WPC6 2 ZBn X&m P7&PBibliogrphy66kBibliographyN=(N{*Nx{$E Doc Init{66kInitialize Document Style{*Nx{$E    I. 1. A. a.(1)(a) i) a)DocumentҲa1DocumentE+N xDocument Style` {N=(N{!*NF *  ׃  2qea2DocumentE+N xDocument Style` {N=(N{!*N*    a3DocumentE+N xDocument Style` {N=(N{!*N0     a4DocumentE+N xDocument Style` {N=(N{!*N   . a5DocumentE+N xDocument Style` {N=(N{!*N  2Ke p p ca6DocumentE+N xDocument Style` {N=(N{!*N  a7DocumentE+N xDocument Style` {N=(N{!*N ` ` ` a8DocumentE+N xDocument Style` {N=(N{!*N ` ` ` Tech Init"66kInitialize Technical Style{"*Nx{$E  1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 Technical2 } -^ a1Technical+N xTechnical Document Style{N=(N{#*N 4!     a2Technical+N xTechnical Document Style{N=(N{#*N *    a3Technical+N xTechnical Document Style{N=(N{#*N'   a4Technical+N xTechnical Document Style{N=(N{#*N&   28 $  .  a5Technical+N xTechnical Document Style{N=(N{#*N&   . a6Technical+N xTechnical Document Style{N=(N{#*N&!"  . a7Technical+N xTechnical Document Style{N=(N{#*N&#$  . a8Technical+N xTechnical Document Style{N=(N{#*N&%&  . 2o4j 0Pleading{$66kHeader for numbered pleading paper*Nx{$E'(   ,#&m P7&P# X  y*dddyy*dddy H\1 H\2 H\3 H\4 H\5 H\6 H\7 H\8 H\9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28   Ӽa1Right Par+N xRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersN=(N*N8)*@   a2Right Par+N xRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersN=(N*NA+,@` `  ` ` ` a3Right Par+N xRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersN=(N*NJ-.` ` @  ` `  2Na4Right Par+N xRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersN=(N*NS/0` `  @  a5Right Par+N xRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersN=(N*N\12` `  @hh# hhh a6Right Par+N xRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersN=(N*Ne34` `  hh#@( hh# a7Right Par+N xRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersN=(N*Nn56` `  hh#(@- ( 26 0 a8Right Par+N xRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersN=(N*Nw78` `  hh#(-@pp2 -ppp Њ&m P7&P) `(CG Times (Scalable)&&m P7&P) `(CG Times (Scalable)&`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)&m P7&P) `(CG Times (Scalable)&`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  PQP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)P\  PQP*\  `TmsRmn 8pt (F)`\  P QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P!QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P"QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P#QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P$QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P%QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P&QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P'QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P(QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P)QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P*QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P+QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P,QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P-QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P.QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)`\  P/QP)\  ` TmsRmn 10pt (F)266#|m#`\  PQP#X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 25 smokeryears. 13Adenocarcinoma only. 14All cell types. 15First value is for smoking information provided by patient's spouse; second value is for information provided by patient herself; third value (in brackets) utilizes available data from either source with subject classified as exposed if either source so indicates. 16Exposed at home but not at work or vice versa/exposed both at home and at work followed by weighted average of exposed strata. 17Crude OR from Table 11 of Surgeon General's report (U.S. DHHS 1986); note that adjusted OR from WU is not restricted to neversmokers and analysis includes only adenocarcinoma. 18Spouse smokes 120 cig. per day/spouse smokes > 20 cig. per day. The composite RR is 1.17. *Data not available.t ڐ, with the ones selected for analysis in this report in boldface type. Table 55 lists the RRs and their confidence intervals, along with explanatory footnotes, and Table 56 provides information on source and place of exposure and on the adjusted analysis. Because most studies include spousal smoking, and interstudy comparisons may be useful, spousal smoking was the preferred ETS surrogate in all except for LAMW and SOBU. In LAMW, spousal smoking data are limited to cases with adenocarcinoma; in SOBU, the data for cohabitants are separate from data for spousal smoking, and much of the ETS exposure appears to result from the cohabitants. Only data for broader exposure to ETS than spousal smoking alone were collected in BUFF, CHAN, SVEN, and HOLE(Coh). After exposure source and place are taken into account in the choice of RR values in Table 56, an adjusted RR is considered preferable to a crude RR unless the study review in Section A.4 indicates a problem with the adjustment procedure. Of the 31 studies, 20 provide both an adjusted and crude RR, where the "adjusted estimate" is based on the author's use of a statistical procedure that takes potential confounding factors into account, usually by stratification or logistic regression. Based on the decision rule just described, our choice of RR is the smaller of the crude and adjusted values in 14 of the 20 studies providing both estimates. In several studies, RR values in addition to those shown in Table 56 might be considered (see Table 57x(x(X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<:4.2&&SHIM<1.08 < (0.70, 1.68)<&1.07 M<$(0.7, 1.67)<01.01><:2.8&&SOBU<  ă <1.57 <(1.13, 2.15) 1.00<92.81&&SVEN<1.26 < (0.65, 2.48)<&1.20 #<$(0.63, 2.36)<01.05<96.00&&TRIC<  ă <2.08 <(1.31, 3.29)?<$ ă<01.00 <92.81&&WU<1.41 < (0.63, 3.15)<&1.32 #<$(0.59, 2.93)<01.07<94.38&&WUWI<0.79 < (0.64, 0.98)<&0.78 #<$(0.63, 0.96)<01.01<92.24&&BUTL (Coh)<2.027ă < (0.48, 8.56)6ă<&2.01 #<$(0.61, 6.73)1.00><:4.0&&GARF (Coh)<1.177ă < (0.85, 1.61)6ă<&1.16 #<$(0.89, 1.52)<01.01<93.58&&HIRA (Coh)<1.38 < (1.03, 1.87)<&1.37 #<$(1.02, 1.86)<01.01<93.20&&HOLE (Coh)<1.997ă < (0.24, 16.7)6ă<&1.97 <$(0.34, 11.67)1.01><:4.2 1OR for casecontrol studies; RR for cohort studies. 2Adjusted OR in Table 55 is used unless the confidence interval is unknown or the study review (Appendix A) is critical of the method(s) used. 3Corrected (2) (estimate and confidence interval) equals uncorrected (1) times ratio [(2)/(1)]. All corrected 95% confidence intervals have been converted to 90% confidence intervals. 4Values shown are the lower of (calculated ratio, 1). Calculated ratios less than 1 are shown in parentheses. 5The crude OR for eversmokers in Table 55 is used in the calculations for the corrected value (Appendix B), when available. Eversmoker ORs for GARF, JANE, PERS, and SHIM are approximated from the data of other studies for suitable location and time period. The ever smoker ORs for BUTL(Coh) and (LEE) are based on data in Fraser et al. (1991) and Alderson et al. (1985), respectively. 695% confidence interval. 7Adjusted RR value in Table 55.Iڐ. In general, the biases are low in East Asia, or in any traditional society such as Greece, where female smoking prevalence is low and the female smoker risk is low. Some of the calculated biases are slightly less than unity when carried to three decimal places. This may result from the assumption in the calculations that there is no passive smoking effect on current smokers. 5.3. STATISTICAL INFERENCE 5.3.1. Introduction ČTable 596x(x(X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:0.5*0.74(0.47, 1.17).@@.HKKOO200.430.060.161.54(0.98, 2.43).@@.HKLAMT450.73<0.01<0.011.64(1.21, 2.21).@@.HKLAMW150.39<0.01*2.51(1.49, 4.23).@@. HKALL14܃<0.01܃1.48(1.21, 1.81) .@@.܃܃܃܃.@@.JapanAKIB150.420.050.031.50(1.00, 2.50)..JapanHIRA (Coh)350.750.04<0.011.37(1.02, 1.86).@@.JapanINOU30.170.07<0.032.55(0.90, 7.20).@@.JapanSHIM160.3770.38*1.07(0.70, 1.67).@@.JapanSOBU300.660.01*1.57(1.13, 2.15).@@. JapanALL19܃<0.01܃1.41(1.18, 1.69) .@@.܃܃܃܃.@@.USABROW10.150.28*1.50(0.48, 4.72).@@.USABUFF30.17>0.5*0.68(0.32, 1.41)..USABUTL (Coh)10.180.17*2.01(0.61, 6.73).@@.USACORR30.220.100.011.89(0.85, 4.14).@@.USAFONT835