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N   0 Disclaimer:0  ThisProceedingshasbeenclearedforpublicationbytheNationalExposure  ResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Mentionoftradenamesdoesnotimplyrecommendationforuse.ThisProceedingsdoesnotrepresentAgencypolicy.ThisProceedingshasnotbeenpeerreviewedbecauseitisareportofaworkshop,ratherthananassessmentorstudyreport. (#(# Additionalcopiesmaybeobtainedatwww.epa.gov/nerl/nhexas.htm.!F񄄄!F   p0 @ NHEXASANALYSISWORKSHOP@ ORGANIZINGCOMMITTEE   MauriceBerry,Ph.D.,ORD/NERL*JudithA.Graham,Ph.D.,ORD/NERLKarenHammerstrom,ORD/NCEA**Stephen_Hern_,ORD/NERLKellyLeovic,ORD/NERLHalukOzkaynak,Ph.D.,ORD/NERLDalePahl,ORD/NERLJamesQuackenboss,ORD/NERLGaryRobertson,ORD/NERLLindaSheldon,Ph.D.,ORD/NERLWilliamSteen,Ph.D.,ORD/NERL*ORD=OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,EPÀNERL=NationalExposureResearchLaboratory**NCEA=NationalCenterforEnvironmentalAssessmentTheOrganizingCommitteeexpressesitsgratitudeto:alltheparticipantsforcontributingtheirthoughtsandrecommendations;GeraldAkland,ResearchTriangleInstitute;TimBuckley,Ph.D.,JohnsHopkinsUniversity;StevenColome,Ph.D.,UCLAandIES;andStevenKnott,ORD/NCEA,forservingasrapporteursoftheworkgroups;SusanBass,BrendaThompson,andKim_Inglett_,ofORD/NERL,fortheiradministrativeandlogisticcontributions;EmilyLeeandLesterD.Grant,Ph.D.,bothofORD/NCEA,forassistinginimplementingtheworkshop;PersonalCommunicationService,Inc.,forprovidingworkshopsupportundercontract;andYvonneHarrison,BettyeKirkland,andCarolynPerry,OAOCorporation,forprovidingwordprocessingandJohnBarton,OAOCorporation,foreditingtheproceedings.  @-(,    g   TABLEOFCONTENTS   D9(PFr ((x(91.0 r INTRODUCTION#""J(#.N N r(#r(##1  B (PFr ((PFr (B2.0 r OVERVIEWOFNHEXAS#""J(#.$$r(#r(##2 ` 0 F 0rF(#F(#2.10r(#r(#BACKGROUNDONEXPOSURETOCHEMICALPOLLUTANTS#""J(#.=(#(##2 L  0 F 0rF(#F(#2.20r(#r(#THEPURPOSEOFNHEXAS#""J(#.%(#(##3 8  0 F 0rF(#F(#2.30r(#r(#HISTORYANDPARTICIPATINGORGANIZATIONS#""J(#.7(#(##4 $ t 0 F 0rF(#F(#2.40r(#r(#MAJORDESIGNELEMENTS#""J(#.%(#(##5  ` 0 F 0rF(#F(#2.50r(#r(#SOURCESOFMOREINFORMATION#""J(#.,(#(##7  L  3.0 r OVERVIEWOFTHEWORKSHOP#""J(#.%r(#r(##7 $  H" (PFr ((PFr (H4.0 r PROJECTDESCRIPTIONS#`"`"I(#.pp!r(#r(##10   0 F 0rF(#F(#4.10r(#r(#INTRODUCTION#`"`"I(#. (#(##10   0 F 0rF(#F(#4.20r(#r(#ASSESSMENTGROUP#`"`"I(#. (#(##11   0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.2.10 (#(#SABComments#`"`"I(#.! (# (##11 p 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.2.20 (#(#QuestionsToAddress#`"`"I(#.) (# (##12 \ 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.2.30 (#(#DiscussionConsiderations#`"`"I(#.FF. (# (##13 H 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.2.40 (#(#BrainstormingListofProjects#`"`"I(#.jj3 (# (##14 4 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.2.50 (#(#ProjectDescriptions#`"`"I(#.PP) (# (##15  p 0 F 0rF(#F(#4.30r(#r(#EXPOSUREANALYSISGROUP#`"`"I(#.'(#(##32  \ 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.3.10 (#(#SABComments#`"`"I(#.! (# (##32 H 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.3.20 (#(#QuestionsToAddress#`"`"I(#.) (# (##32 4 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.3.30 (#(#DiscussionConsiderations#`"`"I(#.FF. (# (##33   0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.3.40 (#(#BrainstormingListofProjects#`"`"I(#.jj3 (# (##35   0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.3.50 (#(#ProjectDescriptions#`"`"I(#.PP) (# (##36  0 F 0rF(#F(#4.40r(#r(#LESSONSLEARNEDGROUP#`"`"I(#.%(#(##50  0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.4.10 (#(#SABComments#`"`"I(#.! (# (##50  0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.4.20 (#(#QuestionsToAddress#`"`"I(#.) (# (##50 l 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.4.30 (#(#DiscussionConsiderations#`"`"I(#.FF. (# (##51 X  0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.4.40 (#(#BrainstormingListofProjects#`"`"I(#.jj3 (# (##52 D! 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.4.50 (#(#ProjectDescriptions#`"`"I(#.PP) (# (##55 0"  0 F 0rF(#F(#4.50r(#r(#MODELINGGROUP#`"`"I(#.(#(##70 #l! 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.5.10 (#(#SABComments#`"`"I(#.! (# (##70 $X" 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.5.20 (#(#QuestionsToAddress#`"`"I(#.) (# (##71 $D # 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.5.30 (#(#DiscussionConsiderations#`"`"I(#.FF. (# (##72 %0!$ 0 F 0rF(#F(#0r(#r(#4.5.40 (#(#ProjectDescriptions#`"`"I(#.PP) (# (##73 &"% APPENDIXES1.0 r LISTOFNHEXASPAPERSINPRESSORINPREPARATION#`"`"I(#.=r(#r(##99 )$( 2.0 r WORKSHOPAGENDA#!!H(#.r(#r(##101 |*%) 3.0 r LISTOFWORKSHOPPARTICIPANTS#!!H(#.*r(#r(##102 h+&* 4.0 r LISTOFWORKGROUPPARTICIPANTS#!!H(#.**+r(#r(##110 T,'+ 5.0 r HANDOUTS#!!H(#. r(#r(##111 @-(, 6.0 r COPIESOFOVERHEADS#!!H(#.<< r(#r(##134 ,.|)- 3 ( (PFr (3uF  /XdBXX/XdB/X/XdB    1.INTRODUCTION$(# %     ///XdBX/   x TheNationalHumanExposureAssessmentSurvey(NHEXAS)wasdevelopedbythe  OfficeofResearchandDevelopment(ORD)oftheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)earlyinthe1990stoprovidecriticalinformationaboutmultipathway,multimediapopulationexposuredistributiontochemicalclasses.Thefirstphaseconsistedofthreepilotstudieswiththeobjectivesof(1)evaluatingthefeasibilityofNHEXASconcepts,methods,andapproachesfortheconductoffuturepopulationbasedexposurestudies;(2)evaluatingtheutilityofNHEXASdataforimprovedriskassessmentandmanagementdecisions;(3)testingthehypothesisthatthedistributionsofexposuregivenbymodelingandextantdatadonotdifferfromthemeasurementbaseddistributionsofexposure;(4)definingthedistributionofmultipathwayhumanexposuresforarelativelylargegeographicarea;and(5)stimulatingexposureresearchandforgingstrongworkingrelationshipsbetweengovernmentandnongovernmentscientists.NHEXASbeganbeforetheenactmentoftheGovernmentPerformanceandResultsAct(GPRA),whichwaswrittentoensureaccountabilityintheuseofresources.Thus,weadda newobjectiveintheformofahypothesis:NHEXASapproachescanbeusedtodevelopa GPRAReportCardontheefficacyofEPAsregulationstoreduceexposure. x Asdescribedintheoverview(Section2),NHEXASisauniqueandcomplexstudyofapproximately550peopleinthreeareasoftheUnitedStates.ThedatacollectionphaseofNHEXASwascompletedrecently,theinitialdataanalyseswillbepublishedshortly(seeOctoberissueoftheJournalofExposureAnalysisandEnvironmentalEpidemiology(JEAEE),Appendix1),andtheprincipalinvestigatorshaveadditionalanalysesunderway(Appendix1).DuringaSeptember1998review,theIntegratedHumanExposureCommittee(IHEC)ofEPAsScienceAdvisoryBoard(SAB)(U.S.EPA,1999)praisedtheNHEXASpilotsandrecommendedseveralactionstoensurethatasmuchbenefitaspossibleisderivedfromthisveryrichdatabase.OnesuchactionwastodevelopastrategyforcompletingtheanalysisoftheNHEXASpilotdata.Tothoseends,aworkshopwasconvenedwiththegoalofobtainingawiderangeofexpertopiniononwhichresearchprojectsbestwouldensuretheutilityoftheNHEXASdata.Section3providesanoverviewoftheworkshop,andasdescribedtherein,theworkshopprojectswillbeusedasinformationindevelopingtheORDstrategyforanalysisoftheNHEXASpilotdata. x-(:  x Theworkshopwassuccessfulindevelopingandsuggestingarelativepriorityforresearchprojectsthatcoveredtherangeofpotentialdataanalyses,includingthosethatwillsupportfutureexposureassessments,advancethescienceofexposureanalysis,demonstratelessonslearned,andbecomepartofthedevelopmentofmultimedia,multipathwayexposuremodels.Theprojectdescriptions,categorizedwithinthefourresearchareas,areprovidedinSection4. x Supplementaryinformationisprovidedintheappendixes.F  /XdBXX/XdB/X/XdB    2.OVERVIEWOFNHEXAS*2(# 2      ///XdBX/  q x(/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    2.10 x BACKGROUNDONEXPOSURETOCHEMICALPOLLUTANTSqo3#l! 3 (x /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB   x(#x(#  x Toassesstherisksposedbychemicalpollutantsintheenvironment,EPAmustbeabletoestimatethenumberofpeopleexposedtothesechemicalsandtheintensityofexposure.Inthepast,moststudieshavefocusedonexposuretoonechemicalatatimebyonerouteofexposure.Forinstance,astudymightlookathowmuchofaparticularchemicalisfoundinoutdoorair.Inmanycases,thesestudieshavereliedonveryindirectmeasurestoestimateexposuretothechemicals.Anexamplewouldbetosampleemissionsfromasmokestackandthenapplyairtransportmodelstopredictexposuretoresidentsinthesurroundingarea. x Althoughsuchstudiesareimportant,lookingatchemicalsandsourcesinisolationdoesnotreflectactualpatterns(distributions)ofhumanexposuretochemicalsintheenvironment.Inreality,peoplecanbeexposedtochemicalsfromavarietyofsourcesthatcontaminatewater,food,air,dust,andothermedia.Exposuretoasinglechemicalmayoccurfromcontactwithseveralenvironmentalmedia(e.g.,air,water),viaseveralpathways(e.g.,handtomouthtransfers,food),andthroughseveralroutes(i.e.,inhalation,oral,dermal).Additionalcomplexitiesarisewhenconsideringanindividualsexposuretomultiplechemicalsatanypointintimeoroverextendedperiods.Thefactthatdifferentpeoplealsospendvaryingamountsoftimeindoorsandoutdoorsorotherwiseengageinactivitiesthatcanhaveimportantimpactsonchemicalexposureaddstothiscomplexity.Moreaccurateassessmentsofrisks,therefore,musttakeintoaccountexposuretomultiplechemicalsfromvariousroutesandmedia. Byunderstandingtotaloraggregateexposure,italsowillbepossibletoidentifythosepathways R,'8 androutesresponsibleforthegreatestexposure,therebyprovidingdirectionfordecisionsonthemosteffectivestrategiestoreducerisks. q x(/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    2.20 x THEPURPOSEOFNHEXASq<ave -= (x /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  8 x(#x(#  x NHEXASinitsfullestsenseisaconceptualdesign,which,onimplementation,willhavelongtermimplicationstoexposureresearchandassessment.Theultimategoalistodocumentstatusandtrendsofnationaldistributionsofhumanexposuretopotentiallyhighriskchemicalstoimprovetheaccuracyofexposure(andrisk)assessmentsandtoevaluatewhetherexposure(risk)isdeterioratingorimprovingovertimewiththeapplicationofriskmanagementsteps . ^  However,suchanextensiveprogramrequiresmuchpreparation,includingmakingimprovementsinthestateofexposurescience.ThePhaseIpilotprojects,whicharethetopicoftheworkshop,arethebeginning.BasedonthescientificadvancesfromthisfirstphaseofNHEXAS,twofollowupphasesareenvisioned.Oneencompassesspecialstudiestotestparticularhypothesesrelatedtoissues,suchascharacterizationofapathwayofconcernforaspecificsubpopulationorachemicalofconcernatspecificgeographicscales(communityandregional)oranuncertaintyrelatedtotheeffectoftemporalvariabilityinanexposureassessmentmodel.Thesecondisthedesignandimplementationofamuchbroadernationalsurveyofpopulationbasedexposuresbuildingonthefoundationlaidbythepilotphaseinvestigations. x PhaseIofNHEXAS(hereafterreferredtoasjustNHEXASorpilotNHEXASstudies)isperhapsthemostambitiousstudyeverundertakentoevaluatetotalhumanexposuretomultiple  ( chemicalsonbothcommunityandregionalscales.Itfocusesontheexposureofpeopleduringtheirdailylivestoenvironmentalpollutants.Toaccomplishthis,hundredsofvolunteerparticipantswereselectedrandomlyfromseveralareasofthecountrytoobtainapopulationbasedprobabilitysample.NHEXASscientistsmeasuredthelevelsofasuiteofchemicalstowhichparticipantswereexposedintheairtheybreathe,inthefoodsandbeveragestheyconsume,inthewatertheydrink,andinthesoilanddustaroundtheirhomes.Measurementsalsoweremadeofchemicalsortheirmetabolitesinbiologicalsamples(includingbloodandurine)providedbytheparticipants.Finally,participantscompletedquestionnairestohelpidentifypossiblesourcesofexposuretochemicalsandtocharacterizemajoractivitypatternsandconditionsofthehomeenvironment. h.)<  x Inadditiontoimprovingestimatesoftotalexposuretochemicals,NHEXAShasthefollowingaims.@(0 @ Identifysubgroupsofthegeneralpopulationthatarelikelytobehighlyexposed(atleastthe t 75thpercentile)tochemicalsintheirenvironment. @(#@(# 0 @ Provideabaselineofthenormalrangeofexposuretochemicalsinthegeneralpopulationthat 8  canbeusedtocomparetotheresultsofotherinvestigationsconductedatparticularsitesofconcernoraddressingspecificroutes. @(#@(# 0 @ Comparetheresultsofaoneweek snapshotofexposuretotheresultsobtainedfrommultiple ^  samplingcyclesoverayear.  @(#@(# 0 @ Evaluateandimprovetheaccuracyofmodelsdevelopedtopredictordiagnoseexposureof "r  peopletochemicals. @(#@(# 0 @ Testandevaluatedifferenttechniquesanddesignapproachesforperformingmultimedia, 6 multipathwayhumanexposurestudies. @(#@(#  (@q x(/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    2.30 x HISTORYANDPARTICIPATINGORGANIZATIONSqoLave L (x /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  nx(#x(#  x Currently,NHEXASconsistsofthreeinterrelatedprojects,allofwhichwerefundedascooperativeagreementsandcoordinatedbyEPAsOfficeofResearchandDevelopment:((1)0  astudyofseveralhundredArizonaresidentsbytheUniversityofArizona,Battelle  $ MemorialInstitute,andtheIllinoisInstituteofTechnology; (#(# (2)0  astudyofseveralhundredresidentsfromthestatesofIllinois,Indiana,Michigan,  ( Minnesota,Ohio,andWisconsinbytheResearchTriangleInstituteandtheEnvironmentalOccupationalHealthSciencesInstitute,and,also,asmallerscalestudyfocusedonchildrensexposurestopesticides,conductedwiththeparticipationoftheMinnesotaDepartmentofHealth;and (#(# (3)0  astudyofabout60MarylandresidentsbyHarvardUniversity,EmoryUniversity, ~'"2 JohnsHopkinsUniversity,SouthwestResearchInstitute,andWestat. (#(#  ( x Twootherfederalagencies,theFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC),assistedEPA(underinteragencyagreements)withsampleanalysis.TheNationalInstituteforStandardsandTechnology(NIST)underaninteragencyagreement,providedqualityassurance(QA)support. h.)<  x WithinEPAsORD,scientistsfromtheNationalExposureResearchLaboratory(NERL),NationalCenterforEnvironmentalAssessment(NCEA),andtheNationalHealthandEnvironmentalEffectsResearchLaboratory(NHEERL)participated.Thefirsttwoorganizationsareengagedactivelyintheconductoftheprogrambyservingasprojectofficersandprincipalcollaboratorsintheresearch. x Samplecollectionbeganinmid1995andwascompletedforalloftheprojectsinlate1997,andtheplannedanalysisofthesampleswascompletedinearly1998.Publicationsarebeginning.Actualdatabasesareexpectedtobecomeavailabletothepublicin2001.q x(/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    2.40 x MAJORDESIGNELEMENTSq6V V (x /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB   x(#x(#  x Table1summarizesthemajordesignelementsofNHEXAS.Therewerecommonfeaturesacrossthethreeconsortia.Allthreeconsortiausedthesamebasicsetofquestionnaires.Withinchemicalclassesselectedbytheconsortia,eachconsortiumanalyzedforabasicsetofchemicals  6  (primaryanalytes).However,byutilizingthreeconsortia,alternativeandinnovativevariations H onthethemeofmultimediameasurementstoestimatetotalhumanexposurewerepossible.Forexample,eachconsortiumwasabletotargetsomespecificconcernsoropportunities.Twooftheconsortiafocusedonmeasuringpotentialexposuresofeachparticipantonce;oneconsortiastudiedfewerpeoplebutrepeatedthemeasurementsseveraltimesovertheyeartoenableestimatesoftemporalvariabilityfortheexposuresandactivitiesofinterest. x Theparticipantswereselectedthroughaprobabilitysampletopermitstatisticalinferencesaboutthelargerpopulationlater.Theonlyexceptionwasaspecialpanelonchildrenexposedtopesticides.(Thiswasbasedonoversamplinghouseholdsreportingmorefrequentapplicationsofinsecticidesandonacommerciallistingofhouseholdswithlistedtelephonenumbersthatwerepredictedtohaveageeligiblechildren.) x ChemicalstobeanalyzedbyNHEXASwerechosenbecausetheyareknown(orstronglysuspected)topresentmajorenvironmentalhealthrisks,hadbeenfoundintwoormoreenvironmentalmedia(air,water,soil,orfood),andhadbeenidentifiedasbeingofimportancetoseveralEPAprogramorregionalofficesortootherfederalagencies.Chemicalswereselectedonlyifitwasfeasibletocollectandanalyzethem.Thechemicalsfallintothreecategories:  -V(: XXTRP$'3 Letter LandscapeX3' Letter'3 Letter Landscape3'T=dBXXdXXd= t *"#d dd Xdd Xdd XX.X.,dd ,z dd , dd , dd +  .$  $. ~vSF62l~pxx ` Edxxdx~@&TABLE1.SUMMARYOFNHEXASSTUDIES I0<* $  @ I <0/!J 0  < <0/!J" 0  <// X/XdBConsortium#/XdBX //Qc# <0/!J" 0  < J'9'J" @0  0 @J// X/XdB @''/!P' @UniversityofArizona/BattelleMemorialInstitute/IllinoisInstituteofTechnology @''/!$ "'' @ResearchTriangleInstitute/EnvironmentalandOccupationalHealthSciencesInstitute @''/!$ "'' @Harvard/Emory/JohnsHopkins/SouthwestResearchInstitute/Westat LB'$" @0 '' @LTypeofStudy A72 V0 AExposurefieldstudy ' V 'Exposurefieldstudy ' V 'Specialstudy:relationofshorttermdatatolongertermexposures @0-#  @0   @@ *  0 * ' J 'Dataanalysisandhypothesistesting(CAGPIsandORD_PCsa_);databaseintegration(NERL   andNCEA)#/XdBX //#d#// X/XdB '~  ' :0 J @0  @:Geographic̀Region 0&!r  0Arizona '  'RegionV(Illinois,Ohio,Indiana,Michigan,Minnesota,andWisconsin) 'r  'Baltimoreandsurroundingcounties :0r  @0  @:Design 0&! ! 0Representativesampleofgeneralpopulation ' " 'Representativesampleofgeneralpopulation ' # 'Representativesampleincludessuburban,urban,andruralgroups :0f % @0  @:ApproximateNumberofPeople 0&!l( 0179(plusothersinsampledhouseholds) ' ) '249(plus52forpesticides)(noothersinsampledhouseholds) 'Z+ '53peoplesampledsixtimesover1year :0Z- @0  @:Analytes 0&!N. 0Pb,As,Cd,Cr,Ni,Ba,Mn,Se,V,Cu,Zn;benzene,chloroform,perchloroethylene,trichloroethylene,methylchloroform,styrene,toluene,xylene,pdichlorobenzene, 2 formaldehyde,1,3,-butadiene,methylenechloride,carbontetrachloride,plus11additionalvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs);chlorpyrifos,diazinon,malathion,carbaryl '6 'Pb,As,Cd,Cr;benzene,chloroform,perchloroethylene,trichloroethylene,methylchloroform,styrene,toluene,xylene,p-dichlorobenzene;chlorpyrifos,diazinon, : malathion,atrazine,chlordane,dieldrin,heptachlor,4,4'DDE,DDD,andDDT;B(a)P,anthracene,phenanthrene,pyrene,B(a)A,acenaphthylene,fluoranthene,B(g,h,i)perylene,indeno(1,2,3c,d)pyreneChildrensStudy(pesticidesandPAHs) '2A 'Pb,As,Cd,Cr;chlorpyrifos,diazinon,malathion,atrazine(wateronly),chlordane,dieldrin,heptachlor,4,4'-DDE,-DDD,and-DDT;B(a)P, anthracene, VF phenanthracene,chrysene :0hG @0  @:Samples 0&!dH 0Air,water,food,andbeverages;soil/dustandsurfaces;urineandblood '&J 'Air,water,food,andbeverages;soil/dustandsurfaces;urineandblood '&L 'Air,water,food,andbeverages;soil/dustandsurfaces;dermal;urineandblood A00O @0  @AQuestionnaire 70&! P0 7NHEXAS .0 Q0 .NHEXAS .0 R0 .NHEXAS#/XdBX //h# B8 S @0 0 B/h/XdBaCAGPIs=principalinvestigatorsofcooperativeagreements;ORDPCS=principalcollaboratorsfromORD.#/XdBX/`t#>42d"T  >    X   XTRX3' LetterP$'3 Letter Landscape3' Letter'3 Letter LandscapeT(1)volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs),suchastrichloroethylene,benzene,and  perchloroethylene;(2)metals,suchaslead,arsenic,andcadmium.;and(3)pesticides,suchastheherbicideatrazineandtheinsecticideschlorpyrifos,diazinon,andmalathion.Insomemedia,measurementsofselectedpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)weremade.q x(/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    2.50 x SOURCESOFMOREINFORMATIONqxrrou y (x /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB   L x(#x(#  x AspecialissueofJEAEE(vol.5,no.3,July-Sept.,1995)describesallmajoraspectsofNHEXASindetail.Atpresent,severalmanuscriptshavebeensubmittedtoJEAEEandwillbepublishedinOctober1999.Appendix1liststhepapersinpreparationandinpress.@(F  /XdBXX/XdB/X/XdB    3.OVERVIEWOFTHEWORKSHOPJ{ {     ///XdBX/   @ OnSeptember28and29,1998,EPAsSABIHECreviewedtheNHEXASpilotstudiesand  providedanadvisorytoEPA.Theirmajorfindingsareshownbelow.0 @ NHEXASpilotsarescientifically outstandinginbothdesignandimplementation....X@(#@(# 0 @ TheNHEXASdesign canhelptoidentifyserioushumanhealthrisks,todecidewhat    interventionswouldbehelpfulinreducingtheserisks,andtodocumenttheeffectivenessofinterventionsinactuallyreducingexposures. @(#@(# 0 @ The NHEXASpilotstudyishighlyrelevanttotheGovernmentPerformanceandResultsAct 0& (GPRA)andSABs integratedEnvironmentalDecisionMakingFramework,whichemphasizeperformanceevaluationasakeytoeffectiveenvironmentalhealthprotection. @(#@(# 0 @ ORDshoulddevelopafeasibilitystudyforanationalscalehumanexposuresurvey.$V,@(#@(# 0 @ ORDshouldpublicizethesignificanceofNHEXASframeworkandcontinuetobuild h% . partnerships. @(#@(# 0 @ ORDshouldprovideadditionalresourcestostrengthenanalysisofNHEXASpilotdataorthe ,(|#2  expendituresincurredduringthelastfiveyearswouldbeoflimitedutility. @(#@(# 0 @ TheEPAshouldconductacostbenefitanalysisofthevariouscomponentsofthestudy.*@&6@(#@(# 0 @ AdatabaseoftheNHEXASinformation(withappropriateQA)shouldbedevelopedandmade R,'8 widelyavailable.-):@(#@(# 0 @ ORDshoulddevelopastrategyfortheanalysesoftheNHEXASdata,andtheSABshould  reviewit. @(#@(#  (@ x ORDisintheprocessoffollowinguponalltheserecommendations.Itwasdecidedthataworkshopformatwouldbeusedtobeginthedevelopmentofananalysisstrategy.Appendix2showstheworkshopagenda.Inputwassoughtfromindividualswithawiderangeofexpertisesothatperspectivesfrompractitionersofthescienceaswellasusersofthesciencewouldberepresented;fromNHEXASinvestigatorsandtheirpeers;frommeasurementandmodelingexperts;andfromfederalandnonfederalexperts(Appendix4).Thegoalwastodefinepotentialanalysisprojects(withpriorityrankings)asthecenterpieceofaproceedings.ThenthisproceedingswouldbecomeinputintoORDsdevelopmentofadraftanalysisstrategy,withpriorities.ThisdraftwillbemadepublicatthetimeofsubmissiontotheSAB(approximatelyNovember1999,assumingthattheSABreviewwillbeinDecember1999;however,thedatehasnotbeenset).AfterSABreview,ORDwillrevisethestrategyanduseitasaguidetoresearchplanning.Researchwillbeimplemented,consistentwithresourcesavailable,byinhousetasks,contracts,orassistanceagreements(cooperativeagreementsandgrants),asappropriateaccordingtoprocurementregulationsandlaws. x Workshopparticipantsweredividedintofourbreakoutgroups(seeAppendix3)toenableextensiveinterchangeofideas.Eachgrouphadamixtureofexpertisetoraiseprovocativeideas.Forexample,participantswerefromacademia,independentresearchinstitutes,EPAprogramoffices,allORDlaboratoriesandcenters,theNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciences(NIEHS),CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,theAmericanPetroleumInstitute,andthedepartmentsofhealthofMinnesotaandNewYork.Thegroupsfocusedontheareasdescribedbelow.L V$)2QTU@h3L d   @(d2@3  0 @   Assessment. Thiscoversanalysesthatwouldresultindescriptivestatisticsforquestionnaire ~$. andmeasurementdata,comparisonsamongtheNHEXASandotherstudies,totalexposureestimates,cumulativeexposureassessments,identificationofrelativecontributionsofpathwaystoexposure,etc.d݌ @(#@(# Ќ   d   d2@3  0 @   ExposureAnalysis. Thiscoversanalysesthatwouldstudydesignhypotheses(plusthose  *\%6 proposedatthisworkshop),characterizetemporalvariability,identifyfactorsthatcontributeto ahighendexposure,characterizeurbanruraldifferences,anddescriberelationshipsamong ,&(: variouscomponentsinthehumanexposureprocess(includingsources,concentrations,exposures,humanactivities,anddose).d݌ @(#@(#    d   dD2@3  0 @   LessonsLearned. Thiscoversanalysesthatinformeveryoneaboutstudyelementsthatwillbe t generallyusefulinthefutureorthatwillrequiremodificationordeletioninfollowupresearch.Thisincludesdescriptionsoftheachievementofdataqualityobjectivesandofresponseratesandsurveydesigneffects;evaluationoftheabilityofquestionnaireenvironmentalandbiologicaldatatopredictexposureanddose;acomparisonofsamplingandanalyticalmethods;theefficacyofcommunicationwithstates,localpublichealthdepartments,communities;etc.dDo݌ @(#@(# Ќ   d   d@2@3  0 @   ExposureModeling. ThiscoverstheapplicationofNHEXASdatatothedevelopmentor   refinementofmultimedia,multipathwayexposuremodelsandtheevaluationofthereliabilityofexistingmodels.ThisincludesapplicationstootheragencymodelssuchastheTotalRiskIntegratedMethodology(TRIM),CumulativeExposureModel(CEM),etc.,anduseinpredictingexposuresfrombiomarkerconcentrationandinpredictingbiomarkerconcentrationsfromexposureandenvironmentalconcentrationlevelsandincharacterizingpathways;etc.d@k݌ @(#@(# Ќ   (@ x Theworkgroupswerechargedwithidentifying,writing,andprioritizingpotentialanalysisprojects.Beforetheworkshoptheyreceivedsomebackgroundmaterial(Appendix6),aswellasalistoftheSABrecommendationsforanalysesandkeyanalysesquestionstodrivethediscussion(seeSections4.2.1through4.2.3,4.3.1through4.3.3,4.4.1through4.4.3,and4.5.1through4.5.3).Withineachgroup,theparticipantsdiscussedtheseandotherrelatedissues,developingapreliminarylistofalargenumberofprojects.Thislistwasthenprioritized,withthegoalofselecting10to15highpriorityprojectstobeexpandedaccordingtoapreestablishedformat.Projectdescriptionformatsweredevelopedthatwouldbeinformativeenoughforstrategicplanning,withoutbeingsodetailedastocontainintellectualpropertyortoprovoketheneedforrecusalsinlaterresourcecompetitions.Membersoftheworkgroupwereassignedtodrafttheprojectdescriptions,whichthenwerediscussedbythewholegroup.Thegroupthencreatedtheprioritizedlist,typicallybyapplyingmultivotingtechniques.ThepreliminarylistsandtherankedprojectdescriptionsareprovidedinSection4. x Theworkgroupsreportedinplenarysessiononthelastmorning.LimiteddiscussionfollowedtoensuretheprojectdescriptionscoveredalltheNHEXASobjectivesandmajorpoints. x Theworkgroupchairsandrapporteursandothersontheorganizingcommitteecontinuedtoworktoimprovetheclarityoftheprojectdescriptions,withoutchangingtheirsubstanceandto 8.)< createtheproceedings,whichareprovidedinSection4.Thehandoutsprovidedeitheratorpriortotheworkshop,aswellastheoverheadsfromtheoverviewpresentationsonthefirstday,areprovidedinAppendixes5and6,respectively.F  /XdBXX/XdB/X/XdB  4.PROJECT_DESCRIPTIONSnvir!F _!F       ///XdBX/  q x(/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.10 x INTRODUCTIONqٞ W (x /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB    x(#x(#  x Editedversionsoftheprojectdescriptionsdevelopedattheworkshoparepresentedaccordingtotheirworkgroup.Theyallhavethesameformat.Theprojectnameisprecededbyacodethatconsistsofanabbreviationofthegroupname(e.g.,LLforlessonslearned)andthepriorityassignedbytheworkgroup.Pertinentinformationisprovided(i.e.,description,goal,significance,approach).Theentryondataorinputneedsisvaluabletoidentifypacingitems;forexample,adataorinputneedmaybeahighqualitydatabaseorsummarystatistics,indicatingwhatworkwouldneedtobedonefirst.Also,thesectiononfeasibilitycanbequiteimportant.Forexample,someanalyseswillrequireacertainlevelofdatacompleteness.Mostofthesetypesofdetailswerenotavailableattheworkshop,makingitnecessarytoidentifythemonthedescriptions.Theparticipantsalsoidentifiedresearchoutputsandtimelines,aswellasanapproximatelevelofeffort.Thisisimportantbecausethelevelofeffortandtimelinearemutuallydependentandcanbeinterpretedasbroadresourceneeds. x EachsubsectiontofollowbeginswithalistoftheSABrecommendations,questionstotheparticipants,anddiscussionconsiderationsthatprovidedguidancetotheworkgroups.Asmentioned,allthegroupsbeganwithbrainstormingandthensortedoutthehighestprioritiesfordevelopmentofprojectdescriptions.Themodelinggrouphadsimilarprojectsbeforeandafterthisprocedure.Theearlybrainstorminglistsfortheotherthreegroupsareprovidedbelow.Thelastportionofeachsubsectioncontainstheprojectdescriptions,inpriorityorder.Itmustbeemphasizedthatthereareminimaldifferencesinprioritieswithingroups.Basically,theprioritiesrepresentminorvariationsonaclassofhighpriorityprojectswiththeexceptionsnotedintheAssessmentGroup.Thecriterionforprioritywasverybroad(valuetoscience),andthe participants(eachwithonevote)representedawidearrayofinterestsandperceptions. R,'8 Therefore,theprimaryvalueoftheprioritizationisthatitensuredthatonlythehighestprioritieswouldemerge,ratherthantocomparethevalueofaprojectofrank3versusrank6.  x Asmentioned,eachworkgrouphasasubsection.Therewasnotimeavailable(noranattempt)toprioritizeamongthegroupsbecauseofthedesiretofocuseffortonidentifyinganalysisneedsratherthanpolishingsuggestions.Thereaderwillnoticesomeactualandapparentoverlapsacrossthegroups.UsefulmergingwillbeaccomplishedintheensuingORDstrategy.Thereaderalsowillseethatthereareinputs(e.g.,databases,questionnaireresults)commontomanyprojects.q x(/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.20 x ASSESSMENTGROUPqDasn « (x /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB   x(#x(#  x Theassessmentbreakoutgroupwillfocusonanalysesthatwillresultindescriptivestatisticsforquestionnaireandmeasurementdata,comparisonsamongtheNHEXASandotherstudies,aggregateexposureestimates,cumulativeriskestimates,andidentificationofrelativecontributionsofpathwaystoexposure.( (/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.2.10  SABComments(ill | ( /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB   \ (#(#  x IntheirreviewoftheNHEXASpilotprojects,theSABmadeseveralcommentsregardingtheuseofNHEXASdatainexposureassessment;thesearepresentedbelow.''` X('(1)0 ' Keyelementsofthestrategicplanfordataanalysisshouldinclude...criticalevaluationofthe n& potentialvalueofmeta-analysisacrossthethreesubcomponentsofNHEXAS,developmentofaplanforanymeta-analysis,and,finally,theidentificationoffindingsofconsiderableimportancetohelpEPAinsomecurrentriskmanagementefforts(theearlyanalysisoftheNHEXASdatasuggestthattheremaybefindingsofthisnature)[3.2.2.a,items6and7] %3  1      $F .'(#'(# (2)0 ' Oncedescriptiveandsummarystatisticshavebeencompleted,concentrationdatashouldbe X&!0 transformedintoexposuredata....Furtherworkneedstobedonetointegratetotalexposures fromallmediaandtoestimatelong-termexposuresfromshort-termmeasurements.[3.2.2.d])l$4'(#'(# (3)0 ' Inthenearterm,prototypicalanalysesofexposureandassessmentsofinterventionstrategies  shouldbemadeforavarietyofchemicalsmeasuredintheNHEXASpilotprogram.[3.3.1.a] '(#'(#  0' X'` X0(4)0 ' TheIHECrecommendsthefollowingtoimprovethequalityandutilityofthedatabases & fromthethreepilotstudies[3.3.1.b]: '(#'(# L V$)2QTU@hhV$)2QTUL d   0 ' dN2@3  0'(#'(#  thedatabasesfromArizonaandRegionVshouldbeintegratedinsomefashion;dN݌  (#(# Ќ   d   0 ' dc2@3  0'(#'(#  theNHEXASresearchersshouldassesstheimplicationsoftheMarylandstudyforthe  L  ArizonaandRegionVstudies;dc݌ (#(# Ќ   d   0 ' d2@3  0'(#'(#  theNHEXASresultsshouldbeintegratedwithinformationoncriteriapollutantsfrom   fixedsitemonitoringstations;andd߸݌ (#(# Ќ   d   0 ' d2@3  0'(#'(#  thedatabasesfromNHEXASandtheNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey   (NHANES)shouldbecrossreferencedinafashionthatfullytakesadvantageofthecomplementarityofthedata.d+݌ (#(# Ќ  (5)0 ' TheEPAshouldusetheNHEXASdatatoassesssourcetodosetrendsforchemicalssuch  aslead,benzene,andPAHs.[3.5.1.e] '(#'(# ( $' X$/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.2.20  QuestionsToAddress(A ȼ$' X$ /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB    (#(# ' (' X' x Asastartingpointtoidentify,describe,andprioritizepotentialprojects,thebreakoutgroupshouldconsiderthefollowingquestionsanddeterminewhatadditionalcriticalquestionsshouldbeadded.L $)2QTUhhV$)2QTUL-(P'((-(1)0 ' Whatexposureassessmentsshouldbedoneusingcombineddatafromtwoormore  ( NHEXASstudiesorcombiningdatafromNHEXASwithdatafromotherstudies?WhatcomparisonsofresultsshouldbemadebetweentheNHEXASstudiesandotherstudies,suchastheTotalExposureAssessmentMethodology(TEAM)StudyandNHANES? '(#'(# (2)0 ' Whatchemical-specificexposureassessments,identifiedbytargetchemicalsandroutesand &l!0 pathwaysofexposure,shouldbedone?Whatmultipathwayassessmentsshouldbedone? '(#'(# (3)0 ' Whatexposure assessmentsshouldbedoneforsubpopulationsrepresentedintheNHEXAS (0$4 study? '(#'(# (4)0 ' Whatmultichemicalcumulativerisk  assessmentswithinchemicalclassesshouldbedone?+&8'(#'(# (5)0 ' What  risk  assessmentsshouldbedonecomparingrisksacrosschemicalsorchemical -V(: classes?h.)<'(#'(# (6)0 ' Whatexposureandcumulativerisk  assessmentsshouldbedonetoexaminetrendsin  exposureconcentrations,estimateddoses,bodyburden,andsourcecontributionstodose? '(#'(# (7)0 ' WhatanalysisofNHEXASdatashouldbedonetoprovidedistributionsofexposurefactors t foruseinassessments? '(#'(# (8)0 ' What,ifany,exposure  assessmentsofinterventionstrategiesshouldbedonecomparing 8  NHEXASdatawithexistingpreinterventiondata. '(#'(# (9)0 ' WhatexposureandriskassessmentsshouldbedonetohelpprioritizeEPAprogram  L  activities? '(#'(# ( '(P'('/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.2.30  DiscussionConsiderations(3 2'(P'(' /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  ݀"r (#(# (1)0 ' WhataretheappropriatemethodsforcombiningNHEXASdatafordifferentexposure  pathwaysandexposureroutes?Considermethodssuchasexposuremodels,probabilisticassessment,andphysiologicallybasedpharmacokineticmodels. '(#'(# (2)0 ' Howshouldthehighendofdistributionssuchasanexposureconcentrationoranintake 6 (aboveaboutthe90thpercentile)betreated,giventhat,atbest,thesamplesarelargeenoughtoestimatethe90thpercentile?Canthislimitationbeovercomebycombiningdatasets? '(#'(# (3)0 ' Arethedataforaparticularchemicalsufficienttosupport  agivenexposureorrisk  \  assessment?Ifthedataarenotsufficient,whatotherdataareavailabletofilldatagaps? '(#'(# (4)0 ' HowshouldNHEXASdataacrosstheconsortiabetreatedinanexposureassessmentofa  $ commontargetchemical,suchaslead?Shoulddatasetsbecombinedortreatedseparately? '(#'(# (5)0 ' Howdoesoneconductamultichemicalassessment?Howaretheoutcomesofthe  ( assessmentputonacommonbasissothattheycanbecombinedandcompared? '(#'(# (6)0 ' Howarebiologicaldatausedinexposureandrisk  assessments?X#,'(#'(# (7)0 ' Howshouldtemporalvariabilitybetreatedinexposureandrisk  assessment?Whatisthe $ . appropriateexposuredurationoverwhichexposurecanbeassessed?HowcanNHEXASdatabeusedtoassessacute,subchronic,andchronicexposures,andwhatareitslimitations? '(#'(# (8)0 ' Howcanuncertaintyandvariabilityinexposureandrisk  assessmentsbecharacterizedusing (0$4 NHEXASdata? '(#'(#   +&8 ( '(P'('/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.2.40  BrainstormingListofProjects(don z'(P'(' /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  (#(# * ((P'(* x Thefollowingisanunrankedlistof29assessmentprojectsproposedbytheAssessmentBreakOutGrouponJuly27,1999.OnJuly28,thegroupcombinedthislistinto13projectsfordevelopment;noareaswereeliminatedfromconsideration.ThenumbersinparenthesisfollowingthetitlesarecrossreferencestotheprojectsinSection4.2.5.(Ӏ1.0  InvestigatetheuseoffoodfrequencydatatocomplementsuchsurveysastheU.S.  &  DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)foodconsumptionsurveys.(A10) (#(# Ѐ2.0  Compareexposureassessmentsfromtheduplicatedietstudywithassessmentsbasedonthe   traditionaldiary/recalldataandresiduedatabases.(A10) (#(# Ѐ3.0  DeveloppopulationdistributionsfromNHEXASdata.Includedistributionstothetotal ^  populationandforselectedsubgroups.(A2) (#(# Ѐ4.0  CompareNHEXASbiomarkerinformationtosimilarinformationfromotherstudies(e.g., "r NHANES).(A2) (#(# Ѐ5.0  LookatcorrelationbetweenbloodlevelsandairlevelsofcontaminantsfromArizonaand 6 RegionVstudies.(A5) (#(# Ѐ6.0  UseNHEXAStoassessrisks,comparerisks,andsetpriorities.Determinethecontribution  ofspecificsources,pathways,androutestorisks(e.g.,leadversusorganophosphates).(A6a) (#(# Ѐ7.0  Comparisonofquestionnairedatatobiologicaldata.Useforfactoranalysistodeterminethe n" mostimportantdeterminantsofexposure.(A5) (#(# Ѐ8.0  Useofquestionnairedatatoscreenforhighlyexposedsubgroups.(A11)2&(#(# Ѐ9.0  Usediaryandtime/activitydatatoassesstheassociationbetweenexposureandrepeated  ( versusinfrequentactivities.(A6b) (#(# 10.0  Wherecompletedataforanindividualexists,correlateactivitieswithexposure(lookat X#, spaceandtime).(A6b) (#(# 11.0  Doesintegratedpersonalinhalationexposurecorrelatewithareacompliancemonitoring? &l!0 (A9) (#(# 12.0  Determinetherelationshipbetweenindoorandoutdoorexposure.Developadistributionof (0$4 ratiosofindoortooutdoor.Compareratiostootherstudies.(A9) (#(# 13.0  Determineifthereisagoodtracerchemicalfortrackingambienttoindoorexposure.(A11)+&8(#(#  14.0  Determinehighlyexposedgroupsforspecificandmultiplechemicals.(A5)-V(:(#(# 15.0  CanexposurefactorsfromNHEXASquestionnairesbegeneralized(e.g.,incorporatedinto   theExposureFactorsHandbook)?Lookatdistributionsandpointestimates.(A2) (#(# 16.0  Identifybehaviorsassociatedwithhighexposures.(A5)t(#(# 17.0  Correlationanalysisbetweenactivity/climateandwaterintake.(A6b)&(#(# 18.0  CompareMinnesotachildrentoadultsinArizonaandMaryland.Arechildrenmorehighly 8  exposedtometalsandVOCsinMinnesota?(A8) (#(# 19.0  Correlationofmercuryinhairandfishconsumption,airlevels,etc.(A3) L (#(# 20.0  Correlationbetweenbiomarkersandenvironmentalsamples"identifyimportantmedia, ^  pathways,etc.(A3) (#(# 21.0  Preemptivelistofcaveats,limitations,etc.Uncertainties.(A2)"r (#(# 22.0  CanNHEXASdatabeusedtodevelopbehaviorscripts(scenarios)?(A6b) (#(# 23.0  ComparisonofmethodsamongthethreecomponentsofNHEXAS.(A11)6(#(# 24.0  Compareacumulativeexposure(asmeasuredbybiologicalsamples)tocooccurrencein H media.(A1,A3,A6a) (#(# 25.0  Temporalcomparisons,geographiccomparison,relationshiptosources(indoorand  \ outdoor).(A4,A12) (#(# 26.0  Appropriateaveragingtime"extrapolationsusingMarylandstudytobuildatemporalmodel    andextrapolationmodel.(A4) (#(# 27.0  Temporalvariabilityintotalexposure.(A4)$(#(# 28.0  TemporalcomparisonswithattentiontointerventionsimplementedbeforeNHEXAS.(A13)F&(#(# 29.0  ComparisonofquestionnaireresultstopaststudiessuchasTEAMtoseeiftherearetrends X ( inactivity(e.g.,whatiscausingincreasesinasthma?).(A13) (#(#  (( (/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.2.50  ProjectDescriptions(ata. / ( /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  ~$.(#(# [Note:Projectsidentifiedwith aor baretiedforranking(e.g.,A6aandA6b),andthetopfiveprojectsareclearlyofhigherprioritythanthelastthreeprojects.]  (0$4 ?_R*q'rd ddd z dd z dd  dd  "#(#(#,;dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  )0  @)/X/XdBProjectName: @03!@0 @#/XdBX/\#A1.AnalysisoftheJointDistributions(Cooccurrence)of @ ChemicalExposures/X/XdB I'<*, @0 0 @IShortProject 8 Description: 4*!8' 4Usingdataonindividualchemicalspeciesinpersonalair,dust,dietary,andbiologicalsamples(eachanalyzedseparately),usemultivariatestatisticalmethodstodeterminewhetherconcentrationscovaryacrosssubjectsfordifferentchemicalsornot.Ifnot,identifygroupsofchemicalsthatvarytogetheracrossthepopulationand/orthatclustertogetherinupperpercentilesofexposures(e.g.,upper10th, H   upper25th,dependingonavailabilityofdata),andanalyzetheabilityofquestionnairebasedvariables  H  topredictwhetherapersonfallsintheuppertailofthejointdistribution. @'3!   @0  @@Goal/Objective: 4*!  ' 4O L ((1)0 L Wherefeasible,combinedataonindividualchemicalspeciesacrossthethreeNHEXASsitesfor    personalair,dust,dietary,andbiologicalsamples. L "L " (2)0 L Testwhetherthedistributionsofindividualchemicalexposurescorrelatewithoneanotheracross ( x thepooledpopulation. L "L " (3)0 L Usingfactoranalysisanddiscretemultivariatemethods(formeasurementsandstrata,respectively),   identifygroupsofchemicalsthatvaryjointly. L "L " (4)0 L Analyzewhethertherearequestionnairebasedvariablesthatcanpredicthighend,joint 8  multichemicalexposures. J'=+ L "L " @0  @JSignificanceof   Project: 4*!h ' 4AkeyquestioninassessingrisksofenvironmentalexposuresiswhetherdistributionsacrosspeopleinexposurestochemicalsA,B,C,...areindependentofoneanother,orwhether,instead,thedistributionsarecorrelated?Thatis,arethereindividualswhofallintheuppertailsofmorethanonechemicalexposuredistribution,or,putanotherway,aretheregroupsofchemicalsthattendtoriseandfalltogetheracrossthepopulation?Ifso,thiswouldhaveimportantimplicationsforriskassessmentsaddressingcumulativeexposures. @'3!(x @0  @@Suggested H Approach: 4*!H' 4(1)0 L Usingpooleddata(ifpossible)acrossNHEXASstudies,constructbivariatecorrelationmatricesfor H allchemicalsanalyzed.Constructseparatetablesforpersonalair,dust,diet,blood,andurinedata. L "L " (2)0 L Carryoutfactoranalysestoidentifygroupsofchemicalsthatvarytogetheracrossthepopulation.!L "L " (3)0 L Dichotomizeexposuredistributionsinto90thpercentileornot.Analyzewhetherassignmentsare X" correlatedacrosschemicals. L "L " (4)0 L Characterizethechemicalgroupings,ifany,anduseregressionanalysistoidentifypredictorsof $ highjointexposures. J'=+h%L "L " @0  @JDataorInput & Needs: 4*!8'' 4Chemicalspecificconcentrationsmeasuredinpersonalair,dust,diet,blood,andurinesamplesfromthethreeNHEXASpilots. <'/!8) @0   <Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!- ' 4Highfeasibility.ThisanalysisexploitstherichdataonmultiplechemicalexposuresprovidedintheNHEXASdatabase.Eachconsortiumwillbedevelopingsummarystatisticsforitsdata,whichwillbeusedinthisproject. >'1,0 @ >  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@* 1  @0  ' @ MTimeTable: N'A2!20::  ' N  Duration* ?'2$!3 ' ?  ResearchOutputs J0='!4  @0 ' @ J 3'&"4 0 3Month 9',!"<5"' 9Ѐ06 3'&!"<6"' 3  O L (1)0  Initiateproject:Assemble,combine,checkdatafromthreesites K0>("<7"" @0 ' @ K 3'&#7 0 3Month#/XdBX/N#/X/XdB X'K! $\8"'  "@9"@X9 R'E@ $\9"  "@9 "@' R(2)0  Initialdescriptiveanalysesincludingbivariatecorrelations B05( $\:"" @0  ' @ B 3'&$< : 0 3Month#/XdBX/#/X/XdB Y'L!,%| ;"'  2@182@Y18 S'FA,%| <"  2@18 2@' S(3)0  Completemultivariateanalyses K0>(,%| ="" @0 ' @ K 6') &\!= 0 6Month Y'L!L&!>"'  8@248@Y24 S'FAL&!?"  8@24 8@' S(4)0  Finaloutputs:Reportandpublish O'0>(L&!@"" @0 ' @OApproximate l'"A LevelofEffort: J'=2(l#B@9'0 J%Time 9',!l'"C"' 9Months <'/!l'"D"' < TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'='l'"E" @0 ' @ J 0&L(#E ' 01020 G=(#F"  8@248@G24 A72(#G"  8@24 8@ APrincipalinvestigator(exposureassessment/_biostatistics_) 8'+(#H @0  @ 8 X0Gl)$H ' Y@100Y@X100 ~0mB)$I" Y@100 Y@0  8@248@~24 W0FA)$J"  8@24 8@0 WPostdocordoctoralstudenttrainedinexposureassessmentand_biostatistics_.$")$K @0  0 .*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep . <+&L NOTES: Manyscientificissuesmustbedealtwith(e.g.,thingsmaybecorrelated,butisthereacausalrelationship?),andissues ,'N relatedtodifferentsamplingprotocolsmayarise.#/XdBX/x#/X/XdB  .T)P ?_R ?9X ?  *s'tdd;dd ;dd dd dd q'r(#(#,;dd ,dd ,dd%,dd +  %0  % ProjectName: @03!d0 @#/XdBX/#A2.UnivariateStatisticsforUseinExposureandRiskAssessment/X/XdB ?'2$d0 ?ShortProject  Description: 4*!D' 4Developunivariatedescriptivestatistics(distributionalinformation)forNHEXASdatathatcanbeusedbroadlyinexposureandriskassessment. 6')D 6Goal/Objective: 4*!' 4ToprovideriskassessorsandotheruserswithinformationforuseinexposureandriskassessmentandinthedesignofhumanhealtheffectsstudiesandtocompareNHEXASresultstootherexistingrelevantstudyresults. 6') 8  6Significanceof , |  Project: 4*! , ' 4Exposureandriskassessorsuseestimatesofvariousexposureconcentrationsand exposurefactorsintheircalculationsofexposureandrisk.Thesearequiteoftenpointestimatesordistributionsfromverylimiteddatasets.ThedatacollectedbyNHEXAScanbeusedtobetterdefinedistributionsoftheseconcentrationsandexposurefactors(e.g.,activities,timespentinspecificlocations,dietaryintake,productuse).Thiswillreducetheuncertaintyassociatedwiththeseassessments.MajorusersofthisinformationwillberiskassessorsinEPA,otherfederalagencies,industry,academia,andstateandlocalgovernments,aswellasepidemiologistsandotherhealtheffectsresearcherswhoneedtoclassifymembersofacohortbasedonexposure. 6')L  6Suggested @  Approach: 4*!@ ' 4WorkwithEPA/NCEAtoidentifyfactorsandpointestimatesthatcommonlyareusedinriskassessmentandforwhichdatawerecollectedinoneormoreoftheNHEXASpilots.Developsummarystatistics(includingdistributionalinformation)forthesedata.Theseanalysesshouldincludedistributionsforthetotalpopulationandforselectedsubgroupswherethedatawillallow.TheseshouldbesuitableforinclusioninEPAguidance,suchastheExposureFactorsHandbook.Theseanalysesshouldidentifytheappropriatecaveats,limitations,anduncertaintiesassociatedwiththedataandresultingstatistics.Theresultsshouldalsocomparethestatisticswithsimilarinformationfromotherstudies(e.g.,NHANES,TEAM). 6')` 6DataorInput T Needs: 4*!T ' 4TheactivityandconcentrationdatacollectedbyallNHEXASpilotstudies.Summarydescriptivestatistics.Metadatatounderstandcaveats.Otherdatasets(e.g.,NHANES,TEAM,ExposureFactorsHandbook). 6')d$  6Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 7'*!( ' 7ThisishighlyfeasiblewithNHEXASdata.Eachconsortiumwillbedevelopingsummarystatisticsforitsdata.ItshouldbefeasibletoidentifyfactorsforinclusioninEPAguidance. >'1X*' L >  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*4+# L0  ' L MTimeTable: E'82`,0<<L ' E  Duration* 6')$`- ' 6  ResearchOutputs J0='`.  L0 ' L J 3'&@. 0 3Month M'@!< /"' # M0 P'C5< 0" # ' P(1)0  Initiateproject T0G1< 1"" L0 ' L T 3'&!l1 0 3Month X'K!h!2"'  @6@X6 ['N@h!3"  @6 @'  [(2)0  Scopingdescriptionandprojectplan K0>1h!4"" L0  ' L K 3'&H"4 0 3Month Y'L!"5"'  (@12(@Y12 \'OA"6"  (@12 (@' \(3)0  ProvidestatisticstoEPA,includingdescriptionsofthedataandits "7 limitationsforuseinriskassessment T0G1D#8"" L0 ' L T 6')$$t8 0 6Month \'O!p$9"'  8@248@\24 \'OAp$:"  8@24 8@'  \(4)0  RevisionofExposureFactorsHandbook X'0G1p$;"" L0  ' LXApproximate % < LevelofEffort: J'=2L&!=``g)'0 J%Time 9',!% >"' 9Months <'/!% ?"' < TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'='% @" L0 ' L J OE|&!@ '  @5@O5 f\1&"A"  @5 @  8@248@f24 A72&"B"  8@24 8@ APrincipalinvestigator 8'+&"C L0  L 8 PF'"C '  $@10$@P10 g]2'D#D"  $@10 $@  8@248@g24 A72'D#E"  8@24 8@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+'D#F L0  L 8 X'G($$F ' Y@100Y@X100 ~'mB )p$G" Y@100 Y@'  8@248@~24 W'FA )p$H"  8@24 8@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students E'4 )p$I L0 ' LE X0G*P%I' Y@100Y@X100 ~0mBL*%J" Y@100 Y@0  8@248@~24 W0FAL*%K"  8@24 8@0 WSeniorstatistician.$"L*%L L0  0 .*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. +,'M  NOTES: SignificantORDinvolvementwillbeneededonthisproject. <-(O #/XdBX/ #/X/XdB  -@)P *uyXdd;dd ;dd dd%dd s't(#(#,MM,_YM+  &0  L& #/XdBX/&#/X/XdBProjectName: >0'/!L0 >#/XdBX/i(#A3.AggregateAssessment/X/XdB C'6'L L0 0' LCShortProject d Description: 5''&!d' 5Thisprojectwillestimateaggregatedexposuresfromallmediaandallpathwaysforasinglechemicalusingenvironmentalconcentrationsandbiologicaltestingresults. :'-d L0 '' L:! "  !Goal/Objective: 9''*!@' 9" @ " (1)0 @ Identifytheimportantmedia,pathway,androutesthatcontributethemosttototalexposure;@@ "@ " (2)0 @ Identifyordevelopmethodologies(ormodels)toanalyzetherelationshipsbetweenbiological @  testingresults(i.e.,bloodandurinesamples),environmentalandpersonalconcentrations,andexposure/dose. @ "@ " (3)0 @ Investigatecorrelationbetweenexposure(dose)viasinglepathwaysandtotalexposure(dose). U'H9 P @ "@ " L0 '' LUSignificanceof , |  Project: 9''*! ,' 9(1)0 @ Addresstheimportantregulatoryissuesassociatedwithsingleandmultimediaexposures(e.g.,air, , | water,andcontaminatedsoilorfood). @ "@ " (2)0 @ Advancetheexposureassessmentmethodology(multimediaandmultipathways). @ "@ " (3)0 @ HelpEPAtoprioritizeresourcestoaddressthemostimportantmediaorpathwaysandtodesign <  interventionstrategiestoprotectpublichealth. U'H9< @ "@ " L0 '' LUSuggested h  Approach: 9''*! ' 9(1)0 @ Lookatcorrelationbetweenbiomarkers(bloodandurineconcentrations)andenvironmental h  concentrations(e.g.,correlationbetweenbloodlevelsandairlevelsofcontaminantsfromArizonaandRegionVstudies"indoor,outdoor,personal(e.g.,correlationofbloodleadandconcentrationsinhousedustandsoil). @ "@ " (2)0 @ Identifyordevelopanaggregatemodelstructuretoassesstheexposureforanindividual ( (multimedia,multipathways).TheDepartmentofEnergyhasdevelopedseveralmultimediaexposuremodelsforitsdosereconstructionprojects.Itissuggestedthatthosemodelsbereviewedforthisprojectsuse. @ "@ " (3)0 @ Identifyexposurefactorsfromquestionnaires(e.g.,intakerates).@ "@ " (4)0 @ CalibratemodelsusingNHEXASdata;therefore,themodelscanbeusedinthefuture.H@ "@ " (5)0 @ Evaluateuncertaintiesandlimitationsassociatedwithmethodologies,data,andmodels. U'H9H @ "@ " L0 '' LUDataorInput $t! Needs: 9''*!$"' 9(1)0 @ Environmentalconcentrationdatainallmedia.$t#@ "@ " (2)0 @ Totalbiologicaltestingdata.$$@ "@ " (3)0 @ Exposurepathwaysandroutesassociatedwitheachmedia.%@ "@ " (4)0 @ Coefficients(e.g.,uptakerates,absorptionrates). T'G94&@ "@ " L0 '' TFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 9''*!*' 9(1)0 @ Adequateenvironmentalconcentrationdata.x+@ "@ " (2)0 @ Biologicaltestingresults.(x,@ "@ " (3)0 @ Knowledgeaboutcorrelationbetweenmediaconcentrationsandbiologicalresults.(-@ "@ " Therefore,thisprojectcanonlybedoneforthechemicalthathastheaboveinformation.9/-.   '' 9*xzXdXdMM_YM_uy(#(#x,SS,_S,_S,U__+  2''! h. O2   ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort E;)/  O '' LE TimeTable: B'3! S0 B Duration* R'C5 S1"' R ResearchOutputs C9' S2" L0 ' LC ;'',!/!3 ;Month O''@!/!4"'' # O0 I'':5/!5" # '' I!2 m P" @ !(1)0  Initiateproject:IdentifyNHEXAStargetchemicaltobestudied,conduct /!6 literaturesearch,assembledata,anddesignstudy A7(!/7"" L0 '' LA ,'' #[8 ,Month ;'',! #[9"'' ;18 5''&! #[:"'' 5(2)0  Developandcalibrateprobabilisticaggregateexposuremodel;develop  #[; regressionmodelstoassesscorrelationsbetweenbiologicalandenvironmentalmeasurements A7(k$="" L0 '' LA ,''% > ,Month ;'',!% ?"'' ;12 5''&!% @"'' 5(3)0  Finaloutputs:Exposureassessment,includinguncertaintyanalysisand % A contributionsofvariouspathwaystototalexposure H';(G&!B"" L0 '' LHApproximate s'"C LevelofEffort: L''=2#(s#DLz.' L%Time ;'',!s'"E"'' ;Months >''/!s'"F"'' > TypeofExpertiseNeeded I?'s'"G" L0 '' OLI &'' S(#G &60 ;'',!(#H"'' ;30 5''&!(#I"'' 5Principalinvestigator A7#(#J L0 O '' OLA ,'')>%K ,80 ;'',!)>%L"'' ;30(2) 5''&!)>%M"'' 5Seniorlevelstaff( associate) A7#)>%N L0 O '' OLA .'''=+&O .100 =''',!=+&P"''' =30(2) 7'''&!=+&Q"''' 7Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students C02#=+&R L0 O ''' LC ='0,!,'S0 = ='0,!,'T"'0 = 7'0&!,'U"'0 7Other(describe): >4,'V L0 '0 >*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/)#:0.- )W d  :*'d XdSS_S_SU__Uz(#(#,;dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  -0  $-/X/XdBProjectName: @03!0 @#/XdBX/H#A4.TemporalVariabilityinExposureConcentrationsandAggregate  ExposureUsingNHEXASData/X/XdB M'@* $ 0 $MShortProject 4 Description: 4*!' 4AnalysisofNHEXASdatabasestodeterminethetemporalcomponentsofvariabilityinvariousmeasuresofexposure.Theanalysiswillincludebothsinglemedium,singlepollutantclassanalyses,aswellastotaloraggregateexposureestimatesoverallmedia. D'7!D $  $DGoal/Objective: 4*!4  ' 4TodetermineoptimumstrategiesanddesignsforfutureNHEXASnationalinvestigations.Questionstobeaddressedincludewhenisitpossibletoestimateexposurefromasinglesetofcrosssectionalmeasurements,andwhatistheoptimumnumberofsuchmeasurementsthatmustbemadeforeachpollutantmediumclassandfortotalexposure?Ofinterestisanunderstandingofthetemporalspanofthetoxicologicaleffect(i.e.,whatistheexposuredurationofinterestanddoesvariabilityoccuroversuchtimespans?). D'7!  $  $DSignificanceof   Project: 4*!D ' 4Afuturenationalinvestigationofexposuresmustbedesignedtoassessexposurestomembersofthepopulationthatareaccurateandreflectpatternsandvariabilitypresentintrueexposures.Improvedunderstandingoftemporalvariabilityacrossdays,weeks,andseasonsisnecessarytoensuregoodestimates.Thisprojecthasimportantimplicationsforriskassessmentbecauseitwillhelpaccountforuncertaintybecauseofstatistical compressionofchronicexposuredistributionscomparedtosingle-measureexposuredistributionsbecauseof_intraindividual_Ԁcorrelationsofexposureovertime.Italsohasimplicationsforepidemiologybecauseitwillhelpreduceuncertaintybecauseofmisclassificationresultingfrombiasintroducedbyfailingtoaccountfortemporalvariabilityinexposureindicators. D'7!d $  $DSuggested T Approach: 4*!' 4!O L 2 m 3!(1)0 L Descriptiveanalysisofexposureconcentrationdistributionsbytimeperiod.TL "L " (2)0 L Usestatisticaltechniquestoassesspopulationvariabilityandtestwhetherthepopulationmeans  varyoverthedurationofthestudies. L "L " (3)0 L Assess_intraindividual_Ԁtemporalvariability.d L "L " (4)0 L Evaluateaggregateexposurebysummingpotentialorabsorbeddoses,asappropriate(with ! appropriateweightingfortime,etc.),overindividualpathways. L "L " (5)0 L Evaluatetemporalvariabilityintotalexposure.$t#L "L " (6)0 L Assessmentof_intraindividual_Ԁvariabilityversustemporalvariabilityintotalexposure.$$L "L " (7)0 L Assessstatisticalstrategiesfordeterminingoptimumsamplenumberfortemporalvariability.%L "L " (8)0 L Implementchosenstrategytodetermineoptimumnumberofexposuremeasurestodetermine 4& exposuresoffixedlength. N'A+4'L "L " $  $NDataorInput $( Needs: 4*!)' 4Repeatedmeasurementexposuredataforallstudies,particularlytheNHEXASMarylandinvestigation,identifiedwithspecificindividualidentifiersandtemporalspacing.Certainquestionnairedatatoidentifychangesinexposurepatternsattributabletootherthanusualexposurevariability(e.g.,achangeinjobstatusorintroductionofanewsourceintothehome). H''7!4- $  $HFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*! 41'' 4DataexistintheNHEXASMarylandstudyand,toalimiteddegree,intheotherstudies,thatwouldallowthistobecompleted.RepeatedmeasurementdataareavailableformostmediaintheRegionVstudy.Samplesizesof2to6repeatedmeasurementsareavailable.#/XdBX/I#/X/XdB<0/!4 4 $  <#/XdBX/p[#/X/XdBProjectName: @03!d0 @#/XdBX/[#A4(_contd_).TemporalVariabilityinExposureConcentrationsand d AggregateExposureUsingNHEXASData/X/XdB K'>$P0 <$ K  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort Q'D*X# <$  ' $QTimeTable: N'A2H$<' N  Duration* ?'2$H ' ?  ResearchOutputs N0A'H  $ ' $ N 3'& l 0 3Month M'@!8 "' # M0 G':58  " # ' G  O L (1)0  Initiateproject O0B(8  "" $ ' $ O 3'& \  0 3Month X'K!( x "'  @3@X3 R'E@( x "  @3 @' R(2)0  Preparedatabasesforanalysisoftemporalvariability F09(( x "" $ ' $ F 3'& L  0 3Month Y'L! h"'  (@12(@Y12 S'FA h"  (@12 (@' S(3)0  Performunivariatetemporalanalysesofselectedpollutantclass/medium  h combinations F09( "" $ ' $ F 3'&  0 3Month Y'L! "'  .@15.@Y#/XdBX/]#/X/XdB15#/XdBX/Md#/X/XdB S'FA "  .@15 .@' S(4)0  Constructaggregateexposureestimates#/XdBX/d#/X/XdB F09( "" $ ' $ F 3'&  0 3Month#/XdBX/#/X/XdB Y'L! "'  2@182@Y#/XdBX/f#/X/XdB18 S'FA "  2@18 2@' S(5)0  Evaluatetemporalvariabilityinexposureestimatesfortargetchemicals#/XdBX/f#/X/XdB F09( "" $ ' $ F 3'&|  0 3Month Y'L! "'  2@182@Y18#/XdBX/g#/X/XdB S'FA "  2@18 2@' S(6)0  Constructoptimumsamplingstrategyfortargetchemicals#/XdBX/h#/X/XdB O0B( "" $ ' $ O 3'&l  0 3Month ['N! "' @2124@[2124 U'HC8 " @2124 @' UFinaloutputs:IntermediatemanuscriptsonunivariatetemporalvariabilityManuscriptsonaggregateexposurevariabilityandoptimumsamplingstrategy A'008  $ ' AApproximate  p ! LevelofEffort: J'=2 "ddQ'0 J%Time 9',! p #"' 9Months <'/! p $"' < TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3! p %"'  @ PFP% '  $@10$@P10 g]2d&"  $@10 $@  8@248@g24 A72d'"  8@24 8@ APrincipalinvestigator .'!d(  . QGD( ' Y@100Y@Q100 h^3)" Y@100 Y@  8@248@h24 A72*"  8@24 8@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) .'!+  . X'G+ ' Y@100Y@X100 ~'mB<," Y@100 Y@'  8@248@~24 W'FA<-"  8@24 8@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students ;'*<.' ; 70&.' 7 =0,!0/"0 = 70&!00"0 7Other(describe): <2010 <*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. 2  NOTES: Informationonseasonaltrendsinenvironmentalconcentrations(indoor,outdoor)mighthelptoexplaintemporal  \4 variability.#/XdBX/i#:0.5   :  p5 *'dd;dd ;dd dd dd '(#(#,Gdd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  /X/XdB )0  4)#/XdBX/t#/X/XdBProjectName: @03!40 @#/XdBX/eu#A5.IdentifyingPredictorsofExposure/X/XdB I'<*4 40 0 4IShortProject 4 Description: 4*!4' 4Toidentifyprimarypredictorsofexposure,usingquestionnairesandbiologicalorenvironmentalmeasuresforuseinepidemiologystudiesandotherstudieswhereindividualsexposurelevelsaresortedintocategoriessuchashigh,medium,andlow. @'3! 40  4@Goal/Objective: 4*!' 4Classificationofindividuals(andpopulations)intoexposurecategoriesforuseinepidemiologicstudiesandriskassessment.Twoproducts:(1)identifyprimarypredictorsofexposureforepidemiologicexposureassessmentand(2)identifypotentiallyhighlyexposedpopulationsforfuturehealtheffectstudiesorriskmanagement. @'3!   40  4@Significanceof    Project: 4*!| ' 4Epidemiologists,riskassessors,andriskmanagersneedtheabilitytoclassifypeopleintoexposurecategories.EPA,ATSDR,CDC,NIEHS,andtheNationalInstitutesofHealthallcouldusethisinformation. @'3!, | 40  4@Suggested @  Approach: 4*!@ ' 4UsingtheavailableNHEXASdata,includingquestionnaire,biologicalmarker,andenvironmentaldata,prioritizechemicalsbasedonthepopulationprevalenceortoxicologicalimportance.Forthechemicals(orchemicalclass),constructregressionmodelstoidentifythepredictorsofexposure.Theseanalysesshouldidentifywhichquestionspredictmeasuredexposure,bothbiologicalandenvironmental.Factoranalysisorprincipalcomponentsanalysisshouldbeusedtoidentifythemostimportantquestionsthatpredictchemicalexposure.NHEXASdatashouldbeanalyzedtodeterminehowwelltheenvironmentaldatapredictexposureandhowwellquestionnaireandenvironmentalmeasurespredictexposure.Predictivemodelsshouldbedevelopedthatcanbeusedinsubsequentstudies.Keyissueswouldbeaccurateseparationofthepopulationintolow,medium,andhighcategoriesanddevelopmentofmodelstoidentifyhighlyexposedindividuals.Ultimately,effortsshouldbemadetoattempt,onanoverallbasis,toidentifywhichquestionsidentifyindividualswhoarehighlyexposedtomanychemicalsandthosethatarespecificforonechemicaloronechemicalclass.Riskmanagersandstudydesignerswillbeabletousetheresultsofthisanalysistoidentifysamplecollectionstrategiesbyincorporatingpredictiveabilityofthedatafromeachsource(questionnaire,biological,andenvironmental)andthecosttocollectandanalyzedatacollectedviathesemethods. @'3!0" 40  4@DataorInput D# Needs: 4*!$' 4NHEXASdatafromallstudysites(oreachindividually):questionnaires,biologicalsamples,andenvironmentalandpersonalexposuresamples.Noadditionaldataneededunlessexternalvalidationofquestionnaireresponsesisdone. @'3!T' 40  4 @Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!x+ ' 4Alldataarecurrentlyavailable.Muchofthequestionnairedataisnominalorordinalandmaynotbewellsuitedfortheusualregressionapproaches. D'7!h- 40  @ D  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*.  @0  ' @ MTimeTable: N'A2/0HHV ' N  Duration* ?'2$0 ' ?  ResearchOutputs J0='1  @0 ' @ J 3'& 1 0 3Month M'@! (2"' # M0 G':5 (3" # ' G!   H!(1)0  Initiateproject:Assembledataandpriorities K0>( (4"" @0 ' @ K 3'&!4 0 3Month Y'L!!H5"'  8@248@Y24 S'FA!H6"  8@24 8@' S(2)0  Preliminaryanalysesbychemical/chemicalcategory K0>(!H7"" @0  ' @ K 3'&"(7 0 3Month Y'L!#h8"'  B@36B@Y36 S'FA#h9"  B@36 B@' S(3)0  Finaloutputs:Identificationofpotentiallyhighlyexposedindividualsand #h: toolstoidentifythem O'0>(#;"" @0 ' @OApproximate $8 < LevelofEffort: J'=2% =@]]c'0 J%Time 9',!$8 >"' 9Months <'/!$8 ?"' < TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'='$8 @" @0 ' @ J PF%!@ '  4@204@P20 g]2&X!A"  4@20 4@  B@36B@g36 A72&X!B"  B@36 B@ APrincipalinvestigator 8'+&X!C @0  @ 8 PF&8"C '  I@50I@P50 g]2('x"D"  I@50 I@  B@36B@g36 A72('x"E"  B@36 B@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+('x"F @0  @ 8 X'G(X#F ' Y@100Y@X100 ~'mBH(#G" Y@100 Y@'  B@36B@~36 W'FAH(#H"  B@36 B@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students(2to4)(programmers,epidemiologists,environmentalscientists,statisticians) A'0(H$J @0 ' A 70&)(%J' 7 =0,!<*%K"0 = 70&!<*%L"0 7Other(describe): 8.<*%M0 8  *Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/v#:0.+&N d   :  0,'N *'ddGdd Gdd dd dd '(#(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  /X/XdB %0  %#/XdBX/ɓ#/X/XdBProjectName: @03!d0 @#/XdBX/0#A6a.ComparisonsofPollutantsandPathwaysDrivingCumulative d Risks/X/XdB ?'2$P0 ?ShortProject  Description: 4*!0' 4AssesscumulativerisksofvarioushealtheffectsassociatedwithaggregateexposuresmeasuredinNHEXASprojectstocomparetherelativesignificanceofvariouspollutantsandpathways. 6')0 6Goal/Objective: 4*!t ' 4Toprioritizepollutantsandpathwaysastotheircontributiontocumulativeriskofvarioushealtheffectstofocuspollutioncontrolandotherpublichealthactivitiesonhigherriskcontributors. 6')$ t  6Significanceof h   Project: 4*! h ' 4Theresultsofthisprojectwillassistpublichealthagencies(national,state,andlocal)ineffectivelyandefficientlytargetingresourcestocontrolpollutantsandpathwaysofhigherrisk.Thisproject,inconjunctionwithA1andA3,willbeginlayingthefoundationforEPAeffortsincumulative(_multistressor_)riskassessment. 6')x  6   'Suggested   Approach: 4*!l ' 4g X  (1)0 X Performcumulativeriskassessmentofchemicalexposuresforindividualstudyparticipants   measuredinNHEXASprojects(UseexistingEPAguidanceandscientificunderstandingforassessmentofmixturesofstressors). X "X " (2)0 X Characterizerelativecontributionstocumulativeriskofindividualpathwaysandpollutantsper   participantanddescribedistributionsacrossstudypopulations.Reportrelativecontributionofindividualpathwaysandpollutantsforrepresentativelowend,average,andhighendNHEXASsubjects. X "X " (3)0 X Developrelativerankingofpathwaysandpollutantsintermsofcontributiontocumulativerisk;  identifykeydrivingpathwaysandpollutants. X "X " (4)0 X Compareacrossstudies. @'3%<X "X " @DataorInput 0 Needs: 4*!0' 4ExposuremeasurementsfromNHEXASstudies.Populationdescriptions(e.g.,bodyweights,ages,foodintakes,etc.)fromNHEXASstudies.Toxicitydata. 6')!  6Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!4% ' 4Limitationsincludenumberofpollutantsforwhichquantitativedoseresponsevaluesareavailable.Initially,theprojectprobablywouldconsiderthosechemicalswithcommonhealthendpointsormodesofaction.Alsoassumptionsonnondetectswillhavetobemade(e.g.,evaluateusingnondetectssettozeroversussettoonehalfthedetectionlimit(DL)versusomittinglarge_nondetect_Ԁchemicalsfromanalysis).Cumulativeriskswouldbeassessedforvarietyofhealthendpoints. :'-*  :  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$(+  '  CTimeTable: N'A2l,'ll$h ' NDuration* ?'2$l-"' ?  ResearchOutputs @03!l. '  @ 3'&L. 0 3@  Month M'@!`/"' # M0 P'C5`0" # ' P d g X (1)0  Initiateproject J0=+`1""'  J 3'&@ 1 0 3Month Y'L! 2"'  8@248@Y24 \'OA 3"  8@24 8@' \! d d $!(2)0  Finaloutputs: 4"" L V$)2QTU@hh$)2QTUL d   0  d2@3  0""  Multipathway,multichemicalassessmentswithestimatesoftotalriskd݌T!5"" Ќ   d   0  d2@3  0""  Comparisonofmultichemicalriskviasinglepathways,withtotalrisk "T6 forselectedNHEXAScompoundsd݌ "" Ќ   d   0  d2@3  0""  Comparisonofriskviasinglechemicalwithtotalriskfromselected d#8 NHEXAScompoundsd%݌ N'0=+$d9""' NЌ  Approximate X% : LevelofEffort: J'=2&X!;ddHt'0 J%Time 9',!X% <"' 9Months <'/!X% ="' < TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!X% >"'  @ PF8&!> '  $@10$@P10 g]2&!?"  $@10 $@  8@248@g24 J@2&!@"  8@24 8@ JPrincipalinvestigator 7'*!&!A  7 PF|'"A '  9@259@P25 g]2'0#B"  9@25 9@  8@248@g24 J@2'0#C"  8@24 8@ JSeniorlevelstaff( associate) 7'*!'0#D  7 X'G($D ' Y@100Y@X100 ~'mB$)t$E" Y@100 Y@'  8@248@~24 `'OA$)t$F"  8@24 8@' `Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D'3!$)t$G' D 70&*T%G' 7 =0,!h*%H"0 = @0/!h*%I"0 @Other(describe): =3!h*%J0 =  *Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/# 4*(+&K   4*'ddSdd Sdd dd dd '(#(#,;dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  )0  ()/X/XdBProjectName: @03!(0 @#/XdBX/.#A6b.UseofNHEXASDataToTestAssumptionsaboutActivityPattern (  FactorsandOtherExposureFactorsinEPARiskAssessments/X/XdB I'<* (0 0 (IShortProject X Description: 4*!' 4ThisprojectencompassesaseriesofindividualprojectsthatwillexaminetheuseofactivitypatternfactorsandotherexposurefactorsinEPAriskassessmentsastheyaredoneintheAir,Water,HazardousWaste,Pesticides,andToxicsPrograms.Examplesoftasksunderthisprojectareawereraisedattheworkshopandincludethefollowing:(1)examineNHEXAStime/activitydiariesandfollowupquestionnairedatatodeterminetherepetitiveness(frequency)ofbehaviorovera6or7dayperiodandcomparetoexistingtime/activitydatabasesusedtoevaluatefactorsinEPAassessments,(2)examinetherelationshipbetweenclimate,season,levelofexertion,anddrinkingwaterintake,(3)prepareexposurescenarios,evaluatescenarioswithNHEXASdata,andcomparethoseresultstoresultsobtainedusingcurrentexposureassessmentmethods,scenarios,andassumptionsastheyareusedinEPAprograms,and(4)useNHEXASdatatodesignscriptedsamplingprotocolsforsubsequentmodeltestingortrendmonitoring. @'3! 8  (0  (@Goal/Objective: 4*!@ ' 4CurrentregulatoryexposuremodelsintheAir,Water,HazardousWaste,PesticidesandToxicsProgramsoftenusedefaultvaluesthatarebasedonlimitedandperhapsunrepresentativedata.Often,assumptionsareusedtofilldatagaps.NHEXASdatawillbeusedtotestassumptionsandscenariosusedincurrentassessmentprocedures,toimprovethecurrentEPAmethodologies,andtoidentifyfactorswherefurtherstudyisneeded. @'3!  (0  (@Significanceof  Project: 4*!h' 4TheresultsofthisprojectareawillbeusefultoanyprogramofficethatdoesassessmentsthatrelyonfactorsonwhichdatawerecollectedintheNHEXASstudy.TheseincludeallEPAprograms"Air,Water,HazardousWaste,Pesticides,andToxics. @'3!h (0  (@Suggested  p Approach: 4*! ' 4TheseareexamplesprovidedbymembersoftheAssessmentBreakoutGroup:compare6daysequencesofindividualtime/activitypatternsto6daysequencesofdailypatternsstochasticallychosenfrommultipleindividualstodetermineimpactsandfrequencyofrepeatedactivities.Assessrelationshipsofindividualtime/activitypatternstofoodandwateringestionacrosssubjectclasses(e.g.,age,gender,race)andlocalclimateconditions.Compileindividualtime/activityandexposuredataforsubjectswithcompletedatasetsasinputforexposuremodeltestingandvalidation.Compilebehavioralscenarioscharacteristicofmorehighlyexposedsubjectsforuseindevelopingscriptedsamplingprotocolsinsubsequentexposuremodeltestingandanalysis. @'3!@% (0  (@DataorInput H& Needs: 4*!'' 4Individualtime/activitydataandexposuremeasurementsfromNHEXASandotherappropriatecomparativedatabases(e.g.,time/activity,localmeteorologicaldata.) D''3!) (0  (DFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): ;'*!-'' ;Feasible.NHEXASdatasetcontainsdataonactivitypatterns,exposurefactors,varyingclimates,andthelikethatcanbeusedtotestandrefinecurrentEPAassessmentmethods. H'7!`/ (0 ' (H  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort J@*0# (0 '  JTimeTable: ND2 1033Sy  N  Duration* <2$ 2  <  ResearchOutputs J0=' 3  0   J 3'&!3 0 3Year ['N!!4"' D@2001D@[2001 U'HC!5" D@2001 D@' U$ " d l$(1)0  Initiateproject:Identifyissuetobestudied,conductliteraturesearch, !6 assembledata,anddesignstudy K0>(p"7"" 0 '  K 3'&P#7 0 3Year 9',!l#8"' 9 3'&!l#9"' 3(2)0  Conductanalysis K0>(l#:"" 0  '  K 7'*L$: 0 7Years l'_2h$;"~~' L@2003L@l2003 U'HCh$<" L@2003 L@' U(3)0  Finaloutputs:Journalarticlecomparingfrequencyanddurationofvarious h$= activitiesover1-dayand7-dayperiodsinNHEXASwithdatacollectedinotheractivitypatternsurveys B05(%!?"" 0 '  B .'!&!? 0 . 3'&&!?' 318mo 3'&!&"@"' 3 E'04&"A 0 ' EApproximate '#B LevelofEffort: J'=2p(#CVVw'0 J%Time 9',!'#D"' 9Months 3'&!'#E"' 3  TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'=''#F  0 '  J PF(#F '  9@259@P25 g]2( $G"  9@25 9@  2@182@g18 A72( $H"  2@18 2@ APrincipalinvestigator 8'+( $I 0   8 PF)$I '  9@259@P25 g]2)%J"  9@25 9@  (@12(@g12 A72)%K"  (@12 (@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+)%L 0   8 W'F*%L '  I@50I@W50 }'lA*&M"  I@50 I@'  2@182@}18 W'FA*&N"  2@18 2@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students E'4*&O 0 ' E 70&+&O' 7 =0,!+'P"0 = 70&!+'Q"0 7Other(describe): >4+'R 0 0 >*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/Z#:0.,D(S d   :/X/XdB  -(S *'dd;dd ;dd dd dd '(#(#,ldd ,dd ,%dd ,?dd +  )0  <) ProjectName: @03!<0 @#/XdBX/x#A8.ComparisonofChildrensandAdultsExposurestoPesticidesand < OtherChemicalsintheRegionV,Arizona,andMarylandStudies/X/XdB I'<*( <0 0 <IShortProject 0 Description: 4*!0' 4Comparechildrensandadultsexposurestopesticides,VOCs,metals,andPAHs,usingbiomarkerandenvironmentaldatacollectedintheMinnesotaChildrensPesticideExposureStudy,Region5study,andArizonaandMarylandstudies.DatafromthechildrensstudiesinArizonaandWashingtonalsomaybecomparedastheybecomeavailable. @'3!@   <0  <@Goal/Objective: 4*!\  ' 4TodetermineifchildrensexposuresdifferordonotdifferfromadultsforpesticidesandotherNHEXASchemicals. @'3! \  <0  <@Significanceof ( x  Project: 4*! (' 4Childrenhavebeenidentifiedasapotentiallyvulnerablesubpopulationforexposuretopesticidesandotherchemicals(e.g.,lead).NHEXASdatamaybeusedtobetterunderstanddifferencesbetweenadultsandchildrensexposuresand,ultimately,todetermineiffederalandstateregulatorypoliciesadequatelyprotectchildren. @'3!8  <0  <@Suggested T  Approach: 4*!T ' 4 | " (1)0 | Determinewhatdatamaybecompared(seelimitationsbelow).T | "| " (2)0 | Developasetofconsistentproceduresforanalyzingthedataacrossstudiestotakeintoaccount T  betweenstudydifferences(e.g.,methodsforhandlingvaluesbelowthedetectionlimit,methodsforhandling_nonnormal_Ԁdistributions,methodsfordatasetswithalargenumberofvaluesbelowthedetectionlimit). | "| " (3)0 | Comparechildrensandadultsexposures(whereappropriate).Focusonbiomarkerdata(urine  andblood)andthenexpandtodiet,personalair,andothermeasurements. | "| " (4)0 | Assesshealthrisksforchildrenandadultsusingappropriatetoxicityvalues(e.g.,RfDs,RfCs, $t cancerpotencyslopes).Comparehealthrisksforadultsandchildren. J'=+$| "| " <0  <JDataorInput @ Needs: 4*!' 4DatamaybeusedfromtheMinnesotaChildrensPesticideStudy,theRegionVstudy,andtheArizonaandMarylandstudies.DatafromthechildrensstudiesthatarebeingconductedinArizonaandWashingtonalsomaybeincluded(asthedatabecomeavailable). @'3!P" <0  < @Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!|& ' 4Databetweenthesestudiesmaynotbecomparablebecauseofdifferencesintypesofmeasurements(chemicalsandmedia),detectionlimits,methodsorstrategiesofcollection,methodsofanalysis,andspatialandtemporalfactors.Consistentproceduresfordataanalysismustbedevelopedforcomparisonstobevalid.DataareavailableonchildrenformetalsandVOCsaswellaspesticides.Alsoneedtoconsidertheeffectsofregionaldifferencesondifferencesbetweenchildrenandadultsindifferentregions.ChildsubjectsintheRegionVandArizonastudiespossiblymightbeusedtoaddressthis,buttheremaybealimitationbasedonthenumberofchildreninthosetwostudies(about15%). D'7!<. <0  < D  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*X/  <0  ' < MTimeTable: N'A2t00__ ' NDuration* ?'2$t1"' ?  ResearchOutputs J0='t2  <0 ' < J 3'&T 2 0 3Month M'@! 3"' # M0 G':5 4" # ' G | 4 | 7#/XdBX/ #/X/XdB(1)0 4 Initiateproject K0>( 54"4" <0 ' < K 3'&p!5 0 3Month 9',!!6"' 924 3'&!!7"' 3(2)0 4 Finaloutputs:Assessmentcomparingtotalexposure(dose)forchildrenin !8 theMinnesotastudytototalexposure(dose)foradultsinRegionVorotherappropriatestudies#/XdBX/#/X/XdB O'0>( #\:4"4" <0 ' <OApproximate ($x; LevelofEffort: J'=2$( <<\\'0 J%Time 9',!($x="' 9Months 3'&!($x>"' 3   TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'='($x?  <0 ' < J PF%X ? '  9@259@P25 g]2D% @"  9@25 9@  8@248@g24 A72D% A"  8@24 8@ APrincipalinvestigator 8'+D% B <0  < 8 PF$&t!B '  I@50I@P50 g]2`&!C"  I@50 I@  8@248@g24 A72`&!D"  8@24 8@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+`&!E <0  < 8 X'G@'"E ' Y@100Y@X100 ~'mB|'"F" Y@100 Y@'  8@248@~24 W'FA|'"G"  8@24 8@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students E'4|'"H <0 ' <E .0\(#H' . +0(#I0 + .0(#J0 .Other(describe): :0(#K <0 0 :*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.4*(),%L   4#/XdBX/#  * &L *'ddldd ldd %dd %?dd ?'(#(#,dd , dd ,dd ,dd +  )0  @)/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/# @03!@0 @A9.Indoor,Outdoor,andPersonalAirRelationships/X/XdB E'8*@ @0 0 E#/XdBX/u#/X/XdBShortProject p Description: =3! p' =Thisprojectwillevaluatetherelationshipsbetweenindoorandoutdoorairconcentrationsandpersonalairexposuremeasurements.Resultsoftheseevaluationswillprovideinformationtobeusedinmodelinghumaninhalationexposurestoindoorandoutdoorsourcesforuseinairpollutantriskassessments(singleor_multipollutant_).Theseassessmentresultswillinformpublichealthagenciesinevaluatingtheneedtoreduceemissions,aswellasinprioritizingairpollutants,withregardtorelativerisksposedbyvariousairpollutantsandindoor/outdoorexposures,forthevariousagenciesandofficesinvolvedincommunicatingpotentialrisksandprotectingpublichealth. ?'2$   ?Goal/Objective: =3! $ ' =  | (1)0  Evaluateindoor/outdoorairconcentrationrelationships(categorizedasappropriate[e.g.,urban  $  versusnonurban,seasonal,regional,climatic])foruseininhalationexposuremodeling.  " " (2)0  Characterizerelationshipbetweenoutdoorairconcentrationsandindoorairconcentrationsand 4  personalinhalationexposuresandidentifykeyvariablesaffectingtheserelationships. I'<. 4  " " ISignificanceof (x  Project: =3!( ' =Assessmentsofhumanhealthriskfromindoorandoutdoorairpollutantsrelyheavilyoninhalationexposuremodeling.Informationontheoutdoorcontributionstoindoorairlevelsaresorelylacking;consequently,assumptionsaremade(e.g.,extrapolationfromfixedmonitorsandairqualitymodelstoindoorairconcentrations).Additionally,characterizationofindoorairpollutantexposuresareneededforcomprehensiveinhalationrouteriskassessments.ThisinformationalsoisneededtoevaluatetheuncertaintyinexposuresinepidemiologystudiesimplicatingPMasacauseofadverseeffects.Informationontherelationshipbetweenindoor,outdoor,andpersonalairconcentrationswillbeusedtotestassumptionsaboutexposurelevelsbasedonfixedmonitors. ?'2$H ?Suggested < Approach: =3!<' =(1)0  Performpollutantbypollutantandmultichemicalpairwiseanalysisofoutdoorandindoor < concentrations,outdoorconcentrationsandpersonalexposures,andindoorconcentrationsandpersonalexposures.  " " 0  (a)subdivideanalysesviaspatial/sourceconsiderations(e.g.,urban/rural,smoker/nonsmoker)thatarekeydriversofpairwiserelationships.  " " (2)0  Developpollutantbypollutantdistributionsofindoor/outdoorconcentrationratios," " " 0  (a)subdividedistributionsbasedonspatial/sourceconsiderations(e.g.,urban/rural,smoker/nonsmoker).  " " (3)0  Identifyfixedmonitorsinstudysitesandevaluatecorrelationsofstudymeasurements(outdoor,  % indoorair,andpersonalexposure)tofixedmonitormeasurementsineachstudyarea.  " " 0  (a)identifyvariablesthatmayplayaroleinvariationintheserelationships(e.g.,urban/rural,etc.). I'<.( " " IDataorInput `) Needs: =3!*' =*4 ,X/ <  *NHEXAS:0 Indoorairmeasurements`+ " " 0 Outdoorairmeasurements  " " 0 Personalexposuremeasurements  " " 0 Someactivitydatatohelpunderstandpersonalexposuredata(e.g.,timeoutdoors,timeindoors,timenearparticularsources)  " " 0 Sampledates,geographiclocations,samplingprotocols  " " Other:0 Fixedairmonitorsitesanddatainstudysite M''<.0"1 " " MFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): D'3!% 5'' DGood,assumingtheavailabilityofsetsofmeasurementswithsufficientpercentageofsamplesabovethedetectionlimitwherethesameparticlesizefractionwascollected.#/XdBX/#C06$$$t7' @C/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/# @03!@0 @A9(_contd_).Indoor,Outdoor,andPersonalAirRelationships/X/XdB I'<*@ @0 0  I#/XdBX/#/X/XdB  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$p  ' CTimeTable: N'A2'66' NDuration* ?'2$"' ?  ResearchOutputs @03! '  @ 3'& 0 3Month M'@!H"' # M0 P'C5H" # ' P6X@4 ,X/ <X6(1)0  Initiateproject J0=+H ""'  J 3'& (  0 3Month 9',!<  "' 9 <'/!<  "' <(2)0  Relationships(e.g.,pairwiseanalyses) A04+<  ""'  A 3'& l  0 3Month 9',!  "' 9 <'/! "' <(3)0  Identificationoffixedmonitors,categorizationofdataviaimportant   variables(e.g.,smoker/nonsmoker,urban/rural,etc.) J0=+0 ""'  J 3'& ` 0 3Month 9',!t "' 9 <'/!t "' <(4)0  Finaloutputs:Pollutantbypollutant_indoor:outdoor_Ԁratios A04+t ""'  A 3'&T  0 3Month 9',! "' 9 <'/! "' <(5)0  Finalcomprehensivereport/papers N'0=+ ""' NApproximateLevel L  ofEffort: J'=2 dd'0 J%Time 9',!L "' 9Months <'/!L "' <   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!L  '  @ PF,  '  $@10$@P10 g]2@ "  $@10 $@  2@182@g18 J@2@ "  2@18 2@ JPrincipalinvestigator 7'*!@   7 PF p  '  $@10$@P10 g]2 "  $@10 $@  2@182@g18 J@2 "  2@18 2@ JSeniorlevelstaff( associate) 7'*! !  7 X'Gd! ' i@200i@X200 ~'mB"" i@200 i@'  2@182@~18 `'OA#"  2@18 2@' `Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D'3!$' D 70&$' 7 =0,! \%"0 = @0/! \&"0 @Other(describe): A7! \'0 A*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/t#:0.P( d   :  P( *'dddd  dd dd dd '(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  /X/XdB -0  (*-#/XdBX/#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/# @03!(0 @A10.ComparisonofTraditionalIndirectMethodofEstimating ( DietaryExposurestoNHEXASDuplicateDietData/X/XdB E'8* (* 0 E#/XdBX/#/X/XdBShortProject > Description: 4*!>' 4ComparisonofexposuredatafromNHEXASduplicatedietmeasurementswithexposureestimatesindirectlyderivedbasedoncombiningfoodintakeratesanddataonconcentrationsofNHEXASchemicalsinfoodfromstudiessuchastheTotalDietStudy(TDS).AlsocomparefoodintakeratesfromNHEXASquestionnairesurveyswiththosefromUSDAandNHANESfoodintakesurveysofcomparableyears,geographicalregions,andpopulationsubgroups 6') N  6Goal/Objective: 4*!B  ' 4Comparedietaryexposureestimatesfromthedietaryexposuremodel(i.e.,concentrationinfood'reportedfoodconsumptionrates)withdirectmeasuresofdietaryexposureobtainedfromNHEXASduplicatedietsampling. 6')  6Significanceof  6  Project: 4*! ' 4Dietaryexposurebasedontheindirectmethodofcombiningfoodintakewithresiduedatahasbeenthecornerstoneofmanypesticideregulations.Inaddition,estimatesofhumanexposuretometalsandotherchemicalsthroughfoodconsumptionhavebeenbasedonthisindirectapproach.Althoughthismodelapproachtodietaryexposureassessmentiswidelyused,validationofsuchestimateswithrealmonitoringdatahavenotbeendone.NHEXASdataprovidedanopportunityforsuchvalidationtoenhancethescientificbasesfordecisionmaking.Suchvalidationwouldhelptodirectfutureeffortsindietaryexposureassessment. 6')V  6Suggested J Approach: 4*!J' 4'  XX'(1)0 CodefoodintakedatafromNHEXASfooddiaryorfoodchecklistintoformatsthatare J consistentwithUSDAfoodcodes.  " " (2)0 CompareNHEXASfoodintakerateswiththosefromUSDAandNHANESforcomparabletime  frames,regions,andpopulationsubgroups,includingevaluationofweightingfornonresponse,singledayintakesversusaveragingintakeoverseveraldays(wheredataallowsuchevaluation).  " " (3)0 EstimateexposurebasedonconsumptiondataandresiduedatafromFDATDS,USDAPesticide   DataProgram(PDP)data,NHEXASMarylandminimarketbasketsurvey,andotherexistingresiduedata.  " " (4)0 EstimateexposureusingNHEXASfooddiaryorchecklistdataandexistingconcentrationdata " fromothersourcesandcompareresultswithresultsobtainedwithindirectmethodacrosspopulationsubgroups.  " " (5)0 EstimateexposureusingNHEXASduplicatedietmeasurementsandcomparetheseresultswith *% resultsobtainedfromindirectmethodacrosspopulationsubgroups. @'3%& " " @DataorInput ' Needs: 4*!~(' 4NHEXASfooddiaryandchecklistdataandduplicatedietdatafromeachstudy.USDAandNHANESfoodintakedataandcodes.USDAandFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)foodcontaminantdata.ThefooddiarieshavenotbeencodedanditmaynotbepossibletocodetoalltheUSDAcodes.Thefoodchecklistislimitedto100to200fooditems.Thebigdiscrepancybetweennumberofitemsthatcouldmakecrosscodingdifficult. :'')- :Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!"21'' 4TheduplicatedietstudiesanddietquestionnaireswereadministeredtoasufficientlylargenumberofindividualsintheRegionVandArizonastudiestosupporttheseanalysis.Inaddition,theMarylanddataobtainedfoodintakelongitudinallytoallowanindepthcomparisonofshortandlongtermaverageintake.#/XdBX/#>01"25 (*>/X/XdBProjectName: @03!(0 @#/XdBX//+#A10(_contd_).ComparisonofTraditionalIndirectMethodof ( EstimatingDietaryExposurestoNHEXASDuplicateDietData/X/XdB I'<* (* 0  I#/XdBX/l,#/X/XdB  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$>  ' CTimeTable: N'A2'//' N  Duration* ?'2$ ' ?  ResearchOutputs @03! '  @ 3'&b  0 3Month M'@! "' # M0 G':5  " # ' G!   !(1)0  Initiateproject A04"  ""'  A 3'&   0 3Month X'K! Z "'  @6@X6 R'E@ Z "  @6 @' R(2)0  HarmonizingfoodcodesbetweenNHEXAS,USDA,andNHANES 80+" Z "" '  8 3'& :  0 3Month X'K!N "'  "@9"@X9 R'E@N "  "@9 "@' R(3)0  Comparefoodintakeratesbetweenthevarioussurveys 80+"N "" '  8 3'&. ~ 0 3Month Y'L! "'  (@12(@Y12 S'FA "  (@12 (@' S(4)0  Estimateexposurebasedonintakeratesandresiduedata 80+" "" '  8 3'&r  0 3Month Y'L!& "'  2@182@Y18 S'FA& "  2@18 2@' S(5)0  CompareexposurefromNHEXASduplicatedietstudieswiththose &  obtainedfromindirectmethod A04" ""'  A 3'&f  0 3Month Y'L! "'  8@248@Y24 S'FA "  8@24 8@' S(6)0  Finaloutputs: "" 0  0""0""Reportconsistencyorinconsistencybetweenthetwoapproachesandidentifyapproaches(ifany)toimprovetheindirectmethodofestimatingdietaryexposure E'04"*""' EApproximateLevel n ofEffort: J'=2'dd'0 J%Time 9',!n "' 9Months 3'&!n!"' 3   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!n" '  @ PFN" '  .@15.@P15 g]2b#"  .@15 .@  8@248@g24 A72b$"  8@24 8@ APrincipalinvestigator .'!b%  . PFB% '  A@35A@P35 g]2&"  A@35 A@  8@248@g24 A72'"  8@24 8@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) .'!(  . W'F( '  I@50I@W50 }'lA:)"  I@50 I@'  8@248@}24 W'FA:*"  8@24 8@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students ;'*:+' ; 70&+' 7 =0,!.~,"0 = 70&!.~-"0 7Other(describe): <2.~.0 <*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/,#:0./   :  Z/ *'dddd dd dd dd '(#(#,;dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  /X/XdB )0  ()#/XdBX/s@#/X/XdBProjectName: @03!(0 @#/XdBX/@#A11.ImprovedMethodsforCollectingDataforExposureAssessments/X/XdB I'<*( (0 0 (IShortProject l Description: 4*!' 4CompareorlinkmethodologiesandresultsbetweenandwithintheNHEXASstudiestodeterminepotentialimprovementsintechniquesorprocedurescurrentlyusedinhumanexposurestudies.Topicsinclude(butarenotlimitedto):!O L  !(1)0 L establishpotentialforNHEXASchemicalstobeusedastracerstoindicatethecontributionof ,| ambientairtoindoorairconcentrations, L "L " (2)0 L evaluatequestionnaireimplementationprocedures,  L "L " (3)0 L evaluateenvironmentalandbiologicalsampling,and<  L "L " (4)0 L evaluatefoodfrequencysurveymethodologyandcomparetonationalfoodconsumption  <  methodology. J'=+  L "L " (0  (JGoal/Objective: 4*! ' 4Toimprovecurrenttechniquesorproceduresusedtomeasurehumanexposureandthefactorsthatcontributetoexposure. @'3!T  (0  (@Significanceof \  Project: 4*! \ ' 4Criticaltodesigningfuturestudiesusingmorecosteffectivemethods. @'3!\  (0  (@Suggested d  Approach: 4*! ' 4(1)0 L Forchemicalswithonlyoutdoorsources,determine(model)howindoorconcentrationsrelateto d  outdoorsources.Establishpotentialforthesechemicalstobeusedastracerstodeterminethecontributionofambientairtoindoorairconcentrations. L "L " (2)0 L CompareacrossandwithintheNHEXASstudies,thestudydesign,incentives,proceduresusedto $t  implementthequestionnaire,andthelike.Evaluatedifferencesandsimilaritiesinresponserateandreliabilityofresponsesinrelationtoproceduraldifferences.Evaluationsshouldconsiderregional,socioeconomic,educationandotherdemographicissuesasappropriate. L "L " (3)0 L Forcontaminantsorbiologicalfactorstestedinmorethanonestudy,compareanydifferencesin 4 methodologyorimplementationtechniquesandevaluatehowthesedifferencesmayhavepositivelyornegativelyimpactedresults. L "L " (4)0 L InvestigatetheuseofthefoodfrequencydatafromtheNHEXASstudyasabridgewiththeUSDA D  foodintakedataanddatafromfuturesurveystoimprovetheinformationavailableforestimationsoffoodintake. L "L " (5)0 L IntheMarylandstudy,evaluatewhetherparticipantsimprovedinfillingoutquestionnairesthrough T# repetitionordeterioratedasaresultoffatigue. J'=+$L "L " (0  (JDataorInput  % Needs: 4*!l&' 4(1)0 L #/XdBX/A#/X/XdBBasicdistributionstatisticsofNHEXASdata. 'L "L " (2)0 L #/XdBX/N#/X/XdBFullproceduraldescriptionsofeachstudy.l(L "L " (3)0 L #/XdBX/>O#/X/XdBMetadataforNHEXAS(samplingandanalyticalprotocols,studydesigns,etc.). J'=+l)L "L " (0  ( JFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!4- ' 4High D'7!$t. (0  ( D  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*< /  (0  ' ( MTimeTable: N'A2D!00BB7 ' N  Duration* ?'2$D!1 ' ?  ResearchOutputs J0='D!2  (0 ' ( J 3'&$"t2 0 3Month M'@!L"3"' # M0 G':5L"4" # ' G  O L (1)0  Initiateproject:Identifyissuetobestudied,conductliteraturesearch, L"5 assembledata,anddesignstudy K0>("L6"" (0 ' ( K 3'&#,6 0 3Month X'K!$T7"'  @6@X6 R'E@$T8"  @6 @' R(2)0  Conductanalysis K0>($T9"" (0  ' ( K 3'&$4 9 0 3Month Y'L! %\ :"'  (@12(@Y12 S'FA %\ ;"  (@12 (@' S(3)0  Finaloutputs:Journalarticle(e.g.,anarticlediscussingtheutilityof  %\ < variousNHEXASanalysistoserveastracerstoquantifytheinfiltrationofoutdoorairtotheindoorenvironment) O'0>(l&!>"" (0 ' (OApproximate t'"? LevelofEffort: J'=2$(t#@(XX['0 J%Time 9',!t'"A"' 9Months 3'&!t'"B"' 3   TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'='t'"C  (0 ' ( J PFT(#C '  9@259@P25 g]2|(#D"  9@25 9@  (@12(@g12 A72|(#E"  (@12 (@ APrincipalinvestigator 8'+|(#F (0  ( 8 0&\)$F ' 0 ')$G" ' !)$H" !Seniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+)$I (0  ( 8 X'Gd*%I ' Y@100Y@X100 ~'mB*%J" Y@100 Y@'  (@12(@~12 W'FA*%K"  (@12 (@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students E'4*%L (0 ' (E 70&l+&L' 7 =0,!+&M"0 = 70&!+&N"0 7Other(describe): >4+&O (0 0 >*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/O# :0.,((P d   :*'dd;dd ;dd dd dd '(#(#,;dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  )0  @) /X/XdBProjectName: @03!@0 @#/XdBX/Y`#A12.SpatialVariability/X/XdB I'<*@ @0 0 @IShortProject L Description: 4*!L' 4NHEXASdatawillbeusedtoinvestigatespatialvariabilityinconcentrations,doses,andactivitypatterns.Possibleareasofinvestigationincludedifferentstatesandcounties,ruralversusurbanareas,locationsnearsources,anddifferentclimatesandelevations. @'3! @0  @@Goal/Objective: 4*!' 4Thegoalsofthisresearcharetoidentifyspatialandgeographicfactorscontributingtohighexposuresforconsiderationinexposureassessment,todeterminerepresentativenessoflocal/regionaldataforuseinassessmentsofotherregions,andtoidentifygeographicallydefinedpointandareasources. @'3!, |  @0  @@Significanceof L   Project: 4*! L ' 4Theseanalyseswillhelpassessorsunderstandthegeographicvariabilityofpollutantconcentrationsandexposuresandtheimpactsofsuchthingsaspopulationdensity,climate,elevation,andlocalculturalfactors.Italsowillexaminetheimpactofidentifiable,geographicallylocatedsourcesonexposurelevels.Informationonspatialvariabilityalsowillcontributetomoreefficientdesignoffuturestudies. @'3!\  @0  @@Suggested |  Approach: 4*!,| ' 4O X  (1)0 X Thefollowingisanapproachforcomparingdifferentgeographicalareas:selectvariablesfor |  comparison(e.g.,aparticularchemical/mediacombination),considerdifferencesinsamplingmethodologythatcouldaccountfordifferencesbetweenNHEXASstudies,accountforconfoundingfactors,andmakestatisticalcomparisonsofdistributionparameters. X "X " (2)0 X Thefollowingisanapproachforanalysisofsources:identifypotentialsourcesofNHEXAS <  chemicalsbasedonotherdata,suchasdataintheliteratureandtheEPAToxicReleaseInventoryData;andperformanalysisofcorrelationofexposureconcentrationsandlocationsofsourcesusinggeostatisticalmethods. J'=+LX "X " @0  @JDataorInput l Needs: 4*!l' 4(1)0 X Sufficientnumberofpeopleineachgeographicgrouptomakemeaningfulcomparison.Dataset l needstohavesufficientpercentageofdetectablelevelsofNHEXAStargetchemicals.Samplingprotocolsandequipmentforeachlocationneedtobesimilarenoughsothatdifferencesarenotattributabletothemethodsused. X "X " (2)0 X Independentdatabasetoprovidelatitudeandlongitudeandperhapssomeestimateofemissionsfor ,|" targetsources.Latitudelongitudeandconcentration/exposuredataforNHEXASparticipants. J'=+,#X "X " @0  @ JFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*! \' ' 4(1)0 X Thisstudycouldbedoneforafewcategories(e.g.,statebystate)inRegionV.Theremaybea L( problemcomparingenvironmentalsamplesbetweenstudiesbecauseofdifferentsamplingmethodologies.Parametersselectedforcomparisonneedtohavesimilarsamplingprotocols(e.g.,blood,urine,drinkingwater,etc.). X "X " (2)0 X Dataonlatitudeandlongitudeofsourcesiscriticalasisdataonlatitudeandlongitudeof  , participants(maybeavailableonlyforArizona).Therealsowouldneedtobesomemethodtoprotecttheconfidentiallyofrespondentsthatcouldbecompromisedbyrevealingthelatitudelongitudeoftheirresidences. N'A+/X "X " @0  4 N  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*00  40  ' @ MTimeTable: R''A2 P10HHj ' R  Duration* C''2$ P2 '' C  ResearchOutputs J0=' P3  @0 '' @ J 3) 03 0 3Month MC! !p4" # M0 D:5 !p5" #  DO X (1)0  Initiateproject:Identifyissuetobestudied,conductliteraturesearch,  !p6 assembledata,anddesignstudy. K0>(! 7"" @0  @ K 3'&"7 0 3Month 9',!"@8"' 9 3'&!"@9"' 3(2)0  Conductanalysis K0>("@:"" @0  ' @ K 3'&# : 0 3Month Y'L!$`;"'  8@248@Y24 S'FA$`<"  8@24 8@' S(3)0  Finaloutputs:Comparisonofmeasurements,activitypattern $`= duration/frequency,ortotalexposuresindifferentgeographicalareas.DescriptionofsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweensamplingandanalyticalmethodsofNHEXASconsortiaandpotentialimpactoncomparisonsofresults. O'0>(& "A"" @0 ' @OApproximate '@#B LevelofEffort: J'=2(#C@]]'0 J%Time 9',!'@#D"' 9Months 3'&!'@#E"' 3   TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'=''@#F  @0 ' @ J PF( $F '  $@10$@P10 g]2)`$G"  $@10 $@  8@248@g24 A72)`$H"  8@24 8@ APrincipalInvestigator 8'+)`$I @0  @ 8 PF)@%I '  9@259@P25 g]20*%J"  9@25 9@  8@248@g24 A720*%K"  8@24 8@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+0*%L @0  @ 8 W'F+`&L '  I@50I@W50 }'lAP+&M"  I@50 I@'  8@248@}24 W'FAP+&N"  8@24 8@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students E'4P+&O @0 ' @E 70&0,'O' 7 =0,!p,'P"0 = 70&!p,'Q"0 7Other(describe): :0p,'R @0 0 :  *Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/a#4*(-)S   4/X/XdB*'dd;dd ;dd dd dd '(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  )0  @)#/XdBX/#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/<# @03!@0 @A13.AnalysisofNHEXASQuestionnaireandActivityDiaryDatato @ IdentifyTemporalTrendsinBehaviorandExposurePatterns/X/XdB E'8*, @0 0 E#/XdBX/\#/X/XdBShortProject \ Description: 4*! \' 4ComparisonofNHEXASactivitypatterndatatopaststudiessuchasTEAM,NHANES,andtheNationalHumanActivityPatternSurvey(NHAPS)toidentifyanytemporaltrendsinactivitypatternsthatmaybeimportantpredictorsofchangesinexposurepatternsovertime. 6')  6Goal/Objective: 4*! P ' 4Toidentifychangesinbehaviorovertimethatcanexplainchangesinexposurepatterns. 6') P  6Significanceof D   Project: 4*! D ' 4Identifyingtemporaltrendsinbehaviorsthathaveanimpactonexposurecanlendinsightintothesuccessofinterventionstrategies(suchasincreasingpublicawarenessofenvironmentalhazards).TheSAB/IHECrecommendedsuchevaluations.Inaddition,studyingtemporaltrendsinbehaviorandexposurecaninformtheselectionoffutureinterventionstrategiesandhelptoevaluatetheirperformanceandultimateresults. 6')T  6 " Suggested H  Approach: 4*!H ' 4  " (1)0  Usequestionnaireanddiarydatafromallstudiestodevelopactivityspecificdistributions.H  " " (2)0  CompareactivitydistributionsfromtheNHEXASstudytopaststudies,notinganyshiftsin H  importantparameters.  " " (3)0  Identifyfactors(qualitative)thatcouldexplaintheshiftinbehavior(e.g.,ahomeusepesticide X  productwasremovedfromthemarketbetweentheNHAPSandNHEXASstudies). @'3%X  " " @DataorInput L Needs: 4*!L' 4Questionnaireanddiarydatafromeachofthestudiesinvolvedinthecomparison.Identificationofthecodesusedforquestionsthatarethesame(orsimilar)ineachstudy. 6')L  6Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!P  ' 4Feasibilitydependsontheavailabilityofsimilarquestionnairedatainthehistoricalstudies.Availabilityofsuchdatajudgedtobeunlikely.Theremaybeaproblemwiththetimingofdatacollection. :'-#  :  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$$# '  CTimeTable: N'A2(%'66 ' N  Duration* ?'2$(& ' ?  ResearchOutputs @03!(' '  @ 3'&' 0 3Month M'@!l("' # M0 G':5l)" # ' Gy|  (1)0 | Initiateproject A04"l*|"|"'  A 3'&L* 0 3Month X'K!`+"'  @6@X6 R'E@`,"  @6 @' R(2)0 | Buildquestionnairedatabasesanddevelopactivityspecificdistributions 80+"`-|"|"'  8 3'&@- 0 3Month Y'L!."'  (@12(@Y12 S'FA/"  (@12 (@' S(3)0 | Makecomparisonsbetweendistributionsandprepareanalyses. 80+"0|"|"'  8 3'&0 0 3Month Y'L!81"'  2@182@Y18 S'FA82"  2@18 2@' S(4)0 | Identifyfactorscontributingtoshiftsinbehavior A04"83|"|"'  A 3'&3 0 3Month Y'L!, |4"'  8@248@Y24 S'FA, |5"  8@24 8@' S(5)0 | Finaloutputs:0@ letothProducereportdocumentingtemporaltrendsinactivity , |6 patternsthatareimportantforchangesinexposure E'04" ,7|"|"' EApproximateLevel  "p8 ofEffort: N''=2" 9'dd'0 N%Time ='',! "p:"'' =Months 7''&! "p;"'' 7   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3! "p< ''  @ PF#P< '  $@10$@P10 g]2d#="  $@10 $@  8@248@g24 A72d#>"  8@24 8@ APrincipalinvestigator .'!d#?  . PFD$? '  9@259@P25 g]2$@"  9@25 9@  8@248@g24 A72$A"  8@24 8@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) .'!$B  . 7'&% B ' 750100 ]'L!%, $0 & '' $HMultivariateanalysisofriskfactorsforinternalexposure!demographics,questionnairedata,andmeasuresofexternalexposure C9' $0  $CHealthindicatorsfordifferencesinexposure C9'  $0  $CContributionofenvironmentalmediatobodyburdenandclearanceofchemicalpollutants C9'$ $0  $CRelationofbiomarkersofdosetoreportedillnesses J''9'> $0  $JAssociations/ModelsofExposure#/XdBX //#// X/XdB C9'X $0 '' 0CAssociationbetweenexposuremeasurementsandhousingoractivityfactors(sourcesandremoval) C9'.~ 00  0CCharacterizationofindoordustandsoilmeasurements(relationshiptoexposure) C9'T 00  0CMultivariate(logit)analysisandcomparisonofexposuretoactivitypatternsandenvironmentalconcentrations C9'z 00  0CQuestionnaireelementsthatpredicthighendexposures C9'  00  0CLongtermexposurerelatedtoshorttermmeasurements C9'! 00  0CMultichemicalexposurestochemicalswithsimilarmechanismofactionandhealthendpoints#/XdBX //#// X/XdB C9'"< 00  0CAggregateexposuretopesticides!rankingofpathways C9'$b 00  0CPopulationmodelinganalysisofhighendexposuresinArizonaandRegionVNHEXAS(forriskassessment) J''9'8%  00  0J Methods C9'^&!! 00 '' 0CDifferencesandsimilaritiesindietaryexposuresestimatedbytheMarylandchecklist,comparedwiththedietdiaryandduplicatedietapproach C9'J(## 00  0CComparisonofduplicatedietmeasurementswithmodelestimatesbasedonextantfoodcontaminantdatacombinedwithindividualconsumption J'9'6*%% 00  0JRelationbetweenintraandinterindividualvariabilityinexposuremetricsanddifferenttimescales;implicationsforriskassessmentandenvironmentalepidemiology 7-+",r'' 00  ' 7*e=AXdXdxdd x @(#(#e,xdd +  -0'  0- Methods(_contd_) C9'0 00 0' 0CComparisonoftheapproachesusedtocollectlongitudinaldata,RegionV,Maryland)!selectionoffuturemethods C9' 00  0CModeling/estimationofTHMsinNHEXASfromthechloroformmeasurements,basedondatafromothernationalstudies C9' 00  0CAnalysisoftheimpactofdifferentmeasurementsensitivityDLor_quantitation_Ԁlimitandcensoreddataonestimatesoftotalexposure C9'  00  0CComparisonofmodeledtomeasuredestimatesofexposure C9'  00  0CCriticalpathwayanalysis(riskfromexposure)forthreestudies!howtocombineresults,findings C9' @  00  0CPotentialuseofNHEXASpilotstudydatatoestimatenationalexposuredistributions C9'f  00  0CCostbenefitanalysisofthevalueofalternativeexposuremeasurementsrelativetheircostsinreducinguncertaintyinexposuremodels J09'R  00  0JEstimationofdermalexposurefromNHEXASdata#/XdBX //#7-+(x  00  0 7( (/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.3.50  ProjectDescriptions(s  ; ( /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  (#(#   2 *eGId Xdxdd x=A(#(#e,Fdd ,2dd +  %0  %/X/XdBProjectName: >0'/!d0 >#/XdBX/#EA01.AnalysisandComparisonofNHEXASExposureDatato d ResidentialPollutantSourcesandActivityPatterns/X/XdB <'/!P0' <ShortProject  Description: 5''&!0' 5Analysisofquestionnaire,time/activity,environmental,andexposuredatacollectedinthethreeNHEXASstudiestodeterminetheassociationsbetweenmeasuredexposuresandpollutantsources,housingcharacteristics,andhumanactivities(e.g.,therelationshipbetweentheuseofcleaningsuppliesandVOCexposures;thecharacterizationofresidentialdustandsoilmeasurements;andtherelationshiptopersonalexposuremonitoring). 3'&@  '' 3Goal/Objective: 5''&!  ' 5Toevaluateandidentifyhypothesesaboutthoseresidentialpollutantsources,housingcharacteristics,andactivitypatternsthatcontributetohumanexposures,especiallyhighendexposures. 3'&4  '' 3Significanceof x  Project: 5''&!(x ' 5Toprovidepolicymakerswithinformationtodevelopguidanceforreducingexposuresbybothmodifyingpollutantsourcesandhousingcharacteristicsandeducatingthepublicabouthowtheiractivitiescontributetoexposure.Inaddition,theprojectwillhelpresearchersrefinethequestionstobeaskedandpollutantmeasurementstobemadeinsubsequentsimilarstudies.Identificationofassociationswithquestionnaireinformationalsoisusefulforclassificationofexposuresinepidemiologicalstudies. 3'&8 '' 3Suggested ,|  Approach: 5''&!,' 56"Z ((m @((6(1)0 m ForeachoftheNHEXASpilots,exploreassociationsbetweenresidentialpollutantsources, ,|  concentrations,andexposures;housingcharacteristics,concentrations,andexposures;concentrationmeasurementsindifferentmedia;andhumanactivities,concentrations,andexposures. m "m " (2)0 m Comparetheseresultsamongthethreestudies.<m "m " (3)0 m Conductmultivariateanalysistodeterminethecombinedimpactofresidentialpollutantsources,  housingcharacteristics,andactivitypatternsonexposures. ='0"Lm "m "'' =DataorInput  Needs: 5''&!@ ' 5Forallthreestudies,measuredconcentrationsinallmedia,exposureactivityinformation(diariesandquestionnaires),housingcharacteristics,andoccupationaldata. 7''&@"'' 7Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 7'''&!D''' 7Needtoreviewavailabilityofsamplesforsomemedia,proportionofanalysesabovedetectionlimits,andsubstitutionofmeasurementsobtainedfromnearbyhouseholdsduringthesameperiodsoftime(e.g.,foroutdoorairandsoilmeasurementsinRegionVstudy).#/XdBX/(#/ X/XdB(4*  ''' (*xEFddFdd F2dd 2GI(#(#x,Fdd ,dd ,9dd , dd +  1' $t* 01ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort J@*T+" 00 ' 0JTimeTable: S'D2\,0,, SDuration* A'2$\-"' A  ResearchOutputs J0='\.  00 ' 0 J 5''&4. 0 5Month A''2!d/"'' A0 ;'','d0"'' ;K" (( dh(Z ((m @(K(1)0 d Initiateproject K0>(d1d"d" 00 '' 0 K 5''&< 1 0 5Month Z''K!l 2"''  @3@Z3 T''E@l 3"  @3 @'' T(2)0 d Developanalysisplan0d"d" <2(l 4"" 00 '' 0< &'' D!4 &Month [''L!t!5"''  (@12(@[12 U''FAt!6"  (@12 (@'' U(3)0 d CompletemultivariateanalysisofindividualNHEXASpilots#/XdBX /#/ X/XdB B05(t!7d"d" 00 '' 0 B 5''&L"7 0 5Month [''L!|"8"''  .@15.@[15 U''FA|"9"  .@15 .@'' U(4)0 d Compareanalysisamongstudiestohelpcombinedstudyanalysis K0>(|":d"d" 00 '' 0 K 5''&T#: 0 5Month [''L!#;"''  8@248@[24 U''FA#<"  8@24 8@'' U(5)0 d Finaloutputs:Completecombinedstudymultivariateanalysisand #= finalreport O'0>(,$|>d"d" 00 '' 0OApproximate 4% ? LevelofEffort: P''55=2%,!@0WW#6'0 P%Time ;'',!4% A"''55 ;Months 5''&!4% B"'' 5   TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'='4% C  00 '' 0 J U''F &\!C '  9@259@U25 {''lA<&!D"  9@25 9@''  8@248@{24 U''FA<&!E"  8@24 8@'' UPrincipalinvestigator 8'+<&!F 00 '' 0 8 U''F'd"F '  9@259@U25 {''lAD'"G"  9@25 9@''  8@248@{24 U''FAD'"H"  8@24 8@'' USeniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+D'"I 00 '' 0 8 V''G(l#I ' Y@100Y@V100 |''mBL(#J" Y@100 Y@''  B@36B@|36 U''FAL(#K"  B@36 B@'' UJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students E'4L(#L 00 '' 0E 7''0&$)t$L' 7 =''0,!T)$M"''0 = 7''0&!T)$N"''0 7Other(describe): :0T)$O 00 ''0 :#/XdBX /#/X/XdB*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.  *%P NOTES:  +@'R Classification:Association/ModelsofExposure.4*(,'S  4#/XdBX/{#  -(S /X/XdB*P\ Xd dFdd Fdd 9dd 9 dd EF(#(#,OO,lA0,9A0,A0+  10555  `1#/XdBX/#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/U# D0'53!`0555 DEA02.AnAnalysisofMediaConcentrations,Exposure,and ` BiomarkersbyPopulationDemographics/X/XdB R'555?/L `0  0'5 R#/XdBX/] #/X/XdBShortProject | Description: ;''5*!,|'555 ;Descriptiveanalysisofmediaconcentrations,exposure,andbiomarkermeasurementsforpopulationsubgroups(age,gender,ethnicity,socioeconomicstatus[SES],urban/rural,orotherimportantgroupings)foreachNHEXASstudy. C'5550 ,  ''5 CGoal/Objective: ;''5*! p '555 ;Toprovideadescriptiveanalysisofmediaconcentrationsandbiomarkermeasurementsbypopulationcharacteristicsinordertoidentifysusceptibilityfactorsanddifferencesamonggroupsandtocomparedistributionswithotherstudies. C'5550     ''5 CSignificanceof    Project: ;''5*!$t '555 ;9 t m  (( dh(9(1)0 m WillserveasbasisforplanningandinterpretationofNHEXASdataandtoidentifysubpopulations   forfurtherstudy. m "m " (2)0 m ProvidesbaselineinformationforcomparisontootherlocationssuchasSuperfundsitesandto $t  assesstrends. m "m " (3)0 m UsefultoEPAandothersdoinganalysisofNHEXASdataandforplanningfurtherstudies M'555:* m "m "  ''5 MSuggested   Approach: ;''5*!(x '555 ;Statisticalcomparisonofweighteddistributions(frequency,means,etc.)bypopulationsubgroups(fromquestionnairedata)formediaconcentrations,biomarkers,andexposuretoassessdifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenoramongsubgroups. C'5550 (x   ''5 CDataorInput l Needs: ;''5*!l'555 ;Questionnairesandtime/activitydatafromeachofthestudies.Biomarkerandenvironmentalmeasurementsdatafromeachstudy.Detectionlimitsforenvironmentalchemicalsfromeachstudy.Populationweightsandstratificationvariables. C'5550 |   ''5 CFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 9''*! $'555  9Datacurrentlyexists,questionnairesarethesameacrossgroups,comparabilityofanalyticresultswillbeassessedusinginformationaboutdetectionlevels.Thereisconcernoverthelevelofstratification(limitedcellsizes)thatcanbeachievedbecauseofmeasurementsbelowdetectionandincompletesamplingofsomemedia(e.g.,subsamplingofhomesforoutdoorairmeasurements).0&$ (    '' 0*`a SdXdOOlA0l9A09A0P\(#(#,[[,[[,9[[,[[+  2'55! ( 2ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort P'5'5=)d)"  '55 PTimeTable: U''5D2X*QQ:;'5'5 UDuration* C''52$X+"''5 C  ResearchOutputs S''''@&X,   ''5 dS ?''55,!8,''''d ?Month S''55@!-"''55 # S0 K''5:5." # ''55 K t m K(1)0  Initiateproject T''''A'/""  ''5 dT ?''55,!|/''''d ?Month _''55L!00"''55  (@12(@_12 W''5FA01"  (@12 (@''55 W(2)0  Identifythosechemicalsforwhichthereisadequatedataforanalysis; 02 determinestratatobeusedinanalysis T''''A'3""  ''5 dT ?'''5,!p3''''d ?Month _'''5L!$4"'''5  8@248@_24 W'''FA$5"  8@24 8@'''5 W(3)0  Finaloutputs:Manuscript,tables,andgraphsofdistributionsbystrata, $6 andcompletedstatisticalanalysisandinterpretation Q505>' 7""  ''' QApproximateLevel !8 ofEffort: S'55@2x"9dd^H505 S%Time B'55/!!:"'55 BMonths 7'5&!!;"'55 7   TypeofExpertiseNeeded S''''@&!<   '5 dS _''55L!"<''''d  .@15.@_15 ''55lA #\="  .@15 .@''55  8@248@24 W''5FA #\>"  8@24 8@''55 WPrincipalinvestigator J''''7 #\?  ''5 dJ ?''55,!#<?''''d ? ?''55,!P$@"''55 ? 7''5&!P$A"''55 7Seniorlevelstaff( associate) J''''7P$B  ''5 dJ _'''5L!0% B''''d  I@50I@_50 '''5lA% C"  I@50 I@'''5  8@248@24 W'''FA% D"  8@24 8@'''5 WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D55'51% E  ''' D Y5'05Ft&!E55'5  I@50I@Y50 _5'05LA&("F"  I@50 I@5'05 _24 75'0&!&("G"5'05 7Other(describe):Secondstudent K5<&("H  5'0 `K! '!*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. (h#I  NOTES:  x)$K Classification:Descriptive/DemographicAnalysis.?53,*|%L `  5 ?#/XdBX/ #  *,&L *cd Xd Sd[[[[9[[9[[`a(#(#,FOO,2OC+  -0555  -/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/ '# @0'5/!d0555 @EA03.RiskFactorsforBiomarkersofInternalDose:Demographics, d QuestionnaireData,Concentrations,andExposures/X/XdB I'5556&P  0'5 I#/XdBX/#(#/X/XdBShortProject  Description: 7''5&!0'555 7Analysestodeterminetheassociationofbiomarkersofinternaldosewith(1)demographiccharacteristics;(2)questionnaireinformationonbehaviors,activitypatterns,healthindices,etc.;and(3)measuresofpersonalexposuresandmediaconcentrations. @'555-0  ''5 @Goal/Objective: 7''5&!$ t '555 7Todevelopsimplemethodsofestimatinginternaldosethatcanbeusedinstudiesofhealthoutcomes. @'555-$ t   ''5 @Significanceof h   Project: 7''5&! h '555 7Analyticorepidemiologicstudiesofhealthendpointsneedeffectivemethodsforestimatinginternaldose,butdirectmeasurementisoftenimpractical.Forexample,studiesofchronichealtheffectsmayrequireestimatesoflongtermaverageorhistoricalexposures.NHEXASprovidesarichsourceofinformationthatallowsinferencesaboutinternaldosebasedondatacollectedfromquestionnaires,measuresofchemicalsinexternalmedia,andothersources. @'555-(x   ''5 @Suggested l  Approach: 7''5&!l '555 7Forappropriatechemicalsandclassesofchemicals:E L / (1)0 L Bivariateanalysesoftheassociationofbiomarkersofinternaldoseandriskfactors,including l  demographics,housingcharacteristics,questionnairedata,andmeasuresofexposure. L "L " (2)0 L Examinecorrelationsamongriskfactors.| L "L " (3)0 L Multivariatemodelingoftheassociationofbiomarkerswithriskfactors. J'5557',| L "L "  ''5 JDataorInput p Needs: 7''5&! p'555 7Biomarkerconcentrations,demographics,questionnairedata,andenvironmentalmediaconcentrationsandexposuremeasurements. @'5'5- p  ''5 @Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 7'''&!t '5'5 7Theseanalyseswillbefeasibleonlyforchemicalswherebiomarkersofinternaldoseexistatdetectablelevelsforasufficientlylargesample.Foragivenriskfactor,therealsomustbesufficientvariability.Alsorequiresknowledgeofbiomarkercharacteristics(e.g.,halflife)torelatemeasurementstotimeofexposures.#/XdBX/(#// X/XdB-#!t$   ''' -*reg XdXdFOOF2OC2cd(#(#r,F[[,[[,9[[, [[+  6555% T$ OL6 #/XdBX //[3#/X/XdBApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort ]'55J/%" L0 O 555 L]TimeTable: U''5D2?&0<<mM'55 U  Duration* C''52$?' ''5 C  ResearchOutputs ]''''J,?(  L0  ''5 Ld] ?''55,!(''''d ?Month S''55@!k)"''55 # S0 K''5:5k*" # ''55 K xm pE L (1)0 p Initiateproject ^''''K-k+p"p" L0  ''5 Ld^ ?''5,!K+''''d ?Month ^''55K!G,"''5  @6@^6 V''5E@G-"  @6 @''55 V(2)0 p Conductbivariateanalyses ^''''K-G.p"p" L0  ''5 Ld^ ?''55,!'w.''''d ?Month _''55L!s/"''55  (@12(@_12 W''5FAs0"  (@12 (@''55 W(3)0 p Examineinterrelationshipsofcovariates ^''''K-s1p"p" L0  ''5 Ld^ ?''55,!S1''''d ?Month _''55L!2"''55  8@248@_24 W''5FA3"  8@24 8@''55 W(4)0 p Finaloutputs:Resultsofmultivariatemodeling R'55?-4p"p" L0  ''5 LR Approximate 5 LevelofEffort: G''554){ 6``['55 G%Time ?''55,!7"''55 ?Months 7''5&!8"''55 7   TypeofExpertiseNeeded ]''''J,9  L0  ''5 Ld] ^''55K! 9''''d  @5@^5 ~''55k@ G:"  @5 @''55  8@248@~24 W''5FA G;"  8@24 8@''55 WPrincipalinvestigator T''''A# G< L0  ''5 LdT _''55L!!'<''''d  I@50I@_50 ''55lA#"s="  I@50 I@''55  8@248@24 W''5FA#"s>"  8@24 8@''55 WSeniorlevelstaff( associate) T''''A##"s? L0  ''5 LdT `'''5M!#S?''''d i@200i@`200 '''5mBO#@" i@200 i@'''5  8@248@24 W'''FAO#A"  8@24 8@'''5 WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students N55'5;#O#B L0  ''' LN <5'5)/$B55'5 < B5'5/!{$C"5'5 B 55'&!{$D"5'5 5Other(describe): H059#{$E L0   5' ` H*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.  % !F NOTES: Classification:Associations/ModelsofInternalDose.6,*'#I `   05 6#/XdBX/4#  {(#I *i'wd XdF[[F[[9[[9 [[ eg(#(#,Edd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %0  %/X/XdBProjectName: @03!d0 @#/XdBX/F#EA04.EstimationofDietaryExposureandComparisonof d MethodologiesUtilizedinNHEXAS/X/XdB ?'2$P0 ?ShortProject  Description: 4*!0' 4Directestimatesofdietaryintakesbyduplicatedietforvariouscontaminantswillbeanalyzedtodescribe,compare,andevaluatethevalidity,reproducibility,andcosteffectivenessofthecollectionmethodsrelativetoindirectestimatesbasedonthecombinationofconsumption(reportedinthediaryorchecklist)andextantdatafromothersources(e.g.,TDS,NHANES,etc.). 6')   6Goal/Objective: 4*! $ ' 4ToestimatethereliabilityandvalidityofthedietaryintakesforseveralofthecontaminantsincludedinNHEXASandtoevaluatethevalueaddedoverestimatesderivedfromextantdata.Toevaluatealternativeandlesscostlymethodsformeasuringdietaryexposurerelativetotheduplicatedietapproach. 6') 4 6Significanceof (x  Project: 4*!( ' 4Addressesseveralissuesrelatedtoanalysesofexposuresincludingtestingofhypotheses(adequacyofextantdataandmodelstopredictexposure),evaluationofsurveyinstruments,andpredictionofdietaryexposureasacomponentoftotalexposure.Comparisonofdietarymeasurementandestimationapproachesmayhelptoidentifylesscostlyalternativesfordietaryexposuremonitoring,andtoprovideestimatesoflongtermexposuresfromshorttermestimates. 6')8  6Suggested ,|  Approach: 4*!,' 4Y X xm (1)0 X Calculatedietaryexposuresusingconsumptiondata(diaryorchecklist)andextantfood ,|  contaminantdata. X "X " (2)0 X Comparisonsofcalculatedexposureswithmeasuredduplicatediets.X "X " (3)0 X Comparativeanalysisofdietarydatafromchecklist,duplicatedietcollection,andminimarket < basketapproachintermsofvalidity,reliability,andcosteffectiveness. X "X " (4)0 X Analysesofcalculateddietaryexposuresinrelationtovariousdemographicvariables. @'3%X "X " @DataorInput 0 Needs: 4*!' 4Individualdietaryconsumptionrecords,codingoffoodconsumptiontoUSDAorEPA/DietaryExposurePotentialModel(DEPM)codes,duplicatedietmeasurementsfromeachconsortia,existingfoodcontaminantdataforthosetargetchemicalsmeasuredindietsamples(fromDEPM). 6')@"  6Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!& ' 4High,assoonastheverifieddatabasesareavailableoneachoftheaboveparameters.Maybelimitedtoquality/resolutionofdietaryconsumptionandduplicatedietmeasurementdata. :'-4(  :  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$()  '  CTimeTable: N'A2l*'AA` ' N  Duration* ?'2$l+ ' ?  ResearchOutputs @03!l, '  @ 3'&L, 0 3Month M'@!`-"' # M0 P'C5`." # ' P  Y X (1)0  Initiateproject J0=+`/""'  J 3'&@ / 0 3Month \'O! 0"' @36224@\36 _'RD 1" @36224 @'  _(2)0  Determinethecompatibilityofthedatasets A04+ 2"" '  A 3'&!2 0 3Month \'O!!83"' @@36322@@\612 _'RD!84" @@36322 @@' _(3)0  Formulateandtestmethodsofstatisticalanalyses J0=+!85""'  J 3'&"5 0 3Month Y'L!,#|6"'  2@182@Y18 \'OA,#|7"  2@18 2@' \(4)0  Finaloutputs:Reports/manuscriptsofestimateddietaryexposures N'0=+,#|8""' NApproximate p$9 LevelofEffort: J'=2 %p :ddn'0 J%Time 9',!p$;"' 9Months <'/!p$<"' <   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!p$= '  @ PFP% = '  9@259@P25 g]2%!>"  9@25 9@  2@182@g18 J@2%!?"  2@18 2@ JPrincipalinvestigator 7'*!%!@  7 QG&!@ ' Y@100Y@Q100 h^3&H"A" Y@100 Y@  2@182@h18 J@2&H"B"  2@18 2@ JSeniorlevelstaff( associate) 7'*!&H"C  7 W'F'(#C '  I@50I@W50 }'lA<(#D"  I@50 I@'  (@12(@}12 `'OA<(#E"  (@12 (@' `Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D'3!<(#F' D 70&)l$F' 7 =0,!)$G"0 = @0/!)$H"0 @Other(describe): E;!)$I0 E*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. *L&J  NOTES:  \,'L Classification:Methods.#/XdBX/G#/X/XdB:0.-`(M   :#/XdBX/c#  -)M *~ XddEdd Edd dd dd i'w(#(#,;JJ,=VJ+  "0  " /X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/ge# >0'/!d0 >EA05.SpatialandTemporalVariabilityinMultichemicalExposure/X/XdB 9',!d0' 9ShortProject  Description: 5''&!D' 5ProjectwillbettercharacterizethemagnitudeandvariabilityinexposuretomultiplechemicalsmeasuredinallenvironmentalmediabythethreeNHEXASstudiesfordifferentlocationsofthecountry.Bothwithinandbetweenstudyvariabilitywillbeexamined,andanalyseswillbeconductedtodeterminewhetherexposuretoonechemicalinagivenclassispredictiveofexposurestoothercompoundsinthatclassorotherclasses. 0'#T  '' 0Goal/Objective: 5''&!  ' 5Thegoalofthisprojectistoprovideinformationthatwillimprovetheefficiency(e.g.,costeffectiveness)offutureexposure,riskassessment,andepidemiologicinvestigationsofhealthrisksofcumulativechemicalexposure.Thisstudywillprovidesomeofthefirstinformationonmultichemicalandmultipathwayexposuresrequiredforcumulativeriskassessments. 0'# '' 0Significanceof  <  Project: 5''&! ' 5Theneedtoassessrisksofcumulativechemicalexposuresiswellrecognizedwithinthescientificandregulatorycommunities.Littleinformationisavailableforsuchassessments.AnalysisofthetemporalandspatialaspectsoftheNHEXASdataisimportanttoreduceuncertaintyintheexposureestimatesfortheseassessments. 0'#L '' 0Suggested @  Approach: 5''&!@ ' 5Thesuggestedapproachistoexaminemultiplechemicalexposure,firstforeachrouteofentryandsecondforaggregateexposure.Thisapproachshouldbelimitedtotwoorthreechemicalclasses,bututilizealloftheNHEXASdataevenifacompoundwasnotcollectedinallmedia(e.g.,VOCs).Analyseswillbeperformedonmeasurementsofenvironmentalconcentrations,exposure,andbiomarkers(relatedtointernaldose).Investigatorsshoulddeterminetheappropriatechemicalclassesforstudy. 0'#'' 0DataorInput D Needs: 5''&!' 5Concentration,exposure,andbiomarkermeasurementsfromeachNHEXASstudy. 4''#D'' 4Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 7'''&!H#'' 7ThefeasibilityoftheproposedprojectishighforanalysesofdatawithintheMarylandstudy.SomelimitationsareanticipatedinthetypesofsamplesavailablefromtheRegionVstudy.(LongitudinalsampleswerenotcollectedforArizona.)(H&  ''' (*r XdXd;JJ;=VJ=~(#(#r,SS,9_S,9_S, __+  # (& #ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort 1'$<'" 1TimeTable: P''A2( AAs' PDuration* A''2$)"'' AResearchOutputs :0!*"'' : &'' `* &Month O''@!+"'' # O0 I'':5," # '' I | X (1)0 X Initiateproject:Identificationofcommonvariablesacrossstudies ;1"-X"X"'' ; &'' - &Month ;'',!X."'' ;12 5''&!X/"'' 5(2)0 X Initiateinvestigationswithineachmediumandcombinedataacross X0 mediawherefeasibleforeachstudy ;1"1X"X"'' ; &''  1 &Month ;'',! L2"'' ;24 5''&! L3"'' 5(3)0 X Completesinglerouteandaggregateanalysesofcumulativeexposure ;1" L4X"X"'' ; &'' !,4 &Month ;'',!@"5"'' ;36 5''&!@"6"'' 5! | X| <!(4)0 X Finaloutputs:@"7X"X" L V$)2QTU@h L d   0 X d(y2@3  0X"X"  Comparefindingsbetweenstudiesd(y_y݌"@8"" Ќ   d   0 X dz2@3  0X"X"  Reportfindings,writereportsandmanuscriptsoncumulativechemical #9 exposure.dzGz݌ B'01"P$:""'' BЌ  Approximate % ; LevelofEffort: L''=2D&!<'dd'0 L%Time ;'',!% ="'' ;Months 5''&!% >"'' 5   TypeofExpertiseNeeded :0!% ? '' : F''7 t&!?  $@10$@F10 [''LA&("@"  $@10 $@'' [36 5''&!&("A"'' 5Principalinvestigator 1'&("B'' 1 &'' '#B &25 ;'',!(l#C"'' ;36 5''&!(l#D"'' 5Seniorlevelstaff( associate) 1'(l#E'' 1 H'''7 (L$E  I@50I@H50 ]'''LA`)$F"  I@50 I@''' ]36 7'''&!`)$G"''' 7Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students 8''`)$H''' 8 7'0&@*%H' 7 ='0,!*%I"'0 = 7'0&!*%J"'0 7Other(describe): <2*%K'0 <*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. +&L  NOTES:  ,4(N Classification:Descriptive/DemographicAnalyses.:0.-(O  :#/XdBX/6f#*fhXd XdSS9_S99_S9 __ (#(#,FJJ,2VJ+  -0'  `-/X/XdBProjectName: @0''/!`0' @#/XdBX/P#EA06.ComparisonofCrossSectionalandLongitudinalVariabilityin ` ExposureMetrics:ImplicationsforStudyDesign/X/XdB C9'L `0 0'' `CShortProject x Description: 5'&!(x 5Thisprojectwillprovidefortheanalysisofthevariabilityinmediaconcentrations,exposures,anddosesoverspaceandtimeamongandwithintheNHEXASstudies.Itwillexaminethevariabilityofexposuredistributionsbasedonshorttermmeasurementscomparedtothosebasedonlongtermmeasurementsoraveragesanddeterminethereliabilityofashorttermmeasureofexposureforassessmentoflongtermexposureforpopulationsandindividuals. A''08   `0 ' `AGoal/Objective: 7'''&!x  '' 7Thegoalofthisprojectistoprovideinformationthatwillimprovetheefficiency(e.g.,costeffectiveness)offutureexposure,riskassessment,andepidemiologicinvestigations.Suchinformationwillallowforimprovedselectionofsamplesize(numberofsubjects),sampletype(concentration,exposure,ordose),andnumberofrepeatedmeasurementspersubjectincrosssectionalandlongitudinalstudies. :08  `0 ''' `:Significanceof x  Project: 5'&!(x  5Littleinformationisavailabletoaidinthedesignofstudiesintendedtoassessriskofacuteandchronicexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants.AnalysisofthetemporalandspatialaspectsoftheNHEXASdataisanticipatedtoprovideinformationsuitableforthispurpose. A''0(  `0 ' `ASuggested h  Approach: 7'''&!'' 7Analyseswillbeperformedonmeasurementsofenvironmentalconcentrations,exposure,andinternaldose.Thisapproachshouldbelimitedtotwoorthreechemicalsforwhichtherearemeasuresofallthreemetrics(e.g.,arsenic,chlorpyrifos,benzene).BetweenandwithinpersonvariabilityofexposurewillbeassessedandcomparedwithinandacrossNHEXASstudies. :0(x `0 ''' `:DataorInput h Needs: 5'&!h 5Concentration,exposure,anddosemeasuresfromeachNHEXASinvestigation. A''0h `0 ' `AFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 7'''&!h"'' 7ThefeasibilityoftheproposedstudyishighforanalysesofdatawithinaNHEXASstudy.SomelimitationsareanticipatedforanalysisofdataacrossthedifferentNHEXASinvestigations..$"X$ `0  ''' .*xORXdXdFJJF2VJ2fh(#(#x,FSS,_S,9_S, __+  # H$ #   ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort 5'(%  @5TimeTable: P''A2& ::' PDuration* A''2$'"'' AResearchOutputs D:'(" @0 '' @D &'' ( &Month O''@!<)"'' # O0 I'':5<*" # '' I! | p| X`!(1)0 p Initiateproject E;(<+p"p" @0 '' @E &'' + &Month [''L! \,"''  (@12(@[12 U''FA \-"  (@12 (@'' U(2)0 p Initiateinvestigationswithinastudyandcombinedataacrossstudies  \. wherefeasible E;( /p"p" @0 '' @E &'' / &Month [''L!,0"''  8@248@[24 U''FA,1"  8@24 8@'' U(3)0 p Completewithinstudyanalysesandcontinueanalysisofdatacombined ,2 acrossstudies E;( 3p"p" @0 '' @E &'' l!3 &Month [''L!!4"''  B@36B@[36 U''FA!5"  B@36 B@'' U(4)0 p Finaloutputs:Reportfindings,writereportsandmanuscriptsonthe !6 implicationoftemporalandspatialvariabilityforimprovedstudydesign K'>(\"7p"p" @0 '' @KApproximate |#8 LevelofEffort: L''=2,$|9@]]6' L%Time ;'',!|#:"'' ;Months 5''&!|#;"'' 5   TypeofExpertiseNeeded D:'|#<  @0 '' @D &'' \$< &10 [''L!$="''  B@36B@[36 U''FA$>"  B@36 B@'' UPrincipalinvestigator ;1$? @0 '' @; &'' |% ? &25 [''L!% !@"''  B@36B@[36 U''FA% !A"  B@36 B@'' USeniorlevelstaff( associate) ;1% !B @0 '' @; H'''7 &!B  I@50I@H50 }'''lA&,"C"  I@50 I@'''  B@36B@}36 W'''FA&,"D"  B@36 B@''' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students B'1&,"E @0 ''' @B 8')' #E' 8 >'/!'L#F"' > 5'&!'L#G"' 5Other(describe): A04'L#H @0  ' @ A*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. )%J  NOTES:  ,+|&L Classification:Methods.:0.+0'M @0  0 :#/XdBX/i#  ,(M *d XdFSSF_S9_S9 __ OR(#(#,OJJ,SJ,9JJ,XJS+  +0  O`+/X/XdBProjectName: B0'3!`0 B#/XdBX/#EA07.ImpactofCensoringandMethodSensitivityandPrecisionon ` MultimediaExposureDistributionsandAssociations/X/XdB P'C/L `0 O 0' O`PShortProject x Description: 9''*!(x' 9Thisstudywillexaminehowmethodsensitivityandprecision,andthecensoringofdatabelowdetectionlimits,affecttheestimationofdistributionsandmeansforexposure,mediaconcentration,andbiomarkermeasurements;andtheevaluationofassociationsamongsuchmeasurements.Totheextentpossible,intakeswillbeusedinordertomaketheassessmentonatotalexposurebasis. G':&   `0 O '' O`GGoal/Objective: 9''*!  ' 9ToinvestigatethedegreetowhichtheNHEXASgoalofmeasuringtotalexposuremaybelimitedbythemethodprecision,sensitivity,andcensoringofdatabelowDLs. G':&x   `0 O '' O`GSignificanceof    Project: 9''*!h ' 9AmajorgoalofNHEXASwastoestimateexposurethroughmultipleroutes,especiallyforthosemosthighlyexposed.ThisgoalmaybelimitedbytheproportionofmeasurementsthatarebelowDLsforsometargetanalytesandmediaandbecausemethodsensitivitiesdifferedacrossbothmediaandstudies.ThisprojectwillbevaluableindeterminingmethodsandapproachesforconductingfutureNHEXASorothermultimediahumanexposurestudies. G':&x  `0 O '' O`GSuggested   Approach: B''3!h ' B R X m | T(1)0 X DeterminethepercentofmeasurementsaboveDLs,andtheavailabilityofhealththresholdsand   QCdatainordertofocusthestudyonthemostrelevantmediaandchemicals. X "X " (2)0 X Useuncensoredresultswhereavailableandimposecensoringonthem(i.e.,setvalues'1" 0$ '' 0$H &'' p 1 &Month O''@! 2"'' # O0 I'':5 3" # '' I! @ R X !(1)0  Initiateproject I?( 4"" 0$ '' 0$I &'' t!4 &Month Z''K!!5"''  @3@Z3 T''E@!6"  @3 @'' T(2)0  Evaluatescope/relevanceofprojectwithrespecthealththresholds, !7 availabilityofdata,degreeofnondetects,etc. I?(T"8"" 0$ '' 0$I &'' (#x8 &Month Z''K!X#9"''  "@9"@Z9 T''E@X#:"  "@9 "@'' T(3)0  Performanalyses,simulationsandpreparedraftmanuscript I?(X#;"" 0$ '' 0$I &'' ,$|; &Month [''L!\$<"''  (@12(@[12 U''FA\$="  (@12 (@'' U(4)0  Finaloutputs:Completefinalmanuscript P'0?(\$>"" 0$ '' 0$PApproximate `% ? LevelofEffort: L''=2&`!@0XXm'0 L%Time ;'',!`% A"'' ;Months 5''&!`% B"'' 5   TypeofExpertiseNeeded H>'`% C  0$ '' 0$H &'' 4&!C &15 [''L!d&!D"''  (@12(@[12 U''FAd&!E"  (@12 (@'' UPrincipalinvestigator ?5d&!F 0$ '' 0$? &'' 8'"F & ;'',!h'"G"'' ; 5''&!h'"H"'' 5Seniorlevelstaff( associate) ?5h'"I 0$ '' 0$? (''' <(#I (35 \'''K!l(#J"'''   @8 @\8 V'''E@l(#K"   @8  @''' VJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students F'5l(#L 0$ ''' 0$F 7'0&@)$L' 7 ='0,!p)$M"'0 = 7'0&!p)$N"'0 7Other(describe): B8p)$O 0$ '0 B*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. *$&P  NOTES:  4,'R Classification:Methods.#/XdBX/"#/ X/XdB:0.,8(S  :#/XdBX /W#  -(S *d dFSSF\S9\S9\\(#(#,dd,jdd+  -0555  - /X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/# @0'5/!d0555 @EA08.ProvidingImprovedExposureModelsUsingCostEffective d Approaches/X/XdB I'5556&P  0'5 I#/XdBX/#/X/XdBShortProject  Description: 7''5&!0'555 7Comparisonofuncertaintyinexposureestimatesobtainedusingdifferenttypesofmeasurementsorotherdata(e.g.,screeningmeasurementsorquestionnaires)withthosebasedonthemoreintensivedirectexposuremeasurementsconductedinNHEXAS.Inaddition,comparisonsofcostsanduncertaintywillbemadebetweendirectexposuremeasurementsandindirectestimatesbasedonexistingdataandmodels. @'555-@    ''5 @Goal/Objective: 7''5&!  '555 7Toassessthecostanduncertaintydifferencesbetweenexposuremodelsusingscreeninglevelmeasurements,questionnaireinformation,_nonprobability_Ԁsamples(i.e.,purposivesamples),andexistingexposurerelateddatarelativetotheNHEXASmeasurementsandstudydesigns. @'555- 4  ''5 @Significanceof (x  Project: 7''5&! '555 7Clearly,multimedia,multipathwaystudiesareneeded.Thisstudywillhelptoidentifytheincrementaldifferencesinmodelperformanceassociatedwithmoredetailed(sensitiveandaccurate)methods,andwithrepresentativepopulationsamples!relativetomorefocusedstratifiedorspecialized_substudies_.StratificationcanbebasedonSEScharacteristics,inexpensivescreeningtechniquesoranyothermeansdeemedappropriate.Resourcesarelimited,andgreatcaremustbetakentowiselyallocatethem.Thisstudywillprovideinformationtohelpdetermine " 0 @ T(1)0 0 howtominimizeexposuremeasurementcostsforanationalstudy,H 0 "0 " (2)0 0 howtoprioritizeresourceallocation,andH0 "0 " (3)0 0 approacheswiththenecessaryutilityandaccuracyforspecificexposureassessmentstudies. J'5557'0 "0 "  ''5 JSuggested < Approach: 7''5&!L'555 7Buildmultiplemodelsandcomparethem.(1)0 0 Comparisonofexposuremodelsderivedfromexistingmeasurementdata(orquestionnaire  data)contrastedwithmodelsusingnewsubjectspecificchemicalmeasurements,characteristics,andactivities(i.e.,NHEXAS). 0 "0 " (2)0 0 Comparisonofexposuremodelsderivedfromdatawithdifferentsensitivities(e.g., " questionnairesandscreeningmeasureswithdifferencesinanalyticalperformance). J'5557'\#0 "0 "  ''5 JDataorInputNeeds: 7''5&!$'555 7ExampleforApproach1:UseexistingAerometricInformationRetrievalSystemdatatomodelresidentialconcentrationsandexposures,andcomparewithmeasuredRegionVindoor/outdoorandpersonalairdata;existingTDSconcentrationsusedtomodeldietaryintake,andcomparewithduplicatedietmeasurements.ExamplesforApproach2:ComparisonofArizonaXRFdatacomparedwith(ICP/mass_spectrophotometry_)data(Arizonastudy);comparisonofquestionnairebasedmodelswithmeasurementbasedcontaminantmodels.Exposureandintakemodelsfromeachstudy. @'5'5- .  ''5 @Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 7'''&!$#t2'5'5 7Limitationsincludeequivalencyintermsoftemporalandgeographicvariability,SES/demographic/populationvariability/representativeness,collectionandanalyticalmethods.#/XdBX/#// X/XdB-#!!4   ''' -#/XdBX //#/ X/XdB  $T4 *xddddjddj(#(#x,dd,9dd,9dd,;dd+  #/XdBX /#/X/XdB -0555  -#/XdBX/b#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/# A0'50!d0555 AEA08(_contd_).ProvidingImprovedExposureModelsUsing d Cost-EffectiveApproaches/X/XdB O'5@)P  0'5  O#/XdBX/#/X/XdB   ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort S'55@)    '5 STimeTable: U''5D2//'55 UDuration* C''52$"''5 C  ResearchOutputs S''''@&   ''5 dS ?''55,! ''''d ?Month S''55@! X"''55 # S0 K''5:5 X " # ''55 K! 9m 4" 0 d!(1)0 4 Initiateproject T''''A' X 4"4"  ''5 dT ?''55,! 8 ''''d ?Month ^''55K!L  "''55  @6@^6 V''5E@L  "  @6 @''55 V(2)0 4 0@4''Identifyingrelevantdatasetsandobtainingdatasets K''''8'L  4"4"  ''5 dK ?''55,!, | ''''d ?Month _''55L! "''55  (@12(@_12 W''5FA "  (@12 (@''55 W(3)0 4 Generatingcomparisoncompatibledatasets0@ 0$  T''''A' 4"4"  ''5 dT ?''55,!p ''''d ?Month _''55L! $ "''55  (@12(@_12 W''5FA $ "  (@12 (@''55 W(4)0 4 ObtainingmodelsfromeachNHEXASstudyforcomparison K''''8' $ 4"4"  ''5 dK ?''55,! ''''d ?Month _''55L!h "''55  8@248@_24 W''5FAh "  8@24 8@''55 W(4)0 4 Analysisandsummaryofresults T''''A'h 4"4"  ''5 dT ?''55,!H ''''d ?Month _''55L!\ "''55  >@30>@_30 W''5FA\ "  >@30 >@''55 W(6)0 4 Finaloutputs:Threeormorepublishedpapers Q'55>'\ 4"4"  ''5 QApproximate   LevelofEffort: P''55=2P dd'55 P%Time ?''55,! "''55 ?Months 7''5&! "''55 7   TypeofExpertiseNeeded S''''@&    ''5 dS _''55L! ''''d  4@204@_20 ''55lA4"  4@20 4@''55  >@30>@30 W''5FA4 "  >@30 >@''55 WPrincipalinvestigator J''''74!  ''5 dJ _''55L!!''''d  I@50I@_50 ''55lA(x""  I@50 I@''55  >@30>@30 W''5FA(x#"  >@30 >@''55 WSeniorlevelstaff( associate) J''''7(x$  ''5 dJ `'''5M!X$''''d Y@100Y@`100 '''5mBl%" Y@100 Y@'''5  2@182@18 W'''FAl&"  2@18 2@'''5 WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D55'51l'  ''' D <5'5)L'55'5 < B5'5/!("5'5 B 55'&!)"5'5 5Other(describe): K05<*   5'  K*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep . ,|+ NOTES:  - Classification:Methods.#/XdBX/|#?53D.    05 ?  D. *dddd9dd99dd9;dd;(#(#,[g,#gg,gg,ugg+  .0!  < ./X/XdBProjectName: B0'3!< 0  B#/XdBX/#EA09.AnalysisofVariableGroupingsintheNHEXASDataSetsfor < EvaluatingtheUsefulnessofQuestionnairesforExploringRelationshipsBetweenExposure,Dose,andRiskFactors/X/XdB S'F/ <0   0' 4 SShortProject d Description: 9''*! '  9TheNHEXASdatabasesincludeawidespectrumofmeasurements:questionnaireresponses,exposuremeasurements,anddose/biomarkermeasurements.Thesedatawillbeanalyzedwithoutaprioridecisionsaboutrelationshipsamongthevariablestogeneratenewhypothesesregardingenvironmentalexposures. J'=&$ t  40   '' 4 JGoal/Objective: 9''*!8   '  9IdentifyingandevaluatingassociationsamongtheNHEXASvariables.ThisgoalisrelatedtothemultivariateanalysescalledforinproposalsEA1andEA3andunderstandingdifferencesandsimilaritiesamongsubpopulations(EA2). J'=&  40   '' 4 JSignificanceof   Project: 9''*!\  '  9ClassificationofNHEXASdataintovariablegroupswillhelpfocusfutureexposureassessmentsinnationalsurveys,epidemiologicalstudies,andriskassessments.(Italsoprovidesacomparisonbetweenthequestionsandtherationalefortheiruse.) J'=& \  40   '' 4 JSuggested  p  Approach: 9''*!  '  9Thestrengthsandlimitationsofthedatawillbeevaluatedinitiallyusingunivariateanalysesofindividualvariables.Next,amultivariateclassificationtechniquewillbeselectedandrun(e.g.,principalcomponents,classificationandregressiontrees[CART],orfactoranalysis)toidentifygroupingsofvariables.Thegroupswillbeevaluatedinordertogeneratehypotheses,toguideinthedesignofotherstudies,andtoidentifyimportantquestionsand/ormeasurementsforfutureexposureassessmentsandriskassessments.Analysesaretobeconductedbypertinentsubpopulationsbecausethevariablesmaygroupdifferentlybysubpopulation. J'=&P  40   '' 4 JDataorInput d! Needs: 9''*!" '  9Databaseofcompletemeasurementdataincludingallchemicalmeasurementsandquestionnaireresponses. N''=&$ 40   '' 4NFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): ;'''*!8('' ;Feasibilityoftheprojectwillbelimitedbythenumberofobservationswithinstrata. KA&() 40  ''' 0K  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort W'J/H*  00   0WTimeTable: S''D2X+0DD'  S  Duration* A''2$X,  ''  AResearchOutputs W'D,X-" 00   '' 0W <''')8-' <Month X''E!h."''' #  X0 I'<7h/" #  '' I'm *9m |'(1)0  Initiateproject X'E-h0"" 00   ' 0X 9'''&H0' 9Month a''N!( x1"'''  @6@ a6 R'E@( x2"  @6 @ '' R(2)0  Univariateanalyses X'E-( x3"" 00  ' 0X 9'''&!X3' 9Month b''O!8!4"'''  (@12(@ b12 S'FA8!5"  (@12 (@ '' S(3)0  Finaloutputs:Finalreportandjournalarticle Y'0H-8!6"" 00   ' 0YApproximateLevel H"7 ofEffort: S'''@2"H80ZZ'0 S%Time B''/!H"9"'''  BMonths 3'&!H":" '' 3   TypeofExpertiseNeeded W'D,H";  00   ' 0W \'''I(#x;'  $@10$@\10 ''oAX#<"  $@10 $@'''  (@12(@ 12 S'FAX#="  (@12 (@ '' SPrincipalinvestigator ?5#X#> 00   ' 0? \'''I8$>  I@50I@\50 ''oAh$?"  I@50 I@'''  (@12(@ 12 S'FAh$@"  (@12 (@ '' SSeniorlevelstaff( associate) ?5#h$A 00   ' 0? \'''IH% A  9@259@\25 ''oAx% B"  9@25 9@'''  (@12(@ 12 S'FAx% C"  (@12 (@ '' SJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students O'>#x% D 00   ' 0O 9''0'&X&!D' 9 B'0'/!&!E"''0' B 7'0&!&!F"'0' 7Other(describe): LB#&!G 00  '0 L*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. 'H#H  NOTES:  X)$J Classification:Descriptive/DemographicAnalyses.#/XdBX/#// X/XdB?53 *\%K    ?#/XdBX //k#  * &K * Xdd[g#gg#gguggu(#(#,OO,OC+  50555"  $5/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/# @0'5/!0555 @EA10.DeterminantsofDoseMeasurements(Biomarkers)fromthe  NHEXASStudies/X/XdB O'555<, $  0'5 O#/XdBX/#// X/XdBShortProjec#/XdBX // #/X/XdBt ,| Description: 7''5&!B'555 7Absorbeddosemaybeestimatedbyquestionnaireandmeasurementdataincludingair,water,diet,andcontaminatedsurfaces.Predictiveassociationsbetweenmeasurementsofexposureanddosewillbeevaluated.Questionnaireresponsedatawillbeconsideredasamodifieroftheexposure/doseassociation.Thisassociationwillbeevaluatedfurtherbytakingintoaccountexistingpharmacokineticmodelsandparameters.Methodsandapproachesforassessingthedermalexposurecontributionrelativetothebiomarkermeasurementsareofparticularimportancebecausedermalexposuremethodsarenotwelldeveloped.Measuredbiomarkerswillberelatedtopotentialexposureusingalgorithmsusedtoestimateaggregatehumanexposure. @'555- L   ''5 @Goal/Objective: 7''5&!@ '555 7Toidentifyandevaluateenvironmentalandquestionnairedeterminantsofdoseandtobetterunderstandthetimecourseassociationsbetweenexposureanddose.Thedermalcontributiontoexposurewillbeanalyzed. @'555-   ''5 @Rationalefor 4  Project: 7''5&! '555 7Studyresultswillaidintheinterpretationofexposurebiomarkermeasurementsandwillhelpintheefficientdesignoffutureexposureandepidemiologicstudies.Furtherunderstandingintheinterpretationofbiomarkerlevelsisvaluablebecausetheyarebelievedtoprovideabetterpredictorofhealthoutcomethanenvironmentalconcentrationmeasurementsthatdonotaccountforcontact,uptake/intake,andabsorptionprocesses. @'555-   ''5 @Suggested 8 Approach: 7''5&!'555 7BiomarkermeasurementsrepresenttheabsorptionandclearanceofchemicalcontaminantsmeasuredintheNHEXASprogram.Thepredictiverelationshipbetweenthesemeasurementswillbeevaluatedwithquestionnaireresponses,andwithexposureandenvironmentalmediaconcentrationsusingmultivariateanalysismethods.Pharmacokineticmodelswillbeappliedinordertoexplaintherelationshipbetweenexposureanddose(biomarker)measurements.Contributionsofcontaminatedmediacanbeestimatedusingexposurealgorithmsroutinelyusedinexposureassessment. @'555-X   ''5 @DataorInput ! Needs: 7''5&!L"'555 7Chemicalmeasurementsinbiological,exposure,andenvironmentalmedia,questionnairedata,exposurefactors,andpharmacokineticparameters. @'5'5-L$  ''5 @Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 7'''&!('5'5 7Sufficientdetectableresultsareneededinmediaofexposurerelevanceforbiomarkeranalytes.Needtoconsidertimingofbiomarkercollectionrelativetoexposureandenvironmentalmeasurements(e.g.,Marylandstudysamplescollectedatbeginningofsampling),andtheavailabilityandsuitabilityofavailablepharmacokineticparametersforthesubpopulations(e.g.,children).-#!,   ''' -*r XdXdOOOC(#(#r,[[,}[[,@[[,[[+  255'! , 2ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort S55@)4-"  55'  STimeTable: W'6D2(x.QQ 55  WDuration* <2$(x/" '6 <  ResearchOutputs S''''@&(x0    dS B''5/! X0''''d B  Month V'''C!l 1"''5 # V0 P'C5l 2" # '''  P' m m 6'(1)0  Initiateproject ]''''J0l 3""   ' d] B''5/!L!3''''d BMonth b'''O!!4"''5  (@12(@b12 \'OA!5"  (@12 (@'''  \(2)0  Multivariatestatisticalanalyses;evaluationofshorttermclearance !6 models ]''''J0`"7""   ' d] B''5/!@#7''''d BMonth b'''O!#8"''5  8@248@b24 \'OA#9"  8@24 8@'''  \(3)0  Finaloutputs:Journalarticleidentifyingpredictorsofdose Z'55G0#:""   ' Z Approximate $8 ; LevelofEffort: S''5@2% <dd'55 S%Time B'''/!$8 ="''5 BMonths <'/!$8 >"'''  <   TypeofExpertiseNeeded S''''@&$8 ?    ' dS b''5O!%!?''''d  9@259@b25 '''oA,&|!@"  9@25 9@''5  8@248@24 \'OA,&|!A"  8@24 8@'''  \Principalinvestigator S''''@&,&|!B   ' dS B''5/! '\"B''''d B B'''/!p'"C"''5 B <'/!p'"D"'''  <Seniorlevelstaff( associate) S''''@&p'"E   ' dS c''5P!P(#E''''d Y@100Y@c100 '''pB($F" Y@100 Y@''5  8@248@24 \'OA($G"  8@24 8@'''  \Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students M55'5:&($H   ' M <''5))$H55'5 < B'''/!)H%I"''5 B <'/!)H%J"'''  <Other(describe): T05E&)H%K   ' x T*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. P+&L  NOTES:  ,(N Classification:Associations/ModelsofInternalDose.#/XdBX/ #?53`-(O x   05 ?*'d Xd[[}[[}@[[@[[(#(#,dd ,dd%,dd%,dd +  )0  L)/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/(# @03!L0 @EA11.CriticalExposurePathwayAnalysisandComparisonof L FindingsAmongNHEXASStudies/X/XdB E'8*8 L0 0 E#/XdBX/)#/X/XdBShortProject h Description: =3!h' =Thisstudywillcomparetheresultsofanalyses(ormodels)developedbyeachoftheNHEXASstudiesthatapportiontherelativecontributionsofenvironmentalmediaandroutesofexposureto totalexposureordose. ?'2$ ?Goal/Objective: =3! \ ' =Tocomparetheapproaches,data,andestimatesusedtoapportionpathwayspecificexposuresusedintheNHEXASstudies"identifysimilaritiesanddifferencesandcompareorpoolresultswherepossible. ?'2$l   ?Significanceof    Project: =3!` ' =Determinehowtheresults(parameterestimates)fromtheindividualNHEXASstudiescanbesystematicallycomparedtoeachother,orpooledtoprovidecombinedestimatesofassociationsbetweenpathwayspecificmeasurements/estimatesand totalexposureordose. ?'2$`  ?Suggested T  Approach: =3!T ' =Foreachstudy,examinethesamplingandanalyticalmethodstodetermineiftheresultingmeasurementsaresimilarordifferent.Constructexposuredistributionsforeachmedia.Compileestimatesforassociationsofmediaconcentrationsandroutespecificexposures(orsurrogates)with totalexposureorabsorbeddoseestimatesfromeachstudy.Compareresults(parametersanderrorterms)amongindividualstudies.Pooldatawheremeasurementsaresimilartomakegeneralizedstatementsaboutexposureifreasonable. ?'2$ ?DataorInput X Needs: =3!' =Summaryinformationaboutsamplingandanalyticalmethods.Individualstudyresultsforanalysesofpathwayspecificcontributiontototalexposureordose. C''2$ CFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): D'3! \!'' D Information(publications)anddatashouldbereadilyavailable.Analysesmaybelimitedby L" _nondetectable_Ԁormissingmeasurements. @6$#' @@Z Z ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort""J" C'6$P$  CTimeTable: N'A2%QQ' ' N  Duration* ?'2$& ' ?  ResearchOutputs @03!' '  @ 3'&t' 0 3Month M'@!(("' # M0 P'C5()" # ' P$ @ m $(1)0  Initiateproject J0=+(*""'  J 3'&* 0 3Month Y'L!l+"'  (@12(@Y12 \'OAl,"  (@12 (@'  \(2)0  Individualdistributionsofexposuredata,pooleddatasets,and l- comparativeanalyses J0=+."" '  J 3'&. 0 3Month Y'L!`/"'  2@182@Y18 \'OA`0"  2@18 2@' \(3)0  Finaloutputs:ReportonthesimilaritiesanddifferencesofNHEXAS `1 dataandanassessmentoflinkagesofactivitiestopathways N'0=+2""' NApproximate !T3 LevelofEffort: J'=2!4ddK'0 J%Time 9',!!T5"' 9Months <'/!!T6"' <   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!!T7 '  @ PF!47 '  9@259@P25 g]2H"8"  9@25 9@  2@182@g18 J@2H"9"  2@18 2@ JPrincipalinvestigator 7'*!H":  7 PF(#x: '  9@259@P25 g]2#;"  9@25 9@  2@182@g18 J@2#<"  2@18 2@ JSeniorlevelstaff( associate)statistician 7'*!#=  7 W'Fl$= '  I@50I@W50 }'lA$ >"  I@50 I@'  2@182@}18 `'OA$ ?"  2@18 2@' `Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D'3!$ @' D 70&%!@' 7 =0,!&d!A0 = @0/!&d!B0 @Other(describe): =3!&d!C0 =*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. X'"D  NOTES:  ($F Classification:Methods.#/XdBX/*#4*(h)$G   4  H*%G *'dddd dd%dd%dd '(#(#,Udd ,dd ,dd%,dd +  )0  @)/X/XdBProjectName: @03!@0 @#/XdBX/D#EA12.CumulativeExposurestoNHEXASChemicalsHavingSimilar @ HealthEndpointsandPossibleAdditiveorSynergisticEffects/X/XdB I'<*, @0 0 @IShortProject 8 Description: 4*!8' 4Thisprojectwillcalculateatoxicequivalencyweightedindexofpopulation cumulativeexposuresforsuitesofchemicalsthatareassociatedwithcommonhealthendpointsandtheexposuremeasurementsfromtheNHEXASstudies.TheNHEXAStargetchemicalswillbereviewed,usingexistingtoxicologicalorepidemiologicalliterature,toidentifysuitesofchemicalshavingsimilarhealthendpoints(risks)andpossibleadditiveorsynergisticeffects.Possiblehealthendpointsincludeneurological,reproductive/developmental,cancer,andimmunologicaleffects.Chemicalclassesincludemetals,VOCs,pesticides,andPAHs. @'3!X   @0  @@Goal/Objective: 4*!x  ' 4Toassesscumulativeexposuretomultiplechemicalsofsimilaraction/toxicity. @'3!x  @0  @@Significanceof   Project: 4*!H ' 4TheFoodQualityProtectionActcallsforassessmentofcumulativerisktopesticides(andtoxicsubstances)havingcommonendpointsandmechanismsofeffect.Thisprojectwillallowcalculationofcumulativeexposureindexesandtheirdistributions,basedonexposurestomorethanonechemical. @'3!H  @0  @@Suggested h  Approach: 4*! ' 4i d @ (1)0 d Usingcommonhealtheffectsandadditiveorsynergisticendpoints,andtoxicequivalencyor h  potencyfactors. d "d " (2)0 d ExaminethetargetchemicalsanddatafromNHEXAStoidentifychemicalsthatcouldbe x  combinedtoprovideacommonexposuremetric. d "d " (3)0 d Calculateaweightedindexof cumulativeexposureusingtheabsorbeddoseestimatedfromthe ( NHEXASstudydata. J'=+d "d " @0  @JDataorInput  Needs: 4*!X' 4DataonselectedchemicalexposuresandbiomarkersfromthethreeNHEXASstudies.Toxicologicalinformationonchemicalswithcommonhealthendpointsandmechanismsandpotencyestimates(ortoxicequivalencyfactors).Epidemiologicalinformationonpossibleadditiveorsynergisticeffects. @'3!" @0  @ @Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!' ' 4 Toxicologicaldataonpotencyshouldbereadilyavailable;informationon cumulativerisks(common (( endpointandmechanismofaction)maybelimitedtocertainclassesofchemicals(e.g.,pesticides).TheNHEXASdatamaybelimitedinprovidingmeasurementsinallexposuremediaforcontaminantsandclasses. D'7!8+ @0  @ D  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*,  @0  ' @ MTimeTable: (-  E'82.0CCZ ' E  Duration*  6')$(/ ' 6  ResearchOutputs J0='(0  @0 ' @ J 3'&0 0 3Month M'@!H1"' # M0 G':5H2" # ' G(1)Initiateproject A04H3 @0 ' @ A 3'&(3 0 3Month X'K!h4"'  @6@X6 R'E@h5"  @6 @' R(2)CollecttoxicologydataonNHEXASchemicals 80+h6 @0 ' @ 8 3'&H6 0 3Month#/XdBX/E#/X/XdB X'K!8 7"'  "@9"@X9 R'E@8 8"  "@9 "@' R(3)ObtainNHEXASmeasurementdataforselectedchemicals A048 9 @0 ' @ A 3'&!h9 0 3Month Y'L!X!:"'  (@12(@Y12 S'FAX!;"  (@12 (@' S(4)CalculatedexposureindexforNHEXASpesticides 80+X!< @0 ' @ 8 3'&8"< 0 3Month#/XdBX/V#/X/XdB Y'L!x"="'  2@182@Y18 S'FAx">"  2@18 2@' S(5)Calculatedexposureindexformetals 80+x"? @0 ' @ 8 3'&X#? 0 3Month Y'L!#@"'  8@248@Y24#/XdBX/Y#/X/XdB S'FA#A"  8@24 8@' S(6)CalculatedexposureindexforVOCs#/XdBX/[#/X/XdB A'4#B @0 ' @ AApproximate $ C LevelofEffort: J'=2h% D]]~ ' J%Time 9',!$ E"' 9Months 3'&!$ F"' 3   TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'='$ G  @0 ' @ J PF% G '  4@204@P20 g]2%(!H"  4@20 4@  8@248@g24 A72%(!I"  8@24 8@ APrincipalinvestigator 8'+%(!J @0  @ 8 PF&"J '  I@50I@P50 f\2&H"K"  I@50 I@  @6@f6 @61&H"L"  @6 @ @Seniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+&H"M @0  @ 8 W'F'(#M '  I@50I@W50 }'lA(h#N"  I@50 I@'  8@248@}24 W'FA(h#O"  8@24 8@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students E'4(h#P @0 ' @E 3)(H$P' 3 9/!8)$Q" 9 0&!8)$R" 0Other(describe): =008)$S @0    =*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. |*%T  NOTES:  +,'V Classification:Associations/ModelsofExposure.#/XdBX/\#4*(,'W   0 4 l-(W  (i d q x(/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.40 x LESSONSLEARNEDGROUPqdfort le (x /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  x(#x(#  x Thelessonslearnedbreakoutgroupwillfocusonanalysesthatidentifystudyelementsthatwillbegenerallyusefulinthefutureorthatwillrequiremodificationordeletioninfollow-upresearch.Thisincludes,forexample,adescriptionoftheachievementofdataqualityobjectives;adescriptionofresponseratesandsurveydesigneffects;theabilityofthequestionnaireandenvironmentalandbiologicaldatatopredictexposureanddose;acomparisonofsamplingandanalyticalmethods;andtheefficacyofcommunicationwithstatesandcommunitiesandlocalandpublichealthdepartments.( (/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.4.10  SABComments(h%ti `i ( /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  ^ (#(# L (hV$)2QTUL<((1)0 < TheEPAshouldusetheexperience,lessonslearned,andwisdomgainedfromthepilot L studiestoguidetheAgencyandexternalinvestigatorsonhowtooptimizethemeasurementandanalyticalapproaches.[3.4.2,4]; %3  3      <(#<(# (2)0 < Anotherimportantissuetoaddressistheamountandnatureofthenewknowledgederived "r fromthepilotstudiesasitrelatestothemethodologiesimplemented.[3.4.1] <(#<(# (3)0 < TheCommitteerecommendsthattheEPAusethedatafromtheNHEXASpilotstudiesto 6 buildthepremisesforanationalexposuresurvey.PlanningforPhase2,anationalsurveillanceplan,shouldrequireaplanthatusestheexperienceofthepilotstudysothatthemostappropriatemultimediameasurements(includingquestionnaires)areusedinPhase2.[3.5.2.e] <(#<(# ( </AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.4.20  QuestionsToAddress(n%ti Co< /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  2"*(#(#  (< x Asastartingpointtoidentify,describe,andprioritizepotentialprojects,thebreakoutgroupshouldconsiderthefollowingquestionsanddeterminewhatadditionalcriticalquestionsshouldbeadded.! `(!L :(( L(1)0 ` Whatarethecritical lessons-learnedquestionsassociatedwith'F#2`(#`(# L $)2QTUf.`( L0 ` (a)0`(#`(#0(#(#Aspectsofoverallprogrammanagementincludingplanningandconductingthestudy, X)$4 anddocumentingandreportingtheresults?* &6(#(# L (`$)2QTUL ` (b)0  Representativenessofsurveydesignsandeffectsrelatedtoprobabilitysampling,  samplesizeandweighting,stratificationandoversampling,anddemographics? (#(# L f((L0 ` (c)0`(#`(#Recruitingparticipantsandthepossibleimpactofdifferentproceduresandincentives t onresponserates? (#(# 0 ` (d)0`(#`(#Effectivenessandlimitationsofstudydesignsforestimatingmultimedia,multipathway 8  exposuresforthegeneralpopulation,forsusceptiblesubpopulations,andforthehighestexposed? (#(# 0 ` (e)0`(#`(#Useoffieldmonitoringprocedures(e.g.,questionnaires,samplingmethods,sample ^  handlingandtracking),theirburdenonparticipant,practicalityofapplication,andcostsversusbenefits? (#(# 0 ` (f)0`(#`(#Effectivenessofquestionnaires/diariesincollectinginformationtoestimateordescribe   exposures(e.g.,burden,cooperation,complianceutility)? (#(# 0 ` (g)0`(#`(#Limitationsassociatedwithsampleanalysis"inselectinganalytes;attaining H appropriatedetectionlimitsandQC;andholding,shipping,andstoringsamples? (#(# 0 ` (h)0`(#`(#Creatingandarchivingdatabases? \(#(# 0 ` (i)0`(#`(#Communicatingdatatoparticipants,stateandlocalhealthagencies,andthescientific n community ?  (#(# L Z(( L(2)0 ` WhatarethemostcriticalQA/QCanalysesthatmustbeconducted?2"`(#`(# L 9( L(3)0 ` Howarerelativecostsofeachcomponentofthestudyevaluated?Howarethecostsofone $ approachevaluatedrelativetoanother? `(#`(# L 99L(4)0 ` Whatanalysisapproachescanbeusedtopredictexposureanddosefromquestionnairesand X ( environmentalandbiologicaldata?Howaretheseapproachesevaluated? `(#`(# ( `/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.4.30  DiscussionConsiderations(}nts ~ ` /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  ~$.(#(# L +(9L0(P'(`0(1)0 ' Whatstatisticalanalysiscanbeconductedwiththeinformationobtainedinthe &l!0 demonstrationstudiestoanswereachofthesequestions?Whicharefeasible? '(#'(# (2)0 ' Arethereotherapproachestoansweringeachofthesequestions?(0$4'(#'(#  (3)0 ' Whatanalysescanbeconductedtoevaluatethelimitationsofthestudies?B*%6'(#'(# (4)0 ' Whatanalysescanbeconductedtodevelopanefficientdesignforfuturestudies"to  measurecentraltendencies,tomeasurehighupperpercentilesoftheexposuredistribution,toidentifydistributionsforsusceptiblesubpopulations? '(#'(#  ( '(P'('/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.4.40  BrainstormingListofProjects( '(P'(' /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  8 (#(#  ' ThefollowingisanunrankedlistingofthelessonslearnedprojecttitlesproposedbytheLessonsLearnedBreakoutGroupasaresultofthebrainstormingsessionsheldonJuly27and28,1999.Theprojectsarelistedbeloweachofthequestionstheyaddress,inaccordancewiththeorganizationandformatofthebrainstormingsessions.Question10incorporatesadditionalquestionsandprojectsconsideredbythegroup.Followingthebrainstormingsession,thegroupcombinedthislistinto14projectareas,ofwhich13werefurtherdevelopedintotheprojectdescriptionsinSection4.4.5(the14thwaspassedtotheExposureAssessmentGroupforconsideration).Noneoftheprojectareaswaseliminatedfromconsideration.ThenumbersinparenthesesfollowingtheprojectsarecrossreferencedtotheprojectdescriptionsinSection4.4.5.0(P'(01.0  Aspectsofprogrammanagement,includingplanningandconductingthestudyand  documentingandreportingtheresults? \ (#(# 0  (1)0(#(#Documentwhathasbeenlearnedtobuildforthefuture.(LL3)n"(#(# 0  (2)0(#(#SurveystartupcostsassociatedwithNHEXAS,withthegoalofminimizingcostsby  $ andacrossconsortia: (#(# 3  0      30(#(#  infrastructurecosts,3݌ ((#(# Ќ  3  0      3}0(#(#  identifycostefficienciesinconductingNHEXASprojects.(LL11)3}݌!F*(#(# Ќ  0  (3)0(#(#EPAshouldanalyzecoordinationandcommunicationwithinandacrossagencies,and X#, acrossconsortia.(LL11) (#(# 0  (4)0(#(#Whatisimpactofnonuniformityofmethodsandproceduresacrosstheconsortia? &l!0 (LL-10,LL11) (#(# 0  (5)0(#(#IdentifyandevaluateappropriateQA/QCacrosslaboratoriesanddatareportingformats; (0$4 includeNISTevaluationandoptimizeforfuturestudies.(LL10) (#(# 2.0  Representativenessofsurveydesignsandeffectsrelatedtoprobabilitysampling,samplesize +&8 andweighting,stratification,oversampling,anddemographics?-V(:(#(# L 9(L0  (1)0(#(#Analyzethedataforvariancecomponents,includingspatial,time,populationand  subpopulation,activitiesbydifferentpathways,anddifferentpollutantsforimpactonfutureNHEXASsurveydesigns.(LL2) (#(# 0  (2)0(#(#AnalyzetheNHEXAS-generateddatatoaddressthequalityofassumptionsaboutthe & designeffectsandvariablesaspresentedinthepaperbyCallahanetal.,1995.(LL-1) (#(# 3.0  Recruitingparticipantsandthepossibleimpactofdifferentproceduresandincentiveson    responserates? L (#(# L 99L0  (1)0(#(#Analyzedatatocomparestrategiesandrecommendationsforrecruitment,impacton ^  responserates,andincentives(utilizeNHEXASanddatafromotherstudies)"aretrospectivelookatsuccessesandfailures.(LL5) (#(# 0  (2)0(#(#Identifykeyfactorsassociatedwithrecruitmentandresponserates.(LL5) (#(# 0  (3)0(#(#Analyzenonresponsebiasforthepopulationandvarioussubgroupsacrossconsortia. 6 (LL5) (#(# 4.0  Effectivenessandlimitationsofstudydesignsforestimatingmultimedia,multipathway  exposuresforthegeneralpopulation,forsusceptiblesubpopulations,andforthemostexposed?n(#(# L 99L0  (1)0(#(#Similartoanalysesproposedtoaddressquestion2andalsotoincludeanalysisof    participantandfieldteamburden.(LL7) (#(# 0  (2)0(#(#Summarizeexperiencesrelatedtouseofscreeningtoolsforfuturestudybychemical $ andmedia.(LL6) (#(# 0  (3)0(#(#AnalyzedatatoaddressstrategiesfordesigningNHEXASstudiesrelatedtotime X ( intervalsofconcernandlimitsofdetectionandmethodsensitivity.(LL6) (#(# 0  (4)0(#(#Compiledataandexperiencesacrossconsortiatooptimizefuturestudiesacrossmedia, #l, pathways,pollutants,andpollutantclasses.(LL3) (#(# 5.0  Useoffieldmonitoringprocedures(e.g.,questionnaires,samplingmethods,sample %0!0 handlingandtracking),theirburdenonparticipant,practicalityofapplication,andcostsversusbenefits?(#4(#(# L 99L0  (1)0(#(#Documentfieldmonitoringlogistics,includingprocedures(andrecommendationsfor *V%6 improvement),shipping,samplepreservation,etc.(LL7) (#(# 0  (2)0(#(#Documentsuccessesandfailures.(LL7),(:(#(# 0  (3)0(#(#Evaluatemonitoringproceduresacrossconsortia,againstvariouscriteria,suchas  burden,costs,accuracyandprecision,sensitivity,relevancytostudyobjectives,etc.(LL-7) (#(# 6.0  Effectivenessofquestionnairesanddiariesincollectinginformationtoestimateordescribe & exposures(e.g.,burden,cooperation,complianceutility)?8 (#(# L 99L0  (1)0(#(#Complianceissues.(LL12)  (#(# 0  (2)0(#(#Consistenciesofresponse.(LL12) L (#(# 0  (3)0(#(#Reliabilityandvalidity.(LL12)^ (#(# 0  (4)0(#(#Indicatorsofexposure(referredtotheExposureAssessmentGroup). (#(# 0  (5)0(#(#RelatethequestionnairerationaleusedintheOfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB) "r  approvalwithactualresponses.(LL-12) (#(# 0  (6)0(#(#Evaluatetheeffectivenessofdietarycheckofflistwithfooddiary.(LL12)6(#(# 0  (7)0(#(#Time/activitypatternandvideoanalysiswithcomparisonstoexposure(referredtothe H ExposureAssessmentGroup). (#(# 7.0  Limitationsassociatedwithsampleanalysis,selectinganalytes,attainingappropriate  \ detectionlimitsandQC,andholding,shipping,andstoringsamples?n(#(# L 99L0  (1)0(#(#Provideaninterpretivereportofthecomparabilityexperimentacrossconsortia,    includingananalysisofdataquality.(LL10) (#(# 0  (2)0(#(#Evaluatemethodsacrossmedia(equivalency,etc.).(LL7)$(#(# 8.0  Creatingandarchivingdatabases?F&(#(# L 99L0  (1)0(#(#DocumentlimitationsofNHEXASdata.(LL13)X ((#(# 0  (2)0(#(#Standardizewaystodocumentdataacrossconsortia.(LL13)! *(#(# 0  (3)0(#(#Creationandstandardizationofaninformationshellthatincludesfieldcollection #l, observationsandissues.(LL13) (#(# 0  (4)0(#(#Assessmentoftheprocessesusedbyeachconsortium.(LL13)%0!0(#(# 0  (5)0(#(#0(#(#QCdataandcoordinationwithEPAdataqualityindicatorproject.(LL13)B'"2(#(# 9.0  Communicatingdatatoparticipants,stateandlocalhealthagencies,andthescientific (#4  community?*V%6(#(# L 99L0  (1)0(#(#Developauniformstrategyforfuturestudiesthatisconsistentwithhumansubjects  InstitutionalReviewBoardreviewrequirementsandparticipantconfidentialityissues.(LL7) (#(#  0  (2)0(#(#Participantinterpretationissues"developaplanforthefuturethroughinterviewswith & NHEXASresearchers.(LL7) (#(# 10.0  Otherquestionsandprojectsproposedbythegroup:  (#(# L 99L0  (1)0(#(#Timeintegrationissues:acuteverseslongtermexposures.(LL2) L (#(# 0  (2)0(#(#Analysisofvariance(populationversusindividual).(LL2)^ (#(# 0  (3)0(#(#Valueofinformationandcostbenefitof (#(# 3  0  0(#(#  3^0(#(#  questionnaires,3^݌"r (#(# Ќ  3  0  0(#(#  3-0(#(#  biomarkers,3-t݌ (#(# Ќ  3  0  0(#(#  30(#(#  environmentalconcentration,and3?݌6(#(# Ќ  3  0  0(#(#  3خ0(#(#  personalexposures.(LL8)3خ݌H(#(# Ќ  0  (4)0(#(#Identifyclusters,factors,andprincipalcomponentsassociatedwithpopulation  distributionsresultingfromNHEXAS.(LL2) (#(# 0  (5)0(#(#Whathavewelearnedandwhatdowestillneedtoknow?(LL4)n(#(# 0  (6)0(#(#HowcanpilotinformationbeanalyzedtodesigntheoptimumnationalNHEXAS    survey?(LL4) (#(# 0  (7)0(#(#Definemethodstooptimizeexposuremanagementandreductionandtheeffectiveness $ ofregulations.(LL4) (#(# 0  (8)0(#(#IdentifydifferencesbetweenNHEXASandNHANES.(LL4)X ((#(# 0  (9)0(#(#Evaluatehypotheses;whatwastestable,whyorwhynot?(LL1)! *(#(# ( !r!/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.4.50  ProjectDescriptions(Znts ޳!r! /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  ~$.(#(#   ~'"2 =dBXXdXXd=*XddUdd Udd dd%dd '(#(#,MM,YM,MM, MY+  *0  */X/XdBProjectName: B0'3! 0 B#/XdBX/#LL1.SurveyandStatisticalAspectsoftheDesignofanExposureField   Study:LessonsLearnedfromtheNHEXASPilotStudies/X/XdB J'=*  0' JShortProject   Description: B''3!j' BThisprojectisareview,revision,andupdatingofthediscussions,analyses,andconclusionsintheCallahanetal.paper(JEAEE,1995)inlightoftheNHEXASexperience.ThehypotheticalcalculationsinCallahanwouldbereplacedwithcalculationsbasedonactualNHEXASdata.Inaddition,theanalyticalandstatisticalhypothesesthatweregeneratedinthedesignoftheNHEXASpilotswillbereviewedtodeterminewhichhypothesesweretestableandwhichwerenot. J'=*z    '' JGoal/Objective: B''3!O  ' BTheobjectiveoftheprojectistoprovidedirectlyrelevantandspecificguidanceforthesampleandsurveydesignaspectsofanationalNHEXASorotherlargemultichemical,multimediaexposurefieldstudy. J'=*   '' JSignificanceof   Project: B''3!4 ' BTheCallahanpaperinfluencedthedesignoftheNHEXASpilots.Itsrevisionwillprovidescientificallyrelevant,specific,andcurrentguidanceforthedesignofafullnationalNHEXAS,andalsoforotherregionalornationalhumanexposurefieldstudies,especiallymultichemical,multimediastudies. J'=* 4   '' JSuggested   Approach: B''3!i ' BCallahanetal.(JEAEE,1995)discussedthestatisticalandsurveydesignissuesinvolvedindesigningapopulationbasedenvironmentalexposurestudy.Itmadeanumberofdesignrecommendations!abouttheoptimalselectionofPrimaryandSecondarySamplingUnits(PSUsandSSUs)andhouseholds,aboutscreeningstrategies,abouttheselectionoftargethouseholdmember,etc.Manyoftheserecommendationswerebasedoncalculationsofhypotheticalintraclasscorrelations,designeffects,andvariances.ThereisnowawealthofdataavailablefromthethreeNHEXASpilotstudiesthatisgermanetothesesurveydesignissues.Thisprojectwouldinvolveareviewofthediscussions,analyses,andconclusionsinCallahaninlightoftheNHEXASexperience.Thehypotheticalcalculationsofdesigneffectsandintraclasscorrelationswouldbereplacedwithcalculationsbasedonactualdata,andtheconclusionsandrecommendationsrevisited.Theseanalyseswouldberepeatedfordifferentpollutantsandclassesofpollutantstodetermineifdifferentconclusionswouldbereachedfordifferentpollutants.Inaddition,theanalyticalandstatisticalhypothesesthatweregeneratedinthedesignoftheNHEXASpilotswillbereviewedtodeterminewhichhypothesesweretestableandwhichwerenot.Testabilitywouldbemeasuredthroughthecalculationofthestatisticalpowersofthetests.Testswithhighpowerswouldbedeemedtestable,whereastestswithlowpowerwouldbedeemednottestable.Throughareviewofthedata,thereasonsfortheultimatelytestabilitywillbedetermined.Thesecalculationswillleadtoconclusionsregardingthetestabilityofthehypotheses,andtheoptimaldesignoffutureenvironmentalexposurestudies. J'=*i'  '' JDataorInput >( Needs: B''3!>)' BForeachhouseholdineachofthethreeNHEXASpilots,thefollowingdataareneeded:thePSUandSSUcontainingthehousehold;thedesignstratumcontainingthehousehold;andthedataoneachpollutant/mediumsampled. J'=*,  '' JFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!0' BThecurrentNHEXASdatafileshavethenecessarydatatoperformthecalculations.Atworst,therearepotentiallysmalloremptycellsinthesurveydesignsthatmightforcecombiningcellsorqualifyingtheconclusions.#/XdBX/#:0.#3   '' :*dXdMMYMMM MY (#(#,SS,_S,9_S,i__+  .'! K 3 ./X/XdB   ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort J'=*Y 4   ' J TimeTable: ?''0!;!5' ? Duration*  A''2$;!6"'' A ResearchOutputs D:';!7"  '' D ,''"m8 ,Month O''@!"m9"'' # O0 I'':5"m:" # '' I0Pr0(1)0  Initiateproject I?("m;""  '' I =''.#"O<99  =Month ;'',!"O="'' ;13 5''&!"O>"'' 5(2)0  Gatherdatasets;plan,review,andapprovethestatisticalanalyses I?("O?""  '' I &'' #? &Month ;'',!#1@"'' ;48#/XdBX/#/X/XdB 5''&!#1A"'' 5(3)0  Performthestatisticalanalyses I?(#1B""  '' I &'' $B &Month Z''K!$ C"''  "@9"@Z9#/XdBX/#/X/XdB T''E@$ D"  "@9 "@'' T(4)0  Draftthereport I?($ E""  '' I &'' % E &Month ;'',!% F"'' ;912#/XdBX/q#/X/XdB 5''&!% G"'' 5(5)0  Review,revise,andfinalizethereport E;(% H""  '' E ,''&!I ,Month [''L!&!J"''  (@12(@[12 U''FA&!K"  (@12 (@'' U(6)0  Finaloutput:Reportwith_recomendations_Ԁfortheoptimaldesignofa &!L nationalscalehumanexposurestudy P'0?(7'"M""  '' PApproximate (i#N LevelofEffort: L''=2($Oee'0 L%Time ;'',!(i#P"'' ;Months >''/!(i#Q"'' > TypeofExpertiseNeeded  (i#R   Seniorandmidlevelsurveystatisticians,systemsanalysts,programmers#/XdBX/#/X/XdB MC'($S  '' M &'' )$S &25 [''L!)$T"''  (@12(@[12 U''FA)$U"  (@12 (@'' UPrincipalinvestigator D:#)$V   '' D F''7 *%V  I@50I@F50 z''kA*%W"  I@50 I@''  "@9"@z9 T''E@*%X"  "@9 "@'' TSeniorlevelstaff( associate),seniorsurveystatistician,databasemanager/programmer,dataanalyst F05]+&Z   '' F X''0G%,u'Z0 Y@100Y@X100 }''0lB?,'[" Y@100 Y@''0  @6@}6 V''0E@?,'\"  @6 @''0 VJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician)students,midlevelsurveystatistician,programmers B8,?(^  ''0 < B*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/2#/"X/XdB:0.-C)_ <   :#/XdBX"/#*'d dSS_S9_S9i__i(#(#,Fdd ,9dd ,dd ,)dd +  -0  $$-/X/XdBProjectName: @03!$0 @#/XdBX/#LL2.CharacterizationoftheVarianceComponentsofNHEXASData $ toOptimizeFutureDesigns/X/XdB I'<* $$ 0 0IShortProject P Description: =3!' =CharacterizethevariancecomponentsofNHEXASdata,includingtheinterandintrapersonal,temporal(e.g.,integrationtime,seasonal,weekly),activityrelated,andspatialvariabilitiesbysamplesizeforeachofthepollutantsbypathway/mediumandbyintegratedtotalexposure.ResultswillbeusedtooptimizefutureNHEXASdesign. I'<* `  00  0IGoal/Objective: =3! p ' =TheprimarygoaloftheproposedprojectistousetheNHEXASdatatodeterminetheappropriatesamplingstrategiesforthedifferentpollutantsandpathways.Toachievethisgoal,theproposed?"% (P (P ?projectwillcharacterizethevariancecomponentsoftheNHEXASexposuredatatoL $)2QTUh9L3 Z  % (P (30 estimatetheoptimumsamplesizeandnumberofrepeatedmeasures(SABcommentsII.A.2and4);0  " " 0 determinehowexposuredistributionsvaryacrosstimeandspaceandidentifyfactorsthatinfluence  0 thisvariation(II.A.2);  " " 0 assesswhetherthevariancecomponentsdifferbysubpopulation,includingsusceptibleandhighly @  exposedsubpopulations(II.A.4);and  " " 0 investigatehowtheexposurecharacteristicsofthevarioussubpopulationsareinfluencedbyactivity   patterns,geographicarea,andSES(II.A.4). S'F4P  " " 00  0SSignificanceof `  Project: =3!` ' =TheproposedprojectdirectlyaddressesSABconcernsand,asaresult,willimprovesubstantiallytheabilitytooptimizethedesignoffutureNHEXASandotherexposurestudies.ItwillincorporatefindingsfromeachofthethreeNHEXASconsortiaandwillallowthesamplingplanofeachconsortiumtobeexaminedinasystematicandquantitativemanner. I'<*p 00  0ISuggested  Approach: =3!0' =ExposuredatafromeachofthethreeNHEXASstudieswillbeanalyzedtodeterminetheinterandintrapersonal,temporal,andspatialvariabilitiesinexposuredistributions.Analysiswillbeperformedbypollutant,bothpathwayspecificandasintegratedtotalexposure,aswellasbysubpopulation.Variabilitieswillbeassessedusingstandardstatisticalapproaches,includingthecoefficientofvariationandonewayanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)andmixedmodelapproaches.Graphicaltechniqueswillbeusedtoevaluateanddetermineappropriatepollutantandmediaspecificsamplingstrategies.Aspossible,pollutantswillbegroupedbasedonidentifiedappropriatesamplingstrategies. I'<*# 00  0IDataorInput $ Needs: =3!`%' =Fromeachpilotstudy(andprimarilytheMarylandNHEXASstudyfortemporaldata),thefollowingdatawillbeneeded:0 environmentalconcentrationandexposuredata,`( " " 0 questionnairedata,and) " " 0 time/activitydata. W'J4p* " " 00  $$WFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): =3!.' =High,allthenecessarydataexists. M'@*t/ $$  0 M@Z Z ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@* 0 00  ' 0 MTimeTable: N'A2!10DD! ' N Duration*  6')$!2"' 6  ResearchOutputs J0='!3  00 ' 0 J 3'&x"3 0 3ӀMonth M'@!"4' # M0 G':5"5" # ' G c dZ  (1)0 d Initiateproject:Compilationofthedatafromtheconsortia K0>("6d"d" 00 ' 0 K 3'&#6 0 3Month 9',!#7"' 9318 3'&!#8"' 3(2)0 d Analysesofthedata#/XdBX/#/X/XdB K0>(#9d"d" 00 ' 0 K 3'&$9 0 3Month 9',!$ :"' 91524 3'&!$ ;"' 3'c dc f'(3)0 d Finaloutputs:$ <d"d" L V$)2QTU@hh$)2QTUL d   0  0d""d2@3  0d"d"  Reportingoftheoptimizedsamplingstrategiesbypollutantand x% = pathwayd݌ "" Ќ  L V$)2QTU@hhV$)2QTUL d   0  0d""dW2@3  0d"d"  0@"Publishinginpeerreviewedjournals#/XdBX/#/X/XdBdW݌ O'0>(&("?"" 00 ' 0OЌ  Approximate '8#@ LevelofEffort: J'=2(#A0ZZ.'0 J%Time 9',!'8#B"' 9Months <'/!'8#C"' < TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'=''8#D" 00 ' 0 J PF($D '  $@10$@P10 g]2(H$E"  $@10 $@  8@248@g24 A72(H$F"  8@24 8@ APrincipalinvestigator 8'+(H$G 00  0 8 QG)(%G ' Y@100Y@Q100 h^3*X%H" Y@100 Y@  8@248@h24 A72*X%I"  8@24 8@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+*X%J 00  0 8 X'G*8&J ' Y@100Y@X100 ~'mB+h&K" Y@100 Y@'  8@248@~24 W'FA+h&L"  8@24 8@' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students E'4+h&M 00 ' 0E 70&+H'M' 7 =0,!(,x'N"0 = 70&!(,x'O"0 7Other(describe): B8(,x'P 00 0 <B*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeach_step.#/XdBX/K#:0.D-(Q <   :*'ddFdd F9dd 9dd )dd )'(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,=dd +  %0  %/X/XdBProjectName: @03!d0 @#/XdBX/#LL3.UsingLessonsLearnedToMovetoaNationalNHEXASor d OtherMajorFieldStudy/X/XdB ?'2$P0 ?ShortProject  Description: 4*!0' 4Thisprojectwillcaptureandintegratetheknowledgegleanedfromtheanalysis,interpretation,andevaluationoftheexperiencesinundertakingtheNHEXASpilotstudiesforassistingindesigningandplanningthenextgenerationofNHEXASorothermajorfieldstudies.Includedwouldbeanevaluationoftheabilityofeachconsortiumtoachievetheobjectivesorhypothesesoriginallyproposedforeachtypeofinvestigation. 6')@   6Goal/Objective: 4*!  ' 4$  c dx$(1)0 TocompiletheresultsandconclusionsfromtheanalysesconductedbytheNHEXASstudies.   " " (2)0 Toevaluatethesuccessesandfailuresoftheindividualpilotstudiesinachievingtheoriginal 4   hypothesesproposedbyeachconsortium.  " " (3)0 TodocumentthesuccessesandshortcomingsoftheNHEXASpilotstudiesbasedonthe   outcomesofimplementingtheentirestrategicanalysisplan.  " " (4)0 TosynthesizeastrategytobegintheprocessofdesigningthenextgenerationofNHEXASbased D  onthesuccessesandshortcomingsfromtheevaluationoftheNHEXASpilotstudies. @'3%  " " @Significanceof 8  Project: 4*! ' 4TheproductsandoutcomeofthiseffortareneededtoprovidejustificationandadefensiblescientificbasistobegindesigninganationalscaleNHEXAS. 6')  6Suggested , Approach: 4*!' 4(1)0 Obtaincompletedsignificantanalysesonthedatabasesandinformationcontentobtainedbyeach , consortium,andfromtheimplementationoftheStrategicAnalysisPlan.  " " (2)0 Developaplantoutilizea_multidisciplinary_ԀteamtoundertakeandcompleteGoals/Objectives < 1through3forthisproject.  " " (3)0 OncompletionofGoals/Objectives1through3,Goal/Objective4willbeimplementedbyEPA. @'3% " " @DataorInput 0 Needs: 4*!' 4TheanalysesconductedtoachieveeachstudyshypothesesandobjectivesandtheresultsfromtheimplementationoftheSABapprovedStrategicAnalysisPlan.TheprojectinitiationiscontingentonhavingsufficientlycompletedproductsfromotherprojectsintheStrategicAnalysisPlan. 6')@"  6Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!& ' 4High,iftheStrategicAnalysisPlanisimplemented,includingthelessonslearnedprojects. :'-'  :  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$((  '  CTimeTable: N'A2l)'AA3 ' N Duration*  6')$l*"' 6  ResearchOutputs @03!l+ '  @ 3'&L+ 0 3Month X'K!`,"'  ?1?X1 R'E@`-"  ?1 ?' R O I  (1)0 I Initiateproject: A04"`.I"I"'  A 3'&@ . 0 3Month \'O! /"' @@36194@@\24 V'ID 0" @@36194 @@' V(2)0 I Collectandcompilefromotherproject 80+" 1I"I"'  8 3'&!1 0 3Month \'O!!82"' @36286@\57 V'ID!83" @36286 @' V(3)0 I Evaluateinformationandsummarizefindings A04"!84I"I"'  A 3'&"4 0 3Month Y'L!,#|5"'  (@12(@Y12 S'FA,#|6"  (@12 (@' S(4)0 I Finaloutputs:Finalreport E'04",#|7I"I"' EApproximate p$8 LevelofEffort: J'=2 %p 9'dd+A'0 J%Time 9',!p$:"' 9Months 3'&!p$;"' 3   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!p$< '  @ PFP% < '  I@50I@P50 f\2%!="  I@50 I@  @6@f6 @61%!>"  @6 @ @PrincipalInvestigator .'!%!?  . QG&!? ' r@300r@Q300 h^3&H"@" r@300 r@  B@36B@h36 A72&H"A"  B@36 B@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) .'!&H"B  . K':'(#B ' # K0 e'T5<(#C" # ' # e0 K':5<(#D" # ' KJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students ;'*<(#E' ; X0G)l$E' Y@100Y@X100 ~0mB)$F" Y@100 Y@0  (@12(@~12 W0FA)$G"  (@12 (@0 WOther(describe):Secretarialsupport 4*)$H0 4*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/#4*(*&I   4  +&I *'dddd dd dd =dd ='(#(#, $d ,dd ,dd ,dd +  -0  L-/X/XdBProjectName: @03!L0 @#/XdBX/#LL4.OptimizingNHEXASPilotInformationandMethodsToAchieve L ExposureManagement,ExposureReduction,andImprovedEffectivenessofRegulatoryStrategies/X/XdB M'@*$ L 0 LMShortProject $t Description: 4*!$' 4AthoroughevaluationwillbeperformedofsingleandmultimediapollutantissuesandregulatoryinitiativesforthepurposeofdesigningthenationalscaleNHEXAS.Theinformationobtainedinthepilotstudiesandothersourceandeffectsinformationwillbeutilizedtoprioritizetheselectionofpollutantsandpathwaysleadingtoexposure. D'7!4   L  LDGoal/Objective: 4*!H  ' 4 ! " O (1)0 " Tobuildaknowledgebaseonthecurrentandemergingscientificandregulatoryissuesassociated H   withpollutantsandtheiroccurrenceinmultimedia. " "" " (2)0 " Tobuildaknowledgebaseontheprevalenceofxenobioticsmeasuredinbiologicalsamplesfrom   humanpopulations. " "" " (3)0 " Todevelopstrategiesforoptimizingexposureinformationthatpermiteffectivemanagementand X  reductionprograms. " "" " (4)0 " Tolinktheaccomplishmentsofobjectives1through3tosupportmovingforward,aspartofthe h  inputtothedesignofthenationalscaleNHEXAS. N'A+h " "" " L  LNSignificanceof ,|  Project: 4*!, ' 4ThisprojectprovidesscientificandpolicybuyinforjustifyingtheimplementationofanationalscaleNHEXAS. D'7!,  L  LDSuggestedApproach: 4*!P' 4TheimplementationofthisprojectisanEPAinitiative.ItrequiresNERLtoidentifyateamofscientiststoworkwiththeprogramoffices,othergovernmentagencies,states,andotherstakeholderstoacquiretheknowledgebaseforselectingandprioritizingpollutantsandpathwaysandforidentifyinginnovativeexposurereductionstrategies.EvaluatethesuccessandcompletenessoftheaboveinworkshopscomposedofEPAandextramuralscientists,otherprofessionals,andstakeholders.IncorporatetheoutputfromtheworkshopstorefineandaugmenttheknowledgebasetobeusedfordesigningthenationalscaleNHEXAS.TheknowledgebuildingshouldbeginassoonaspracticalandbecompletedinatimelyfashiontobereadytosupportmovingtothefutureNHEXAS. D'7!" L  LDDataorInput $# Needs: 4*!4%' 4InformationisobtainedfromtheNHEXASStrategicAnalysisPlanresults,programofficeactivitiesandinitiatives,NHANES,otherexposureandhealthrelatedstudies(e.g.,EPA/ORDSTARGrantProgram,NIEHS,NationalCancerInstitute,HealthEffectsInstitute,NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth,ATSDR),andstateexposuredataandpollutionreductioninitiatives. D'7!4) L  L DFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 4*!X- ' 4 High,ifinitiatedinatimelymanner. H';!H. L  L H  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort Q'D*l/  L  ' L QTimeTable: 0 0  E'82 01[[>F ' E  Duration* 6')$0 2 ' 6   ResearchOutputs N0A'0 3  L ' L N 3'& H3 0 3.  Month M'@!D!4"' # M0 G':5D!5" # ' G " *! " (1)0  Initiateproject O0B(D!6"" L ' L O 3'& "\6 0 3Month \'O!X"7"' `@36163`@\14 V'IDX"8" `@36163 `@' V(2)0  Buildingaknowledgebase F09(X"9"" L ' L F 3'& #p9 0 3Month \'O!l#:"' @36286@\57 V'IDl#;" @36286 @' V(3)0  Identifyingstrategiesandconductingaworkshop O0B(l#<"" L ' L O 3'&4$< 0 3Month \'O!$="' @36380@\89 V'ID$>" @36380 @' V(4)0  Finaloutputs:Synthesisofinformationandtransferringoutputto $? supportmovingtothefutureNHEXAS S'0B(0% @"" L ' LSApproximate D&!A LevelofEffort: J'=2&D"BLLLbT'0 J%Time 9',!D&!C"' 9Months 3'&!D&!D"' 3   TypeofExpertiseNeeded N'A'D&!E  L ' L N QG '\"E ' Y@100Y@Q100 g]3X'"F" Y@100 Y@  "@9"@g9 @61X'"G"  "@9 "@ @Principalinvestigator <'/X'"H L  L < QG (p#H ' i@200i@Q200 h^3l(#I" i@200 i@  2@182@h18 A72l(#J"  2@18 2@ ASeniorlevelstaff( associate) <'/l(#K L  L < W'F4)$K '  I@50I@W50 ~'mA)$L"  I@50 I@' @4.5@~4.5 X'GB)$M" @4.5 @' XJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students I'8)$N L ' LI X'GH*%N' Y@100Y@X100 }'lB*%O" Y@100 Y@'  "@9"@}9 V'E@*%P"  "@9 "@' VOther(describe):Secretarialandothersupportstaff E04*%Q L ' LE :0)\+&Q0 : @0/!+&R"0 @ 70&!+&S"0 7Costofworkshop B8+&T L0 0 LB*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/#:0.,$(U L   :   -(U *dd $d dd dd dd '(#(#,0M,=YM,9MM,qMY+  &0  (& /X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/$@# B0'3!(0 BLL5.InfluenceofIncentives,ResponseRates,andNonresponseBiason ( SurveyDesign/X/XdB B'5* (0 0' B#/XdBX/A#// X/XdBShortProjec#/XdBX //A#/X/XdBt D Description: B''3! Z' B *  " X " 6*0 AnalysisofNHEXASrecruitmentproceduresandincentivesandtheireffectsonresponseratesfor D varioussubpopulations.  " "  0 AnalysisofpotentialbiasresultingfromNHEXASnonresponsebasedoninformationobtainedfrom  theDescriptiveQuestionnaire,andinformation/observationsrecordedbyinterviewerson_noncontacts_Ԁornonrespondentsforeachstudyandforvarioussubpopulations. F'9. T  " "'' FGoal/Objective: B''3!H  ' B 0 Determinetherecruitmentproceduresandincentivesthatshouldberecommendedforanational H   NHEXASorotherlargefieldstudy.  " "  0 Determinetheextentofnonresponsebiasthatcanbeexpectedateachstageofthesestudies. F'9.  " "'' FSignificanceof  <  Project: B''3! ' BProjectedparticipantincentivesandresponserateswillbeamajorconsiderationforOMBapprovalofanationalNHEXAS.Itwillbenecessarytoprojectreasonablyhighresponseratesandtojustifytheincentivesandproceduresproposedtoachievethoseresponserates. <'/$L '' <SuggestedApproach: B''3!@ ' B 0 Contrastrecruitmentstrategies,informationprovidedtopotentialrespondents,incentives,and   responseratesacross(andwithin,wherefeasible)thethreeNHEXASpilotstudiesforsubpopulationsofinterest.  " "  0 CompareNHEXASrecruitmentprocedures,incentives,andresponserateswiththosefromother   studiescollectingcomparabledata(e.g.,TEAMandNHANES).  " "  0 UsetheNHEXASDescriptiveQuestionnairedatatocomparecharacteristicsorrespondentsand P nonrespondents  " " 0  " X  " X0L V$)2QTU@hhV$)2QTUL d   dL2@3  0 "   foreachNHEXASpilotstudy,dLCL݌`" "" " Ќ   d   dL2@3  0 "   foreachstageofparticipation,anddLM݌`" "" " Ќ   d   dM2@3  0 "   forsubpopulationsofinterest(e.g.,race/ethnicity;gender;urbanicity).dMM݌ F'9." "" "'' FЌ  DataorInput T  Needs: B''3!!' B 0 " IndicatorsfromeachNHEXASpilotstudyofparticipationforeachstageofthestudy:T"" "" " Householdscontacted(noanswer/refusals/numberofcontacts)DescriptiveQuestionnaireBaselineQuestionnaireCoremonitoringSamplingforeachmatrixandpollutant 0  " X  " X00 Documentationoftherecruitmentprocedures(includinginformationprovided,informedconsent, $t( approachesusedforquestionnairesandsampling,communicationsandcontactswithpress/community,etc.)andincentivesusedbyeachNHEXASpilotstudy  " " NHEXASDescriptiveQuestionnairedataIncentives,recruitmentprocedures,andresponseratesforotherstudiescollectingcomparabledata(e.g.,TEAMandNHANES) 0 QualitySystemsImplementationPlans,protocolsforsurveysamplingandtrainingmanualsforsurvey D . teams J''9. D/ " "'' JFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): D'''3!H$3'' DMustcompleteQConDescriptiveQuestionnairedataforeachNHEXASconsortium.MustcompleteNHEXASchemicalanalyses,setrespondentflags,andQCthoseflags.MustdocumentallNHEXASrespondentselectionproceduresforeachstageofeachstudy.4*(#6  ''' 4* Xdd0M=YM=9MM9qMYq(#(#,SS,9_S,9_S, __+  "0 (%x 6 "ProjectName: B0'3!d0 B#/XdBX/A#LL5(_contd_).InfluenceofIncentives,ResponseRates,andNonresponse d BiasonSurveyDesign/X/XdB @'3$P0' @@Z Z  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort @'3$' @ TimeTable: P''A2'QQuZ' P Duration* A''2$"'' A ResearchOutputs ?5!"'' O? &''   &Month O''@! X"'' # O0 I'':5 X " # '' I(1)Initiateproject ;1 X  O '' O; &''  C  &Month Z''K!W  "''  @6@Z6 T''E@W  "  @6 @'' T(2)Securenecessarydata;QAdata 6,W   O '' 6 &'' B   &Month [''L! "''  (@12(@[12 U''FA "  (@12 (@'' U(3)Finaloutputs:Impactofresponseratesonsurveydesign 8'0' '' 8Approximate  :  LevelofEffort: L''=2 ddh'0 L%Time ;'',! : "'' ;Months 5''&! : "'' 5   TypeofExpertiseNeeded :0! :  '' : F''7    $@10$@F10 {''lA.~ "  $@10 $@''  (@12(@{12 U''FA.~ "  (@12 (@'' UPrincipalInvestigator 1'.~ '' 1 F''7 ^   I@50I@F50 {''lAr "  I@50 I@''  (@12(@{12 U''FAr "  (@12 (@'' USeniorlevelstaff( associate) 1'r '' 1 H'''7 R   I@50I@H50 }'''lA "  I@50 I@'''  (@12(@}12 W'''FA "  (@12 (@''' WJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students 80' ''' 8 7'0& 0 7 ='0,!J"'0 = 7'0&!J "'0 7Other(describe): <2J!'0 x <*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.:0.R" x   :#/XdBX/ZW#  R" *)'*d XdSS9_S99_S9 __ (#(#,|dd ,dd ,dd , dd +  )0  4)/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/e#/X/XdB B0'3!40 B  #/XdBX/ f#LL6.ApplicationofScreeningToolsforLargeScale 4 ExposureFieldStudies/X/XdB I'<*  40 0' 4I#/XdBX/f#/X/XdBShortProject  p Description: 9''*! ' 9AnalyzedatafromNHEXASpilotstudiestoassessthereproducibility,accuracy(i.e.,falsepositive/falsenegative),limitsofdetection(LODs),ranges,interferences,andcostsofscreeningmethodsrelativetodataobtained.Fromtheanalysis,identifymethodsthatwereunsuccessfulandothermethods(i.e.,questionnaires)thatcouldserveasscreeningtoolsinlargescaleexposurestudiestoidentifymorehighlyexposedindividualsandreducecosts. @'3! 0  40 '' 4@Goal/Objective: 9''*! D ' 9Toevaluatetheutilityoflowcostscreeningmethods6 ((" (  " X6(1)0 foridentifyinghouseholdsorsubjectsrequiringmoreintensivemonitoringand   " " (2)0 forprovidingdatausefulforexposureassessment(e.g.,distributions). J'=+T  " " 40 '' 4JSignificanceof h  Project: 9''*!h ' 9Multimedia,multipathwaystudiesareexpensivetoimplement.Forsomepollutantsandmedia,alargeproportionofthesamplesmayhavenodetectableanalytes.Astudydesignmayrequireidentifyinghighlyexposedindividualsforintensivestudy.Screeningmethodsareneededtoprovidealowcostapproachthatcanidentifyhighlyexposedindividualsandwhichsamplesormediashouldbeanalyzed.Inaddition,screeningmethodswithsufficientquantitativepowermayprovidedataadequateforexposureanalysis.AssessmentofscreeningmethodsandconcentrationdataobtainedfromthepilotstudieswillprovidevaluableinformationtoguidefutureNHEXASstudies. @'3!  40 '' 4@Suggested   Approach: 9''*!L' 9-  ((" (-(1)0 Identifyscreeningmethods,ormethodsthatcouldbeusedforscreening,fromtheNHEXASpilot   studies.  " " (2)0 Assesstheranges,reproducibility,accuracy(i.e.,falsepositives/falsenegatives)andLODSfor L identifiedscreeningmethodswithmorerigorousandexpensivemethods.  " " (3)0 Evaluatequestionnairedataasascreeningtool.\ " " (4)0 Determinewhichmethodsweresuccessful(orcouldbesuccessful)andthosethatwerenot. \ " " (5)0 Assessthecostandburden(participantandfieldstaff)ofmethodsthatshowpromiseforusein    futurestudies. J'=+l! " " 40 '' 4JDataorInput " Needs: 9''*!0#' 9(1)0 AlistingoffieldandanalysismethodsusedbyeachNHEXASpilotstudyconsortiumwiththe $ applicableanalytes,LODS,range,andassociatedQCdata.  " " (2)0 Resultsforpairedlowcost/highcostmethodsathomeswheretwoadultswereemployed.0& " " (3)0 Informationaboutthetimeandeffortneededtoimplementeachfieldcollectionormeasurement ' methodandanyassociatedlaboratoryandanalysiscosts. J'=+@( " " 40 '' 4JFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): 9''*!d,' 9 Therearesufficientdatagroupstoallowtheproposedanalysis.Someexamplesinclude,forVOCs, T- photoionizationdetectorandpassivediffusionbadgesversusactivelypumpedsorbenttubes;forpesticides,immunoassaymethodsandanalysesbygaschromatographywithvariousdetectors;formetals,XRFversusinductivelycoupledplasma(ICP)withvariousdetectors,atomicemission_spectrophotometry_ԀandICP/MS;forPAHsinair,real-timePAHmonitor. D'7!d1 40 '' 4D  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*( x2  40 ' 4MTimeTable: G''82(P"8I"I" 40 '' 4 K ,''0#8 0 ,Month Q''Bd#9''  @4@Q4 T''E@d#:U  @4 @'' T(2)0 I Compilelistingsofmethodologyandassociateddata(QC,range,LOD) d#; fromdatabases B05($d<I"I" 40 '' 4 B ,''$D < 0 ,Month R''C(%x =''  (@12(@R12 U''FA(%x >U  (@12 (@'' U(3)0 I Statisticalcomparisonsofpairedsampleresults,assessmentofsuccess (%x ? andcostofpotentialscreeningmethods K0>(%(!@I"I" 40 '' 4 K ,''&"@ 0 ,Month R''C&<"A''  2@182@R18 U''FA&<"BU  2@18 2@'' U(4)0 I Finaloutputs:Finalreportormanuscriptdescribingscreeningmethod &<"C assessmentresults O'0>('"DI"I" 40 '' 4OApproximate ($E LevelofEffort: C''42`)$F4[[{'0 C! d ld !%Time 2''#($G'' 2Months 5''&!($HU'' 5   TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'='($I  40 '' 4 J 5''&)$I ' 510% [''L!)%JU''  2@182@[18 U''FA)%KU  2@18 2@'' UPrincipalinvestigator 8'+)%L 40 '' 4 8 5''&*%L ' 525% [''L!*(&MU''  2@182@[18 U''FA*(&NU  2@18 2@'' USeniorlevelstaff( associate) 8'+*(&O 40 '' 4 8 5''&+'O ' 550% Z''K!+<'PU''  @6@Z6 T''E@+<'QU  @6 @'' TJuniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students E'4+<'R 40 '' 4E 7''0&,(R' 7Ј =''0,!-P(SU''0 =Ј 7''0&!-P(TU''0 7Other(describe):.$"-P(U 40  ''0 .*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/g#/X/XdB  -0)U #/XdBX/u#*+',dd|dd |dd dd  dd )'*(#(#,;dd ,9dd ,dd ,dd +  -0  L$-/X/XdBProjectName: B0'3!L0 B  #/XdBX/ #LL7.LessonsLearnedfromFieldSamplingandLaboratoryExperience L intheNHEXASPilotStudies/X/XdB M'@*8 L$ 0' L$MShortProjectDescription: B''3!D' BActualexperiencesofNHEXASpilotstudypersonnelwilldocumentimportantlessonslearnedfromconductingfieldmonitoringandlaboratoryanalyses. M'@*D L$ '' L$MGoal/Objective: B''3! d' BDocumentfieldandlaboratoryproceduresusedintheNHEXASpilotstudies,identifyproceduresthatworkedwell,andproviderecommendationsforimprovement.PilotstudysamplingandanalysisoutcomeswillbecomparedwithexpectedoutcomestoassesstheirapplicabilityandutilityforfutureNHEXASstudies. M'@*$ t  L$ '' L$MSignificanceof D   Project: B''3! D' BAgreatdealoftheactualexperiencegainedfromtheNHEXASpilotstudieshasnotbeendocumentedformally#/XdBX/*#/X/XdBԀandwouldbeinvaluableinthedesignandimplementationofalargescaleexposurestudy. M'@* D L$ '' L$MSuggestedApproach: B''3! ' BO @ d 0(1)0 @ Developinterviewquestions/issues.d @ "@ " (2)0 @ Interviewsand/oraworkshopforpilotstudyfieldandlaboratorypersonnel. @ "@ " (3)0 @ Documentproceduresandpracticesnotcapturedinstandardoperating_procudures_Ԁ(SOPs)thatare t  criticalforefficientimplementationoflargescalemultimediaandmultipathwaystudies. @ "@ " (4)0 @ CompareactualQC(accuracy,precision,andLODS)anddatarangeresultswithexpectedresultsto $  assesstheapplicabilityoftheprocedurestolargescaleexposurestudies. @ "@ " (5)0 @ Evaluateprocessofadministeringquestionnaires,samplingmethods,samplehandlingandtracking, 4  laboratoryprocedures,participanttrainingandburden(timeandlevelofunderstanding),fieldstaffburden(timeandtraining),etc. W'J4@ "@ " L$ '' L$WDataorInput  Needs: B''3!d' B(1)0 @ InterviewswithNHEXASpilotstudypersonnel(consortium,federalagencies,andfederalcontract  labs).Informationcollectedfrominterviewswilladdressproceduresandpractices,includingtheeffectivenessofadministeringquestionnaires,samplingmethods,samplehandlingandtracking,laboratoryprocedures,participanttrainingandburden(timeandlevelofunderstanding),fieldstaffburden(timeandtraining),etc. @ "@ " (2)0 @ Qualitycontroldataandsampleresultrangesforeachofthesampling/analysismethodsusedinthe $t# NHEXASpilotstudy. W'J4$$@ "@ " L$ '' L$WFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!T(' B Thisprojectiscurrentlyfeasibleifinitiatedinatimelymannerbecausemostpersonnelassociatedwith D) theNHEXASpilotstudiesareavailableandabletorecallanecdotalinformation.Itwillbeimportanttoimplementtheinterviewingportionofthisprojectassoonaspossibletocapturethisinformation.Theotherdataneededforthisevaluationisavailablenow,orwillbeavailableastheNHEXASpilotstudydatabasesarecompleted. Q'D*- L$ '' ($Q  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort Q'D*.  ($ ' ($Q TimeTable:  /  P''A2\0$>>' P  Duration* A''2$1 '' A  ResearchOutputs N0A'2  ($ '' ($ N 5''&2 0 5Month O''@!3"'' # O0 R''C54U # '' R9(v (x(N Xh(O @ 9(1)0 X Initiateproject X0K15X"X" ($ '' ($ X 5''&| 5 0 5Month Z''K! 6"''  @3@Z3 ]''N@ 7U  @3 @'' ](2)0 X Developinterviewquestions I?1 8X"X" ($ '' ($I &'' x!8 &Month Z''K!!9"''  @6@Z6 ]''N@!:U  @6 @'' ](3)0 X ImplementinterviewswithNHEXASpersonnel I?1!;X"X" ($ '' ($I &'' t"; &Month Z''K!"<"''  @6@Z6 ]''N@"=U  @6 @'' ](4)0 X AssembleQCandsampleresultranges I?1">X"X" ($ '' ($I &'' p#> &Month#/XdBX/#/X/XdB Z''K!#?"''  "@9"@Z9 ]''N@#@U  "@9 "@'' ](5)0 X Compareactualresultswithexpectedresults X0K1#AX"X" ($ '' ($ X 5''&l$A 0 5Month [''L!$B"''  (@12(@[12 ^''OA$CU  (@12 (@'' ^(6)0 X Finaloutputs:Reportdocumentingfieldmonitoringandlaboratory $D analysisexperienceandlessonslearned.ReportormanuscriptcomparingactualtoexpectedQCanddatarangeresults \'0K1%D!FX"X" ($ '' ($\Approximate &@"G LevelofEffort: L''=2'"HVV'0 L%Time ;'',!&@"I"'' ;Months >''/!&@"J"'' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded N'A'&@"K  ($ '' ($ N T''E'#K '  @5@T5 z''k@'<#LU  @5 @''  (@12(@z12 ^''OA'<#MU  (@12 (@'' ^Principalinvestigator E'8''<#N ($ '' ($ E U''F($N '  4@204@U20 {''lA(8$OU  4@20 4@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA(8$PU  (@12 (@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) E'8'(8$Q ($ '' ($ E V''G) %Q ' Y@100Y@V100 {''lB)4%RU Y@100 Y@''  "@9"@{9 ]''N@)4%SU  "@9 "@'' ]Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students R'A')4%T ($ '' ($R 7''0&*&T' 7Ј =''0,!*0&UU''0 =Ј @''0/!*0&VU''0 @Other(describe):VisitstoNHEXAScenters;travelneeded#/XdBX/# KA'*0&W ($ ''0 K/h/XdB*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/Z#:0.P,'X   : -P(X *-'.dd;dd ;9dd 9dd dd +',(#(#,ldd ,dd ,dd ,6dd +  /X/XdB %0  %#/XdBX/a#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/ȯ#/X/XdB B0'3!d0 B  #/XdBX/#LL8.ValueofInformationandCostBenefitAnalysisofExposure d Measures/X/XdB ?'2$P0' ?#/XdBX/#/X/XdBShortProject  Description: B''3!0' BTheproposedprojectwillevaluatethecosteffectivenessofthevariousexposuremeasuresforeachofthepollutantsandpathwaysusingdecisionanalysis,valueofinformation,andcostbenefitanalysistechniques.Specifically,theproposedprojectwillcomparetherelativecosteffectivenessofquestionnaires,environmentalsampling,personalsampling,andbiomarkerstoassessexposurestoeachofthepollutants.TheproposedanalyseswillincludeexposureassessmentmethodsusedintheNHEXASpilotstudies,aswellasassessmentmethodsdevelopedmorerecently. ?'2$ @ '' ?Goal/Objective: B''3!4  ' BTheprimaryobjectiveoftheproposedprojectistocomparethecostsandbenefitsofmethodsusedtocharacterizemultimediaexposuresforeachpollutantandexaminetheirimplicationsonsamplesizeneeds,samplingcostsandburdenstothestudysubjects. ?'2$ '' ?Significanceof (  Project: B''3! ' BTheproposedprojectdirectlyaddressesSABconcerns(CommentsA,B,andC)and,asaresult,willimprovesubstantiallytheabilitytooptimizethedesignoffutureNHEXASandotherexposurestudies.FindingsfromeachoftheNHEXASpilotstudieswillbeusedtodesignthemostcostefficientexposuredatasamplingstrategyforthefutureNHEXAS. ?'2$8 '' ?SuggestedApproach: B''3!,' BForeachpollutantandpathway,theproposedstudywill:9  v (x(N Xh(90 identifytheexposureassessmenttoolsandmethods(e.g.,questionnaires,microenvironmentaland , personalsampling,biomarkers)usedineachofthethreestudiesandfromotherpostNHEXASefforts;  " " 0 estimatetheassociatedcosts,dataquality,andsamplesizerequirementsforeachmethod;< " " 0 usevalueofinformationandcostbenefitanalysistoolstodeterminethecosteffectivenessofeach  method;and  " " 0 developmethodsselectioncriteria. I'<.L " "'' IDataorInput @  Needs: B''3!@!' BFromeachNHEXASstudy,thefollowingwillbeneeded:0 concentration,biomarker,questionnaire,andtime/activitydata;@# " " 0 methodsperformancedata;$ " " 0 themethodspecificdirectcostsandotherresourcerequirements;andP% " " 0 relevantdatafromrecentmethoddevelopmentstudies. I'<.P& " "'' IFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!T*' BHigh,allneededdataexist. C'6$D+'' C  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$, ' CTimeTable: P''A2 ,-'QQ#' P  Duration*  A''2$ ,. '' A  ResearchOutputs @03! ,/ ''  @ 5''&! / 0 5Month O''@! "p0'' # O0 R''C5 "p1U # '' R?.V(xA N I(  ?(1)0 I Initiateproject:Datacollectionandcompilation J0=+ "p2I"I"''  J 5''&#P2 0 5Month ^''O!d#3'' @36230@^312 a''RDd#4U @36230 @'' a(2)0 I Dataanalyses J0=+d#5I"I"''  J 5''&D$5 0 5Month ^''O!$6'' @36511@^1218 a''RD$7U @36511 @'' a(3)0 I Finaloutputs:Comparativeanalysisofdifferentexposureassessment $8 methodologies,methodsselectioncriteria,andpeerreviewedpublications N'0=+X% 9I"I"'' NApproximate &!: LevelofEffort: L''=2L'";ddG'0 L%Time ;'',!&!<'' ;Months >''/!&!='' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!&!> ''  @ U''F|'"> '  $@10$@U10 z''kA'0#?U  $@10 $@''  "@9"@z9 ]''N@'0#@U  "@9 "@'' ]Principalinvestigator 7'*!'0#A''  7 V''G($A ' Y@100Y@V100 |''mB$)t$BU Y@100 Y@''  2@182@|18 ^''OA$)t$CU  2@18 2@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) 7'*!$)t$D''  7 V''G*T%D ' Y@100Y@V100 |''mBh*%EU Y@100 Y@''  2@182@|18 ^''OAh*%FU  2@18 2@'' ^Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D'3!h*%G'' D 7''0&H+&G' 7Ј =''0,!+&HU''0 =Ј @''0/!+&IU''0 @Other(describe):1'%+&J  ''0 1*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/#  ,'J */'0ddldd ldd dd 6dd 6-'.(#(#,pdd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  /X/XdB -0  $-#/XdBX/#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/#/X/XdB B0'3!0 CB  #/XdBX/V#LL9.AssessmentsandRecommendationsforEffective  Communications/X/XdB M'@*C $ 0' $M#/XdBX/F#/X/XdBShortProject 4 Description: B''3!' BThepurposeofthisprojectistoreviewthecommunicationsproceduresputinplacebyeachofthethreeNHEXASpilotstudies,astheysharedindividualresultswithrespondentsandcompositedataorotherdatawithlocal,state,andfederalofficialsandorganizations. M'@*D $ '' $MGoal/Objective: B''3!4  ' BThegoalofthisprojectistocompareandcontrasttheparticipantcommunicationstrategiesimplementedbythethreeconsortiaandtodeterminewhichstrategiesorcomponentsworkedwellandwhichcomponentsneedimprovement. M'@*   $ '' $MSignificanceof    Project: B''3!4 ' BParticipantcommunicationisacomponentofhumanexposureassessmentthatoftenisoverlookedorgivenlowprioritybybothprojectplannersandsponsors,yetitisanimportantcomponentoftheoverallpackageofbenefitsthatareprovidedtotherespondentsandwhichservesasasignificantcomponentofthepackageofincentivesusedtopromoteparticipation.Inaddition,timelyreportingofvaluesthatexceednominalthresholdsisamandatorycomponentofallhumanexposureresearch. M'@*D  $ '' $MSuggested 4  Approach: B''3!4 ' BL V$)2QTU@hhV$)2QTUL`+ (xA @h(V (xA N I(`0 Theprocessesusedinthethreepilotstudiestoshareindividualresultswiththerespondentswillbe 4  reviewedandcompared.Therespondentmayberecontactedforabriefinterviewtodeterminehowwelltherespondentunderstoodtheinformationthatwasprovidedandtodeterminewhatquestionswerenotansweredfortherespondent.Aspartoftheinterview,orinafocusgroupsetting,thesamedatainformationusingeachoftheprocessesusedinthethreestudieswillbeshared.Thiswillallowdirectcomparisonofvaryingapproachesandshoulddeterminethebestmeansofsharingdatainthissetting.  " " 0 Next,interviewswiththelocalandstateagenciesthatreceivednotificationfromanyofthethree T studiesformeasuredvaluesexceedingstateorlocalreportingthresholdswillbeheld.Theprocessbywhichthedatawereshared,whateachagencydidafterreceivingthedata,andtherangeofthresholdsreportedbythestateswillbereviewed.Thresholdvaluesusedatthelocal,state,andfederallevelwillbecompiled.  " " 0 Then,thereportingmechanismsinplaceforthethreestudieswillbereviewedforcommon t" approaches.Asampleoftherecipientsofthereportswillbeselectedandinterviewsorfocusgroupswillbeconductedtoassesstheutilityofthereportsandwillseektodeterminetheinformationmissingfromthereportsortheinformationthatwasprovidedinamannerthatminimizeditsutility.Attemptswillbemadetodeterminewhatmeansofdatareportingareofvaluetodifferentlevelsofusers,andtodevelopabasicformattobeusedinreportingcompositedatatosubjects.  " " 0 Finally,meetingswillbeheldwithstateandlocalgovernmentagenciestoreviewtheirroleinrelease ( ofdataanddisseminationofresults.Theultimateproductoftheseeffortswouldbeacommunicationevaluationmanual. W'J4D* " " $ '' $WDataorInput 4+ Needs: B''3!,' BCopiesofmaterialusedbyeachoftheconsortiatoprovideresultstotherespondents.Copiesofreportsprovidingcompositedatatolocal,state,andfederalagenciesthatprovidedsupportorassistanceduringthesurveydesignphaseorduringdatacollection M'@*D/ $ '' $MFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!D"3' BNodatabaseaccessisrequired.Thiseffortwillrequireaccessonlytocopiesofmaterialusedbytheconsortiatoshareinformationwithrespondentsandtothereportsusedtoprovidecompositedata.Therefore,thisprojectisfeasiblewithoutaccesstocurrentorfuturedatabases._Recontacting_participantsandstateandlocalrepresentativesmaybeproblematic. Q'D*D"7 $ '' $QApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort Q'D*(#x8" $ ' $Q  TimeTable: P''A2 $\9$..V' PDuration* A''2$ $\:"'' A  ResearchOutputs N'A' $\;  $ '' $CN 5''&$0 ;' C5  Month O''@!$@ <C"'' # CO0 R''C5$@ =C" # '' CRc.(x(N h ( (xA @h(c(1)0  Initiateproject X'K1$@ >""C $ '' $CX 5''&%!>' C5Month ;'',!%$!?C"'' C;6 >''/!%$!@C"'' C>(2)0  CompareNHEXASprocesses X'K1%$!A""C $ '' $CX 5''&&!A' C5Month Z''K!&"BC"''  "@9C"@Z9 ]''N@&"CC"  "@9 "@'' C](3)0  Completelocal/stateinterviews X'K1&"D""C $ '' $CX 5''&'"D' C5Month [''L!'"EC"''  (@12C(@[12 ^''OA'"FC"  (@12 (@'' C^(4)0  Finaloutputs:Document:Evaluationofapproachesforeffective '"G communication \'0K1L(#H""C $ '' $\Approximate 0)$I LevelofEffort: L''=2)0%JCQQy'0 L%Time ;'',!0)$K"'' ;Months >''/!0)$L"'' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded N'A'0)$M  $ '' $N U''F*T%M'  9@259@U25 {''lA*d%N"  9@25 9@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA*d%O"  (@12 (@'' ^  Principalinvestigator N'A'*d%P $ '' $N U''F*8&P'  D@40D@U40 {''lA*H&Q"  D@40 D@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA*H&R"  (@12 (@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) N'A'*H&S $ '' $N U''F+'S'  I@50I@U50 {''lA+,'T"  I@50 I@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA+,'U"  (@12 (@'' ^Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students R''A'+,'V $ '' $R W''0F,(V''  9@259@W25 }''0lA,(W"  9@25 9@''0  (@12(@}12 `''0OA,(X"  (@12 (@''0 `Other(describe):Secretary7-+,(Y $  ''0 7*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. -(Y #/XdBX/#*1'2ddpdd pdd dd dd /'0(#(#,;dd ,dd ,dd ,add +  /X/XdB %0  %#/XdBX/;#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/#/X/XdB B0'3!d0 B  #/XdBX/#LL10.EvaluationofNHEXASResultsToDeriveanOptimalSetof d QA/QCActivitiesforHumanExposureFieldStudies/X/XdB ?'2$P0' ?#/XdBX/#/X/XdBShortProject  Description: B''3!0' BThisprojectwillidentifyandevaluatetheQA/QCacrosslaboratoriesandconsortia.ThiswillincludeananalysisoftheNISTandcomparabilitystudydata.TheprojectwilldevelopanannotatedinventoryofrecommendedQA/QCactivitiesneededtosuccessfullyconductlargescalehumanexposuremeasurementstudies.Thiswillincludeallphasesofthestudyfromplanningtofinaldatabasedevelopment. ?'2$@  '' ?Goal/Objective: B''3!  ' BThegoalofthisprojectistoprovideanoptimumsetofQA/QCactivitiesforfuturehumanexposurestudies.Thisisneededtoassurethatthestudiesproducedataoftherequiredqualitywhilekeepingcoststoaminimum. ?'2$ 4'' ?Significanceof (x  Project: B''3!( ' BEffectiveQA/QCisessentialtoproducehighqualitydatafromthefundsinvestedinanyfieldexposurestudy.Becauseofthehighcostofthesetypesofstudies,itisalsoimportantnottoincludeunnecessaryQA/QCthatmightincreasecosts.ByexaminingtheQA/QCusedintheNHEXASstudies,guidancecanbedevelopedforthiscriticalstudycomponent. ?'2$8 '' ?SuggestedApproach: B''3!,| ' BH  " X (x(N h (H(1)0 b IdentifytheQA/QCactivitiesperformedbyeachconsortiumandlaboratory,includingtheNIST |  standardsandperformanceevaluationsstudies,the_interlaboratory_Ԁcomparabilitystudy,QAdocumentation,reviews,auditreports,reviewsoffieldperformance,andQAsamples. b "b " (2)0 b Evaluatethesuccessofeachactivityandthebenefitsitprovidedtothestudy.b "b " (3)0 b IdentifyareaswheredataqualitycouldhavebeenimprovedwithadditionalQA/QCactivitiesor < areaswhereexcessQA/QCactivitiesmighthavebeenemployed. b "b " (4)0 b DevelopanannotatedinventoryoftherecommendedQA/QCactivitiesneededtoconducta  large-scalehumanexposurestudy. I'<.Lb "b "'' IDataorInput  Needs: B''3!@ ' BAccessisneededtothecompletesetsofdataanddocumentation,includingallQA/QCinformationofeachconsortiumandlaboratoryandtheNISTandcomparabilitystudyresultsandreports. ?'2$@"'' ?Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!&' B Thestudyisfeasiblegivenaccesstothedatafromallstudies.Amixtureoflaboratory,fieldandQA ' expertiseisneededtoevaluateinformation. C'6$4('' C  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$() ' CTimeTable: l*  P''A2+'}}' P  Duration* A''2$l, '' A  ResearchOutputs @03!l- ''  @ 5''&L- 0 5Month O''@!`.'' # O0 R''C5`/U # '' R(1)0 > Initiateproject J0=+`0>">"''  J 5''&@ 0 0 5Month [''L! 1''  (@12(@[12 ^''OA 2U  (@12 (@'' ^(2)0 > Reviewconsortiadocuments J0=+ 3>">"''  J 5''&!3 0 5Month [''L!!84''  2@182@[18 ^''OA!85U  2@18 2@'' ^(3)0 > Finaloutputs:!86>">" -++>X  " X-0 > #/XdBX/#/X/XdB0>">"Consolidateinformationfromdocumentsanddevelopannotated "7 inventory "" 0 > 0>">"GuidancedocumentonoptimalQA/QCforhumanexposurefield #H9 studies#/XdBX/ #/X/XdB N'0=+$:""'' NApproximate %''/!%'' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!%X-(1)0 } Initiateproject J0=+<-}"}"''  J 5''&l- 0 5Month Z''K!."''  @3@Z3 ]''N@/U  @3 @'' ](2)0 } Obtainneededdata J0=+0}"}"''  J 5''&` 0 0 5Month [''L! 1"''  (@12(@[12 ^''OA 2U  (@12 (@'' ^(3)0 } Finaloutputs:Guidancedocumentonformulatingeffectivequestions  3 forfutureexposurestudies N'0=+t!4}"}"'' NApproximate "5 LevelofEffort: L''=2h#6dd'0 L%Time ;'',!"7'' ;Months >''/!"8'' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!"9 ''  @ U''F#9 '  4@204@U20 {''lA#L:U  4@20 4@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA#L;U  (@12 (@'' ^Principalinvestigator 7'*!#L<''  7 U''F$, < '  I@50I@U50 {''lA@% =U  I@50 I@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA@% >U  (@12 (@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) 7'*!@% ?''  7 U''F &p!? '  I@50I@U50 {''lA&!@U  I@50 I@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA&!AU  (@12 (@'' ^Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D'3!&!B'' D 7''0&d'"B' 7Ј =''0,!'#CU''0 =Ј @''0/!'#DU''0 @Other(describe):#/XdBX/?#1'%'#E  ''0 10XXXw}'X0/h/XdB*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/A1#  )d$F *7'8dddd dd dd dd 5'6(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  /X/XdB %0  %#/XdBX/3#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/v3# B0'3!d0 B  LL12.ScalingUp:EvaluationoftheNHEXASPilotFixedCosts, d CoordinationandDegreeofStandardization/X/XdB ?'2$P0' ?#/XdBX/4#// X/XdBShortProjec#/XdBX //5#/X/XdBt  Description: B''3!F' BThisprojectwillevaluatetheNHEXASpilotstartupexpendituresandcostimplicationsforvariousscalesofcoverage.Theevaluationalsowilladdresstheeffectivenessofcoordination/communicationapproachesthatwereusedandtheirapplicationtoafullscalesurvey.Akeycomponentoftheanalysiswillbetheevaluationofapproachesthatwerestandardizedexplicitlyandadeterminationofwhetherornotthedegreeofstandardizationwasadequate. ?'2$@  '' ?Goal/Objective: B''3!  ' BTotransfertheexperienceofthepilottodevelopthemostcosteffectivefullsurveypossible. ?'2$  '' ?Significanceof    Project: B''3!x ' BAfullscalesurveywillprovidethedatanecessarytoevaluatestatusandtrendsofhumanexposuresonanationalscale.Usingempiricaldatafromthepilotensuresthatthemostcosteffectiveapproachesareused. ?'2$(x '' ?SuggestedApproach: B''3!l ' B$  XXX$(1)0 0@ m "m "Interviewswillbeconductedaddressingcoordination,communication,anddegreeof l  standardizationofmanagementandstafffromtheinvolvedagenciesandconsortia.  " " (2)0 Collectcostinformation.  " " (3)0 Reviewpilotdocumentationtodeterminewherestandardizationoccurred.|  " " (4)0 ReviewNHEXASdatabase.,|  " " (5)0 Formulaterecommendationsforanoptimumscaleupstrategy. I'<., " "'' IDataorInput  p Needs: B''3! ' BCostdata;availabledocumentation;NHEXASdatabase. ?'2$ p'' ?Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!$t ' BHighlyfeasible;allinformationultimatelyavailable. C'6$d!'' C  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$h" ' CTimeTable: P''A2#'QQ' P  Duration* A''2$$ '' A  ResearchOutputs @03!% ''  @ 5''&% 0 5Month O''@!@&'' # O0 R''C5@'U # '' R    (1)0  Initiateproject J0=+@(""''  J 5''& ( 0 5Month Z''K!4)''  @6@Z6 ]''N@4*U  @6 @'' ](2)0  Collectneededdata J0=+4+""''  J 5''&d+ 0 5Month [''L!x,''  (@12(@[12 ^''OAx-U  (@12 (@'' ^(3)0  Finaloutputs:Reportrecommendingoptimumscaleupstrategy N'0=+x.""'' NApproximateLevel  / ofEffort: L''=2l 0dd'0 L%Time ;'',! 1'' ;Months >''/! 2'' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3! 3 ''  @ U''F 3 '  4@204@U20 {''lA!P4U  4@20 4@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA!P5U  (@12 (@'' ^Principalinvestigator 7'*!!P6''  7 U''F!06 '  @@33@@U33 {''lAD"7U  @@33 @@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OAD"8U  (@12 (@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) 7'*!D"9''  7 V''G$#t9 ' Y@100Y@V100 |''mB#:U Y@100 Y@''  (@12(@|12 ^''OA#;U  (@12 (@'' ^Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D'3!#<'' D 7''0&h$<' 7Ј =''0,!$ =U''0 =Ј @''0/!$ >U''0 @Other(describe):1'%$ ?  ''0 1'XX '*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/m5# &h!@   &"A *9':dddd dd dd dd 7'8(#(#,;dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  )0  $)/X/XdBProjectName: B0'3!d0 B#/XdBX/N#  LL13.CrossStudiesEvaluationandRecommendationsfor d StandardizationofDataManagementProceduresinaNationalNHEXASorOtherLargeExposureFieldStudy/X/XdB I'<*< d$ 0' $IShortProjectDescription: B''3! `' BThisprojectwillanalyzethedatacollectionandautomatedsurveymanagementproceduresdevelopedforeachNHEXASpilotstudyfromsampling,throughsampleanalysisandtoinclusioninthefinaldatabase.ThedataQA/QCprocedureswillbeevaluated,andtheresultingdatabasestructureswillbeexamined.ThestrengthsandweaknessesofthethreeapproacheswillbenotedwithrespecttoongoingEPAdatamanagementinitiatives.NHEXASpilotQCdatawillbeanalyzed,andrecommendationsforcurrentandfuturestudieswillbedeveloped.Theserecommendationswillincludeareasthatwouldbenefitfromstandardization;forexample,datatransferfromanalyticallaboratories,databaseelements,QA/QCcodes,informationshells,etc. I'<*0  d$ '' $IGoal/Objective: B''3!h ' BTohaveappropriateconventionsandproceduresforrecordingdataanddataqualityandtoincreasetheefficiencyoffuturedatacollectionefforts. I'<*h  d$ '' $ISignificanceof P  Project: B''3!P ' BManagementoflargeEPAdatabasesasavaluedresourceiscurrentlyahighprioritywithinEPA.Proceduresandconventionsusedtomanagetheintegrityofdataareevolvingbutareessentialtobothprimaryandsecondarydatausers.TheNHEXASstudiesareanexcellentopportunitytoanalyzetheproceduresusedbythreedifferentorganizationstodevelopandpopulatestudydatabases.Resultsofthisprojectwillbeusedforimproving/optimizingdatacollectionandstorageforfuturehumanexposurestudiesandotherEPAprimarydatacollectionefforts. I'<* d$ '' $ISuggestedApproach: B''3!' B$ O m XX$(1)0 m AssessthedatamanagementprocessesandconventionsusedineachNHEXASpilotstudy.Hm "m " (2)0 m ReviewthestatusofEPAeffortswithrespecttoReinventingEnvironmentalInformation(REI),  specificallycurrentstatusofdatastandards(ChemicalID,LocationID,etc.),theEnvironmentalDataRegistry(EDR),theEnvironmentalInformationManagementSystem(EIMS)andanyotherrelevanteffortstoinsurethequalityandaccessabilityofEPAdatabases. m "m " (3)0 m Withstakeholderinput(EPAprogramoffices,involvedFederalagencies,etc.),recommend h! applicationofEPAconventionsandproceduresforafuturenationalscaleNHEXASorotherlargeexposurefielddatabase.Recommendconventionsinareaswherenoneexist.Conventionsthatdocumentthelimitationsofthedataareparticularlyimportant. m "m " (4)0 m Analyzeavailablequalitycontrolinformation(i.e.,batchlevellaboratoryQCinformation)and (x% developDataQualityIndicatorsthatcanbestoredwiththedataforthebenefitofsecondarydatausers. S'F4'm "m " d$ '' $SDataorInput ( Needs: B''3!p)' BNeededinformationincludesthefollowingforeachconsortium:datamanagementplan/procedures;fielddatacollectionprocedures;proceduresfortransferringthefield,analytical,questionnaire/diaryandrelateddataintothefinaldatabases;dataQA/QCprocedures;andfinaldatabasedesign.Eachconsortiumalsowillneedtoprovideananalysisofhowwelltheirproceduresworkedandproblemsencountered. I'<* . d$ '' $IFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!#2' BDatacollectionandprocessingSOPsareavailablefromeachconsortium.Theanalysisofhowwelltheproceduresworkedineachconsortiumwillneedtobedoneintherelativelynearfuture,whilethestaffinvolvedarestillavailable.EPAlevelinitiativesinthisareaareactiveandongoing.#/XdBX/P#/X/XdBI0<*#h5 d$ '' $I#/XdBX/a#/X/XdBProjectName: B0'3!d0 B#/XdBX/6b#  LL13(_contd_).CrossStudiesEvaluationandRecommendationsfor d StandardizationofDataManagementProceduresinaNationalNHEXASorOtherLargeExposureFieldStudy/X/XdB M'@*< d$ 0' $M  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*`  d$ ' $MTimeTable: P''A2 $NN"' P  Duration* A''2$  '' A  ResearchOutputs J0='   d$ '' $ J 5''&l  0 5Month O''@!  "'' # O0 R''C5  U # '' R  O m (1)0  Initiateproject T0G1  "" d$ '' $ T 5''&   0 5Month Z''K! X "''  @6@Z6 ]''N@ X U  @6 @'' ](2)0  CollectandreviewNHEXASSOPsandQAdocumentation T0G1 X"" d$ '' $ T 5''& , 0 5Month [''L!@ "''  (@12(@[12 ^''OA@ U  (@12 (@'' ^(3)0  Finaloutputs:Adatamanagementstrategicplanforfutureexposurefield @  studies X'0G1 @ "" d$ '' $XApproximate (x  LevelofEffort: L''=2( bbG'0 L%Time ;'',!(x '' ;Months >''/!(x '' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded J'='(x   d$ '' $ J U''FL  '  4@204@U20 {''lA` U  4@20 4@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA` U  (@12 (@'' ^Principalinvestigator A'4'`  d$ '' $ A U''F4  '  I@50I@U50 {''lA U  I@50 I@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA U  (@12 (@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) A'4'  d$ '' $ A U''Fl  '  I@50I@U50 {''lA U  I@50 I@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA U  (@12 (@'' ^Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),Students N'='   d$ '' $N 7''0& ' 7Ј =''0,!X!U''0 =Ј @''0/!X"U''0 @Other(describe):#/XdBX/c# G='X# d$ ''0 $G/h/XdB*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/1r#:0.@$ d$   : ( q x(/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.50 x MODELINGGROUPqCsz$ s (x /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  (x(#x(# *0r` X(* r ThechargetothemodelingbreakoutgroupistoconsideranumberofmultimediaandmultipathwayexposureanddosemodelingapproachesthatcanbeimplementedwiththeNHEXASdatacollected.Specifically,thegroupisaskedtorecommendanumberofrobustmodelingstrategiesforestimatingpathwayspecificandaggregateexposuresanddosefromavarietyofNHEXASpollutants.Theparticipantsalsowillsuggestinvestigationsdesignedtocalibrate,test,andevaluatemultimediaandmultipathwaymodelsusingtheNHEXASconcentrationexposureandbiomarkerdata.( $0r` X$/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.5.10  SABComments(%wtime w$0r` X$ /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  r&!:(#(#  r InitsreviewoftheNHEXASpilotstudy,theSABrecommendedconductingmodeling studieswiththeNHEXASdata.Specificcommentsincludethefollowing. r)$> 30'` X0r` X3(1)0 ' Developphysicalmodelsthatintegrateexposuresfromdifferentmediainordertoestimate  longtermexposuresfromshorttermmeasurements[3.2,3.2.2.d,3.2.2.g].8 %3  4      ׀b'(#'(#  (2)0 ' Developmodelsforidentifyingfactorsrelatedtohighendexposures[3.2.2.g].t'(#'(# (3)0 ' Addressmodelvalidationandrefinement[3.2.2.a,3.2.2.g].&'(#'(# (4)0 ' ApplyNHEXASdatatoongoingmodelingprojectssuchasTRIMandCEM[3.2.2.g].8 '(#'(# ( $0'` X$/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.5.20  QuestionsToAddress(I|time |$0'` X$ /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB   L (#(# 30r` X0'` X3 r Asastartingpointtoidentify,describe,andprioritizepotentialprojects,thebreakoutgroupshouldconsiderthefollowingquestionsanddeterminewhatadditionalcriticalquestionsshouldbeadded.L (hV$)2QTUL$`0r` X$Ӏ(1)0 ` Inmodelingpopulationexposures,whichsetsofNHEXASstudymeasurementsare  expectedtoproviderepresentativepopulationexposuredistributionsineachofthestudyareas? `(#`(# Ѐ(2)0 ` Forwhichpollutants/media,aretheNHEXASdatasufficienttodevelop,calibrate,and 6 evaluatemultimedia,multipathwayexposuremodels? `(#`(# Ѐ(3)0 ` Whattypesofrouteandpathwayspecificmicroenvironmentalexposuremodelscanbe  developedortestedwiththeavailableNHEXASdemographics,concentration,questionnaire,time/activity,anddietarydata? `(#`(# Ѐ(4)0 ` Whatapproachesoroptimalmethodologies/modelscanbeusedtoestimate  $ pathway-specificexposuresanddose? `(#`(# Ѐ(5)0 ` Whataresomesuggestedstrategiesforintegratingmediaandpathwayspecificexposures  ( anddoseestimates? `(#`(# Ѐ(6)0 ` WhatmodelsbestdescribetherelationshipbetweentheshorttermNHEXAS X#, measurementsandlongtermexposures? `(#`(# Ѐ(7)0 ` Whatisthecomparisonofmodeleddoseestimatesandbiomarkers? &l!0`(#`(# Ѐ(8)0 ` Whatmodelsshouldbedevelopedandappliedinordertoidentifyfactorsrelatedtohigh ~'"2  endexposures?(0$4`(#`(# Ѐ(9)0 ` What arethemodelinputuncertaintiesusingtheNHEXASdata,andwhataretheresulting   uncertaintiesintheexposureanddosemodelpredictions? `(#`(# (10)0 ` Whatmodelanalysesshouldbeusedtodeterminehowmuchuncertaintyinexposure t measurementscanbereducedbycollectingmoredetailedmeasurementsonexposures,pollutantconcentrations,anddifferentexposurefactors? 8 `(#`(# (11)0 ` Whatistheinfluenceofthespatialandtemporalscalesinconcentrationandexposure    measurementsbasedonNHEXASdataandmodelpredictions?  L `(#`(# (12)0 ` Whatisthecomparisonoftheexposureandmediaspecificconcentrationdistributionsfrom ^  theinitial(preNHEXAS)exposureassessmentstotheNHEXASpilotresults? `(#`(# (13)0 ` HowcantheinitialpreNHEXASstudymultimedia,multipathwaymodelsdevelopedfor "r  lead,benzene,andchlorpyrifosusingtheNHEXASstudymeasurementsbeverifiedorextended? `(#`(# (14)0 ` HowcanthemultipathwayexposureanddosemodelsusingtheNHEXASdataandother H datasetsbebestcalibratedandevaluated? `(#`(# (15)0 ` WhatNHEXASanalyseswillbenefitongoingmodelingprojectssuchasTRIMandCEM? \`(#`(# ( `/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai    4.5.30  DiscussionConsiderations( ` /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB    (#(#  (` x Indiscussinganddevelopingproposalsfortheanalyses(orprojects)identifiedabove,considerthefollowingquestions.-(P'((-(1)0 ' Whatstatisticaloranalyticaltechniquesshouldbeusedtoaddresstheanalysisormodeling 2& issuesraisedbythequestions? '(#'(# (2)0 ' Whatapproachesarebestsuitedforestimatingaveragesandupperpercentilesofthe !F* exposureanddosedistributionsforthedifferentpopulationsubgroups(e.g.,children,adults,elderly)? '(#'(# (3)0 ' HowshouldNHEXASdataacrosstheconsortiabetreatedinmodelingexposuresanddose? &l!0 Shouldthedatasetsbecombinedortreatedseparately? '(#'(# (4)0 ' Howcanwemodelexposurestomultiplepollutants?(0$4'(#'(# (5)0 ' Whatanalysesormodelingstudiesshouldbeconductedinordertodesignfuturefield B*%6 studiesthatwillimprovethecurrentandnewmultimedia,multipathwaymodelingprojects? '(#'(# ( '(P'('/AiX/XdB/Ai/Ai     -V(: 4.5.40  ProjectDescriptions( '(P'(' /XdBX/Ai/XdBXX/XdB  (#(#    * ((P'(**;'<dd;dd ;dd dd dd 9':(#(#,dd ,9dd ,9dd ,7dd +  %0  %/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/K# B0'3!d0 B  M1.ReviewFormatandContentofNHEXASDatabasesforModeling d Utility/X/XdB ?'2$P0' ?#/XdBX/P#/X/XdBShortProject  Description: B''3!0' BThisprojectwillexaminetheNHEXASdatabaseandestablishoptimalformatrequiredforexposuremodelingprojects.Otherusersshouldbeincludedinthisprocesstomaximizeutilityofthecombineddatabase. ?'2$0'' ?Goal/Objective: B''3!$ t ' BNHEXASdatamustbeavailableinaformatthatisreadilyaccessibletopotentialusers.DatashouldbeaccessibleforinputtoexistingmodelstoallowformodeltestingandinvestigationofNHEXASrelationships(i.e.,correlationsamongvariousdependentandindependentvariables).Modelsthatarebeingdevelopedorexpectedtobedevelopedinthefuturearealsolikelytorequirestandarddatabaseformatting,whichshouldallowforconvenientaccessandinquiry. ?'2$ 4'' ?Significanceof (x  Project: B''3!( ' BAnessentialfirststeppriortopursuinganyotherNHEXASmodelingproject. ?'2$(x '' ?SuggestedApproach: B''3! ' BReviewexistingexposuremodelstoassessmodelinputneedsandtocomparewithavailableNHEXASdata.ConferwithNHEXASstudydatadevelopers,exposuremodeldevelopers,andotherpotentialNHEXASdatauserstoestablishtheoptimalformatforNHEXASdatabase.Establishataskforce(orcommittee)and/orholdaworkshoptosetastandardforthepresentandfutureNHEXASdatabases. ?'2$,'' ?DataorInput  p Needs: B''3! ' BDatafromallthreeNHEXASstudiesincludingdatacodebooks,finaldatabases,andQA/QCdata. ?'2$ p'' ?Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!$t' BThisprojectisoftheutmostimportancesincetheavailabilityandformatoftheNHEXASdatabasewillaffectdirectlythesuccessofinterpretingtheresultsofNHEXAS.BecausethepreparationoftheNHEXASdatabaseisalreadyunderway,itisfeasibleandnecessarytogivethisproposedprojecthighpriority.Inparticular,thisprojectcouldbenefitfromtheongoingdatabaseprojectsatthethreeNHEXASconsortia. C'6$$$'' C  ApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$h% ' CTimeTable: \&  P''A2 \''}}V' P=/  Duration* A''2$\( '' A  ResearchOutputs @03!\) ''  @ 5''&<) 0 5#/=r#=/Month O''@!*"'' # O0 R''C5+U # '' RUH((1)0 H Initiateproject J0=+,H"H"''  J 5''&, 0 5#/=#Month Z''K!4-"''  @3@Z_3_Ԉ ]''N@4.U  @3 @'' ](2)0 H Conveneworkshop J0=+4/H"H"''  J 5''&/ 0 5Month [''L!(x0"''  (@12(@[_12_Ԉ ^''OA(x1U  (@12 (@'' ^(3)0 H Finaloutputs:Reportsummarizingworkshopfindingsand (x2 conclusions N'0=+(3H"H"'' NApproximateLevel !l4 ofEffort: L''=2!5ddz '0 L%Time ;'',!!l6"'' ;Months >''/!!l7"'' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!!l8 ''  @ U''F!L8 '  >@30>@U30 {''lA`"9U  >@30 >@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA`":U  (@12 (@'' ^Principalinvestigator/EPACoordinator 7'*!`";''  7 U''F@#; '  I@50I@U50 {''lA#<U  I@50 I@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA#=U  (@12 (@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) 7'*!#>''  7 U''F$> '  I@50I@U50 {''lA$8 ?U  I@50 I@''  (@12(@{12 ^''OA$8 @U  (@12 (@'' ^Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D'3!$8 A'' D 7''0&%!A' 7Ј =''0,!,&|!BU''0 =Ј @''0/!,&|!CU''0 @Other(describe):TaskforceofEPAandapproximately10externalexpertswhowillparticipateinatleastoneworkshop1'%&,"E  ''0 1*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. ((x#F #/XdBX/ѕ#  (($G *>?Xdddd 9dd 99dd 97dd 7;'<(#(#,dd,dd,dd%,rdd+  /X/XdB %0  %#/XdBX/ɰ#/X/XdBProjectName: B0'3!d0 B#/XdBX/0#  M2.EvaluationofExistingMultimediaModelsUsingtheNHEXAS d DataSet/X/XdB ?'2$P0' ?ShortProjectDescription: B''3!0' BHighqualityandreliablemultimediamonitoringdataarevirtuallynonexistentintheliterature,and,assuch,theopportunitytotestexistingmodels,evenonaqualitativescale,israrelyavailable.Severalmultimediamodelshavebeendeveloped,orareunderdevelopment,thatpredictmediaconcentrationsinresidentialenvironmentsbasedoninputssuchassourcecharacterizationandfateandtransport,etc.InformationavailablefromtheNHEXASquestionnaires,particularlythoserelatedtolocalsourcecharacterization,fateandtransport,receptorcharacterizationandactivitypatterns(supplementedbydefaultvalues)shouldbeanalyzedandusedinthesemodelstopredictmediaconcentrationsandpersonalexposuresoftheNHEXASrespondents.ThesepredictionsshouldbecomparedwiththeindividualsexposuresandmicroenvironmentalconcentrationsmonitoredinNHEXAS.Examplesofmodelsthatcanbeevaluatedinclude,butarenotlimitedto,TRIM,MEPAS,CARES,LIFELINE,andCONSEXPO,aswellasotherlinkedandnestedcompartmentalmodels. ?'2$` '' ?Goal/Objective: B''3! ' B*y y ; )XUH*0 , Toimprovetheunderstandingofthestrengthsandlimitationsofexistingmultimediamodelsand   identifyopportunitiesforimprovingcurrentandfuturemodels. , ", " 0 , IdentifytheusefulnessofthedatasetanddeterminehowfutureNHEXASstudiescouldbettermeet T  theneedfortestingmodels. I'<. , ", "'' ISignificanceof H Project: B''3!' BMultimediamodelsprovidethebasisforregulatorydecisionforpesticides,hazardouswastesites,andtheevaluationofreleasestoairandwater.Currently,thereareverylimitedopportunitiestoevaluatethesemodels.NHEXASprovidesauniqueopportunityforsuchevaluations. ?'2$X'' ?SuggestedApproach: B''3!L' BThisprojectwouldbeperformedinphases.9y y )Xy y ; )X9(1)0 Determinehowthedatasetcouldbeused(selectionofpollutants,interimfindings, L activity/dietarypatterns,etc.).  " " (2)0 Identificationofthemodels,modelingstrategies(e.g.,linkedandnestedmultimediamodels)and   thedevelopmentofthestrategyfordevelopingmodelinputsandrelatingoutputstothedosemeasurementsintheNHEXASdataset.  " " (3)0 Modelteams(preferablythedevelopersofeachmultimediamodel)performtheevaluations. # " " (4)0 AnalyzethemodelspredictionandNHEXASfindingstodeterminehowandwhythemodelsdid l$ ordidnotmatchwiththesurvey.  " " (5)0 DeveloprecommendationsonhowfutureNHEXASprojectscouldbebetterdesignedtomeetthe & evaluationneedsofmultimediamodelers.  " " (6)0 Publishafinalreport/peerreviewpublication.,|( " " Tasks1and2couldbeperformedbyapanelofexposureassessmentexperts,throughoneormoreworkshops.Wherepossible,modelownersshouldbeinvolvedintheseworkshops.Aclearmethodologyshouldbeestablishedfortheevaluationprocedures.Theselectedmodelsshouldbedividedintomodules,ifpossible,forestimatingintermediateandfinalexposureresults.Modulesshouldincludesourcecharacterization,fateandtransport,receptorcharacteristics,activitypatterns,andexposureassessment(Task3).Aconsistentstrategyfordealingwithdatagapsshouldbeestablished.Themodelspredictionsofinterimfindings(airandsurfacelevels,handwipe,dietarylevels,activitypatterns,etc.)alsoshouldbecomparedtotheNHEXASdataset. ?'2$"0'' ?DataorInput #@1 Needs: B''3!$2' BThecompletedataset(includingthedatafromthequestionnaires)shouldbeavailablepriortothedevelopmentofthespecificmodeltestsets.Modelsshouldbewellcharacterizedandmodeldevelopersshouldparticipateintheproject. C''2$P% 5'' CFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): D'''3!(#9'' DTheprojectshouldbefeasible.Onlyexistingmodelswillbeevaluated.Whereappropriate,modeldeveloperswillbeincludedintheprojectteam.ModelsofmanysourcetermscannotbeincludedinthisexercisebecausetheywerenotincludedinNHEXAS.#/XdBX/5#/X/XdB?02$'D#<''' ?#/XdBX/#/X/XdBProjectName: B0'3!d0 B#/XdBX/S#  M2(_contd_).EvaluationofExistingMultimediaModelsUsingthe d NHEXASDataSet/X/XdB C'6$P0' CApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$"'  CTimeTable:#/XdBX/#/X/XdB S''D2"'AA ' SDuration* A''2$"'' A  ResearchOutputs =3! '' =W 8'')  8Month R''C! X'' # R_0_Ԉ R''C5 X U # '' R6*Xy y )X6(1)0 * Initiateproject G=+ X *"*"'' G 8'') 8  8Month ]''N!L  ''  @6@]6 ]''N@L  U  @6 @'' ](2)0 * Selectionofmodelsforevaluation,developmentofamodeling L   strategythataddressesdifferencesinthetypeofmodelsandhowdatagapswillbeaddressed G=+ *"*"'' G 8'')  8Month ^''O! @ ''  (@12(@^12 ^''OA @ U  (@12 (@'' ^(3)0 * Developmentofachargetotheindividualrunningthemodels G=+ @ *"*"''  G 8'')    8Month ^''O!4  ''  2@182@ ^18 ^''OA4 U  2@18 2@ ''  ^(4)0 * Finaloutputs:Report/peerreviewpublication N'0=+4 *"*" '' NApproximateLevel x  ofEffort: O''@2(x dd'0 O%Time >''/!x "'' >Months >''/!x "'' > TypeofExpertiseNeeded @'3!x "'' @ X''IX '  D@40D@X40 ~''oA U  D@40 D@''  2@182@~18 ^''OA U  2@18 2@'' ^Principalinvestigator @'3! '' @ Y''J ' Y@100Y@Y100 ''pBPU Y@100 Y@''  2@182@18 ^''OAPU  2@18 2@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) @'3!P '' @ X''I0 '  T@80T@X80 ~''oAD!U  T@80 T@''  2@182@~18 ^''OAD"U  2@18 2@'' ^Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D'03!D#'' D :''0)$t#'0 : @''0/!$''0 @ @''0/!%''0 @Other(describe):Twotothreeworkshopsareanticipated =3!&''0 =*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/#4*('   4  ' *@AXdXddddddd%rddr>?(#(#,dd,^dd%,^dd%,dd+  /X/XdB )0  @)#/XdBX/#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/b# B0'3!@0 B  M3.DevelopModelParametersfromQualitativeandQuantitative @ NHEXASMonitoringData,Questionnaires,Time/Activity,andSurveyData/X/XdB I'<* @0 0' @I#/XdBX/#// X/XdBShortProjec#/XdBX //1#/X/XdBt $t Description: B''3!:' BDevelopexposuremodelparameter(e.g.,ingestionrates,emissionrates,etc.)values,ranges,anddistributionsmakinguseofbothquantitativeandqualitativedatageneratedinNHEXAS.Exposureparametersshouldbedevelopedinaccordancewiththecurrentstateoftheartinexposureassessmentandcorrespondingmodelinputrequirements.Specificemphasisshouldbeplacedonkeyexposureparameterscommoninmultimediaexposureassessmentandthosethatarelikelytocontributetohigh-endexposures. I'<*   @0 '' @IGoal/Objective: B''3!  ' BGeneratedeterministicvaluesandstochasticdistributionsforexposuremodelparameters,usingavailableNHEXASdatabase.Exposureparametersthatareselectedshouldberelevanttoexposureassessmentsthatarebasedeitheronmechanistic,statistical,orempiricalmodels. I'<*d  @0 '' @ISignificanceof 4  Project: B''3!4 ' BImproveexposureparametervaluesandtheutilityofquestionnairesforquantitativeexposureanalysis. I'<*4  @0 '' @ISuggestedApproach: B''3! ' BDevelopmethodstointerfaceavailableselectedexposuremodelswithqualitativeandquantitativequestionnairedata(e.g.,time/activitypatterns,identifiedsourcesandexposurepathways)forthepurposeofderivingmagnitude,ranges,anddistributionsofexposureparameters.Thecombinationofartificialintelligenceandstatisticalmethodsisonepossibleapproachfortheautomatedanalysisoflargedatasets. I'<* @0 '' @IDataorInput 4 Needs: B''3!' BNHEXASchemicalmonitoringdataforallmedia(whereavailable)andqualitative/quantitativedatageneratedfromquestionnairesandothersources(e.g.,localsurveyofpotentialsources). I'<* @0 '' @IFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!#' BTheuseofmathematicalandcomputermethodstocombinequalitativeandquantitativedataforthepurposeofgeneratingquantitativeexposureparametersrepresentanewandchallengingapproach.TheproposedapproachisfeasiblegiventherichNHEXASdatabaseandexistingstateoftheartmathematicalmethodsofquantifyingdescriptivedatainthecontextofmodeldevelopment.Analysismaybelimitedbycensored(e.g.,nondetects)dataforchemicalmeasurementsinsomemedia. M'@*t( @0 '' LMApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*)" L0 ' LM  TimeTable: *  P''A2|+0ww"' PDuration* A''2$,"'' A  ResearchOutputs G='-  L0 '' LG 5''&- 5Month O''@!H."'' # O_0_Ԉ R''C5H/U # '' R3K{X*X3(1)0  Initiateproject QG1H0"" L0 '' LQ 5''&(0 5Month [''L!$t1"''  (@12(@[_12_Ԉ ^''OA$t2U  (@12 (@'' ^(2)0  Developmentofmethodologyanddemonstrationofgeneraltest $t3 cases(PhaseI) QG1$4"" L0 '' LQ 5''&4 5Month [''L! P5"''  8@248@[_24_Ԉ ^''OA P6U  8@24 8@'' ^(3)0  Finaloutputs:Finalreportandpeerreviewedpapers X'0G1 P7"" L0 '' LX  ApproximateLevel ,!|8 ofEffort: L''=2!,9``/'0 L%Time ;'',!,!|:"'' ;Months >''/!,!|;"'' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded G=',!|<  L0 '' LG 5''& "\< 550% [''L!X"=U''  8@248@[24 ^''OAX">U  8@24 8@'' ^Principalinvestigator G='X"? L0 '' LG 5''&8#? 5100% [''L!#@U''  8@248@[24 ^''OA#AU  8@24 8@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) G='#B L0 '' LG 5''&d$B 550% [''L!$ CU''  8@248@[24 ^''OA$ DU  8@24 8@'' ^Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students N0='$ E L0 '' LN 7''0&% E0 7Ј =''0,!%,!FU''0 =Ј @''0/!%,!GU''0 @Other(describe):7-+%,!H L0  ''0 7*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. ('x"I #/XdBX/#  '(#J *BCXdXddd^dd%^^dd%^dd@A(#(#_,dd,dd,dd%, dd+  /X/XdB %0  %#/XdBX/#/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/{# B0'3!d0 B  M4.QuantifyUncertaintiesinNHEXASDataandAssess d ContributiontoModelErrors/X/XdB ?'2$P0' ?#/XdBX/#/X/XdBShortProject  Description: B''3!0' B  ProvideuncertaintyestimateswithintheNHEXASdatabasethatareavailabletoresearchersandthepublic,sothatuncertaintyisaddressedconsistentlyanddoesnotleadtoredundanteffortbymodelers.Identifyhowthedatauncertaintiesmayimpactmodelinguncertaintiesandillustratewithcasestudies. ?'2$  '' ?Goal/Objective: B''3! $ ' B  ' m K{X'0 m Provideconsistent,understandableuncertaintyestimatesoftheNHEXASdatawithinthe  $  NHEXASdatabase m "m " 0 m Provideguidance/adviceonapplicabilityanduseofvarioustypesofdatainmodelstominimize 4   inappropriatemodelconstruction. I'<. 4m "m "'' ISignificanceof (x  Project: B''3! ' B  TheNHEXASdatabasewillbeusedbymanyresearchersandthepublic.Inclusionofuncertaintyestimates/descriptionswillavoidduplicationofeffortincalculatingthesevalues,willmeanthatthedatauncertaintiesaretreatedconsistently,andwillalertthepublicandregulatorycommunityofpossiblelimitationsintheuseofthedata. ?'2$8 '' ?SuggestedApproach: B''3!,| ' B  AnalyticalMeasurements |  'y qX )X m '(1)0 EnsurethatNHEXASdataareQAdandflaggedappropriately.,|  " " (2)0 EnsurethatNHEXASdataincludeLimitofDetectioninformation., " " (3)0 Calculatestandarderrorsforeachanalyticalmethodology(includingsamplingandanalysis). " " (4)0 TaguncertaintydatatoallNHEXASdataentriesandprovideamethodologyforerrorestimation < withthepublicdatabase.  " " SurveyandTime/ActivityInformation  (1)0 ProvidequalitativeassessmentsofdataandtheirapplicabilityformodelingbyL " " 0 includingmetadatafromfieldstaffonreliabilityofindividualhousehold;  " " 0 includeexpertpaneljudgmentofuncertaintiesofthemethodologyingeneral,includingeffectsofsamplesize,inaccuraciesofrecalldiaries,observereffects,timeresolutioneffects,etc.;and  " " 0 comparesurveyresultsfromNHEXASwithotherdatasources.  " " (2)0 Includequalitativeassessmentsindatabase. $ " " AssessmentofModelUncertainties l% Conveneworkshopofmodelerstoevaluateimpactsofuncertaintiesforvarietyofanalytes,withdifferingcriticalroutesofexposure.Providequalitativedescriptionsofuncertaintiesandcaveatsforinclusioninthedatabase.Providecasestudiestoillustratehowerrorsimpactmodelinguncertainties. ?'2$|('' ?DataorInput ) Needs: B''3!p*' B  Pacedbytheavailabilityofthedatabase,theNHEXASdataneedtobequalityassuredtoflag/removeinappropriatedata.Duplicatesampledata,splitsampledata,blanks,andotherQA/QCinformationontheanalyticalmeasurementsneedtobeincludedinthedatabase.Adescriptionofthesamplingandanalyticalmethodsalsomustbeincluded. C''2$ .'' CFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): D'''3!$#t2'' D  Thefirstpartoftheeffortisquitedoable,andshouldbuildonnormalQA/QCprocedures.Thisworkistoinsurethatthesynopsizeduncertaintydataalsoaremadereadilyavailableforresearchersandthepublic.Theimpactonmodelingerrorsismuchmorelikelytobecasedependent,varyingwitheachanalyteandmodelused.#/XdBX/ #// X/XdB?02$$#t6''' ?#/XdBX // #/X/XdBProjectName:#/XdBX/. #// X/XdB B0'3!d0 B#/XdBX // #  M4(_contd_).QuantifyUncertaintiesinNHEXASDataandAssess d ContributiontoModelErrors// X/XdB C'6$P0' C#/XdBX //#/X/XdBApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$"'  CTimeTable: P''A2'))4 ' PDuration* A''2$"'' A  ResearchOutputs =3! '' =| 5''&  5Month O''@! X"'' # O0 R''C5 X " # '' R(1)0 s Initiateproject >4+ X s"s"'' > 5''& 8  5Month Z''K!L  "''  @2@Z2 ]''N@L  "  @2 @'' ](2)0 s ReviewNHEXASdatabasesnowunderdevelopmentfordatato L   beincludedandmakesurethatQA/QCdataand_metadata_ԀonQCareindatabaseforbothanalyticalandsurveydata ;1+ s"s"'' ; &''   &Month Z''K! @ "''  @3@Z3 ]''N@ @ "  @3 @'' ](3)0 s NHEXASdatabasebecomesavailable G=+ @ s"s"'' G 5''&  5Month Z''K!4 "''  @6@Z6 ]''N@4 "  @6 @'' ](4)0 s Calculatesynopsisinformationfromdatasetsnowscheduledto 4  bedeliveredinFY01 >4+4 s"s"'' > 5''&  5Month Z''K!(x "''  @6@Z6 ]''N@(x "  @6 @'' ](5)0 s Conveneworkshoporexpertpaneltoprovidequalitative (x  descriptionofuncertaintiesassociatedwithsurveyinformation >4+( s"s"'' > 5''& 5Month Z''K!l"''  @6@Z6 ]''N@l"  @6 @'' ](6)0 s Conveneworkshoporexpertpaneltoevaluateimpactof l uncertaintiesofmodeling!preparecasestudiesforspecificanalytes/majorroutesofexposure G=+|s"s"'' G 8'')\ 8Month ^''O! "''  (@12(@^12 ^''OA!"  (@12 (@''  ^(7)0 s Finaloutputs:Incorporateuncertaintyestimatesandcasestudies " intopublicdatabase N'0=+p#s"s" '' NApproximateLevel $ ofEffort: L''=2d%dd E'0 L%Time ;'',!&"'' ;Months >''/!'"'' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded =3!( '' = 5''&( 5n/a* [''L!H)"''  &@11&@[11 ^''OAH*"  &@11 &@'' ^Principalinvestigator(PI) =3!H+'' = 5''&(+ 5n/a* Z''K!<,"''  @6@Z6 ]''N@<-"  @6 @'' ]Seniorlevelstaff( associate) =3!<.'' = 5''&l. 5n/a* Z''K!/"''  @6@Z6 ]''N@0"  @6 @'' ]Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students D03!1'' D 7''0&`10 7n/a* \''0K!2"''0  @5@\5 _''0N@3"  @5 @''0 _Other(describe):Clerical1'%4  ''0 1*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep. `5 T4XX` hp x (#%y qX )XT* NOTES: LevelofEffort[FTEequivalent]estimates: p7 ReviewNHEXASdatabase:''` XXXX'0 ' 0.5moPIlevel*6PI(3externalexperts+1fromeachof3consortia)[3mo];0.5moseniorlevelateachof3consortia[1.5mo];0.5mojuniorlevelstaffateachof3consortia[1.5mo];0.5moclericalstaffateachof3consortia+0.5mogeneralsupport[2mo]. '(#'(# Calculatesynopsisuncertaintydatafromdatabase:0 ' 1mo.seniorlevel[1],1mojuniorlevel[1]. '(#'(# WorkshoponSurveyuncertainties:0 ' 0.5mofor6PIlevelexperts[3.0];0.5moclericalsupport[0.5]. '(#'(# Workshoponmodelingerrors:0 ' 0.5mofor6PIlevelexperts[3.0];0.5moclericalsupport[0.5]. '(#'(# Developcasestudies:0 ' 0.5mofor3PIlevelexperts[1.5],1mofor3seniorlevel[3],1mofor3juniorlevelstaff[3]. '(#'(# Incorporationintodatabase:0 ' 0.5moPIlevel,0.5moseniorlevel,0.5mojuniorlevel,2moclericalsupport.#/XdBX/4#/X/XdB)%F'(#'(# #/XdBX/(#/X/XdB#/XdBX/A)#  +b&H *DEXdXddddddd% dd BC(#(#,dd,dd,dd%,|dd+  /X/XdB )0  T)#/XdBX/*#/X/XdBProjectName: B0'3!T0 B#/XdBX/+#  M5.IncorporationofModelingConsiderationsintheDesignofFuture T NHEXASStudies/X/XdB I'<*@ T0 0' TIShortProjectDescription: B''3!`' BInconductingfieldstudies,usuallyastudyisdesigned,monitoringdataandotherrelateddataaregatheredandthenstatisticalanalysesperformedtointerpretthedata.However,fromamodeldevelopment,modelapplication,ormodelevaluationperspective,thedatagatheredmaybeinsufficient(particularlyforinferentialpurposes).FutureNHEXASstudiesshouldaccommodatetheneedsofexistingormodifiedmultimediamodels.Toachievethis,themodelparametersshouldbeunderstoodandincorporatedinthestudydesign.Sampleparametersincludethoserelatedtotime/activitypatterns,contactrates,dermalexposure(e.g.,surfacecoveringsinresidences,timespentonthesesurfaces). I'<*0   T0 '' TIGoal/Objective: B''3!d ' BToestablishaprocedurewhereinmodelingconsiderationsareaccommodatedintheearlystagesofthedesignoffutureNHEXASstudies. I'<*d  T0 '' TISignificanceof H  Project: B''3!H ' BThepowerofanyfutureNHEXASstudyliesininterpretingthemeasurementresultswithintheriskassessment/riskmanagementparadigmusedbyEPAtoselectactionsdesignedtoprotectthepublic.Thisinterpretationcanbedoneeffectivelyonlythroughmodelingtheexposuresandthechangesresultingfromtheriskmanagementactions.ItiscriticalthatfutureNHEXASfieldstudiesincorporatemodelingconsiderationsintheirdesignfromtheveryinceptiontoensuretheirusefulnessforprotectinghumanhealthandtheenvironment. I'<* T0 '' TISuggestedApproach: B''3!' BTheresultsoftheNHEXASpilotstudiescanbeusedtoidentifyamultimediaexposureassessmentmethodology,eithercurrentlyimplementedinamodelorthatcanbelatermodified.Thismethodologycanbeusedtoestablishtheparameterstobemonitoredinfuturestudies. I'<*L T0 '' TIDataorInput  Needs: B''3!0' BAllavailabledatafromNHEXASpilotstudies. I'<*  T0 '' TIFeasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!t$' BThisprojectisimmediatelyfeasibleandshouldbeundertakenbeforeanyfutureNHEXASstudies. M'@*d% T0 '' TMApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort M'@*&" T0 ' TMTimeTable: P''A2,'0MM8 J' PDuration* A''2$,("'' A ResearchOutputs G=',)" T0 '' TG 5''& ) 5Month ;'',!`*"'' ;0 >''/!`+U'' >**X'` X*(1)0 * Initiateproject QG1`,*"*" T0 '' TQ 5''&@, 5Month ;'',!D-"'' ;3 >''/!D.U'' >(2)0 * Determinemodelparameterstobemonitored QG1D/*"*" T0 '' TQ 5''&$ t/ 5Month Z''K!x 0"''  @6@Z6 ]''N@x 1U  @6 @'' ](3)0 * Finaloutputs:Demonstrateuseof_poststudy_Ԁdata X'0G1x 2*"*" T0 '' TXApproximate !3 LevelofEffort: L''=2\"4aa[ V'0 L%Time ;'',!!5"'' ;Months >''/!!6"'' >   TypeofExpertiseNeeded G='!7  T0 '' TG 5''&"7 550 Z''K!"08"''  "@9"@Z9 ]''N@"09"  "@9 "@'' ]Principalinvestigator G='"0: T0 '' TG 5''&#: 550 Z''K!$d;"''  "@9"@Z9 ]''N@$d<"  "@9 "@'' ]Seniorlevelstaff( associate) G='$d= T0 '' TG 5''&$D = 5 ;'',!H% >"'' ; >''/!H% ?"'' >Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students N0='H% @ T0 '' TN 7''0&(&x!@0 7 =''0,!|&!A"''0 = @''0/!|&!B"''0 @Other(describe):#/XdBX/*,#7-+|&!C T0  ''0 7/X/XdB*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep.#/XdBX/D#  (\#D   ( $E *FGXdXddddddd%|dd|DE(#(#,;dd,Vd%,Vd%,Vd+  /X/XdB %0  %#/XdBX/E#/X/XdBProjectName: B0'3!d0 B  #/XdBX/HF#M6.IdentificationofFactorsContributingtoHighEndExposuresin d theNHEXASStudy/X/XdB ?'2$P0' ?ShortProjectDescription: B''3!0' BDeterminefactors(activities,sources,andhousingorpersonalcharacteristics)thatcontributetotheupperregionoftheexposuredistribution,aswellastoexposuresreceivedbysensitivemembersofthepopulation(e.g.,childrenandtheelderly).Ideally,factorswillberevealedforpollutantseachrepresentingachemicaltype(VOCs,metals,andpesticides).AvarietyofstatisticalmethodsmaybeappropriateforinvestigatingthecompleterangeoftheNHEXASdata,includinganalytical,questionnaire,andtime/activitydata. ?'2$ @ '' ?Goal/Objective: B''3!4  ' BIdentifythemajorcontributions,routes,andsources,tohighendexposuresfordifferentclassesofpollutants. ?'2$ 4'' ?Significanceof (x  Project: B''3!( ' BIdentificationofthefactorsthatinfluenceorcontributetoexposureisnecessaryforinterpretationoftheNHEXASdata,applyingtheresultstoriskassessmentsandidentificationofremedialactions.Analysisofthedatacouldindicatewhichquestionnaireitemsoractivitiesmaybesuitableforpredictinghighexposuresorwhereadditionaltargetedquestionsmaybenecessary. ?'2$8 '' ?SuggestedApproach: B''3!,| ' BThereareavarietyofmethodsthatmaybeapplicabletothisproject.Suitablemethodsshouldbeabletohandleavarietyofdatatypes(binary,integer,categorical,ordinal,andcontinuous),possiblyaftersuitabletransformationsofthedata.Potentialmethodsmaybebasedonregressiontrees,neuralnetworks,orfactoranalysis.Methodsoforderstatistics(i.e.,statisticsofextremeevents),notpreviouslyusedinexposureassessments,alsomayrevealimportantrelationships. ?'2$<'' ?DataorInput  Needs: B''3!0' BInvestigatorswillneedtoconstructadistributionofexposureusingenvironmentalconcentrationsandexposurefactors,orbiomarkers.Thecriteriaforidentifyingindividualsatthehighendthenwillneedtobedetermined. ?'2$0 '' ?Feasibility(ofanalyseswithcurrentNHEXASdatabases): B''3!4$' BTheproposedtypesofanalyseswillbeapplicableforonlychemicalswhereacomprehensivesetofmeasurementsforanadequatenumberofsubjectsexists.Somemethodsalsomayrequireasubstantialnumberofproperlyclassifiedsubjectsto trainamodel.Potentialchemicalsforwhichcomprehensivedataappeartoexistaremetals,chlorpyrifos,andbenzene. C'6$4('' CApproximateProjectTimeTableandLevelofEffort C'6$x)"' C  TimeTable:  * uT#/XdBX/#/X/XdB S''D2l+"'HHj [' SDuration* A''2$ ,"'' A  ResearchOutputs =3! - '' =U 5''&- 5Month O''@!P."'' # O0 R''C5P/U # '' R*nX*X*(1)0  Initiateproject:OnavailabilityofNHEXASdata;timelinebasedon P0 theanalysisofthreepollutants(metal,VOC,andpesticide) KA+1""'' 4K 5''&1 5Month Z''K!2"''  @3@Z3 ]''N@3U  @3 @'' ](2)0  Obtainandmergedatabases QG14"" 40 '' 4Q 5''& 4 5Month Z''K! (5"''  "@9"@Z9 ]''N@ (6U  "@9 "@'' ](3)0  Developestimateofexposureandfitapossibledistribution QG1 (7"" 40 '' 4Q 5''&!7 5Month [''L!!<8"''  (@12(@[12 ^''OA!<9U  (@12 (@'' ^(4)0  Identificationofhighlyexposedindividuals QG1!<:"" 40 '' 4Q 5''&": 5Month [''L!#P;"''  2@182@[18 ^''OA#P<U  2@18 2@'' ^(5)0  Developmentortrainingofmodels QG1#P="" 40 '' 4Q 5''&#0= 5Month [''L!$d>"''  8@248@[24 ^''OA$d?U  8@24 8@'' ^(6)0  Finaloutputs:Draftmanuscriptdetailingpotentialimportantfactors $d@ andsourcesofuncertaintyintheidentification X'0G1$ A"" 40 '' 4XApproximate %(!B LevelofEffort: L''=2&!C[[ j'0 L%Time ;'',!%(!D"'' ;Months >''/!%(!E"'' >TypeofExpertiseNeeded G='%(!F" 40 '' 4G U''F&"F  4@204@U20 {''lA&<"GU  4@20 4@''  8@248@{24 ^''OA&<"HU  8@24 8@'' ^PrincipalInvestigator G='&<"I 40 '' 4G U''F'#I  I@50I@U50 {''lA(P#JU  I@50 I@''  8@248@{24 ^''OA(P#KU  8@24 8@'' ^Seniorlevelstaff( associate) LB'(P#L 40 '' I4L U''F(0$L  I@50I@U50 {''lA)d$MU  I@50 I@''  8@248@{24 ^''OA)d$NU  8@24 8@'' ^Juniorlevelstaff( assistant,technician),students S0B,)d$O 40 I '' 4S 7''0&)*y%O0 7 =''0,!]*%P''0 = @''0/!]*%Q''0 @Other(describe):#/XdBX/T#/X/XdB7-+]*%R 40  ''0 7#/XdBX/#g#/X/XdB*Duration=approximatetime(inmonths)needed,fromstartofproject,tocompleteeachstep