Human Health - More Information

A more detailed discussion of this chapter is available in the Technical Document Human Health chapter. Complete chapter files for the Draft Report on the Environment and Technical Document are also available as downloadable PDF files.

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• EPA Topics: Human Health

Government Performance and Results Act Information

• Strategic Plan
• Annual Performance Plans
• Annual Performance Report

Endnotes

1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Unrealized Prevention Opportunities: Reducing the Health and Economic Burden of Chronic Disease, Atlanta, GA: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Chronic Disease Prevention, November 1998.

2 Pastor, P.N., D.M. Makuc, C. Reuben, C., and H. Xia, et al. Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans, Health, United States, 2002, Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2002.

3 United Nations. Demographic Yearbook 1999, New York: United Nations, 2001, 479-506. United Nations.

4 Pastor, P.N., et al. Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans Health, United States, 2002, 2002. op. cit.

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid.

7 Hoyert, D.L., E. Arias, B.L. Smith, S.L. Murphy, and K.D. Kochanek. Deaths: Final Data for 1999. National Vital Statistics Report 49: 6-9 (2001).

8 Ries, L.A.G., M.P. Eisner, C.L. Kosary, et al. (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1998. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2001.

9 Ibid.

10 Ibid.

11 Pastor, P.N., et al. Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans Health, United States, 2002, 2002. op. cit.

12 Hoyert, D.L. et al. Deaths: Final Data for 1999, 2001. op. cit.

13 Eberhardt, M.S., D.D. Ingram, D.M. Makuc, et al. Health, United States, 2001: With Urban and Rural Health Chartbook, Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2001, 161-163.

14 Pastor, P.N., et al. Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans Health, United States, 2002, 2002. op. cit.

15 Ibid.

16 Mannino, D.M, D.M. Huma, L.J. Akinbami, et al. Surveillance for asthma - United States, 1980-1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries 51(SS-1): 8, 9, 13 (2002).

17 Ibid.

18 Adams, P., G.E. Hendershot, and M. Marano. Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey. 1996. Vital and Health Statistics 10: 82, 92, 94 (1999).

19 Peterson, C.A., and R.L. Calderon. Trends in enteric disease as a cause of death in the United States, 1989-1996. American Journal of Epidemiology 57: 58-65 (2003).

20 Centers for Disease Control. Shigellosis. 2001. (November 19, 2002; http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_g.htm )

21 Centers for Disease Control. Escherichia coli O157:H7. 2001. (November 19, 2002; http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm ).

22 Martin, J.A., B.E. Hamilton, S.J. Ventura, F. Menacker, and M.M. Park. Births: Final data for 2000. National Vital Statistics Report 50(5): 16, 79 (2002).

23 Hoyert, D.L. et al. Deaths: Final Data for 1999, 2001. op. cit.

24 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. America's Children and the Environment: Measures of Contaminants, Body Burdens, and Illnesses (Second Edition), EPA 240-R-03-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Children's Health Protection, National Center for Environmental Economics, Office of Policy, Economics and Innovation, February 2003.

25 Ries, L.A.G. et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1998, 2001. op. cit.

26 Anderson, R.N. Deaths: Leading causes for 1999. National Vital Statistics Report 49 (11): 8 (2001).

27 Mannino, D.M. et al. Surveillance for asthma - United States, 1980-1999, 2002. op. cit.

28 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. America's Children and the Environment: Measures of Contaminants, Body Burdens, and Illnesses (Second Edition), 2003. op. cit.

29 Akinbami, L.J. and K.C. Shoendorf. Trends in Childhood Asthma: Prevalence, Health Care Utilization and Mortality. Pediatrics. 110: 315-332 (2002).

30 National Academy of Sciences. Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures, Washington DC: National Academies Press, Committee on the Assessment of Asthma and Indoor Air, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine, 2000.

31 Ibid.

32 Centers for Disease Control. National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Atlanta, GA: March 2001.

33 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Third External Review Draft, EPA 600-P-99-002aC. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, April 2002.

34 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidant, EPA 600-P-93-004aF-cF. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, July 1996.

35 Hoyert, D.L. et al. Deaths: Final Data for 1999, 2001. op. cit.

36 Martin et al. Births: Final Data for 2000, 2002. op. cit.

37 Friis, R.H., and T.A. Sellers, Epidemiology for Public Health Practice (Second Edition), Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc., 1999.

38 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders, EPA 600-6-90-006F. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Air and Radiation, December 1992.

39 National Research Council. Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations, Washington DC: National Academies Press, 1993.

40 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. America's Children and the Environment: Measures of Contaminants, Body Burdens and Illnesses (Second Edition), 2003. op. cit.

41 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, NCEH Publication No. 03-0022. Atlanta, GA, January 2003.

42 National Research Council. Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations, 1993. op. cit.

43 Dockery, D.W., and C.A. Pope. “Outdoor Air I: Particulates.” In K. Steenland and D.A. Savitz (eds.), Topics in Environmental Epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997.

44 Nadakavukaren, A. Our Global Environment: A Health Perspective (Fifth Edition), Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc, 2000.

45 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide, EPA 600-P-99-001F. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment. June 2000.

46 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Third External Review Draft, 2002. op. cit.

47 Ibid.

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid.

50 McConnell, R., K. Berhane, F. Gilliland, S.J. London, T. Islam, W. Gauderman, A. James, M. Edward, H.G. Margolis, and J.M. Peters. Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: A cohort study. The Lancet 359: 386-391 (2002).

51 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants, EPA 600-P-93-004aF-cF. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment. July 1996.

52 Ibid.

53 Examples of personal monitoring include EPA's Total Exposure Assessment Monitoring (TEAM) studies and its National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), and the Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study conducted by the Mickey Leland Center.

54 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2003. op. cit.

55 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2001. op. cit.

56 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2003. op.cit.

57 National Research Council. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 2000.

58 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2003. op. cit.

59 National Research Council. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, 2000. op. cit.

60 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. America's Children and the Environment: Measures of Contaminants, Body Burdens and Illnesses (Second Edition), 2003. op. cit.

61 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) for Methylmercury (MeHg). July 27, 2001. (July 27, 2001; http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0073.htm).

62 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. America's Children and the Environment: Measures of Contaminants, Body Burdens, and Illnesses (Second Edition), 2003 op. cit.

63 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2003. op. cit.

64 Ibid.

65 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2003. op. cit.

66 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Third External Review Draft, 2002. op. cit.

67 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human Exposure to Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2001. op. cit.

68 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2003. op. cit.

69 Ibid.