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), or
Lysimachia sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi) (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al.
1999; 56 FR 55770).
The major threats to Centaurium sebaeoides on Oahu are habitat
degradation by feral goats and cattle, competition from the nonnative
plant species Leucaena leucocephala, trampling by humans on or near
trails, fire, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events
due to the small number of existing occurrences and individuals (56 FR
55770; Service 1999).
Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila)
Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a tree with extremely hard
red wood. This species is readily distinguished from the other species
in Hawaii by its opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire
leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
Colubrina oppositifolia has been observed in flower during January,
June, September, and December and in fruit during January, June, and
September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (HINHP Database 2001).
Historically and currently, Colubrina oppositifolia was known from
Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, there is a total of 5
occurrences containing 61 individuals on Oahu. These occurrences are
found in Kaumokunui Gulch, Makaleha Valley, and Manuwai Gulch on State
and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Colubrina oppositifolia is found in lowland dry and mesic forests
dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis at elevations between 277 and 761 m
(909 and 2,496 ft). Associated native species include Alyxia
oliviformis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia
sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001).
The threats to this species on Oahu are habitat destruction by
feral pigs and goats; competition with the nonnative plant species
Aleurites moluccana, Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum, Psidium
cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Syzygium cumini; damage from
the black twig borer and Chinese rose beetle; fire; potential impacts
from military activities; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events due to the small number of existing occurrences and
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996c; 59 FR 10305).
Ctenitis squamigera (Pauoa)
Ctenitis squamigera, a short-lived member of the woodfern family
(Aspleniaceae), has a rhizome creeping above the ground that is densely
covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf
stalk. It can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of
Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its frond
(Degener and Degener 1957; Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors for Ctenitis squamigera (Service
1998a).
Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from Kauai, the
Koolau and Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the island of
Hawaii. This species is currently extant on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and
Maui. Currently on Oahu, 8 occurrences with more than 80 individuals
are found in Makaleha Valley, Kaaawa Gulch, Makua Valley, and Waianae
Kai Forest Reserve on Federal, State, and private lands (EDA Database
2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Ctenitis squamigera is found on gentle to steep slopes in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros sandwicensis mesic forest and diverse
mesic forest at elevations of 387 to 923 m (1,269 to 3,027 ft).
Associated native plant taxa include Alyxia oliviformis, Carex meyenii,
Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, Dryopteris
unidentata, Freycinetia arborea, Hibiscus sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis
sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp.,
Psydrax odorata, or Xylosma sp. (HINHP Database 2001).
The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera on Oahu are habitat
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the nonnative
plant species Ageratina riparia, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum
appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava,
Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, and Toona ciliata; fire; and
decreased reproductive vigor and a risk of extinction caused by
naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing
occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998; 59 FR 49025).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (Haha)
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a member of the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub with
pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in
this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the
width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the
other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which
overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).
On Molokai, flowering plants have been reported in July and August.
Little else is known about the life history of Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Service 1999).
Currently and historically, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is
known from the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,
and Maui. On Oahu, there are seven occurrences known from Palikea
Gulch, North Haleauau Gulch, Pahole Natural Area Reserve (NAR), Pia
Gulch, Kului Gulch, and in Waialae Iki-Kapakahi on Federal, State,
city, county, and private lands containing a total of nine individuals
(EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

[[Page 35972]]

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is typically found in mesic
forest often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or M. polymorpha and
Acacia koa, or on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, at elevations
between 114 and 746 m (374 and 2,447 ft). Associated native plant
species include Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma sp., Bobea sp.,
Clermontia persicaefolia (oha wai), Coprosma sp., Cyanea angustifolia
(haha), Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Joinvillea sp.
(ohe), Melicope sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria
sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp. (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
The threats to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Oahu are
habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by wild and feral goats
and pigs; competition with the nonnative plant species Clidemia hirta,
Psidium cattleianum, and Toona ciliata; random naturally occurring
events creating a risk of extinction due to the small number of
existing individuals; fire; trampling by hikers and/or military
activities; landslides; and predation by rats and various species of
slugs (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Cyperus trachysanthos (Puukaa)
Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae),
is a short-lived, perennial, grass-like plant with a short rhizome. The
stems are densely tufted, obtusely triangular in cross-section, tall,
sticky, and leafy at the base. This species is distinguished from
others in the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf sheath with
partitions at the nodes, the shape of the glumes, and the length of the
stems (Koyama 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cyperus trachysanthos.
Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors (Service 1999).
Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos was known from Niihau, Kauai,
scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. This species is now
extant on Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu. On Oahu, it is known from Kaena
Point NAR, nearby Manini Gulch, Diamond Head, Makapuu, Queens Beach,
and the Kawainui Marsh area, on Federal, State, and private lands.
There are 6 occurrences with a total of 40 individuals on Oahu (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1999).
Cyperus trachysanthos is usually found in seasonally wet sites (mud
flats, wet clay soil, seasonal ponds, or wet cliff seeps) on seepy
flats, coastal cliffs, or talus slopes at elevations between 6 and 194
m (609 ft). Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau) is often found in association with
this species (HINHP Database 2001; Koyama 1999; Service 1999; 61 FR
53108).
The threats to Cyperus trachysanthos on Oahu are a risk of
extinction from naturally-occurring events due to the small number of
occurrences; competition with nonnative plant species; habitat
degradation by feral goats; fire; habitat disturbance by off-road
vehicles; pumping of wetlands for flood and mosquito control;
modifications to the wetland topography; mowing; herbicide application;
and run-off from nearby Hawaii Army National Guard (HIARNG) activities
such as the cleaning of vehicles, dumping of paints or thinners, or the
use of pesticides (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Diellia erecta (Aspenium-leaved diellia)
Diellia erecta, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a fern that grows in tufts of three to
nine lance shaped fronds that emerge from a rhizome covered with brown
to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the
genus in having larger brown or dark gray scales, fused or separate
sori along both margins of the pinna, shiny black midribs that have a
hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori
(Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).
Little is known about the life history of Diellia erecta.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1999).
Historically, Diellia erecta was known from Kauai, the Koolau
Mountains on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii.
Currently, it is known from Kauai, Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii. On
Oahu, it is known from a single occurrence containing at least 20
plants on Hawaii Loa Ridge on State and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001).
Diellia erecta is found on moderate to steep gulch slopes or
sparsely vegetated rock faces in mesic forest at elevations between 118
and 550 m (387 and 1,804 ft). Associated native plant species include
Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine sp.,
Psychotria sp., Psydrax odorata, Sapindus oahuensis, Syzygium
sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).
The major threats to Diellia erecta on Oahu are habitat degradation
by pigs; competition with nonnative plant species, including Blechnum
appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa (ti), Oplismenus
hirtellus, Phymatosorus grossus (lauae), Psidium cattleianum,
Schefflera actinophylla, and Schinus terebinthifolius; and random
naturally-occurring events causing extinction and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of occurrences and existing
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived perennial member of the
woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and
green or straw colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This
species can be distinguished from other species of Diplazium in the
Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including
venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape,
and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
for Diplazium molokaiense are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found at Makaleha and
Schofield Barracks on Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. However,
within the last 20 years, only one occurrence of one individual has
been recorded from East Maui. This species was last collected on Oahu
in 1945 from Kolekole Pass to Kaala (HINHP Database 2001).
Diplazium molokaiense on Oahu was found on steep, rocky, wooded
gulch walls in wet forests from 618 to 1,202 m (2,027 to 3,943 ft)
elevation (HINHP Database 2001).
Nothing is known of the threats to Diplazium molokaiense because
this species was last collected there in 1945.
Eugenia koolauensis (Nioi)
Eugenia koolauensis, a long-lived perennial member of the myrtle
family (Myrtaceae), is a small tree or shrub between 2 and 7 m (7 and
23 ft) tall with branch tips covered with dense brown hairs. Eugenia
koolauensis is one of two species in the genus that are native to
Hawaii. It differs from the other species in having leaves that are
densely hairy on the lower surface and leaf margins that curve under
the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in flower from February to December.
Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific

[[Page 35973]]

environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Eugenia koolauensis was historically known from Molokai and from
Kaipapau Valley, Hanaimoa and Kahawainui Gulches, and a gully southeast
of Kahuku on Oahu. Currently, this species is only found on Oahu in 12
occurrences on Federal, State, and private lands in Hanaimoa, Papali,
Kaleleiki, Aimuu, Kaunala, Pahipahialua, Oio, and Palikea Gulches. A
total of fewer than 70 individuals occur on Oahu (EDA Database 2001;
GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Eugenia koolauensis is found on gentle to steep slopes or ridges in
mesic or dry forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros
sp. from 57 to 437 m (187 to 1,433 ft) in elevation. Other associated
native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea elatior, Carex
meyenii, Dicranopteris linearis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Myrsine
lessertiana, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, Pouteria
sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, or Rauvolfia sandwicensis (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b).
The major threats to Eugenia koolauensis on Oahu are habitat
degradation by feral pigs; competition with nonnative plant species
such as Acacia confusa, Aleurites moluccana, Araucaria columnaris,
Ardisia elliptica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline
fruticosa, Eucalyptus sp., Grevillea robusta, Hyptis pectinata, Lantana
camara, Melia azedarach, Oplismenus hirtellus, Panicum maximum,
Passiflora laurifolia (yellow granadilla), Passiflora suberosa, Psidium
cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, and Toona
ciliata; and the limited numbers of this species, which make it
vulnerable to extinction due to naturally caused events and reduced
reproductive vigor (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 14482).
Euphorbia haeleeleana (Akoko)
Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a dioecious (female and
male flowers on separate plants) tree 3 to 14 m (10 to 46 ft) tall.
This species is distinguished from others in the genus in that it is a
tree and by the large leaves with prominent veins (Wagner et al. 1999).
Individual trees of Euphorbia haeleeleana bear only male or female
flowers and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce
viable seed. This species sets fruit between August and October. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).
Euphorbia haeleeleana is known historically and currently from
northwestern Kauai and the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. On Oahu, 8
occurrences of approximately 134 individuals are known from Keawaula
Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kaumokunui-Kaumokuiki Ridge, and Alaieihe
Gulch on Federal, State, and private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI
2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu is usually found in dry forest that
is often dominated by Diospyros sp. at elevations between 156 and 586 m
(512 and 1,922 ft). Associated native plant species include Dodonaea
viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Psydrax odorata,
Reynoldsia sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001).
The main threats to Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu are habitat
degradation and/or destruction by wild and feral goats and pigs;
predation by rats; fire; potential impacts from military activities;
and competition with the nonnative plant species Aleurites moluccana,
Caesalpinia decapetala (wait-a-bit), Coffea arabica, Digitaria
insularis (sourgrass), Ficus microcarpa, Grevillea robusta, Hyptis
pectinata, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala,
Melia azedarach, Melinus minutiflora, Panicum maximum, Passiflora
suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Rivina humilis, Schinus
terenbinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, and Toona ciliata (HINHP Database
2001).
Flueggea neowawraea (Mehamehame)
Flueggea neowawraea, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)
and a long-lived perennial, is a large dioecious tree up to 30 m (100
ft) tall with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark.
This species is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii and can be
distinguished from similar Hawaiian species in the family by its
hairless, whitish lower leaf surfaces and round fruits (Hayden 1999;
Service 1999).
Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female
flowers and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce
viable seed. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Hayden 1999; Service
1999).
Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from Oahu, Kauai, Maui,
Molokai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from Kauai,
Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. On Oahu, Flueggea neowawraea is known from 23
occurrences with a total of approximately 31 individuals on Federal,
State, city, county, and private lands at Makua Valley, Makaha,
Alaiheihe Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole
Gulch, Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kaaawa Gulch, Waianae Kai,
Palikea Gulch, Manuwai Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Kauhiuhi, Mikilua, and
Lualualei (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Flueggea neowawraea occurs on gulch slopes or ridge crests, or near
streams, in dry or mesic forest at elevations of 323 to 1,006 m (1,059
to 3,300 ft). Associated native plant species include Alyxia
oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Antidesma pulvinatum, Bobea sp.,
Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce multiformis, Charpentiera sp.,
Claoxylon sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicense,
Erythrina sandwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus arnottianus,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Morinda trimera (noni), Myoporum sandwicense,
Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia
sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp.,
Psydrax odorata, Pteralyxia sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sapindus
oahuensis, and Streblus pendulina (Hayden 1999; HINHP Database 2001).
The primary threat to the continued existence of Flueggea
neowawraea on Oahu is the black twig borer, which has affected all
known Flueggea neowawraea plants. Other major threats include habitat
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the nonnative
plant species Ageratina riparia, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum
appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Ficus macrophylla, Ficus microcarpa,
Grevillea robusta, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Melinis
minutiflora, Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium spp.,
Rivina sp., Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, and Toona
ciliata; fire; predation by the Chinese rose beetle; the small
occurrence size with its limited gene pool and depressed reproductive
vigor, compounded by a requirement for cross-pollination because the
species is dioecious; potential impacts from military activities; and
predation of the fruit by rats (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).

[[Page 35974]]

Gouania meyenii (NCN)
Gouania meyenii, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and
a short-lived perennial, is an erect to spreading shrub. It is
distinguished from the two other Hawaiian members of its genus by its
lack of tendrils on flowering branches, the lack of teeth on the
leaves, and the hairiness of the fruits (Wagner et al. 1999).
Gouania meyenii flowers from March to May. Seed capsules develop in
about six to eight weeks. Plants appear to live about 10 to 18 years in
the wild. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Gouania meyenii was known from central and southern
areas of Oahu's Waianae Mountains, from Kamaileunu Ridge to Honouliuli
and from Diamond Head. Currently, this species is found on Oahu and
Kauai. On Oahu, it is found on Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge on State,
private, city, and county lands. The 4 known occurrences on Oahu
contain an estimated 63 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Wagner et al. 1999).
Gouania meyenii typically grows on moderate to steep slopes in dry
shrubland or mesic lowland forest at elevations of 17 to 930 m (56 to
3,050 ft). Associated native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis,
Bidens sp., Canavalia sp., Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce sp., Charpentiera
sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Dodonaea viscosa,
Dryopteris unidentata, Dubautia sherffiana, Eragrostis sp., Hedyotis
sp., Hibiscus sp., Lysimachia sp., Melicope sp., Myrsine sp. (kolea),
Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Psychotria sp., Psydrax odorata,
Sapindus oahuensis, Schiedea sp., Senna gaudichaudii, Sida fallax, or
Sophora chrysophylla (HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Gouania meyenii on Oahu are competition from
the nonnative plant species Grevillea robusta, Kalanchoe pinnata,
Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, Oplismenus
hirtellus, Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, and
Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; habitat degradation by feral pigs and
goats; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining
occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database 2001).
Gouania vitifolia (NCN)
Gouania vitifolia, a short-lived member of the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae), is a climbing shrub or woody vine with tendrils. The
species is the only Hawaiian member of the genus with tendrils and
toothed leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
Gouania vitifolia flowers from March to May. Seed capsules develop
in about six to eight weeks. Plants appear to live about 10 to 18 years
in the wild. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Gouania vitifolia was known from Maui, the island of
Hawaii, and the northwestern portion of the Waianae Mountains in
Makaleha, Keaau, and Waianae Kai Valleys on Oahu. Currently, this
species is extant on Oahu and Hawaii. It is known from 2 occurrences on
Oahu on State and private lands, located at Waianae Kai and Keaau
Valley, totaling 44 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner
et al. 1999).
Gouania vitifolia typically grows on the sides of ridges and
gulches in dry to mesic forests at elevations of 39 to 978 m (128 to
3,208 ft). Associated native plant species include Bidens sp., Carex
meyenii, Chamaesyce sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Erythrina sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Hibiscus arnottianus, Melicope
sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus, Psychotria sp., or Urera
glabra (Service 1998b).
The major threats to Gouania vitifolia are competition from the
nonnative plant species Aleurites moluccana, Buddleia asiatica,
Cordyline fruticosa, Hyptis pectinata, Lantana camara, Leucaena
leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, Oplismenus hirtellus, Panicum sp.
(panic grass), Passiflora edulis, Passiflora ligularis, Passiflora
suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius
and Toona ciliata; habitat destruction by feral pigs; and a threat of
random extinction and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 32932).
Hedyotis coriacea (Kioele)
Hedyotis coriacea, a short-lived member of the coffee family
(Rubiaceae), is a small shrub with leathery leaves that are generally
elliptic to oblong in shape. This species is distinguished from others
of the genus by its small, triangular calyx lobes that do not enlarge
in fruit, by capsules that are longer than wide, and by flower buds
that are square in cross-section (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis coriacea.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997).
Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was known from the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains on Oahu and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this
species is extant on Maui and Hawaii. This species was last collected
on Oahu in the 1800s (HINHP Database 2001).
Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, rocky slopes in dry to mesic
Dodonaea viscosa dominated shrublands or forests at elevations of 57 to
836 m (187 to 2,742 ft). Associated native species include Alyxia
oliviformis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Metrosideros polymorpha
(HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR 20772).
Nothing is known of the threats to Hedyotis coriacea on Oahu
because the species was last collected there in the 1800s (Service
1997; 57 FR 20772).
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Hesperomannia arborescens, a long-lived member of the aster family
(Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5
to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from
other Hesperomannia species in having the following combination of
characteristics: Erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head
stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et
al. 1999).
This species has been observed in flower from April through June
and fruit during March and June. Little else is known about its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).
Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Molokai, Lanai,
and scattered occurrences throughout the Koolau Mountains, Oahu, from
Koolauloa and Pupukea at its northern extreme to Konahuanui at the
southern end. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui.
On Oahu, there are 36 occurrences containing between 86 and 93
individuals on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands at a few
disjunct locations upslope of Kahuku, Laie, and Malaekahana; along
Poamoho Trail above Poamoho Stream; along Waikane-Schofield Trail near
the ridge summit; and at Kipapa Gulch, on Halawa Ridge, Waimanalo-Niu
divide, Kainawaanui, Kaukonahua Gulch, Maakua-Kaipapau

[[Page 35975]]

Ridge, Kapakahi Gulch, Halemano-Opaeula Ridge, Kawailoa Trail,
Kaimananui Gulch, and upper Palolo Valley to Niu Valley (EDA Database
2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
Hesperomannia arborescens on Oahu is found in association with
Acacia koa, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bobea elatior, Broussaisia arguta,
Cheirodendron sp., Cibotium sp., Coprosma sp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Dubautia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus arnottianus, Labordia
sessilis (kamakahala), Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope sp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Perottetia
sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Psychotria mariniana, Scaevola
gaudichaudiana, Scaevola glabra (ohe naupaka), Syzygium sandwicensis,
Tetraplasandra oahuensis, and Wikstroemia sp. It typically grows on
steep slopes, ridge tops, and gulches in lowland wet forests and
occasionally in shrublands between 110 and 1,147 m (361 and 3,762 ft)
in elevation (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner et al. 1999).
The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens are habitat
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the nonnative
plant species Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Leptospermum
scoparium, and Psidium cattleianum; fire; impact by humans; and a risk
of extinction due to random environmental events or reduced
reproductive vigor due to this species' limited numbers (HINHP Database
2001; 59 FR 14482)
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)
Hesperomannia arbuscula, a long-lived perennial member of the aster
family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft)
tall. This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus
by the erect flower heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which
are one to two times as long as wide (Wagner et al. 1999).
Hesperomannia arbuscula usually flowers in the spring depending on
precipitation. Seeds mature in about six weeks and trees live for about
10 to 15 years. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Hesperomannia arbuscula was known from the central
and southern Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha to Puu Kanehoa on Oahu,
and from West Maui. This species is currently known to be extant on the
Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge and in Kaluaa and Kapuna Gulches on Oahu and
on West Maui. The 6 known occurrences on Oahu contain between 90 and 92
individuals on State, private, city, and county lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001).
Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu typically grows on slopes and
ridges in dry to wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros
polymorpha at elevations of 370 to 1,053 m (1,214 to 3,454 ft).
Associated native species include Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma sp.,
Bidens sp., Bobea elatior, the endangered Cyanea longiflora, Diospyros
hillebrandii, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus sp.,
Psychotria sp., and Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1998b; Wagner et al. 1999).
The major threats to Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu are habitat
degradation by feral pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species
Clidemia hirta, Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus argutus, and
Schinus terebinthifolius; trampling by humans; and a risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due
to the small number of remaining occurrences and individuals (HINHP
Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (Mao hau hele)
Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived perennial member of the
mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree.
This species differs from other members of the genus in having the
following combination of characteristics: Yellow petals, a calyx
consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib,
bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules that fall off,
leaving an elliptical scar.
Three subspecies of Hibiscus brackenridgei are now recognized:
brackenridgei, molokaiana, and mokuleianus. When we listed this species
in 1994, only two subspecies, brackenridgei and mokuleianus, were
recognized. Subsequently we became aware of Wilson's (1993) taxonomic
treatment of this group, in which H. brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was
recognized as distinct from H. brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei.
Wilson's (1993) treatment is cited in the supplement in the revised
edition of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as the basis
for recognizing H. brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana. We will address this
name change in a future Federal Register notice (Bates 1999; HINHP
Database 2000; Wagner et al. 1999; Wilson 1993).
Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early
February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year.
Intermittent flowering may possibly be related to day length. Little
else is known about the life history of this plant. Little else is
known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors (Service 1999).
This species was historically known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus is currently known from Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii; it
may possibly occur on Kauai. On Oahu, there are a total of fewer than
206 individual plants in 5 occurrences at Kaumokunui, Kawaiu, Palikea,
Kihakapu, and Kaimuhole Gulches on State and private lands. Hibiscus
brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana is currently known from Oahu. There are a
total of five individual plants in one occurrence in Makua Valley on
land under Federal jurisdiction (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Joel
Lau, pers. comm., 2001).
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus on Oahu occurs on slopes,
cliffs, and arid ledges in lowland dry forest and shrubland from 24 to
490 m (79 to 1,607 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species
include Bidens amplectans (kookoolau), Chamaesyce sp., Diospyros
hillebrandii, Dodonaea viscosa, Doryopteris sp., Erythrina
sandwicensis, Heteropogon contortus, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
molokaiana, Lepidium bidentatum, Melanthera remyi, Pleomele halapepe,
Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sida fallax, or Waltheria
indica. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana occurs in dry shrublands
between 23 and 580 m (75 to 1,902 ft) elevation. Associated native
plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Doryopteris sp., Heteropogon
contortus, Sida fallax, and Waltheria indica (GDSI Database 2001; HINHP
Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus on
Oahu are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs, goats,
cattle, and rats; competition with the nonnative plant species Ageratum
conyzoides (maile honohono), Aleurites moluccana, Caesalpinia
decapetala, Coffea arabica, Grevillea robusta, Hyptis pectinata,
Leucaena leucocephala, Melia azedarach, Neonotonia wightii (NCN),
Panicum maximum, Passiflora edulis, Passiflora suberosa, Schinus
terebinthifolius, Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree),

[[Page 35976]]

Syzygium cumini, and Toona ciliata; road construction; fire; and
susceptibility to extinction caused by random environmental events or
reduced reproductive vigor due to a limited number of occurrences and
individuals. The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
molokaiana are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs and
goats; competition with the nonnative plant species Ageratum
conyzoides, Leucaena leucocephala, and Panicum maximum; fire; predation
by the Chinese rose beetle; and susceptibility to extinction caused by
random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
single occurrence and limited number of individuals (HINHP Database
2001; 59 FR 56333).
Isodendrion laurifolium (Aupaka)
Isodendrion laurifolium, a short-lived perennial member of the
violet family (Violaceae), is a slender, erect shrub with few branches.
The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its leathery,
oblong-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, lance-shaped leaves (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors of this species (Service 1999).
Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium was known from Kauai and the
Waianae and Koolau mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is found
on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, there are a total of between 22 and 23
individuals found in 5 occurrences on State, private, city, and county
lands in Makaha in the Waianae Mountains, East Makaleha Valley, Waianae
Kai, Kaawa Gulch, and Kaumokunui Gulch (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database
2001).
Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu is usually found between 90 and 959
m (295 and 3,146 ft) elevation on gulch slopes, in ravines, and on
ridges in diverse mesic or dry forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha, Eugenia reinwardtiana, or Diospyros sandwicensis with one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Acacia koa,
Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Antidesma pulvinatum, Carex
wahuensis, Charpentiera tomentosa (papala), Doodia sp., Dryopteris
unidentata, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus arnottianus, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata,
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sapindus sp. (soapberry), Smilax melastomifolia
(hoi kuahiwi), or Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1999).
The primary threats to Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu are habitat
degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition with the nonnative
plant species Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa, Grevillea
robusta, Psidium cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Toona
ciliata; and a potential threat from military activities (HINHP
Database 2001; 61 FR 53108).
Isodendrion longifolium (Aupaka)
Isodendrion longifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae),
is a slender, erect shrub. The hairless, leathery, lance-shaped leaves
distinguish this species from others in the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors of this species (Service 1999).
Historically and currently, Isodendrion longifolium is known from
scattered locations on Kauai and the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. There
is a total of 30 individual plants on Oahu in 7 occurrences on Federal,
State, and private lands in Palikea Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, Makaua Gulch,
and Kaukonahua Stream (EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu is found on steep slopes and stream
banks in mixed mesic or lowland wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis forest, usually between 363 and 964 m (1,191 and
3,162 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Acacia
koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma sp., Bobea brevipes (ahakea lau
lii), Carex sp., Cyanea sp. (haha), Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis,
Isachne pallens (NCN), Melicope sp., Peperomia sp., Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp.,
Psydrax odorata, Selaginella arbuscula, or Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1999).
The major threats to Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu are habitat
degradation or destruction by feral goats and pigs; competition with
the nonnative plants Ageratina riparia, Clidemia hirta, Oplismenus
hirtellus, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, and Thelypteris
parasitica; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events
due to the small number of occurrences and individuals. The Palikea
Gulch occurrence is also potentially threatened by fire (HINHP Database
2001; 61 FR 53108).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)
Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-lived perennial member of the
violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub. The species is
distinguished from others in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow
flowers and by its hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner et al. 1999).
During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the
newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with
seeds ripening one to two months later. Little else is known about its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1996c).
Isodendrion pyrifolium was known historically from Oahu's central
Waianae mountains, Maui, Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently,
this species is found only on the island of Hawaii. This species was
last collected on Oahu in the late 1800s (HINHP Database 2001).
Isodendrion pyrifolium was found on Oahu on bare rocky hills and in
wooded ravines in dry shrublands at low elevations from 363 to 964 m
(1,191 to 3,162 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).
Nothing is known of the threats to Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu
because it was last collected there in the 1800s.
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)
Lobelia niihauensis, a short-lived perennial member of the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched shrub. This
species is distinguished from others in the genus by its leaves lacking
or nearly lacking leaf stalks, the width of the leaf, and length of the
magenta-colored flowers (56 FR 55770).
Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late summer and early fall. Fruits
mature four to six weeks later. Plants are known to live as long as 20
years. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was known from the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Uluhulu Gulch to Nanakuli Valley), Kauai, and
Niihau. It is now known to be extant only on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu,
this species remains on Ohikilolo Ridge, Kaimokuiki-Manuwai Ridge,
Kamaileunu Ridge, Mt. Kaala, Makaha-Waianae Kai, Makua Military
Reservation, Nanakuli, South Mohiakea Gulch, east of Puu Kalena,
Kahanahaiki

[[Page 35977]]

Valley, between Puu Hapapa and Puu Kanehoa, Puu Kailio, between
Kolekole Pass and Puu Hapapa, North of Palikea, Puu Kaua-Kauhiuhi-
Pahoa-Halona subdistricts, and Lualualei Naval Magazine in 40
occurrences containing between 362 and 397 individual plants on
Federal, State, city, and county lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001).
Lobelia niihauensis on Oahu typically grows on exposed mesic or dry
cliffs and ledges, at elevations from 339 to 926 m (1,112 to 3,037 ft).
Associated native plant species include Artemisia sp., Bidens sp.,
Carex meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Doryopteris sp., Eragrostis sp.,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lipochaeta tenuis, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Plectranthus parviflorus, Schiedea mannii, or Sida
fallax (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).
On Oahu, the major threats to Lobelia niihauensis are habitat
degradation and predation by feral goats, rats, and slugs; fire;
potential impacts from military activities; and competition from the
nonnative plant species Acacia confusa, Ageratina riparia, Erigeron
karvinskianus, Ficus microcarpa, Grevillea robusta, Kalanchoe pinnata,
Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, Melinis
repens, and Schinus terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR
55770).
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)
Lysimachia filifolia, a short-lived perennial member of the
primrose family (Primulaceae), is a small shrub 15 to 50 cm (0.5 to 1.6
ft) tall. This species is distinguished from other members of the genus
by its leaf shape and width, calyx lobe shape, and corolla length
(Service 1995b; Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Lysimachia filifolia.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995b).
Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was known only from Kauai. This
species is now known from Oahu and Kauai. On Oahu, there is one
occurrence containing a total of 50 individuals, on the slopes of
Waiahole Valley in the Koolau Mountains on State land (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001).
On Oahu, Lysimachia filifolia typically grows on mossy banks at the
base of cliff faces within the spray zone of waterfalls or along
streams in lowland wet forests at elevations of 65 to 798 m (213 to
2,617 ft). Associated plants include mosses, ferns, liverworts, and
Pilea peploides (NCN) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995b; Wagner et
al. 1999).
The major threat to Lysimachia filifolia on Oahu is competition
with the nonnative plant species Ageratina riparia, Blechnum
appendiculatum, Cordyline fruticosa, Pluchea sp. (sourbush), and
Schefflera actinophylla. Additionally, individuals of the species are
vulnerable to rock slides. Because only one occurrence of Lysimachia
filifolia exists on each of only two islands, the species is threatened
by extinction due to naturally caused events (HINHP Database 2001; 59
FR 09304).
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)
Mariscus pennatiformis, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae),
is a short-lived perennial plant with a woody root system covered with
brown scales. This species differs from other members of the genus by
its three-sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number
of spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems. The
two subspecies (Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis and Mariscus
pennatiformis ssp. bryanii) are distinguished by the length and width
of spikelets, shape and length of fruits, and color, length, and width
of glumes.
Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 1994, we
became aware of Tucker's (1994) treatment of this genus reclassifying
it to Cyperus. Tucker's (1994) treatment is cited in the supplement in
the revised edition of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as
the basis for recognizing Mariscus as Cyperus. We will address this
name change in a future Federal Register notice (Service 1999; Wagner
et al. 1999).
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown for Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis (Service
1999).
Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis was known from Kauai, Oahu
(Waianae Mountains on a ridge above Makaha Valley), East Maui, the
island of Hawaii, and Laysan Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian
Islands. Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. bryanii is known from Laysan. Only
one occurrence of Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis has been
seen in the last 70 years on the main Hawaiian islands, in Keanae
Valley on Maui in the 1970s (HINHP Database 2001).
Mariscus pennatiformis typically grows in mesic and wet
Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa
forest at elevations between 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft). The
associated native plant species on Oahu are unknown (J. Lau, in litt.
2001).
No threat information is available for Mariscus pennatiformis on
Oahu.
Marsilea villosa (Ihiihi)
Marsilea villosa, a short-lived perennial member of the marsilea
family (Marsileaceae), is an aquatic to semiaquatic fern similar in
appearance to a four-leaved clover that requires periodic flooding to
complete its life cycle. The species is the only member of the genus
native to Hawaii and is closely related to Marsilea vestita of the
western coast of the United States (Service 1996a).
Sexual reproduction of Marsilea villosa is initiated through the
production of a hard sporocarp (a structure in or on which spores are
produced) borne on the rhizome of a leaf pair node. The young sporocarp
is covered with rust-colored hairs that are lost as the sporocarp
matures. The sporocarp will mature only if the soil dries below
threshold levels for leaf growth. The sporocarp remains in the soil for
an extended period of time and must be scarified before it will open.
It is not known how the sporocarp is scarified in Marsilea villosa, but
bacterial action is thought to erode the wall of the sporocarp to the
point that water can be absorbed and force the sporocarp to open, as in
other Marsilea species (Service 1996a).
Marsilea villosa was historically known from Oahu, Molokai, and
Niihau. Currently, it is found on Oahu and Molokai. There are five
occurrences on Oahu with an unknown number of individuals at Koko Head,
on Lualualei Naval Reservation, and at Kealakipapa on Federal, city,
county, and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service
1996a).
Marsilea villosa typically grows in cinder craters, vernal pools
surrounded by lowland dry forest vegetation, mud flats, or lowland
grasslands at elevations between 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft).
Associated native plant species include Sida fallax (HINHP Database
2001).
The main reason for the decline of Marsilea villosa on Oahu is
habitat destruction and the destruction of natural hydrology; many of
the areas where it formerly occurred are now sugar cane fields,
industrial parks, housing developments, and pastures. The greatest
immediate threats to the survival of this species are encroachment and
competition from naturalized, nonnative plants such as

[[Page 35978]]

Bidens pilosa, Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Panicum maximum, and
Prosopis pallida (kiawe); habitat disturbance by off-road vehicles or
by grazing cattle; continued development and habitat degradation; fire;
small occurrence size; and fragmentation, trampling, and other impacts
from humans and introduced mammals (HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR 27863).
Melicope pallida (Alani)
Melicope pallida, a long-lived perennial member of the citrus
family (Rutaceae), is a tree with grayish white hairs and black,
resinous new growth. The species differs from other members of the
genus by the resinous new growth, leaves folded and in clusters of
three, and fruits with separate carpels (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope pallida.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995b).
Melicope pallida is currently and historically known from Kauai and
Oahu. On Oahu, it is currently known from the Waianae Mountains within
TNCH's privately owned Honouliuli Preserve on State and private lands.
There is a single occurrence with a single individual (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001).
Melicope pallida usually grows on steep rock faces in lowland dry
or mesic forests at elevations of 234 to 841 m (768 to 2,758 ft).
Associated native plant species include the endangered Abutilon
sandwicense, Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea elatior, Cibotium
sp., Dryopteris sp. (NCN), Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus,
Psychotria mariniana, Sapindus oahuensis, Syzygium sandwicensis,
Tetraplasandra sp., Wikstroemia oahuensis, or Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP
Database 2001; 59 FR 09304).
The major threat to Melicope pallida on Oahu is competition from
nonnative plants, especially Andropogon virginicus, Clidemia hirta,
Psidium cattleianum, Pterolepis glomerata, and Toona ciliata. A
potential threat to M. pallida is the black twig borer, which is known
to occur in areas where this species grows and to feed on members of
the genus Melicope. Additional threats to M. pallida are fire, habitat
degradation by feral pigs, and a high risk of extinction due to
naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
solitary existing individual on Oahu (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR
09304).
Nototrichium humile (Kului)
Nototrichium humile, a short-lived perennial member of the amaranth
family (Amaranthaceae), is an upright to trailing shrub with branched
stems to 1.5 m (5 ft) long. This species is distinguished from the only
other species in the genus by the size and hairiness of its
inflorescence (Wagner et al. 1999).
Nototrichium humile is found on and at the base of rock cliffs and
talus slopes in areas in partial shade. Plants have been observed
flowering after heavy rain, but flowering is generally heaviest in the
spring and summer. Fruits mature a few weeks after flowering. In
cultivation, this species is known to live for more than a decade
(Service 1998b). Little else is known about its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors.
Historically and currently, Nototrichium humile is known from Oahu
and Maui. Currently, on Oahu, it is found in Kapuhi Gulch, Pahole
Gulch, Kealia, Kahanahaiki, Kaluakauila Gulch, along Makua-Keaau Ridge
to Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, and Nanakuli, where it occurs on Federal,
State, city, county, and private lands. There are a total of 25
occurrences containing between 775 and 995 individuals on Oahu (EDA
Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Nototrichium humile typically grows at elevations of 185 to 806 m
(607 to 2,644 ft) on cliff faces, gulches, stream banks, or steep
slopes in dry or mesic forests often dominated by Sapindus oahuensis or
Diospyros sandwicensis. Associated native species include the
endangered species Abutilon sandwicense, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma
pulvinatum, Artemisia australis, Bidens cervicata (kookoolau),
Canavalia sp., Carex wahuensis, Charpentiera sp., Dodonaea viscosa,
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Erythrina sandwicensis, Eugenia reinwartiana,
Hibiscus sp., Melanthera tenuis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myoporum
sandwicense, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Peperomia sp.,
Pisonia umbellifera, Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax
odorata, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sicyos sp.,
Stenogyne sp., Streblus pendulinus, or Syzygium sandwicensis, (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
On Oahu, the major threats to Nototrichium humile are habitat
degradation by feral goats and pigs; potential impacts of military
activities; competition from the nonnative plant species Adiantum
hispidulum, Ageratina adenophora, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum
appendiculatum, Buddleia asiatica, Caesalpinia decapetala, Coffea
arabica, Cordyline fruticosa, Ficus microphylla, Grevillea robusta,
Hyptis pectinata, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Leucaena
leucocephala, Melia azedarach, Melinis minutiflora, Montanoa
hibiscifolia, Oplismenus hirtellus, Panicum maximum, Passiflora
suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rivina
humilis, Schefflera actinophylla, Schinus terebinthifolius, Spathodea
campanulata, Syzygium cumini, Triumfetta semitriloba (Sacramento bur),
and Toona ciliata; road building and maintenance; and fire (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Peucedanum sandwicense (Makou)
Peucedanum sandwicense, a short-lived perennial and a member of the
parsley family (Apiaceae), is a parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow
stems arise from a short, vertical, perennial stem with several fleshy
roots. This species is the only member of the genus on the Hawaiian
Islands (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown for this species (Service 1995b).
Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from
Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. Discoveries in 1990 extended the known
distribution of this species to Oahu. On Oahu, there are a total of 4
occurrences containing 51 individual plants on State, city, and county
lands in Keaau Valley, Puu Kawiwi, Waianae Kai, and Kamaileunu Ridge
(GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Peucedanum sandwicense grows on cliffs, slopes, and ridges in
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest between 395 and 977 m
(1,296 and 3,205 ft) elevation and is associated with native species
such as Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, Dianella sandwicensis,
Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense,
Melanthera integrifolia (nehe), Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Peperomia
remyi (alaala wai nui), Pittosporum halophilum (hoawa), Plechranthus
parviflorus, Plumbago zeylanica, Portulaca lutea (ihi), Reynoldsia
sandwicensis, Santalum ellipticum (iliahialoe), Scaevola sericea
(naupaka kahakai), Schiedea globosa (NCN), Senna gaudichaudii, and Sida

[[Page 35979]]

fallax (Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service
1995b).
Threats to Peucedanum sandwicense on Oahu are habitat degradation
by feral goats and pigs and competition with the nonnative plant
species Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, and
Schinus terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001).
Phlegmariurus nutans (Wawaeiole)
Phlegmariurus nutans is an erect or pendulous herbaceous epiphyte
in the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae). This species can be
distinguished from others of the genus in Hawaii by its epiphytic
habit, simple or forking fruiting spikes, and larger and stiffer leaves
(59 FR 14482).
This species has been observed fertile, with spores, in May and
December. No other information is available on reproductive cycles,
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Phlegmariurus nutans was known from the island of
Kauai and from scattered locations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu,
bounded by Kaluanui Valley to the north, Paalaa to the west, and Mount
Tantalus to the south. This species is now known only from Oahu in 3
occurrences containing seven individual plants on Federal and State
lands in Kaukonahua Gulch, Kahana, and Kaipapau Gulch (EDA Database
2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Phlegmariurus nutans on Oahu grows on tree trunks, usually on open
ridges, forested slopes, and cliffs in Metrosideros polymorpha-
dominated wet forests and shrublands and occasionally mesic forests
between 227 and 846 m (745 and 2,775 ft) in elevation. Associated
native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia
arguta, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum sp.
(ekaha), Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus sp., Machaerina angustifolia,
Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia oahuensis
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The primary threat to Phlegmariurus nutans on Oahu is
susceptibility to extinction from naturally caused events and decreased
reproductive vigor because of the small number of remaining individuals
and limited distribution of the species. Additional threats to
Phlegmariurus nutans are habitat degradation by feral pigs; floods; and
the nonnative plants Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium
cattleianum, and Sacciolepis indica (HINHP Database 2001).
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)
Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, nonaromatic,
perennial herb. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the
kind and amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and
details of the various plant parts separate this species from other
members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants live for approximately five
years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. Little
else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was known from Molokai, Maui, and
Oahu from the central and southern Waianae Mountains, Mt. Kaala to
Honouliuli, and Makiki in the Koolau Mountains. Currently, this species
is only known from Oahu and Maui. On Oahu, this species remains only in
Kaluaa Gulch, Palawai Gulch, Puu Kumakalii, Mohiakea Gulch, Huliwai
Gulch, Waieli Gulch, and Pualii Gulch on Federal and private lands. The
5 occurrences contain between 85 and 105 individuals (EDA Database
2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on steep slopes and in gulches
in diverse mesic to wet forests at elevations of 519 to 928 m (1,702 to
3,044 ft). Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Alyxia
oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce
multiformis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Diospyros hillebrandii, Dryopteris
unidentata, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sp., Pipturus alba,
Pisonia umbellifera, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, or
Urera glabra (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Phyllostegia mollis are competition from the
nonnative plant species Ageratina adenophora, Blechnum appendiculatum,
Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus popayanensis,
Kalanchoe pinnata, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus
rosifolius, and Schinus terebinthifolius; rockslides; habitat
degradation and predation by feral pigs and goats; and the small number
of extant occurrences, which makes the species vulnerable to extinction
and/or reduced reproductive vigor (HINHP Database 2001).
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN)
Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae),
is a perennial herb. The species is distinguished from others of the
genus by the shape of the leaves and the length of the leaf stalks and
lower corolla. The varieties of this species are differentiated by
hairs on the inflorescence and leaves and by the branching of the
inflorescence.
At the time of listing of this species in 1996, only two varieties
were recognized, Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula and P.
parviflora var. parviflora. Subsequently we became aware of Wagner et
al.'s (1999) taxonomic treatment of this group in which P. parviflora
var. lydgatei was recognized. This treatment is cited in the supplement
in the revised edition of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
(Wagner et al. 1999) as the basis for recognizing P. parviflora var.
lydgatei. This name change will be addressed in a future Federal
Register notice.
Historically, Phyllostegia parviflora was known from the islands of
Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui. This species is now known only from six
occurrences on Oahu. Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula was only
known from the island of Hawaii on private land and has not been
observed since the 1800s. Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora is
now known from only 30 plants on the east side of Puu Pauao, on State
and Federal lands. Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei is known from
only four plants in North Pualii Gulch on private land (GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001).
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei is typically found on
moderate to steep slopes in mesic forest from 555 to 881 m (1,820 to
2,890 ft) elevation. Native vegetation associated with Phyllostegia
parviflora var. lydgatei includes Antidesma platyphyllum, Chamaesyce
multiformis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma foliosa, Dryopteris
unidentata, Myrsine lessertiana, Pipturus albidus, Pouteria
sandwicensis, Selaginella arbuscula, or Xylosma hawaiiense.
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora is typically found in
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland wet forest from 232 to 867 m (761
to 2,844 ft) elevation. Native vegetation associated with Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora includes Antidesma sp., Broussaisia arguta,
Cheirodendron sp., Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Melicope sp., Phyllostegia glabra (NCN), Pipturus sp., Pritchardia sp.,
Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp., or

[[Page 35980]]

Touchardia latifolia (HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei are
habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; landslides or
rockslides; competition with the nonnative plant species Ageratina
adenophora, Christella parasitica, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium
cattleianum, Rivina humilis, Rubus rosifolius, and Schinus
terebinthifolius; and a risk of extinction and/or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and occurrences.
The major threats to Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora on Oahu
are competition with the nonnative plant species Ageratina sp. and
Clidemia hirta; and extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to
the small number of remaining individuals in each respective occurrence
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)
Plantago princeps, a short-lived member of the plantain family
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This
species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its
large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the
flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from
the base. The four varieties, vars. anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata,
and princeps, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the
stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of
the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al.
1999).
Individuals have been observed in fruit from April through
September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1999).
Plantago princeps was historically found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Hawaii, and Maui. It is no longer extant on the island of Hawaii.
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata was known from Kauai and Oahu,
but there are currently no remaining Oahu populations. The 11 extant
occurrences of var. princeps on Oahu consist of between 130 and 180
individuals on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands at
Palawai Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Makua-Makaha
Ridge, Mohiakea Gulch, and Pahole Gulch (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001).
On Oahu, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata was typically found
on the sides of waterfalls and wet rock faces between 64 and 835 m (210
and 2,739 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species included
Bidens sp., Coprosma granadensis (makole), Eugenia sp., Lobelia
gaudichaudii (NCN), Metrosideros rugosa, or Scaevola glabra. Plantago
princeps var. princeps is typically found on slopes and ledges in
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forests and shrublands between
110 and 1,064 m (361 to 3,490 ft) elevation. Associated native plant
species include Artemisia australis, Bidens sp., Chamaesyce sp.,
Dubautia plantaginea, Eragrostis sp., Lysimachia sp., Pilea peploides,
and Viola sp. (pamakani) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. longibracteata on
Oahu were predation and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and
competition with various nonnative plant species. The primary threats
to Plantago princeps var. princeps are rockslides and competition with
the nonnative plant species Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinis
minutiflora, and Schinus terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1999; 59 FR 56333).
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Platanthera holochila, a short-lived perennial member of the orchid
family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from
underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance-to egg-shaped, and
the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. This is the only
species of this genus that occurs on the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et
al. 1999). It is distinguished from other Hawaiian orchids by its
underground tubers that lack roots at the nodes or pseudobulbs and by
the shape and length of its dorsal sepal.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown for this species (Service 1999).
Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu,
Molokai, and Kauai. Currently, it is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and
Maui. This species was last collected on Oahu in 1938 in the area from
Puu Kainapuaa to Kawainui-Kaipapau summit ridge and Kipapa Gulch (HINHP
Database 2001).
On Oahu, Platanthera holochila was found in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed
shrubland between 447 and 867 m (1,466 and 2,844 ft) elevation.
Associated native plant species included Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium
sp., Clermontia sp. (oha wai), Coprosma sp., Dubautia sp., Gahnia sp.,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Luzula hawaiiensis (wood rush), Lycopodiella
cernua, Lythrum maritimum (pukamole), Polypodium pellucidum (ae),
Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp., Vaccinium reticulatum, and Wikstroemia sp.
(akia) (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
The major threats to Platanthera holochila are habitat degradation
and destruction by ungulates such as cattle and feral pigs, predation
by slugs, competition with alien plants, over collection, and the small
number of occurrences and individuals, which make the species highly
vulnerable to extinction from random environmental events and reduced
reproductive vigor (Service 1999).
Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family
(Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft)
tall. It can be distinguished from other species of Pteris on the
Hawaiian Islands by the texture of its fronds and the tendency of the
sori along the leaf margins to be broken into short segments instead of
being fused into continuous marginal sori (Wagner 1949; Wagner and
Wagner 1992).
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown for this species (Service 1998a).
Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui.
Currently, this species is known from Oahu and Maui. Nine occurrences
with approximately 13 individuals occur on Oahu on Federal, State, and
private lands Kaluanui, Kawainui drainage, Kaukonahua Gulch, Kawai Iki
Stream, Waimano Stream, and Waimano Gulch (EDA Database 2001; GDSI
2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Pteris lidgatei on Oahu grows on steep stream banks and cliffs
around 75 m (246 ft) elevation in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis forest with Asplenium sp. (NCN), Broussaisia
arguta, Cibotium chamissoi, Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Diplopterygium pinnatum, Doodia lyonii (NCN), Dryopteris sandwicensis,
Elaphoglossum crassifolium (ekaha), Isachne pallens, Machaerina
angustifolia, Sadleria squarrosa, Selaginella arbuscula, or Sphenomeris
chinensis (palaa) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei on Oahu are competition with
the nonnative plant species Ageratina riparia, Christella parasitica,
Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, Pterolepis
glomerata, and

[[Page 35981]]

Sacciolepis indica; habitat destruction by feral pigs; and a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database
2001).
Sanicula purpurea (NCN)
Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived member of the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is a stout herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in) tall, arising from
a massive perennial stem. This species is distinguished from others in
the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by the color of the
petals (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors of
Sanicula purpurea are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically and currently, Sanicula purpurea is known from Oahu
and Maui. On Oahu, 5 occurrences totaling approximately 21 individuals
are currently known from Kaukonahua-Kahana divide, Helemano-Punaluu
divide, the summit between Aiea and Waimano, and North Kaukonahue-
Punaluu on Federal, State, and private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI
2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Sanicula purpurea on Oahu typically grows in open Metrosideros
polymorpha mixed montane bogs and windswept shrublands within the cloud
zone between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated
native plant species include Bidens sp., Cheirodendron sp.,
Dicanthelium koolauense, Gahnia beechyi, Leptecophylla tameiameiae,
Lycopodium sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Plantago pachyphylla (laukahi
kuahiwi), Sadleria pallida, or Vaccinium sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,
in litt. 2001).
The major threats to Sanicula purpurea on Oahu are habitat
degradation by feral pigs, a risk of extinction due to random
environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of existing occurrences, and competition with the nonnative
plant species Axonopus fissifolius and Clidemia hirta (HINHP Database
2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Schiedea hookeri (NCN)
Schiedea hookeri, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
a sprawling or clumped, long-lived, perennial herb. This species is
distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its open,
hairy, and sometimes sticky inflorescence and by the size of the
capsules (Wagner et al. 1999).
Based on field and greenhouse observations, Schiedea hookeri has
bisexual flowers. Mature fruits have been observed in June and August.
A series of experimental self-pollinations, within-population crosses,
and crosses among populations has demonstrated that S. hookeri
experiences moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results
indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression
of inbreeding depression among progeny, with potentially deleterious
consequences for the long-term persistence of this species. Schiedea
hookeri appears to be an out-crossing species. Under greenhouse
conditions, flowers do not set seed unless hand-pollinated. In the
field, the species is presumed to be pollinated by insects, although
none have been observed (a related species, S. lydgatei on Molokai, is
apparently pollinated by native, night-flying moths). Individuals of S.
hookeri appear to be long-lived, but there is no evidence of
reproduction from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of Schiedea
species occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by
introduced slugs and snails. In contrast, Schiedea occurring in dry
areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably
because the drier sites have fewer nonnative predators. Schiedea
hookeri differs considerably through its range in potential for clonal
growth. Plants from Kaluakauila Gulch are upright and show little
potential for clonal spread. In contrast, clonal growth has been
detected for individuals at Kaluaa Gulch, where the growth form is
decumbent and plants apparently root at the nodes (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1999; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data). No further
information is available on flowering cycles, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors.
Historically, Schiedea hookeri was known from the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu and a single fragmentary collection from Maui that may
represent a different species. Currently, this species is known from 17
occurrences on Oahu containing between 328 and 378 individuals in East
Makaleha, Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Kaluakauila Gulch, between
Kalaulula and Kanewai Streams, Kaluaa Gulch, north of Puu Ku Makalii,
Waianae Kai, Makua-Makaha Ridge, between Kolekole Pass and Puu Hapapa,
southwest of Puu Kaua, Palikea Gulch, Makaha, Kamaileunu Ridge, and
Kahanahaiki on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (EDA
Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).
Schiedea hookeri is usually found on slopes, cliffs and cliff
bases, rock walls, and ledges in diverse mesic or dry lowland forest,
often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, or
Diospyros hillebrandii, and at elevations between 208 and 978 m (682
and 3,208 ft). Associated plant species include Acacia koa, Alyxia
oliviformis, Antidesma pulvinatum, Artemisia australis, Bidens torta,
Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Charpentiera tomentosa, Dodonaea
viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Eragrostis grandis, Hibiscus sp.,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Melanthera tenuis, Pisonia sandwicensis,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Sida fallax, or Stenogyne sp.
(Service 1999).
The primary threats to Schiedea hookeri are habitat degradation
and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; competition with the
nonnative plant species Adiantum hispidulum, Ageratina adenophora,
Ageratina riparia, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum,
Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa, Grevillea
robusta, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Hyptis pectinata, Kalanchoe pinnata,
Lantana camara, Melia azedarach, Melinis minutiflora, Panicum maximum,
Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium
guajava, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, and Toona ciliata;
and predation by introduced slugs and snails. The Kaluakauila Gulch
occurrence is also potentially threatened by fire and military
activities (Service 1999).
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)
Schiedea nuttallii, a long-lived perennial member of the pink
family (Caryophyllaceae), is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This
species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by
its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of the inflorescence,
number of flowers per inflorescence, and smaller leaves, flowers, and
seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).
Flowers and fruits of Schiedea nuttallii are abundant in the wet
season but can be found throughout the year. Plants located close to
the Makua rim on Oahu have been under observation for 10 years, and
they appear to be long-lived. Based on field and greenhouse
observations, the species has bisexual flowers. Schiedea nuttallii
appears to be an out-crossing species. Under greenhouse conditions,
plants fail to set seed unless hand-pollinated, suggesting that this
species requires insects for pollination. Seedlings of Schiedea

[[Page 35982]]

occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced
slugs and snails. In contrast, Schiedea occurring in dry areas produce
abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because there are
fewer nonnative predators in drier sites. Other information about
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is unknown (Service 1999).
Historically Schiedea nuttallii was known from scattered locations
on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. Currently, it occurs on Kauai, Oahu,
and Molokai. On Oahu, 7 occurrences with 49 individuals are found on
Pahole-Makua Ridge, Pahole-Kahanahaiki Ridge, Ekahanui Gulch,
Kahanahaiki Valley, and Pahole Gulch, on Federal, State, and private
lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service
1999).
Schiedea nuttallii on Oahu typically grows on steep rock walls and
forested slopes in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic
forest and Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa forest at
elevations between 436 and 1,185 m (1,430 and 3,887 ft). Associated
native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma
platyphyllum, Bidens torta, Cibotium chamissoi, Coprosma sp., the
endangered Cyanea longiflora, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala,
Machaerina sp., Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp.,
or Psydrax odorata (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt., 2001).
Schiedea nuttalii on Oahu is seriously threatened by competition
with the nonnative plant species Andropogon virginicus, Clidemia hirta,
Grevillea robusta, Melinis minutiflora, Paspalum conjugatum, and
Psidium cattleianum; predation by the black twig borer, slugs, and
snails; habitat degradation by feral pigs; and a risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides) and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Sesbania tomentosa (Ohai)
Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived perennial member of the pea
family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub but may also be a
small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic
leaflets that are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky hairs.
The flowers are a salmon color tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet,
or, rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic
Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized S. sesban
by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the
number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).
The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa has been studied by
David Hopper, University of Hawaii. His findings suggest that although
many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of successful
pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus Hylaeus and
that occurrences at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator-
limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring
rains and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other
aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 1999).
Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on six of the eight main
Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii)
and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It is no
longer extant on Niihau and Lanai. On Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is known
from 3 occurrences of 54 to 55 wild and approximately 200 outplanted
individuals on State-owned land within the Kaena Point NAR and from
Keawaula on State and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
On Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is found on cliff faces, broken basalt,
and sand dunes with rock outcrops in Scaevola sericea coastal dry
shrubland and Sporobolus virginicus (aki aki) mixed grasslands between
sea level and 152 m (0 and 499 ft) elevation. Associated native plant
species include Heliotropium anomalum (ahinahina), Jacquemontia
ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis, Melanthera sp., Myoporum sandwicense, or
Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).
The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Oahu are competition
with the nonnative plant species Lantana camara and Leucaena
leucocephala; lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats,
mice, and, potentially, nonnative insects; fire; trampling by hikers,
motorcycles, and all-terrain vehicles; and a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events (e.g. tsunami) and/or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of occurrences and individuals (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Silene lanceolata, a member of the pink family, is an upright,
short-lived perennial with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) long, which
are woody at the base. The flowers are white with deeply-lobed, clawed
petals. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of
the genus by its erect stem, terminal inflorescence, and length of the
calyx, clawed petals, and carpophore (ovary structure) (Wagner et al.
1999).
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
for Silene lanceolata are unknown (Service1996d).
The historical range of Silene lanceolata includes five Hawaiian
Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii. Silene lanceolata is
presently extant on Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. On Oahu, there are 4
occurrences with 62 individuals located in Koiahi Gulch and Waianae Kai
on Federal and State lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001).
On Oahu, Silene lanceolata grows on cliff faces and ledges of
gullies in dry to mesic shrubland and cliff communities at elevations
of about 351 to 978 m (1,151 to 3,208 ft). Associated native plant
species include Artemisia australis, Bidens sp., Carex sp., Chamaesyce
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Lysimachia sp., Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Schiedea mannii, or the endangered Tetramolopium filiforme (HINHP
Database 2001).
The threats to Silene lanceolata on Oahu are habitat destruction by
feral goats and pigs; wildfires; and competition with the nonnative
plant species Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana
camara, Melinis minutiflora, Melinis repens, and Schinus
terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996d; 57 FR 46325).
Solanum sandwicense (Popolo aiakeakua)
Solanum sandwicense, a member of the nightshade family
(Solanaceae), is a large sprawling shrub. The younger branches are more
densely hairy than older branches, and the oval leaves usually have up
to four lobes along the margins. This short-lived perennial species
differs from other members of the genus by having dense hairs on young
plant parts, a greater height, and lacking prickles (Symon 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Solanum sandwicense.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995b).
Historically, Solanum sandwicense was known from both Oahu and
Kauai. This species was last seen on Oahu in 2000. Currently, this
species is only

[[Page 35983]]

known from Kauai (GDSI Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service
1995b; 59 FR 09304; 65 FR 66808; J. Yoshioka, TNCH, pers. comm., 2000).
Solanum sandwicense was found on Oahu on talus slopes and in
streambeds in open, sunny areas at elevations between 131 and 1,006 m
(430 and 3,300 ft). Associated native plant species included Pisonia
sp. or Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995b; 59 FR
09304).
The major threats to occurrences of Solanum sandwicense on Oahu
were habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition with the nonnative
plant species Passiflora suberosa, Psidium sp., and Schinus
terebinthifolius; fire; landslides; and a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events and reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of existing individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1995b; 59 FR 09304).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae),
is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves are dissected
into narrow, lance-shaped divisions. Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the
only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from
other native members of the family by being a nonsucculent annual with
an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors of
this species are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. It is currently known from Molokai and
Maui as well as the above four islands. On Oahu, there are 6 known
occurrences totaling between 110 and 910 individuals, on Makua-Keaau
Ridge and near the entrance of Diamond Head on State, Federal, city,
and county lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu typically grows on steep to
vertical cliffs or at the base of cliffs and ridges in coastal dry
cliff vegetation at elevations of 25 to 839 m (82 to 2,752 ft).
Associated native plant species include Artemisia australis, Bidens
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Doryopteris sp., Heteropogon contortus, Santalum
ellipticum, or Waltheria indica (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt.,
2001).
The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu are habitat
degradation by feral goats; competition with nonnative plant species
such as Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, and various grasses; and
habitat destruction and death of plants due to erosion, landslides, and
rock slides resulting from natural weathering (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN)
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, a short-lived perennial
member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect shrub 12 to 36 cm
(4.7 to 14 in) tall, branching near the ends of the stems. Leaves are
lance-shaped and wider at the leaf tip. This taxon can be distinguished
from the other extant species on Oahu by its bisexual disk flowers and
its inflorescence of 6 to 12 heads (Lowrey 1999).
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum produces flowers and fruit
from April through July. Little else is known about its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1995b; 59 FR
09304).
Historically, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum was known from
Lanai and nearly the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Makua
Valley to Cachexia Ridge, on Oahu. It is now known only from Oahu. A
total of 5 occurrences of approximately 15 individual plants are
currently known from Federal, State, and private lands on Mauna Kapu,
Ekahanui-Lualualei summit, Waianae Kai, and Puu Hapapa. TNCH has
outplanted three individuals in a fenced exclosure within Honouliuli
Preserve. These plants have since died, yet two healthy individuals
have sprouted near the exclosure (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP
2001; Lowrey 1999; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum typically grows on grassy
ridge tops, slopes, or cliffs in windblown dry forests at elevations of
330 to 1,157 m (1,082 to 3,795 ft). Associated native species include
Bidens sp., Carex wahuensis, Eragrostis sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha
(HINHP Database 2001).
The major threats to Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum on Oahu
are competition from the nonnative plant species Andropogon virginicus,
Melinis minutiflora, and Schinus terebinthifolius; habitat degradation
and predation by feral goats and pigs; fire; and a risk of extinction
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR
55770).
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a
slender, twining, short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each
leaf is made up of three leaflets that vary in shape from round to
linear. This species differs from others in the genus by its thin
yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods that may or may
not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 1999).
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors of
this species are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
V. o-wahuensis is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe,
Maui, and Hawaii. There are no currently known occurrences on Oahu. The
last collection on Oahu was made in 1938 on the Mokulua Islets and
North Islet (HINHP Database 2001).
Vigna o-wahuensis on Oahu occurred on open dry fossil reef,
climbing over shrubs and grasses on limestone deposit, and on fairly
steep slopes from sea level to 609 m (0 to 1,998 ft) in elevation. The
associated native plant species on Oahu are unknown (HINHP Database
2001).
Nothing is known of the threats for Vigna o-wahuensis on Oahu
(Service 1999).
A summary of occurrences and landownership for the 101 plant
species reported from the island of Oahu is given in Table 1.

[[Page 35984]]

Table 1.--Summary of Existing Occurrences on Oahu, and Landownership for 101 Species Reported From Oahu
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Landownership/Jurisdiction
Species current -----------------------------------------
occurrences Federal State Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abutilon sandwicense..................................... 30 X 2, 6 X X
Adenophorus periens..................................... 0
Alectryon macrococcus.................................... 82 X 1, 2, 6 X X
Alsinidendron obovatum.................................. 6 X \1\ X
Alsinidendron trinerve................................... 13 X \2\ X
Bonamia menziesii....................................... 18 X 1, 6 X X
Cenchrus agrimonioides................................... 7 X 1, 2 X X
Centaurium sebaeoides.................................... 2 ............ X X
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana..................... 15 X \1\ X
Chamaesye deppeana....................................... 1 ............ X ............
Chamaesyce herbstii...................................... 4 ............ X X
Chamaesyce kuwaleana..................................... 5 X \6\ X
Chamaesyce rockii........................................ 20 X 2, 3, 8 X X
Colubrina oppositifolia.................................. 5 ............ X X
Ctenitis squamigera...................................... 8 X 1, 2 X X
Cyanea acuminata......................................... 20 X 2, 3, 8 X X
Cyanea crispa............................................ 11 X \3\ X X
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana........................ 7 X \2\ X X
Cyanea grimesiana ssp.obatae............................. 8 ............ X X
Cyanea humboltiana....................................... 9 X 3, 8 X X
Cyanea koolauensis....................................... 42 X 2, 3, 4, 8 X X
Cyanea longiflora........................................ 4 ............ X X
Cyanea pinnatifida....................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Cyanea st.-johnii........................................ 7 X\3\ X X
Cyanea superba........................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Cyanea truncata.......................................... 2 ............ X X
Cyperus trachysanthos.................................... 6 X \7\ X ............
Cyrtandra crenata........................................ 0 ............ ............ ............
Cyrtandra dentata........................................ 11 X 1, 3 X ............
Cyrtandra polyantha...................................... 1 ............ X X
Cyrtandra subumbellata................................... 5 X 2, 8 X X
Cyrtandra viridiflora.................................... 23 X 3, 8 X X
Delissea subcorata....................................... 21 X 1, 2 X X
Diellia erecta........................................... 1 ............ X X
Diellia falcata.......................................... 30 X 1, 2, 6 X X
Diellia unisora.......................................... 4 ............ X X
Diplazium molokaiense.................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Dubautia herbstobatae.................................... 12 X \1\ X ............
Eragrostis fosbergii..................................... 4 X \2\ X ............
Eugenia koolauensis...................................... 12 X 3, 4 X X
Euphorbia haeleeleana.................................... 8 X \1\ X X
Flueggea neowawraea...................................... 23 X 1, 2, 6 X X
Gardenia mannii.......................................... 49 X 2, 3, 4, 8 X X
Gouania meyenii.......................................... 4 ............ X X
Gouania vitifolia........................................ 2 ............ X X
Hedyotis coriacea........................................ 0 ............ ............ ............
Hedyotis degeneri........................................ 4 X \1\ X ............
Hedyotis parvula......................................... 7 X 1, 6 X ............
Hesperomannia arborescens................................ 36 X 3, 4, 8 X X
Hesperomannia arbuscula.................................. 6 ............ X X
Hibiscus brackenridgei................................... 6 X 1, 6 X X
Isodendrion laurifolium.................................. 5 ............ X X
Isodendrion longifolium.................................. 7 X \2\ X X
Isodendrion pyrifolium................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Labordia cyrtandrae...................................... 9 ............ X X
Lepidium arbuscula....................................... 12 X 1, 2, 6 X ............
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla....................... 4 X 2, 6 X ............
Lipochaeta tenuifolia.................................... 41 X 1, 2, 6 X ............
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis.................... 5 X 2, 3, 8 X X
Lobelia monostachya...................................... 1 ............ X X
Lobelia niihauensis...................................... 40 X 1, 2, 6 X ............
Lobelia oahuensis........................................ 12 X 1, 2, 3, X X
8
Lysimachia filifolia..................................... 1 ............ X ............
Mariscus pennatiformis................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Marsilea villosa......................................... 5 X \6\ X X
Melicope lydgatei........................................ 18 X \3\ X X
Melicope pallida......................................... 1 ............ X X
Melicope saint-johnii.................................... 6 X \6\ ............ X
Myrsine juddii........................................... 3 X \3\ X ............

[[Page 35985]]

Neraudia angulata........................................ 27 X 1, 2, 6 X
Nototrichium humile...................................... 25 X 1, 2, 6 X X
Peucedanum sandwicense................................... 4 ............ X ............
Phlegmariurus nutans..................................... 3 X 2, 3, 8 X ............
Phyllostegia hirsuta..................................... 26 X 2, 3, 6, 8 X X
Phyllostegia kaalaensis.................................. 7 ............ X X
Phyllostegia mollis...................................... 5 X \2\ X
Phyllostegia parviflora.................................. 6 X \3\ X X
Plantago princeps........................................ 11 X 1, 2, 3, X X
6, 8
Platanthera holochila.................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Pritchardia kaalae....................................... 6 X 1, 2 X ............
Pteris lidgatei.......................................... 9 X 2, 3, 8 X X
Sanicula mariversa....................................... 4 X 1, 6 X
Sanicula purpurea........................................ 5 X 2, 3, 8 X X
Schiedea hookeri......................................... 17 X 1, 2, 6 X X
Schiedea kaalae.......................................... 7 ............ X X
Schiedea kealiae......................................... 4 X \5\ X X
Schiedea nuttallii....................................... 7 X 1, 2 X X
Sesbania tomentosa....................................... 3 ............ X X
Silene lanceolata........................................ 4 X \1\ X ............
Silene perlmanii......................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Solanum sandwicense...................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.................................. 6 X \1\ X ............
Stenogyne kanehoana...................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Tetramolopium filiforme.................................. 21 X \1,6\ X ............
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum................... 5 X 2, 6 X X
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa................................ 30 X 2, 3, 4, 8 X X
Trematolobelia singularis................................ 3 ............ X X
Urera kaalae............................................. 12 X 2, 6 X X
Vigna o-wahuensis........................................ 0 ............ ............ ............
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana................... 15 X 1, 2, 6 X ............
Viola oahuensis.......................................... 18 X 2, 3, 8 X X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Makua Military Reservation
\2\ Schofield Barracks Military Reservation/Schofield Barracks East Range
\3\ Kawailoa Training Area
\4\ Kahuku Training Area
\5\ Dillingham Military Reservation
\6\ Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch and Naval Computer and Telecommunication Area Master Station
Pacific Transmitting Facility at Lualualei
\7\ Hawaii Army National Guard
\8\ Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge

Previous Federal Action

On May 28, 2002, we published the court-ordered proposed critical
habitat designations for the 101 plant species from Oahu (67 FR 37108).
In that proposed rule (beginning on page 37147), we included a detailed
summary of the previous Federal actions completed prior to publication
of the proposal. We now provide updated information on the actions that
we have completed since the proposed critical habitat designation. In
Table 2, we list the final critical habitat designations or
nondesignations previously completed for 41 of the 101 plant species
from Oahu, which also occur on other islands.

Table 2.--Summary of Previous Final Critical Habitat Actions for the 101
Plant Species From Oahu
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final critical habitat designation or
nondesignation
Species --------------------------------------
Date(s) Federal Register
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens.............. 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
05/18/03 68 FR 12982
Alectryon macrococcus............ 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Bonamia menziesii................ 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Cenchrus agrimonioides........... 05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Centaurium sebaeoides............ 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982

[[Page 35986]]
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Colubrina oppositifolia.......... 05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Ctenitis squamigera.............. 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Cyperus trachysanthos............ 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Diellia erecta................... 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Diplazium molokaiense............ 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Eugenia koolauensis.............. 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
Euphorbia haeleeleana............ 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Flueggea neowawraea.............. 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Gouania meyenii.................. 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Gouania vitifolia................ 05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Hedyotis coriacea................ 05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Hesperomannia arborescens........ 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
Hesperomannia arbuscula.......... 05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Hibiscus brackenridgei........... 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Isodendrion laurifolium.......... 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Isodendrion longifolium.......... 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Isodendrion pyrifolium........... 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Lobelia niihauensis.............. 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Lysimachia filifolia............. 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Mariscus pennatiformis........... 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
05/22/03 68 FR 25934
Melicope pallida................. 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Nototrichium humile.............. 05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Peucedanum sandwicense........... 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Phlegmariurus nutans............. 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Phyllostegia mollis.............. 05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Plantago princeps................ 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Platanthera holochila............ 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Pteris lidgatei.................. 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Sanicula purpurea................ 05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Schiedea nuttallii............... 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
Sesbania tomentosa............... 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
05/22/03 68 FR 28054
Silene lanceolata................ 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
Solanum sandwicense.............. 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.......... 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
03/18/03 68 FR 12982
05/14/03 68 FR 25934
Vigna o-wahuensis................ 05/14/03 68 FR 25934
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 35987]]

For many of 101 plant species from Oahu, the issue of whether
critical habitat would be prudent was discussed in previous proposals
and incorporated into the May 28 proposal (see 65 FR 79192; 65 FR
83158; 67 FR 3939; 67 FR 15856; 67 FR 9806; 67 FR 16492; 67 FR 36968;
67 FR 37108). In the May 28, 2002 proposed rule, we proposed that
critical habitat designation was not prudent for Cyrtandra crenata
because it had not been seen recently in the wild, and no genetic
material of the species was known to exist. We also proposed that
critical habitat designation was not prudent for Pritchardia kaalae,
because it would likely increase the threat from vandalism or
collection of the species. Critical habitat for the remaining 99
(Abutilon sandwicense, Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus,
Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea
longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba,
Cyanea truncata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra
polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia
mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis
degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia
niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus
pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope pallida,
Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pelea lydgatei, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis,
Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii,
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii, Solanum
sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Urera kaalae,
Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola
oahuensis) of the 101 plant species was proposed on approximately
45,067 ha (111,364 ac) of land on the island of Oahu (67 FR 37108).
The publication of the proposed rule opened a 60-day public comment
period, which closed on July 29, 2002. On July 11, 2002, we submitted
joint stipulations to the U.S. District Court with Earthjustice
requesting extension of the court orders for the final rules to
designate critical habitat for plants from Lanai (December 30, 2002),
Kauai and Niihau (January 31, 2003), Molokai (February 28, 2003), Maui
and Kahoolawe (April 18, 2003), Oahu (April 30, 2003), the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands (April 30, 2003), and the island of Hawaii (May 30,
2003), citing the need to conduct additional review of the proposals,
address comments received during the public comment periods, and
conduct a series of public workshops on the proposals. The joint
stipulations were approved and ordered by the court on July 12, 2002.
On August 26, 2002, we published a notice (67 FR 54766) reopening the
public comment period until September 30, 2002, on the proposal to
designate critical habitat for plants from Oahu. On October 10, 2002,
we published a notice (67 FR 63066) announcing the reopening of the
comment period until November 30, 2002 and announcing a public hearing.
On October 15, 2002, we held a public information meeting at the McCoy
Pavilion, Honolulu, Oahu. On October 17, 2002, we held a public
information meeting at Nanakuli High School, Nanakuli, Oahu. On
November 19, 2002, we held a public hearing at the Ala Moana Hotel,
Honolulu, Oahu. On December 26, 2002, we published a notice (67 FR
78763) announcing the availability of the draft economic analysis and
reopening the comment period until January 27, 2003.
In the final rule designating critical habitat for plants on Lanai,
published in the Federal Register on January 9, 2003 (68 FR 1220), we
indicated that critical habitat was prudent for the following 17 multi-
island species that also occur on Oahu: Adenophorus periens, Bonamia
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos,
Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Sesbania tomentosa,
Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis. In the final rule designating
critical habitat for plants on Kauai and Niihau, published on February
27, 2003 (68 FR 9116), we indicated that critical habitat was prudent
for the following 16 multi-island species that are also found on Oahu:
Alectryon macrococcus, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium,
Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis,
Melicope pallida, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans,
Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea nuttallii, and
Solanum sandwicense. In the final rule designating critical habitat for
plants on Molokai (68 FR 12982), we indicated that critical habitat was
prudent for the following four multi-island species that are also found
on Oahu: Eugenia koolauensis, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Marsilea villosa,
Phyllostegia mollis, and Pteris lidgatei. In the final rule designating
critical habitat for plants on Maui and Kahoolawe, published on May 14,
2003 (68 FR 25934) we indicated that critical habitat was prudent for
the following eight multi-island species that are also found on Oahu:
Colubrina oppositifolia, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nototrichium humile,
Phyllostegia parviflora, Sanicula purpurea, and Schiedea hookeri. In
the final rule designating critical habitat for plants in the
Northwestern Hawaiian Island, published on May 22, 2003 (68 FR 28054)
we indicated that critical habitat was prudent for the following two
multi-island species that are also found on Oahu: Mariscus
pennatiformis and Sesbania tomentosa.

Summary of Comments and Recommendations

We received a total of seven oral and 694 written comments during
the four comment periods. These included responses from 7 State
offices, 13 local agencies, and 36 private organizations or
individuals. Of the written comments, we received approximately 638
letters by electronic mail or coupon/postcard that stated general
support for the proposed critical habitat

[[Page 35988]]

designations but that did not provide substantive comments. Of the
other 56 comments, 12 supported the proposed designation, 31 were
opposed to it, and 13 provided information or declined to oppose or
support the designation. We reviewed all comments received for
substantive issues and new information regarding critical habitat and
the Oahu plants. Similar comments were grouped into six general issues
relating specifically to the proposed critical habitat designations and
the draft economic analysis on the proposed determinations. These are
addressed in the following summary.

Peer Review

In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34270), we solicited independent opinions from 17 knowledgeable
individuals with expertise in one or several fields, including
familiarity with the species, the geographic region, or the principles
of conservation biology. We received comments from eight. All eight
generally supported our methodology and conclusion, but none expressed
a position for or against the designation of critical habitat. Comments
received from the peer reviewers are summarized in the following
section and were considered in developing the final rule.

Issue 1: Biological Justification and Methodology

(1) Comment: One commenter stated that the proposal designates
areas that are not essential to the species.
Our Response: In accordance with our policy on peer review
published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we solicited the expert
opinions of appropriate and independent specialists regarding the
proposed rule. The purpose of this peer review was to ensure that our
method of designating critical habitat for Oahu plants was based on
scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analysis. The comments of
the peer reviewers were taken into consideration in the development of
this final designation. The majority of our peer reviewers support our
methodology. Changes in this final rule that decrease the boundaries of
some units are based on additional information received during the
public comment periods. The changes in boundaries reflected in this
final rule are based on additional information regarding the lack of
primary constituent elements or additional information regarding the
degradation of some of the proposed critical habitat areas and low
probability of restoration that affect the areas' essentiality to the
species. Areas that were inadvertently included in the proposed unit
and found to be nonessential have also been removed from the final
designation.
(2) Comment: One commenter stated that the broad brush of primary
constituent elements has resulted in the proposed designation of large
amounts of State land with little companion scientific effort to
identify limiting factors or management actions needed. Another
commenter stated that the critical habitat designations are based on
guesswork.
Our Response: The Act requires us to use the best scientific and
commercial information available in undertaking species listing and
recovery actions, including the designation of critical habitat as set
forth in this rule. In this final rule, we concluded that some areas
were not essential for the conservation of the Oahu plant species,
based on newly available information concerning status of the species
in specific areas and level of habitat degradation. Several of the
units proposed as critical habitat have been excluded because they are
not essential for the conservation of the species. These excluded units
are nonessential because either they lack the species' primary
constituent elements or other habitat exists for these species that has
more primary constituent elements and/or is less degraded. See the
``Summary of Changes from the Revised Proposed Rule'' section.
The magnitude of additional research and investigations required to
determine limiting factors and specific management actions needed for
each species at each location is beyond the scope of critical habitat
designation. The Act requires us to designate critical habitat on the
basis of the best scientific and commercial data available. Based on
the information available at the time the proposal was prepared and
taking into consideration additional information received during the
public comment periods on the proposal and draft economic analysis, we
believe we have designated scientifically appropriate areas for the
conservation of these species.
(3) Comment: The Army requested exclusion of grass-dominated
portions of Makua Military Reservation and exclusion of grass-dominated
habitat and forested areas dominated by nonnative plants (e.g.
Eucalyptus sp. and Schinus terebinthifolius) at Schofield Barracks.
Our Response: These areas were excluded from the final critical
habitat designation because they do not contain the primary constituent
elements necessary for the conservation of the Oahu plant species.
(4) Comment: One commenter did not believe that the Service has
demonstrated that designating this large an area, absent any active
management by the Federal government, can lead to the recovery of the
identified species.
Our Response: We agree that active management is a necessary part
of achieving recovery for these species and that the ultimate purpose
of critical habitat is to contribute to the conservation of listed
species. This can be best be achieved by cooperation between the
Service and other partners. A critical habitat designation alone will
not lead to the recovery of these species. Recovery of the species will
require the cooperation of Federal and non-Federal land managers to
manage lands in a manner that is compatible with species' recovery. We
have numerous programs for assisting landowners with management for the
conservation of these species.
(5) Comment: One peer reviewer indicated that the general goal of
establishing at least 8 to 10 viable populations for each species may
not apply to some rare, localized island endemics that likely never had
8 to 10 populations throughout their evolutionary history.
Our Response: Fewer than eight populations are being designated for
some very restricted species for which adequate habitat does not exist,
and which were likely always rare, since they are very narrow endemics
(Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamescyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Lipochaeta
tenuifolia, Lobelia monostachya, Melicope saint-johnii, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne
kanehoana,Tetramolopium filiforme, and Trematalobelia singularis). The
recovery plan for some more well understood species may also have
different recovery objectives (Marsilea villosa), and the designation
reflects these differences. However, in general, the recovery
objectives found in recovery plans for these species state that 8 to 10
viable populations are required for recovery of each species.
Establishing and conserving 8 to 10 viable populations on one or more
islands within the historic range of the species will provide each
species with a reasonable expectation of persistence and eventual
recovery, even with the

[[Page 35989]]

high potential that one or more of these populations will be eliminated
by normal or random adverse events, such as fires and nonnative plant
invasions (Hawaii and Pacific Plant Recovery Committee (HPPRCC) 1994;
Luijten et al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and
Taper 1992). We conclude that designation of adequate suitable habitat
for 8 to 10 populations as critical habitat is essential to give most
species a reasonable likelihood of long-term survival and recovery,
based on currently available information. Each recovery plan states
that these recovery goals will be revised as more specific information
becomes available for each species.
(6) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that we should be wary of
making propagation or reintroduction decisions based on the
preservation of interpopulational genetic diversity. Observed or
measurable genetic diversity is always at neutral loci, which gives
absolutely no indication of differences in relative fitness. Another
peer reviewer asked if the consequences of small, isolated populations
on genetic drift or inbreeding have been addressed, e.g., through
occasional gene flow.
Our Response: Many of the species have been reduced to such low
numbers that the recovery plans identify propagation and reintroduction
as a key step. While we do not have direct evidence for most species to
indicate that reduced reproductive vigor or inbreeding are problems, we
believe they should be considered, based on current conservation
biology theory and practice. This is particularly important to consider
when developing a propagation and reintroduction program, to ensure
that recovery efforts do not cause or exacerbate genetic issues. While
measures of genetic diversity do not directly measure relative fitness,
it is reasonable to assume that the two are correlated. The issue of
gene flow and genetic drift will be addressed through research actions
identified as needed in the recovery plans.
(7) Comment: The proposal failed to contain the total of
historically known listed plants, and therefore failed to propose
critical habitat for all listed plants Statewide. About 10 percent of
the historically known listed endangered plant species from the
Hawaiian Islands are missing from the proposals. The following Oahu
plants are listed as endangered, but not included in proposed critical
habitat designations: Abutilon menziesii, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Caesalpinia kavaiensis, Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Panicum fauriei var. carteri, Scaevola coriacea, and
Scheidea adamantis. It is unclear why critical habitat was not
discussed with respect to Abutilon menziesii, Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata, Caesalpinia kavaiensis, Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, and Gardenia brighamii. For example, the recovery plan
for G. brighamii specifically calls for the establishment of three
populations on Oahu. This is a serious concern since the proposed rule
states ``the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposes critical habitat
for 99 of the 101 plant species known historically from the island of
Oahu that are listed under the ESA.'' This statement is incorrect. The
above-mentioned species are found on Oahu, they are listed under the
ESA, and they are not addressed in the proposed rule.
Our Response: We have corrected the statement cited above in this
final rule. The following species were not part of the 1998 court order
and subsequent stipulations, and therefore were not included in this
rulemaking: Abutilon menziesii, Achyranthes rotundata (currently
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata), Euphorbia skottsbergii var.
kalaeloana, Gardenia brighamii, Mezoneuron kavaiense (currently
Caesalpinia kavaiensis), Scaevola coriacea, and Scheidea adamantis.
Critical habitat for these species will be considered if funding and
resources become available. In addition, critical habitat has already
been designated for Panicum carteri (currently Panicum fauriei var.
carteri) on the island of Mokolii (48 FR 46328).
(8) Comment: One peer reviewer expressed concern that the Service
may remove areas from designation if the landowner provides sufficient
assurance that the land is adequately managed for a particular species.
The Service cannot lawfully exclude areas from critical habitat based
on a finding that they are adequately managed or protected. Critical
habitat should be determined independent of the management situation.
Another peer reviewer stated that none of the lands should be excluded
from proposed critical habitat because of their existing land
management.
Our Response: In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as
critical habitat, we are required to base critical habitat
determinations on the best scientific and commercial data available and
to consider those physical and biological features (primary constituent
elements) that are essential to the conservation of the species and
that may require special management considerations or protection. If an
area is covered by a plan that meets our management criteria, we
believe it does not constitute critical habitat as defined by the Act
because the primary constituent elements found there are not considered
to be in need of special management or protection. For a detailed
explanation of this evaluation see the ``Analysis of Managed Lands
Under Section 3(5)(A)'' section below. However, to the extent that
special management considerations and protection may be required for
any of these areas and they, therefore, would meet the definition of
critical habitat according to section 3(5)(A)(i), they are also
properly excluded from designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Act
(see Analysis of Impacts under Section 4(b)(2)).
(9) Comment: One peer reviewer and many commenters stated that
focusing conservation efforts on the most pristine, least degraded
sites is a logical, efficient, and cost-effective strategy whenever
possible. Unfortunately, for many of the listed plant species, there is
simply not enough suitable habitat remaining. Another peer reviewer
stated that, in general, as much habitat should be protected as
possible. Many peer reviewers were optimistic about the potential for
degraded areas to be restored. One peer reviewer commented that
populations could be established in the most degraded habitat if
sufficient funds and person hours are dedicated toward follow-up
maintenance after restoration. Another commenter stated that there is
only a nominal possibility that the endangered native plants would
survive in highly degraded areas and areas dominated by nonnative
plants that are proposed as critical habitat. Yet another commenter
stated that designations in degraded habitats are unrealistic and could
waste resources on impractical restoration efforts. The commenter went
on to suggest that low elevation areas may not be adequately
represented; therefore it is important that the proposal not be trimmed
back in any lower elevation areas. Another peer reviewer stated that
the Service should designate lowland areas for potential future
restoration and population recovery efforts.
Our Response: We agree that recovery of a species is more likely in
designated critical habitat in the least degraded areas containing the
primary constituent elements. To this end, several units have been
excluded for some species, as sufficient numbers of alternative
critical habitat units are available in less degraded areas. However,
for some species, especially those only known from low elevation areas,
only degraded

[[Page 35990]]

habitat remains. Therefore, some units still contain degraded habitat,
but we believe that these areas can be restored if the landowner is
supportive and resources are made available.
(10) Comment: One peer reviewer questioned why some areas
designated as essential habitat by the HPPRCC are not included in the
proposed critical habitat.
Our Response: In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as
critical habitat, we are required to use the best scientific and
commercial data available and to consider those physical and biological
features (primary constituent elements) that are essential to the
conservation of the species and that may require special management
considerations or protection. The HPPRCC used a different set of
criteria to select the areas they deemed to be essential plant habitat.
They selected habitat for all endangered, threatened, proposed, and
candidate species. Some of these species were not included in the
selection of critical habitat. Therefore, the essential plant habitat
and critical habitat areas will not completely overlap.
(11) Comment: One peer reviewer recommended additional
consultations with academic and professional experts. Some reviewers
stated that no assessment of the quality of any of the data sources is
provided, and no information is given as to how data sources of varying
qualities were weighted in making delineations of critical habitat or
how decisions were made as to what to rely on in the absence of
rigorous assessments of relative quality. These commenters agreed with
the Service's statement that ``lack of detailed scientific data makes
it impossible for us to develop a quantitative model.'' Lack of
knowledge means that the proposed critical habitat designation is based
only on the general habitat features of the areas in which the plants
currently occur. While this approach may be expedient, it has resulted
in designations based on best-guess estimations, rather than on science
or the realities of plant recovery. The Service needs to give greater
weight to scientific or commercial data that is empirical and has been
field tested or verified, and the Service needs to allow peer review by
a panel of unbiased scientists. One reviewer stated that the scientific
basis for critical habitat designation is weak. Other commenters felt
that the data on which the proposed critical habitat is based are 30
years old and may need updating.
Our Response: In an expansion of our policy on peer review
published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we solicited the expert
opinions of 19 appropriate and independent specialists regarding the
proposed rule. The purpose of this peer review was to ensure that our
methodology for designation of critical habitat for Oahu plants was
based on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analysis. The
comments of the peer reviewers were taken into consideration in the
development of this final designation. The majority of peer reviewers
support our methodology. We also met with field botanists from the
Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, the Department of Land and Natural
Resources, the Hawaii Army National Guard, and the Department of the
Army. All data and information on species status received in
preparation of this rule were weighted equally and considered to come
from reliable sources. Where discrepancies existed between different
data sources, the most current data were used.
New information indicated that some of the areas identified as
essential habitat in the ``Recovery Plan for Multi Island Plants''
(USFWS 1999) do not contain the primary constituent elements necessary
for the conservation of any of the 99 plant species included in this
final designation. The essential plant habitat maps take into
consideration all listed endangered plants on Oahu, as well as species
of concern. We agree that additional time would be beneficial for the
preparation of these final rules and the collection of more scientific
information, but we are required under the court-approved stipulation
to finalize this designation by April 30, 2003, using the best
information currently available. If provided with new information, we
may propose revisions in the critical habitat designation in the
future.
(12) Comment: Some reviewers commented that deletion of significant
portions of any of the proposed critical habitat units is likely to
prevent the recovery of, and lead to the extinction of, listed species.
Smaller units present real management challenges and may be so small
that their ecological integrity and the viability of listed plants
cannot be maintained.
Our Response: In this final rule, we concluded that many areas were
not essential for the conservation of the Oahu plant species, based on
information received during the public comment periods concerning the
status of the species in specific areas and degree of habitat
degradation. Several units or portions of units proposed as critical
habitat have been excluded because they are not essential for the
conservation of the species. These excluded units or portions of units
are not essential because they either lack the species' primary
constituent elements or other areas exist that provide for the
conservation of the species. See the ``Summary of Changes from the
Proposed Rule'' section.
We realize that smaller areas will most likely require more
management to maintain the plant populations and their habitat, but in
many cases they are the only areas with the primary constituent
elements needed by each species. We concur with the importance of
protecting the ecosystems on which these species depend, as stated in
purpose of the Act (section 2(b)), and of managing areas large enough
to maintain and expand populations. We considered the importance of
this, as well as the location of primary constituent elements, when
delineating the boundaries of critical habitat for these final
designations of critical habitat. We included areas that provide the
biological and other processes essential for the conservation of the
species. We acknowledge the potential negative impacts of edge effects
on small habitat fragments. However, these species' primary constituent
elements are found only within the areas that were designated critical
habitat, and expanding the designated critical habitats would add areas
that lack the primary constituent elements. All of the changes from the
proposed critical habitat are based on the best available information
and information received during comment periods and are based on
biological issues, not political or social issues. If new information
becomes available indicating that the existing critical habitat
designations are not essential for the conservation of the species and/
or that other areas are, we may propose new designations for those
species at that time.
(13) Comment: A peer reviewer stated that the absence of native
pollinators may demographically doom populations of facultative and
obligate out-crossing species. The same peer reviewer commented that
relationships among breeding systems (out-crossing or selfing),
effective population size, levels of genetic exchange, and spatial
distribution need to be considered.
Our Response: We agree; however, this information is unknown for
the majority of the 99 plant species on Oahu for which we are
designating critical habitat. If new information becomes available, we
will reevaluate critical habitat based on the new information for that
species at that time.

[[Page 35991]]

Issue 2: Effects of Designation

(14) Comment: A strongly preferred approach is to encourage the
establishment of voluntary partnerships with landowners to bring about
the desired species conservation.
Our Response: We realize that designation of critical habitat alone
will not achieve recovery. Many threatened and endangered species occur
on private lands and we recognize the importance of conservation
actions by private landowners. Cooperation from private landowners is
an important element of our conservation efforts, and we have had
considerable success in developing partnerships with large and small
landowners, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations for
conservation activities on Oahu, elsewhere in the State of Hawaii, and
throughout the Nation. We also recognize the importance of partnerships
with other Federal and State agencies and land managers.
We administer several programs aimed at providing incentives for
landowners to conserve endangered and threatened species on their
lands; one of these incentives is the Endangered Species Landowner
Incentive Program, which was first funded by Congress in fiscal year
1999. Under this program, we provide technical assistance and funding
to landowners for carrying out conservation actions on their lands. In
the first year alone, 145 proposals totaling $21.1 million competed for
$5 million in grant money. Additional information on our landowner
incentive programs may be found on our Web site (http://endangered.fws.gov/
landowner/index.html). In addition, we have excluded
areas under 4(b)(2) of the Act from the final designation of critical
habitat on several islands because landowners have developed voluntary
partnerships to manage the resources on their lands. We believe that
the benefits of excluding these areas outweigh the benefits of
including these areas in a final critical habitat designation.
(15) Comment: One peer reviewer stated that it is both prudent and
necessary to designate critical habitat for these rare species. This
provides the needed long-term management stability that allows
government agencies and private organizations to cooperate and
concentrate on recovery efforts. It may provide additional incentives
for securing funding to research and recover populations. Designation
of critical habitat also provides for additional protection of habitat
that is unoccupied by a particular species, therefore allowing for
future reintroduction of the species. In the absence of critical
habitat protection, much of the currently unoccupied habitat will
continue to be destroyed by nonnative plants and animals, urban sprawl,
and other development. On the other hand, one commenter stated that if
site-specific locality information will have to be published in the
final rule for every species, then the potential harm (from trespassing
and theft of the species) far outweighs any potential benefit from
designating critical habitat. Another commenter failed to see how
imposing the proposed designation of critical habitat on privately
owned, privately managed lands with no Federal nexus can lead to the
recovery of the identified species.
Our Response: See SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION above.
(16) Comment: One commenter stated that all species should be
offered protection, but they cannot support protection for some and not
for others. They are concerned about the nonnative animals, whose fate
would be decided by agencies that consider them invasive and kill them.
The current interpretation of critical habitat allows the Federal
government and its partners to utilize any methodology they wish in
dealing with feral animals with impunity, although such methods may be
cruel and environmentally unsound.
Our Response: The designation of critical habitat does not give the
Federal government and its partners the authority to utilize any
methodology they wish in dealing with feral animals. Any potential
animal control program would be subject to all applicable State,
Federal, and local laws. Also, critical habitat does not allow or
enable the Federal government to control feral animals on non-Federal
land. Such decisions will still be made by the landowner and are not
regulated by critical habitat.
(17) Comment: The designation of critical habitat in areas actively
used by the 25th Infantry Division (Light Infantry) for national
defense purposes will adversely affect the Army's ability to carry out
its essential mission. Training is essential to maintain specific
proficiencies that are critical to wartime performance. Designating the
proposed areas as critical habitat would have a negative effect on the
Army's ability to carry out its national defense mission as well as to
undergo the proposed transformation of its forces in the State of
Hawaii. Designations of critical habitat will negatively impact the
missions of the United States Marine Corps units who rely on the Army
lands for their training. The skills learned at Makua and Schofield
Barracks are critical to our Marines' ability to perform all manner of
combat operations, because the natural and physical attributes of the
training areas mirror battlefield conditions found in other nations in
the Pacific region and are found nowhere else in the United States. The
Army has a comprehensive conservation program that provides better
accountability and management of endangered plant species than the
speculative benefit of critical habitat. The Army's natural resource
programs provide sufficient management of rare plants, negating the
need for critical habitat designation. For example, the Makua
Implementation Plan details the actions required to stabilize 28 plant
taxa and the Oahu tree snail. Further, the Army has worked with the
Service to develop Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans
(INRMPs) for its installations on Oahu.
Our Response: We have removed Makua Military Reservation, Schofield
Barracks, Schofield Barracks East Range, Kahuku Training Area, Kawailoa
Training Area, and Dillingham Military Reservation from final critical
habitat designation because the benefits of excluding these lands under
3(5)(A) and 4(b)(2) outweigh the benefits of including these lands in a
final designation (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2):
Other Impacts)''. We agree that the Army has implemented a
comprehensive program of endangered species management on its lands
under the INRMP process and appreciate the amount of financial and
manpower resources they have provided for this effort. Army cooperation
and support will be required to prevent the extinction and promote the
recovery of all of the listed species on this island due to the need to
implement proactive conservation actions such as ungulate management,
weed control, fire suppression, and plant propagation.
(18) Comment: One landowner was concerned that their past
cooperative efforts were not considered in this designation. In
particular, this landowner had conveyed to the Service the southern
portion of the Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge. In conveying the
southern portion of the refuge to the Service, the landowner understood
that a primary motivation for and purpose of the conveyance was to
protect the native forest and certain native plant species therein, and
therefore, the parties worked together to include certain lands in the
conveyance. By its proposed rules, the Service appears to ignore or
fails to consider this process, with the result being that the
conveyance is treated as if it occurred in a vacuum.
Our Response: As summarized in the ``Summary of Changes to the
Proposed

[[Page 35992]]

Rule'' section, the lands referred to in this comment were excluded
from critical habitat designation because the primary constituent
elements for the plant species proposed in this area are not present
(former Oahu L unit).
(19) Comment: The draft economic analysis states that if a
landowner needs a Federal permit or receives Federal funding for a
specific activity, the Federal agency issuing the permit or dispersing
the funds would consult with the Service to determine how the action
may affect the designated critical habitat. The commenter questioned
what is meant by the term ``consult.'' The nature of the consultation
could result in control over whether the Federal government conducts
its proposed action on those lands or not, thereby controlling the land
to the extent that the private landowner could or could not do business
with the Federal government. What would the consultation result in when
a proposed Federal action is benign compared to the activities not
affected by critical habitat designation, such as, grazing, farming,
hunting, or recreational use?
Our Response: Under section 7 of the Act, all Federal agencies must
consult with the Service to insure that any action that they authorize,
fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence
of any endangered or threatened species or result in the destruction or
adverse modification of critical habitat. If the Service finds that the
proposed actions are likely to jeopardize the continued existence of an
endangered or threatened species or result in destruction or adverse
modification of critical habitat, we suggest reasonable and prudent
alternatives that would allow the Federal agency to implement their
proposed action without such adverse consequences.
Every consultation is unique, and it is impossible to comment on
what the results of a future consultation will be without details of
the proposed activity and the status of the species and its critical
habitat at the time of the consultation. However, the consultation is
focused on the direct and indirect effects of the proposed Federal
action on the species or critical habitat and on effects of activities
that be interrelated or interdependent. If the effects of the action,
when added to the environmental baseline in the project area, would not
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat or jeopardize the species,
the project could proceed without modification.

Issue 3: Site-Specific Biological Comments

(20) Comment: One landowner stated that, based on the methodology
used and the fact that many areas are not occupied by any listed
species in the 7,500 acres in units I and M that they own, and which
are either within the agricultural district and in agricultural use or
which are in the conservation district and developed for and in active
use for telecommunications, these lands should be excluded.
Our Response: Based on comments received from field experts, these
areas were removed from the final critical habitat designation because
either they do not contain the primary constituent elements necessary
for the conservation of these species or there are less degraded areas
on Oahu that provide habitat essential for the conservation of these
species.
(21) Comment: One landowner indicated that the boundary of a
particular proposed critical habitat area runs through a small
eucalyptus grove that is used quite extensively for educational
purposes. By moving the boundary line in this location as requested in
a map supplied by the landowner, there would be no impact upon existing
operations (cattle ranching or otherwise).
Our Response: This area was removed from the final critical habitat
designation because it does not contain the primary constituent
elements necessary for the conservation of the species in this area.
(22) Comment: Two commenters were unclear how water source and
distribution facilities in Unit L and other units in which the Waiahole
Ditch is included will be affected if additional irrigation water is
allocated for delivery to the central Oahu isthmus. They also expressed
concern that routine ditch operations and maintenance may become
problematic, especially if a section 7 consultation becomes necessary.
Another commenter stated that the proposed rule identifies the
alteration of watersheds and water diversion as activities that could
trigger section 7 consultation if there is Federal involvement. If the
ability to divert or take water from these sources or systems is
restricted or limited, the impact would affect all lands served by such
water sources or systems. In some cases, these water systems are very
extensive and therefore the impacts could be quite substantial and far-
reaching.
Our Response: Water infrastructure, including ditch irrigation
systems, are considered manmade features and therefore are not critical
habitat. As such, their operation and maintenance are not likely to be
subject to the critical habitat provisions of section 7 because these
features and structures normally do not affect critical habitat.
(23) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that Unit L could be
potentially expanded to include valley corridors linking the unit at
its northern end to lowland/coastal habitats, thus allowing for an
elevational gradient to be protected. These areas include the Hauula
Beach Park area and the Kawailoa area. Similarly, a corridor linking
Unit L with Unit O would also provide additional protected potential
habitat. Extending Unit L at its extreme southeastern tip to include
remaining ridge top habitat and possibly providing an elevational
corridor with Unit X may also prove beneficial.
Our Response: We believe that the area we have designated meets the
recovery goals of 8 to 10 populations for these 99 plant species. Areas
outside of the designated critical habitat may be important for the
conservation of the species; however, at this time, we do not believe
that they are essential to the conservation of these species.
(24) Comment: The Navy believes that the designation of critical
habitat is redundant and subjects their Federal installations to
unnecessary burdens when applied to species whose protection is
addressed and managed under an installation's INRMP. Naval Magazine
Pearl Harbor is the largest ammunition storage and ordnance operation
in Hawaii. Consistent with this mission, large areas of land and water
are constrained by the need for safety buffers. Naval Computer and
Telecommunication Area Master Station Pacific (NCTAMS PAC) is the
largest communications station in the world, and its mission is to
provide communications for command and control to all naval commands
ashore and afloat in the Pacific and to a wide variety of Army, Marine
Corps, Coast Guard, and Air Force commands. The existing and future
national defense operations to be conducted in these areas may present
incompatibilities with species preservation.
Our Response: We have reviewed the 2001 INRMP for Navy lands on
Oahu. It is currently not adequate to outweigh the benefit of including
these areas in a final designation (See ``Analysis of Impacts Under
Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts''). It does not include specific
information on the conservation of the listed species found on Navy
lands or information about conservation of unoccupied habitat for
species historically known from the area. As far as we are aware, this
INRMP has not yet

[[Page 35993]]

been updated to address management needs of these species. We look
forward to working with the Navy in developing management for these
areas that is compatible with species recovery.
We have removed some portions of the units on Navy lands, based on
additional information received during the comment periods and visits
to the base. We determined these areas to be nonessential because of
the lack of primary constituent elements or because there are other
places for these species that have more primary constituent elements
and/or are less degraded. See the ``Summary of Changes from the
Proposed Rule'' section for the justification for each unit's changes.

Issue 4: Species-Specific Biological Comments

(25) Comment: There are only three occurrences of the identified
species on Damon Estate's land, all three located in the very back of
Moanalua Valley, nearly 1.5 miles from the makai (directional term in
the Hawaiian language that means towards the ocean) boundary of the
proposed critical habitat designation. The landowner does not believe
that the Service has established that these reported occurrences, some
of them decades old, justify the designation of nearly 1,500 acres,
much of which is highly altered from its original native vegetation.
Our Response: This area is currently occupied by eight species
(Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea humboltiana, Gardenia
mannii, Lobelia oahuensis, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia
singularis, and Viola oahuensis) and contains habitat essential to the
conservation of seven species (Cyanea crispa, Cyanea humboltiana,
Lobelia oahuensis, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis). Therefore, we could
not remove this area from final critical habitat designation. Although
this area is highly altered, information provided by botanists both in
compiling the proposed rule and during the public periods indicates
that the area contains the habitat elements essential for the
conservation of the above mentioned plant species. This area is located
within the following critical habitat units: Oahu 20--Cyanea crispa--b,
Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--d, Oahu 20--Lobelia oahuensis--a, Oahu
20--Sanicula purpurea--a, Oahu 20--Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa--b, Oahu
20--Trematolobelia singularis--b, and Oahu 20--Viola oahuensis--a.
(26) Comment: Two commenters stated that failure to designate
critical habitat for Cyrtandra crenata, as long as this species remains
on the endangered species list, denies it the habitat protection that
Congress intended. The Service's conclusion in 67 FR 37155 that
Cyrtandra crenata would not benefit from critical habitat designation
is based on a faulty interpretation of the Endangered Species Act to
designate critical habitat ``to the maximum extent prudent.'' Another
commenter added that given the vast areas on Oahu yet to be surveyed or
inventoried, there is no valid basis for the Service to assume that
Cyrtandra crenata is extinct. The mere fact that this plant has not
been seen on Oahu recently does not justify the Service's refusal to
protect its critical habitat, as it is common for field biologists to
rediscover plant species that have not been seen for decades. The
recent discovery of Asplenium fragile var. insulare (on Maui) and
Phyllostegia waimeae (on Kauai) are cases in point. Several other
commenters stated that the final rule should extend critical habitat
protection to Cyrtandra crenata.
Our Response: At the present time, we do not believe it would be
beneficial to designate critical habitat for this species. It was last
observed in the wild in 1947, and we do not know of any genetic
material in cultivation. In addition, we are unable to identify the
physical and biological features essential for the conservation of this
species or any exact location in the wild essential to the conservation
of this species. Until the species is rediscovered, we are unable to
identify habitat that is essential to its conservation due to lack of
information in the historical record. Therefore, no change is made to
our not prudent determination here. If this species is rediscovered, we
may propose critical habitat for the species at that time.
(27) Comment: Several commenters stated that the final rule should
extend critical habitat protection to the loulu palm, Pritchardia
kaalae. As recently as 1999, the Service found that proposed live-fire
training at Makua Military Reservation threatened Pritchardia kaalae
with extinction. This species needs critical habitat protection from
military and other threats if it is to have any chance of increasing
its numbers and range from the six populations remaining in the wild.
In contrast, the Service's claim that designation, which would identify
primarily unoccupied habitat and increase threats to the species, is
pure speculation.
Our Response: Since the listings of the three Pritchardia species
on Kauai and Niihau as endangered, and prior to our proposed rules for
the designation of critical habitat, we received information verifying
vandalism and collection threats to Pritchardia throughout the Hawaiian
Islands. This information is included in the proposed rules. No
additional information was provided during the comment periods
demonstrating that the threats to the Pritchardia species on any
Hawaiian Island from vandalism or collection would not be increased if
critical habitat was designated. We still believe that the benefits of
designating critical habitat do not outweigh the potential threats from
vandalism and collection of any species of Pritchardia. Makua Military
Reservation has been removed from critical habitat designation under
4(b)(2) of the Act because the benefits of excluding the area outweigh
the benefits of including the area in the final designation (See
``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts'').
(28) Comment: In the Federal Register notice of May 28, 2002 (FR
37108), Table 1 indicates that it includes 101 plants. In fact, the
table appears to include 102 plants. Should Colubrina squamigera be
included? It is neither a listed species nor a candidate species.
Our Response: Table 1 should contain 101 plant species from the
island of Oahu listed under the Act for which critical habitat
designations are being proposed. The inclusion of Colubrina squamigera
was the result of a typographical error. No such plant species is
historically or currently known.
(29) Comment: Coastal habitats may not be well represented in
proposed critical habitat. For example, there are few sand dune areas
with seasonal pools included in the critical habitat proposal, which
will limit the ability to establish multiple populations of several
species.
Our Response: The final critical habitat designations published for
all Hawaiian Islands except the island of Hawaii, the critical habitat
proposed for the island of Hawaii, and habitat located within
adequately managed lands provide the habitat necessary for the
conservation of 8 to 10 populations of each of the coastal plant
species in this rule. Although habitat outside of these areas may be
important for the recovery of one or more of these species, it is not
essential to their conservation. The best existing habitat for 8 to 10
populations of each of the coastal plant species has been captured in
the final critical habitat designation.
(30) Comment: One peer reviewer proposes expanding the critical
habitat designation to include more (or all) of the conservation
district lands in the southeastern Koolau Mountains for the benefit of
the southern Koolau endemic species, Cyanea grimesiana, Lipochaeta
lobata, and Trematolobelia singularis.

[[Page 35994]]

Our Response: Although we agree that this habitat may be important
to the recovery of these species, it has not been identified as
essential to the conservation of these species. The Service has
identified habitat for 8 populations of Cyanea grimesiana elsewhere on
Oahu and habitat for 10 populations of Lipochaeta lobata. In addition,
the Service identified enough habitat for six populations of
Trematolobelia singularis. Although this does not reach the goal of 8
to 10 populations listed in the recovery plan for this species, the
Service did not have sufficient information on the habitat suggested by
the commenter to determine that it is essential to the conservation of
the species.
(31) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that any and all suitable
habitat in the geographic ranges of the following species should be
protected because of potential seed banks and impending climatic
changes that could render existing sites unsuitable: Alsinidendron
trinerve, Dubautia herbstobatae, Hedyotis degeneri var. degeneri, and
Scheidea kealiae.
Our Response: We have designated all habitat considered to be
essential for the conservation of Alsinidendron trinerve (habitat for
seven populations), Dubautia herbstobatae (habitat for six
populations), Hedyotis degeneri var. degeneri (habitat for nine
populations), and Schiedea kealiae (habitat for four populations). The
only areas not included in the final designation of critical habitat
for these species were those areas that do not contain the primary
constituent elements necessary for the conservation of these species.

Issue 5: Mapping and Primary Constituent Elements

(32) Comment: The State Department of Transportation (DOT) stated
that the proposed designations near State routes would restrict the
design, maintenance, and construction of highways. In particular, Units
A and I may impact Route 93 (Farrington Highway), Unit L may impact
Interstate Highway H-3, and Unit W may impact Route 72 (Kalanianaole
Highway). The DOT recommends that buffer zones on each side of the
State highway right-of-way should be excluded from critical habitat.
The buffer zones should be based on topography and be a minimum of 100
feet in width. The map of proposed critical habitat units that shows
Interstate Highway H-3 ending in the middle of Unit L should be
corrected.
Our Response: The DOT's comments did not identify any planned
widening or other significant improvement project within these units.
Rather, their concerns focused on the impact to routine repair and
maintenance. Operation and maintenance of existing manmade features and
structures adjacent to critical habitat are not likely to affect
critical habitat and therefore are not likely to be subject to section
7 consultation. Because the areas identified in the proposed rule are
essential to the conservation of several of the plant species on Oahu,
they are included within the final designation. The land area located
over the Interstate Highway H-3 tunnel is essential for the
conservation of 7 of the 99 Oahu plant species (Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
st.-johnii, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Viola oahuensis) and is included in the
final designated critical habitat.
(33) Comment: Several commenters suggested that roads and trails be
excluded from critical habitat.
Our Response: Existing manmade features and structures within the
boundaries of the mapped units, such as buildings; roads; aqueducts and
other water system features, including but not limited to pumping
stations, irrigation ditches, pipelines, siphons, tunnels, water tanks,
gaging stations, intakes, reservoirs, diversions, flumes, and wells;
existing trails; campgrounds and their immediate surrounding landscaped
area; scenic lookouts; remote helicopter landing sites; existing
fences; telecommunications equipment towers and associated structures
and electrical power transmission lines and distribution and
communication facilities and regularly maintained associated rights-of-
way and access ways; radars; telemetry antennas; missile launch sites;
arboreta and gardens, heiau (indigenous places of worship or shrines)
and other archaeological sites; airports; other paved areas; and lawns
and other rural residential landscaped areas do not contain, and are
not likely to develop, primary constituent elements and are
specifically excluded from designation under this rule. Therefore,
unless a Federal action related to such features or structures
indirectly affects nearby habitat containing the primary constituent
elements, operation and maintenance of such features or structures
generally would not be impacted by the designation of critical habitat.
(34) Comment: One commenter expressed concern over proposed
critical habitat designation of approximately 800 acres of land in Unit
I, which has been in cultivation for over 50 years.
Our Response: This area was removed from the final designation
because it does not contain the primary constituent elements necessary
for the recovery of any of the 99 plant species on Oahu.
(35) Comment: The configuration of units will be difficult to
identify on the ground and will have irregular boundaries. These
boundaries will complicate management and increase the risk of
fragmentation and edge effects on populations within units.
Our Response: We realize that these areas have irregular
boundaries, but in many cases they are the only areas with the primary
constituent elements needed for each species. We included areas that
provide the biological and other processes that are essential for the
conservation of the species. We acknowledge the potential negative
impacts of edge effects on small habitat fragments. However, these
species' primary constituent elements are found only within the areas
that were designated as critical habitat, and making them larger would
add areas that lack the primary constituent elements and that are not
essential to conservation of the species. All of the changes in
critical habitat from the proposal are based on the best available
information received during comment periods. If new information becomes
available indicating the existing critical habitat designations are not
essential for the conservation of the species or that other areas are,
we may propose new designations for those species at that time.
(36) Comment: One commenter believed that the Service considered
most of the key elements required for assigning areas crucial for the
persistence of plant species; however, one element that appears to have
been overlooked and that requires serious consideration in designating
critical habitat is the presence of appropriate pollinators for species
that do not self-pollinate, or feasible and sustainable alternatives to
key pollinators that may be absent.
Our Response: We agree; however, this information is unknown for
the majority of these plant species. As new information becomes
available, we may reevaluate the critical habitat designations as
necessary.
(37) Comment: One commenter stated that it appears that a portion
of unit M is in the Urban District.
Our Response: This area was removed from the final designation
because it does not contain the primary constituent elements necessary
for the conservation of Sesbania tomentosa or Centaurium sebaeoides.

[[Page 35995]]

(38) Comment: The large scale maps of the designated critical
habitat make it impossible to determine the exact boundaries of the
critical habitat. This, in turn, makes it impossible to be precise in
commenting on economic impacts.
Our Response: The maps in the Federal Register provide the general
location and shape of critical habitat and are provided for reference
purposes to guide Federal agencies and other interested parties in
locating the general boundaries of the critical habitat; the maps do
not constitute the definition of the boundaries of a critical habitat
(50 CFR 17.94). The legal descriptions are the definition of the
boundaries of critical habitat, are readily plotted, are transferable
to a variety of mapping formats, and were made available electronically
upon request for use with GIS programs. Unit boundaries were defined by
giving the coordinates in UTM Zone 5 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). These coordinates can be used to
determine boundaries with some accuracy. At the public hearing, the
maps were expanded to wall-size to assist the public in better
understanding the proposed critical habitat. These larger scale maps
were also provided to individuals upon request. Furthermore, we
provided direct assistance in response to written or telephone
questions with regard to mapping and landownership within the proposed
critical habitat.

Issue 6: Policy and Regulations

(39) Comment: Two commenters stated that the Service's suggestion
that current management efforts can render otherwise ``critical''
habitat no longer ``critical'' illegally reads into section 3(5) of the
Act an additional, unstated requirement that habitat cannot be
``critical'' unless the Service finds it needs more management or
protection than it currently receives.
Our Response: Please refer to the response to comment 8.
(40) Comment: The proposal violated the commerce clause and exceeds
the constitutional limits of the Service's delegated authority. The
listed species are not interstate; they exist only in Hawaii and do not
cross State lines.
Our Response: The Federal government has the authority under the
Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution to apply the protections of
the Act to species that occur within a single State. A number of court
cases have specifically addressed this issue. The National Association
of Homebuilders v. Babbitt, 130 F. 3d 1041 (D.C. Cir. 1997), cert.
denied, 1185 S.Ct, 2340 (1998), involved a challenge to application of
Act's prohibitions to protect the listed Delhi Sands flower-loving fly
(Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis). As with the species at issue
here, the Delhi Sands flower-loving fly is endemic to only one State.
The court held that application of the ESA to this fly was a proper
exercise of Commerce Clause power because it prevented loss of
biodiversity and destructive interstate competition. Similar
conclusions have been reached in other cases, see Gibbs v. Babbitt, No.
99-1218 (4th Cir. 2000) and Rancho Viejo v. Norton, No. 01-5373 (D.C.
Cir. 2003).
(41) Comment: One commenter disagreed with the Service's approach
of proposing critical habitat designations in advance of any economic
analysis. Another commenter stated that economic analysis must be
completed before critical habitat can be prudently designated.
Our Response: We agree that the economic analysis must be completed
before critical habitat can be designated, and we do so in all cases,
including this regulation. The Service must first decide upon a
specific area, or set of areas, to propose as critical habitat before
the economic analysis of the proposal can begin. In cases such as this
rulemaking, where we are under a court-ordered deadline to make a
decision by a fixed date, we frequently issue the critical habitat
proposal for public comment while the economic analysis is still being
prepared, so as to maximize the time available for the public to review
and comment on the proposal. When the economic analysis is prepared, it
is also issued for public comment. The critical habitat proposal and
the economic analysis are then revised as appropriate based on
information received during the public comment period, and the economic
and other relevant impacts of the proposal are evaluated, along with
the available biological information, in making the final critical
habitat determination.
(42) Comment: One commenter stated that the Service must exclude an
area from critical habitat if that area is not ``essential'' to
conservation of the species and if the cost-benefit analysis indicates
that it is better to exclude the area. Absent proper completion of the
procedure for designation of critical habitat outside the geographic
area currently occupied by the species, when such areas are essential
for the conservation of the species, ``there is no evidence that
Congress intended to allow the USFWS to regulate any parcel of land
that is merely capable of supporting a protected species'' (Arizona
Cattle Growers Association v. USFWS, 273 F. 3d 1229 (9th Cir. 2001)).
Our Response: As explained in the Methods section of the proposed
rule (67 FR 37108) and this final rule, and in accordance with the Act
and regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR 424.12), we used the best
scientific information available to determine areas that are essential
for the conservation of these 99 Oahu plant species, not simply those
areas that are capable of supporting the species. This information
included the known locations; site-specific species information from
the HINHP database and our own rare plant database; species information
from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant monitoring
database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; island-
wide Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages (e.g., vegetation,
soils, annual rainfall, elevation contours, land ownership); the final
listing rules for these 99 species; discussions with botanical experts;
recommendations from the HPPRCC; and public comments (Service 1994,
1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999;
HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000, CPC in litt. 1999; J. Lau et al.,
pers. comm., 2001). The cost of designating these areas as critical
habitat was determined in the draft economic analysis and the addendum
to the draft economic analysis. Neither the draft economic analysis nor
the addendum found that the financial benefit of excluding these areas
was so great that it outweighs the non-financial benefit of including
these areas in a final critical habitat designation.
(43) Comment: The draft economic analysis concedes that State law
protects ``habitats'' of endangered species and therefore protects
federally designated critical habitat, including unoccupied habitat.
Thus, designation is not necessary because State law already protects
the habitat. In addition, Federal environmental impact analyses provide
additional protection for federally listed species.
Our Response: As discussed above in ``Previous Federal Action,'' we
were ordered by U.S. District Court (Haw.) to publish proposed and
final critical habitat designations or nondesignations for 255 Hawaiian
plant species (Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 1998, 1999,
2000). In addition, under section 4(a)(3) of the Act, we are required
to designate critical habitat for a species at the time it is federally
listed as an endangered or threatened species, and on the basis of the
best scientific data available and after taking into consideration the
economic impact, and

[[Page 35996]]

any other relevant impact, of specifying an area as critical habitat
(section 4(b)(2)). Further, see response to comment 42.

Issue 7: Economic Issues

(44) Comment: The Army believes that the direct and indirect costs
and the anticipated costs of project modification, as they relate to
military activities, are not adequately considered.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 3.q. of the DEA presented
estimates of section 7 costs associated with activities in 10 separate
areas on Oahu that are under the control of the U.S. military. During
public comment, the U.S. Army stated that the cost-estimates for
consultations and for possible project modifications on their
installations were too low. The addendum revisits the sections of the
analysis addressing Army installations and provides revised cost-
estimates based upon further discussions with the Service and
additional information gathered since completion of the DEA, including
the Oahu Training Areas Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan
2002-2006 (OTA INRMP).
However, based on the considerations given in ``Analysis of Impacts
Under Section 4(b)(2)'' and consistent with the direction provided in
this section of the Act, we have determined that the benefits of
excluding lands under jurisdiction of the U.S. Army on Oahu outweigh
the benefits of including them as critical habitat for 76 species of
listed plants. Therefore, these lands have been excluded from the
critical habitat designations in this final rulemaking.
(45) Comment: The DEA does not indicate that the designation of
critical habitat will generate any ``new'' money. It does show that
increased regulation due to designation of critical habitat will
increase economic risks, drive down profits, and drive away potential
investors, thereby reducing ``new'' money entering Hawaii.
Our Response: The DEA states that a portion of the expenditures on
conservation management by the Service, NRCS, and the military could be
``new'' money. Based on State multipliers, each additional $1 million
of new money spent in Hawaii would generate approximately $1.8 million
in direct and indirect sales in Hawaii and would support approximately
22 direct and indirect jobs in Hawaii (DEA, Chapter VI, Section 7.f.).
Regarding development projects and ``new'' investment money that
could be lost, the DEA noted in Chapter VI, Section 4.h. that: ``Over
the next 10 years, the number of affected (development) projects is
expected to be small because most of the proposed critical habitat
units are: (1) In mountainous areas that are unsuitable for development
due to difficult access and terrain, and (2) within the State
Conservation District where land-use controls severely limit
development.'' The development projects that were addressed in Chapter
VI of the DEA included: (1) Communications facilities (Sections 3.e.
and 4.d.), (2) residential development (Section 3.o.), and (3) a
private landfill (Sections 3.p. and 4.e.). The intended designation
does not include the large communications complexes at Palehua and Koko
Head, urban land suitable for residential development, or the site for
the proposed landfill. Only a few of the smaller communications
complexes remain in the intended designation. Because of the small
footprints of communications towers and for other reasons, the analysis
does not anticipate costly project modifications (Section 3.p.). Thus,
the analysis anticipates no significant loss of ``new'' money.
(46) Comment: The DEA argues that because critical habitat is
mandated by law, it must therefore have economic value. The alleged
benefits of species preservation are not economic at all.
Our Response: As noted in Chapter VI, Section 6.a. of the DEA,
``[m]any economic studies have demonstrated benefits associated with
the conservation and recovery of endangered and threatened species and
their ecosystems.
The DEA continues, ``However, the additional economic benefits of
conservation and recovery that would be attributable to the designation
of critical habitat are difficult to estimate because of the scarcity
of (1) scientific studies on the magnitude of the recovery and
ecosystem changes resulting from the critical habitat designation, and
(2) economic studies on the per-unit value of many of the changes. * *
* And while some economic studies have been done on the per-unit value
of some of these changes, studies have not been done for most.''
The DEA concludes, ``As a result, it is not possible, given the
information that is currently available, to estimate the value of many
of the benefits that could be ascribed to critical habitat
designation.''
(47) Comment: The DEA dismisses the ``worst-case'' impacts and does
not consider the major adverse impacts from secondary effects or
indirect costs. Indirect costs are not considered in the bottom line
analysis of the cost of designating critical habitat.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 4 of the DEA and Section 5 of the
Addendum discuss various indirect costs that can result from the
critical habitat designation. These indirect costs are not ``worst-
case'' estimates. Instead, most of them are conditioned upon actions
and decisions by the State, the county, investors, etc. Because
critical habitat has a limited history in Hawaii, and other States have
environmental laws that differ from Hawaii's laws, uncertainty exists
regarding the outcome of these actions and decisions.
Also, these indirect impacts are not dismissed. Rather, they
receive the same importance that direct costs receive. The reason the
indirect costs are not summed is that many of them should be weighted
by the probability of occurrence, but information is not available to
determine these probabilities beyond a subjective estimate. As
indicated in the DEA, several of the probabilities are ``small.'' In
the case of property values, a loss is expected, but uncertainty exists
over the magnitude of this loss.
(48) Comment: One commenter stated that the DEA lacks a thorough
benefits analysis. Multiple commenters stated that the DEA ignored the
benefit of keeping other native species off the endangered species
list, of maintaining water quality and quantity, of promoting ground
water recharge, and of preventing siltation of the marine environment,
thus protecting coral reefs. Another commenter noted that additional
benefits of critical habitat include combating global warming,
providing recreational opportunities, attracting ecotourism, and
preserving Hawaii's natural heritage. Although the DEA makes general
observations of the benefits associated with designating critical
habitat, it makes no attempt to quantify these acknowledged benefits.
The Service must use the tools available, such as a University of
Hawaii Secretariat for Conservation Biology study that estimated the
value of ecosystem services, to determine the benefits of critical
habitat. On the other hand, one commenter stated that the DEA
overestimates economic benefits, and many of the alleged benefits are
entirely speculative, unquantifiable, or lack any commercial value.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Sections 6 and 7 of the DEA discussed
potential direct and indirect benefits that can result from the
proposed designation, including those addressed in the above comment.
However, the DEA also indicated that these benefits are not quantified
due to lack of information on the value of the environmental benefits
that would be attributable specifically to

[[Page 35997]]

the critical habitat designations (i.e., the benefits over and above
those that will occur due to other existing protections, and over and
above the benefits from other conservation projects). Specifically,
there is a lack of (1) scientific studies regarding ecosystem changes
due to critical habitat, and (2) economic studies on the per-unit value
of many of the changes.
The 1999 analysis by University of Hawaii (UH) economists on the
total value of environmental services provided by Oahu's Koolau
Mountains was in fact used in the DEA as a resource document for
concepts, for identifying documents that report the original research
on certain subjects, and for illustrating the economic value of an
assumed incremental increase in environmental services.
However, as noted in the DEA, estimating the total value of the
ecosystem services provided by the Koolau Mountains is a difficult
task, requiring some assumptions that are open to challenge, including
estimates of the magnitude of the environmental services provided by
the Koolau Mountains and estimates of the per-unit value of each
service. Also, the UH study does not address all of the benefits of the
Koolau Mountains or any of the benefits of the Waianae Mountains.
More to the point, the UH study has limited applicability for
valuing the benefits of the intended designation for the 99 Oahu plant
species. Since the purpose of the UH study was to estimate the total
value of environmental benefits provided by the entire Koolau Mountains
on the island of Oahu, it does not address the value of the more
limited benefits provided by the intended critical habitat for the 99
Oahu plant species. Specifically, the UH study provides no estimates of
the changes in biological and/or environmental conditions resulting
from changes in land management due to critical habitat designation.
In any case, the DEA reported that the value of the ecosystem
services provided by the Koolaus is very large. Since the intended
designation covers nearly all of the Koolau Mountains, as well as parts
of the Waianae Mountains, and since some project modifications can
affect large portions of the mountains, even a very small percentage
improvement to ecosystem services can translate into large economic
benefits.
In summary, the discussion presented in the DEA on the biological
and environmental benefits of critical habitat designation provides an
overview of potential benefits, but we did not intend for it to provide
a complete quantitative analysis of the benefits. Instead, we believe
that the benefits of critical habitat designation are best expressed in
biological terms that can be weighed against the expected cost impacts
of the rulemaking.
(49) Comment: Treating ``better siting of projects by developers so
as to avoid costly project delays'' as an economic benefit is circular.
The costly project delays result from regulations. They could be
avoided by not imposing the regulations in the first place.
Our Response: As noted in Chapter VI, Section 6.c. of the DEA, the
benefit applies to proposed units or portions of units that the Service
regards as occupied. Even without critical habitat, developers must
consult with the Service on projects that have Federal involvement and
that affect listed species. By knowing the critical habitat boundaries,
and if developers have the flexibility, they can site projects outside
the boundaries, thereby avoiding certain issues related to threatened
and endangered species. But even if there is no flexibility in siting a
project, it can still be helpful to developers to know the boundaries
of a critical habitat unit. If a project is located outside the unit
boundaries, then the developer can proceed with project planning with
less risk of facing issues related to critical habitat. On the other
hand, if a project is located inside a critical habitat boundary and
there is Federal involvement, then the developer and action agency
could enter into informal consultations with the Service before
proceeding with detailed site plans. Since the discussion applies only
to areas that are occupied and would be subject to regulation with or
without critical habitat, the logic for the benefit to developers is
not circular.
(50) Comment: The DEA fails to adequately address the economic
value represented by the time, money, and energy that the people of
Hawaii invest in the conservation of native Hawaiian plants, including
the ethnobotanical value of these plants to the culture of native
Hawaiians.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Sections 6 and 7 of the DEA discussed the
benefits of critical habitat. While the time, money and energy that the
people of Hawaii invest in the conservation of native plants could
function as an indicator for residents' ``willingness to pay'' to
protect these species, this information has not been gathered or
analyzed comprehensively, and, given the scope of the economic
analysis, no primary economic research was conducted. Moreover, as
noted in the DEA, even if this information were available, the economic
value of these benefits attributable to critical habitat designation
would still be difficult to estimate because of the scarcity of (1)
scientific studies on the magnitude of the recovery and ecosystem
changes resulting from the critical habitat designation, and (2)
economic studies on the per-unit value of many of the changes.
(51) Comment: The analysis used in the DEA for Oahu is not
consistent with the analysis used in the DEA for the island of Hawaii.
The Service should use a consistent methodology in all of its economic
analyses.
Our Response: This specific comment objected to differences in the
methodology used to estimate direct economic costs related to Army
activities and the fact that the estimated costs were much lower for
Oahu. The economic analysis for both Oahu and the Big Island (island of
Hawaii) used the same methodology. But the direct costs were lower for
Oahu because of: (1) Differences in the extent of the overlap between
the proposed designations and the Army installations on Oahu versus the
installation on the Big Island; (2) differences in the planned military
uses of land in the proposed designations; and (3) differences in
information available to the analysts regarding project modifications.
The addendum revisits the direct costs associated with Army activities
and revises them based on updated information.
(52) Comment: One private landowner states that designated critical
habitat affects over half of his land holdings and will result in
impacts to land value, extraordinary levels of governance, and long-
term economic impacts.
Our Response: For grazing land in critical habitat, the DEA
addressed the possible direct section 7 costs for ranching activities
(DEA, Chapter VI, Section 3.h), the indirect impacts of critical
habitat on State and county development approvals (DEA, Chapter VI,
Section 4.h.), and the possible loss of property value (DEA, Chapter
VI, Section 4.i). Because the intended critical habitat would cover
less grazing land than the proposed critical habitat, the addendum
revisited the possible direct section 7 costs on ranching activities
and the potential loss of property value (Sections 4.e and 5.g,
respectively). For about 2,070 acres of privately owned agricultural
land in the intended critical habitat, the analysis found that the loss
in property value would be a small to moderate fraction of $18.6
million.
(53) Comment: The DEA ignores the topic of subsistence gathering.

[[Page 35998]]

Our Response: The DEA did not address the potential indirect impact
of the proposed critical habitat designation on subsistence activities
for three reasons. First, subsistence activity is less extensive, and
less important economically, on Oahu than it is on the other islands.
This reflects the fact that Oahu has a comparatively large and diverse
economy. Second, much of the subsistence hunting that does take place
on Oahu is also recreational hunting, which is addressed in the DEA.
Third, the DEA did not expect critical habitat to affect subsistence
activities and the subsistence lifestyle.
Nevertheless, in response to the comment, the addendum addresses
subsistence activities. The analysis found that it is unlikely that new
or additional restrictions on access and prohibitions on subsistence
will result from critical habitat designation. This assessment is
partly based on the Hawaii State Constitution, which protects
traditional subsistence activities. The analysis estimates that it is
more likely that restrictions (if any) will occur in small, localized
areas that have significant biological importance, i.e., areas
containing populations of the plants. However, because of the strong
stewardship and conservation values associated with those who practice
subsistence activities, combined with the cultural tradition of
protecting environmentally sensitive areas, subsistence activities are
likely to be consistent with any conservation restrictions in localized
areas. Thus, the analysis anticipates no significant impact on
subsistence activities as a result of the intended designation.
(54) Comment: Several commenters stated the following: The DEA
fails to consider economic impacts of critical habitat that result
through interaction with State law, specifically Hawaii's Land Use Law.
Critical habitat could result in downzoning under State law. Hawaii
Revised Statutes (HRS) Sec. 205-2(e) states that conservation
districts shall include areas necessary for conserving endangered
species. HRS Sec. 195D-5.1 states that DLNR shall initiate amendments
in order to include the habitat of rare species. Even if DLNR does not
act, the Land Use Commission (LUC) might initiate such changes, or they
might be forced by citizen lawsuits. Areas for endangered species are
placed in the protected subzone with the most severe restrictions.
While existing uses can be grandfathered in, downzoning will prevent
landowners from being able to shift uses in the future, reduce market
value, and make the land unmortgageable. Although the Service
acknowledges that there could be substantial indirect costs relating to
redistricting of land to the Conservation District, several
commentators disagreed with the characterization of these costs as
unlikely. The DEA fails to consider additional third-party lawsuits to
force redistricting of lands into the conservation district.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 4.g. of the DEA and Section 5.e.
of the addendum discuss possible costs associated with redistricting
land in critical habitat. Most of the land in the urban district and
much of the land in the agricultural district initially proposed for
designation are removed in the intended designation. As indicated in
Section 5.e. of the addendum, the intended designation includes (1)
approximately 3,319 acres of agricultural land, of which 2,070 acres
are privately owned; and (2) approximately 0.6 acre of urban land, of
which about 0.2 acre is privately owned. Under a worst-case scenario,
where all land in the agricultural district is redistricted to
Conservation, the reduction in land values would be approximately $18.6
million.
As discussed more fully in Chapter VI, Section 4.g. of the DEA and
Section 5.e. of the addendum, agency-initiated and court-ordered
redistricting of some of the privately owned land is reasonably
foreseeable (moderate to high probability). Further, this analysis
judges the probability that all of the parcels will be redistricted to
be very low to low. Tables ES-1 and VI-3 in the DEA characterized the
risk of redistricting all of the parcels in the proposed designation as
``undetermined,'' not as ``unlikely.'' To more accurately reflect the
analysis, this analysis changes the probability to ``very low to low.''
But even if land is not redistricted, the DEA and the addendum noted
that the State may seek agreements with landowners to protect the
habitats of listed species in order to retain existing district
designations.
The DEA recognized that a real or perceived risk of redistricting
can cause a loss of land value that continues until the uncertainty is
resolved by (1) the passage of time that reveals the extent of
redistricting due to critical habitat, or (2) possibly a State court
decision on issues raised by critical habitat designation. Over the
long-term, a permanent loss of land value (if any) would depend on how
the uncertainty is resolved.
(55) Comment: The Service has failed to mention the Federal court
ruling on the New Mexico Cattlegrowers Association v. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, which requires consideration of the impact of listing
as well as the impact of designating an area as critical habitat.
Our Response: The DEA and the addendum considered the economic
impacts of section 7 consultations related to critical habitat even if
they are attributable coextensively to the listed status of the
species. In addition, the DEA and the addendum examined the indirect
costs of critical habitat designation, e.g., the relationship between
critical habitat designation and a State or local statute.
(56) Comment: Any activity that could degrade critical habitat,
including activities that are not subject to section 7 consultation,
could be seen as an ``injury'' to (and therefore, under State law, a
``taking'' of) an endangered plant species under the State of Hawaii's
endangered species law (Chapter 195D). It is important that this
receive due consideration in evaluating the proposed critical habitat
designations (for example, in completing the economic analysis) and
that the Service explain to what extent it has considered the potential
interplay between the Federal Endangered Species Act and Hawaii's
endangered species laws.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Sections 4.b. and 4.f of the DEA and
Section 5.d. of the addendum discuss possible indirect costs resulting
from the interplay of the Federal Endangered Species Act and Hawaii
State law (e.g., court-ordered mandates to manage private lands for
conservation of the plants or to reduce game-mammal populations that
harm plants or their habitats). Both the DEA and the addendum
considered the economic impacts of section 7 consultations related to
critical habitat even if they are attributable coextensively to the
listed status of the species. In addition, the DEA and the addendum
examined any indirect costs of critical habitat designation. However,
the impacts are not attributable to critical habitat designation when
the listing of a species prompts action at the State or local level.
Take prohibitions under Hawaii law are purely attributable to a listing
decision and do not occur as a result of critical habitat designations.
There are no take prohibitions associated with the plants' critical
habitat.
(57) Comment: Several commenters stated the following: The Service
did not adequately address the takings of private property as a result
of designating critical habitat for endangered plants on Oahu. If the
proposed designation of critical habitat precipitates conversion of
agricultural lands to conservation land that has no economically
beneficial use, then the

[[Continued on page 35999]]

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Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations or Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 101 Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI

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