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Phase 2: Source Apportionment Study
IES programs for
History
A thorough emissions inventory of stationary and transportation combustion sources was compiled in the first phase of the EPA IES analysis in Hyderabad (PDF) (409 pp, 5MB, About PDF). The emissions inventory included both air pollutants of concern for public health and greenhouse gases (PM10, CO2, CH4, and N2O) for all combustion sources operating within the Hyderabad Urban Development Area for the calendar year 2001.
As a follow-up to the emissions inventory work, a technique known as source apportionment was undertaken to validate and improve the emissions inventory and to enhance the linkages between particular emissions sources and ambient air quality in the Hyderabad Urban Development Area. Source apportionment involves ambient sampling of particulate matter (PM), measurement, and analysis to separate and identify the constituent parts of the air pollution samples by their chemical composition. This chemical speciation of the PM samples allows for the identification of additional particle emissions sources that may not have been included in the original emissions inventory (such as re-suspended road dust, distant power plants, and cooking fires) as well as the quantification of the contribution of known emissions sources to the sampled PM. These additional data can help to validate and improve the existing emissions inventory. The major advantages of source apportionment are relative accuracy, rapid results, and highly useful analyses. Identification of sources and their relative contribution to the total air pollution load can be used to further assist policymakers and modelers in developing integrated control strategies that achieve co-benefits of reducing both particulate matter and greenhouse gases (GHGs) simultaneously.
Source apportionment techniques are relatively new to air quality managers and researchers in India but are becoming increasingly important and in some cases mandatory in assessing the sources of air pollution in major urban areas in India. Indian air quality planners and air quality management programs will derive substantial benefits and efficiencies with the successful introduction and application of source apportionment techniques. This project to introduce, demonstrate and apply source apportionment techniques in Hyderabad provides a unique opportunity to:
- Evaluate the initial IES inventory results.
- Generate more detailed information on the chemical composition of ambient particulate matter.
- Further strengthen data support for policymakers to make informed environmental management decisions and improve air quality management in Hyderabad.
Additional knowledge about the PM10 and PM2.5 source types enabled the government of India, the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad, and the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board to effectively focus resources on integrated control measures and requirements for the sources most responsible for the resulting poor air quality. The timing of this source apportionment study was opportune for Hyderabad because the city had committed to address the central government’s and Supreme Court of India’s concerns regarding the Hyderabad air quality problems.
The source apportionment work serves as an appropriate follow-up to the first successful phase of the IES work sponsored by USAID India Mission under the U.S.-India Climate Change Partnership and EPA’s International Capacity Building Branch.
Team
EPA and NREL provide overall project guidance and facilitation and lead the overall management of the project. NREL supplies technical support to EPA for this project as well as other IES projects, including helping to develop the agenda for the training program, and providing guidance on program development and analysis for the team in Andhra Pradesh.
The World Bank provided technical support and guidance to the entire source apportionment project and supports in-country training, sampling, sample analysis and the involvement of the Desert Research Institute (DRI) in this project. The DRI is a technical institute that provided training to in-country technical staff and supports in-country sampling and sample analysis. The Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) also provided in-country leadership and coordination. The APPCB provided technical staff to assist the monitor location, site preparation, sample collection, and analysis.
Objectives
- To conduct a source apportionment study in Hyderabad, India that builds on the existing emissions inventory.
- To confirm the major sources of respirable suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and improve and validate the existing emissions inventory.
- To train and build capacity in Hyderabad (with APPCB and associated technical institutions) in source apportionment analysis and application to assist with GHG and air quality management decisions.
- To strengthen APPCB’s environmental management and decision-making capacity.
- To support industrial and transportation measures that integrate cleaner energy technologies with environmental management techniques.
- To provide APPCB with sufficient data to support integrated policies aimed at reducing both ambient particulate matter concentrations and GHG emissions.
Methods
This project was conducted in a single phase. There was an initial training demonstration conducted by DRI that focused on sampling methodology, sampling parameters, source profiling, types of source apportionment analyses, and data interpretation. After the training session, the ambient monitoring portion of the project was initiated. Ambient monitoring included intensive multi-seasonal air pollution sampling and analysis over nine months. Subsequently, all seasonal samples were sent to the DRI laboratory for analysis. After collecting and analyzing the ambient samples, the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model was used to apportion PM and its chemical constituents to their sources.
The initial focus of the study was on particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) because of the strong correlation between PM and adverse human health effects. Once the major sources of PM were identified, however, policy measures were chosen and evaluated based on their ability to reduce both PM emissions and GHG emissions simultaneously for the Hyderabad Urban Development Area.
Interpretation of the results from the analytical work was conducted by a joint U.S.-India team, which worked together in a step-wise fashion to arrive at a final project report. This project should enhance capacity for subsequent source apportionmenand co-benefits studies in Andhra Pradesh.
Final results were compiled in a final report of the project authored by all participating parties. This report and project results were presented in a final workshop (December 2007) with local and national Indian policymakers. See the Source Apportionment documents page for the project report and presentations from the workshop.
Outcomes
An important outcome of the project is to correlate emissions to specific source categories and subcategories through detailed chemical analysis. The source apportionment analysis should profile sources with sufficient detail to permit the identification of specific sources and to allow for the creation of regulations or other policy instruments that target the proper emissions sources.
Schedule
Milestones:
- November 2005: First training and capacity building session and first phase sample collection and analysis.
- May 2006: Second phase of sampling and analysis, followed by QA/QC session for independent third phase.
- October 2006: Final phase of sample and analysis (conducted by APPCB and local experts).
- August 2007: Receptor modeling and final analysis; drafting of final report.
- November 2007: Project wrap-up and submission of final report.
- December 2007: Share results with local and national policymakers.
Upon project completion, the entire team will work with Andhra Pradesh policymakers and the central government (e.g., Central Pollution Control Board) to encourage the adoption of integrated clean energy measures that reduce both air pollution and GHG emissions (i.e., co-benefits).
Documents
Contains documents generated through the Source Apportionment-India analysis.
Links
Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board 
APPCB is charged with protecting the Andhra Pradesh area from air, water, and other pollution. Its vision is "to achieve economic growth with environmental management for an improved quality of life in Andhra Pradesh." APPCB provides in-country leadership and coordination to the project.
World Bank
The World Bank is an organization that provides funding to developing countries to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life. It supports the source apportionment project with technical support and guidance, in-country training, sampling, and sample analysis.
Desert Research Institute
DRI is the nonprofit research campus of the Nevada System of Higher Education. DRI specializes in environmental research and the application of technologies to improve people's lives throughout Nevada and the world. It supports the source apportionment project with technical support and guidance, in-country training, sampling, and sample analysis.