EPA's homeland security research is helping to protect human health and the environment from intentional acts of terror. http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/ en-us Fri, 15 May 2009 10:51:00 -0400 Fri, 15 May 2009 10:51:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/ http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/images/epafiles_logo_epaseal.gif 250 112 EPA's homeland security research is helping to protect human health and the environment from intentional acts of terror. http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news051409.html EPA has identified more than 100 chemical and radiological constituents that are considered homeland security threat contaminants. Femi Adeshina Risk Fri, 15 May 2009 10:51:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news051209.html Handling, transporting, treating, and disposing of the large volumes of waste from wild fires, floods and other natural disasters presents unique challenges: likewise with waste from industrial chemical spills, terrorist attacks using biological, chemical or radiological agents, and animal disease outbreaks. Paul Lemieux Decon Tue, 12 May 2009 04:21:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news041409.html The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), with support from EPA, the Department of Defense (DoD), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), recently developed and constructed All Hazards Receipt Facilities (AHRFs) for prescreening unknown and potentially hazardous samples collected under unusual or suspicious circumstances. Erin Silvestri Response Tue, 14 Apr 2009 14:35:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news032309.html All Hazards Receipt Facilities (AHRFs) were developed to prescreen for chemical, radiochemical, and explosive hazards in samples collected during suspected terrorist attacks. Eric Koglin Decon Fri, 27 Mar 2009 10:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news121208.html PALs are a tiered set of exposure values used to inform risk-based decision making during a response to environmental contamination involving hazardous chemicals. Femi Adeshina Water Fri, 12 Dec 2008 20:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/tps_detectioninstr.html These technical briefs summarize the evaluation of commercially available screening technologies designed to rapidly detect, and in some cases indicate the concentration of, toxic industrial chemicals and chemical warfare agents in air, water, or surface samples. The technologies were specifically evaluated to see if they could detect chemicals that might be used during, or develop as a by-product from, a terrorist attack. Eric Koglin Decon Fri, 31 Oct 2008 20:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news102908a.html In 2001, the anthrax mailings not only caused loss of life, but also interrupted the daily functioning of the United States government when affected buildings had to be taken out of service until decontamination and restoration efforts were complete. Because of these events and their consequences, EPA has evaluated the performance of several decontamination technologies designed specifically to inactivate biological agents. Shawn Ryan Decon Wed, 29 Oct 2008 20:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news102908.html EPA evaluates homeland security related technologies that will help protect human health and the environment from the adverse impacts of terrorist acts. Radiological attacks may require massive evacuation to protect human health and greatly interfere with economic and business activities. John Drake Decon Wed, 29 Oct 2008 20:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news071408.html EPA is investigating decontamination technologies for restoring public buildings to a usable state after a terrorist contamination event. In the context of decontamination, contaminants of interest are those that can persist on indoor surfaces and can lead to a continuing chance of exposure long after the contamination event occurs. Shawn Ryan Decon Mon, 14 Jul 2008 20:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news070808.html Multi-parameter water monitors are deployed at multiple locations in water distribution systems and collect general water quality data that can be transmitted to various locations, including remote locations, thereby giving water utilities access to real-time or near real-time data from their overall system. Eric Koglin Tech Tue, 08 Jul 2008 20:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news070808a.html PCR is used to determine the presence of specific bacteria in water in less than four hours. PCR involves enzyme-mediated reactions that replicate the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target organisms. Eric Koglin Tech Tue, 08 Jul 2008 20:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news070708.html Immunoassay tests are used to determine the presence of biotoxins and pathogens in water. The immunoassay devices are based on immunological interactions during which specific antibodies react with contaminants, or antigens, to produce a response indicating the presence of the contaminant. Eric Koglin Tech Tue, 07 Jul 2008 20:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news070708a.html Enzymatic test kits can detect the presence of chemical agents, carbamate pesticides, and/or organophosphate pesticides through a cholinesterase enzyme reaction. Under contaminant-free conditions, the enzyme reacts with other reagents present in the test kit. Eric Koglin Tech Tue, 07 Jul 2008 20:00:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news052808.html EPA is investigating the persistence (attenuation) of biological organisms and toxins on indoor building materials under various temperature and relative humidity conditions consistent with those achieved using heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Shawn Ryan Decon Wed, 28 May 2008 17:34:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news032808.html On February 7, 2008, the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS of Hanover, MD) announced that a TEVA Research project is one of six finalists vying for this year’s prestigious Franz Edelman Award. Regan Murray Water Fri, 28 Mar 2008 14:21:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news031308.html The disposal of contaminated animal carcasses in response to foreign animal disease outbreaks is an event- and site-specific operation that can have significant environmental impacts. Paul Lemieux Decon Thu, 12 Mar 2008 16:43:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news122007.html Anomalous water quality results can indicate the onset of a contamination incident. For this reason, water utilities must be able to rapidly and accurately identify such results in water distribution systems. Reagan Murray Water Thu, 20 Dec 2007 09:33:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news112707.html EPA has created a report entitled the "Compendium of Prior and Current Risk Assessment Methods" to accelerate risk assessment, which in turn supports rapid response. Tonya Nichols Risk Tue, 27 Nov 2007 14:42:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news112607.html Water distribution networks deliver drinking water to consumers through systems of pipes, valves, pumps, and tanks. Within these systems, sensors that can detect contaminants can be placed at various locations, such as fire stations, schools, hospitals, public buildings, publicly owned infrastructure, and even private homes. Regan Murray Water Mon, 26 Nov 2007 13:23:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news110707.html EPA organized a workshop to provide architects, engineers, owners, and other building professionals with the latest research on protecting buildings from a terrorist attack. The video captures the entire workshop, presentations, and discussion sessions. Jacky Rosati Decon Wed, 07 Nov 2007 07:37:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news090707a.html Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) have been used in the past to incapacitate and kill, and their potential use in a homeland security incident is a concern. Erin Silvestri Response Fri, 07 Sep 2007 14:17:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news073007a.html EPANET is used in homeland security research to model contamination threats to water systems. Historically, EPANET has been limited to tracking the dynamics of a single chemical transported through a network of pipes and storage tanks. EPANET did not consider interactions between bulk species in the water or the surface species fixed to the pipe wall. Regan Murray Water Tue, 31 Jul 2007 09:24:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news073007b.html Tucson Water is an innovative and advanced municipal drinking water system that serves nearly 700,000 customers. Through an EPA Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and Community Tracking (EMPACT) grant, online monitors have been providing near real-time water quality data to the public for several years. Robert Janke Water Tue, 31 Jul 2007 09:24:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news062607.html EPA is developing the Support for Environmental Rapid Risk Assessment (SERRA) database to accelerate the risk assessment process and to support emergency response. Tonya Nichols Risk Tue, 26 Jun 2007 09:27:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news052507.html TA new report provides owners, managers, engineers, and other decision makers with information about various building retrofit options that will improve building protection against airborne hazards. Jacky Rosati Decon Fri, 25 May 2007 14:40:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news042407.html The collection of surface contaminants, referred to as "wipe sampling," is an important technique for government agencies and the private sector to estimate contamination on a variety of surfaces, including those in buildings, homes, outdoor areas, and hands. Stephen Billets Response Tue, 24 Apr 2007 13:21:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news040207.html Message mapping is a science-based risk communication tool that enables members of the emergency response and environmental protection communities to quickly and concisely deliver the most pertinent information about an emergency. Scott Minamyer Risk Mon, 2 Apr 2007 17:01:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news030607.html As part of EPA’s Office of Research and Development, the National Homeland Security Research Center rigorously tests technologies against a wide range of performance characteristics, requirements, and specifications under the Technology Testing and Evaluation Program. Joe Wood Technology Tue, 6 Mar 2007 13:01:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news022607.html A radiological sampling procedure is now available to environmental sampling teams assisting the EPA with characterizing, remediating, and determining the final status of a site following a radiological contamination event. Kathy Hall Response Mon, 26 Feb 2007 10:11:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news022307.html EPA is conducting several projects concerning foreign animal disease (FAD) pathogens, agricultural terrorism, and agriculture disaster management. Paul Lemieux Decon Fri, 23 Feb 2007 02:01:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news121406.html EPA held a workshop from April 26-28, 2006, in Washington, D.C. titled “Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated Issues for Sites Contaminated with Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Materials”. Joe Wood Decon Thu, 14 Dec 2006 18:31:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news112706.html EPA is building upon and expanding current monitoring programs in order to develop robust, comprehensive, and fully coordinated surveillance and monitoring systems for water quality that provide early detection and awareness of disease, pest, or poisonous agents. John Hall Water Mon, 27 Nov 2006 16:26:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news111606.html Bacterial endospores can survive in the environment for an extended time, and are resistant to a wide variety of treatments such as heat, desiccation, radiation, pressure, and chemicals. As potential bacterial spore decontaminants, ultraviolet light, γ-irradiation, wet/dry heat, ozone, aqueous solutions and mixtures, gels, and gases have been evaluated. John Chang Decon Thu, 16 Nov 2006 16:11:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news110806.html The EPA and its partners are currently completing work on draft standards covering the physical security of water and wastewater/storm water utilities. Kathy Nickel Water Wed, 8 Nov 2006 16:54:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news102006.html Among EPA’s homeland security concerns is the possibility of terrorist events involving toxic chemicals whose health effects are not well known. Several EPA research projects are investigating how the risks associated with these chemicals can be estimated. Chandrika Moudgal Risk Fri, 20 Oct 2006 10:24:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news101906.html Disposal is the final step in the restoration process after the initial response and decontamination activities. Likely disposal options include high temperature thermal incineration, landfilling, and steam autoclaving. Paul Lemieux Decon Thu, 19 Oct 2006 16:17:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news101906a.html EPA has initiated a program to investigate chemical/biological agent destruction in incineration systems when the agent in question is bound on common porous building interior materials. Paul Lemieux Decon Thu, 19 Oct 2006 15:43:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news101606.html Building decontamination after a biological warfare agent (such as Bacillus anthracis) release may produce substantial building decontamination residue such as ceiling tile, carpet, wallboard, concrete, and wood. These materials would be removed from the building either before or after decontamination efforts. Joe Wood Decon Mon, 16 Oct 2006 09:57:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news101206.html Many interior building materials will require disposal after a terrorist attack with a biological weapon such as anthrax (B. Anthracis). Research indicates that incineration may be the best option to destroy all potentially remaining bio-contaminants. Joe Wood Decon Fri, 13 Oct 2006 15:27:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news100406.html The US EPA participated in a collaborative test program on the feasibility of using cement kilns for the destruction of post-consumer carpet. Paul Lemieux Decon Wed, 4 Oct 2006 16:45:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news100406a.html One potential method of terrorism is the intentional introduction of biological warfare agents (BWAs) into the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems of target structures in order to distribute pathogenic organisms. Kathy Nickel Tech Wed, 4 Oct 2006 14:27:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news062906.html EPA is developing health-based provisional advisory level (PAL) values for high-priority chemical, biological, and radiological warfare agents in air and drinking water that will support risk related decision-making. PALs are threshold exposure limits for the general public, including susceptible and sensitive subpopulations. Femi Adeshina Risk Thu, 29 Jun 2006 13:19:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news061906.html Sophisticated computer programs are one type of tool available for monitoring changes in public health. The programs look for patterns in health-related data that indicate the appearance of a particular syndrome or set of symptoms in the population. Many cities and counties use these electronic public health syndromic surveillance (PHSS) system programs to help identify potential disease outbreaks early. Kathy Clayton Risk Mon, 19 Jun 2006 17:37:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news061306.html Because safe drinking water and properly treated wastewater are critical to modern life, the federal government has identified the water sector as one of seventeen critical infrastructures/key resources. During 2005, EPA hosted three water sector security workshops involving drinking water as well as wastewater utility operators and other key stakeholders. The purpose of the workshops was to discuss water sector security issues in order to better gauge the current status of water security, outline common challenges, and identify what is most needed to better protect the nation’s water infrastructure. Scott Minamyer Water Tue, 13 Jun 2006 14:43:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news060706.html The nation’s water utilities treat nearly 34 billion gallons of water every day, using an assortment of treatment methods to remove contaminants from drinking water before it enters the distribution system. The quality of water can still be affected within the distribution system, however, in ways that pose risks to public health. A number of tools are available to help utilities manage water quality; Distribution System Analysis: Field Studies, Modeling, and Management describes these tools—and how to apply them—in useful detail. Lucille Garner Water Wed, 7 Jun 2006 16:12:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news050806.html Risk assessment is often conducted using limited experimental data. In such instances, the ability to accurately and quickly predict potential health hazards from chemical exposure would save time and valuable resources that could be more wisely invested. Chandrika Moudgal Risk Mon, 8 May 2006 15:38:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news050306.html The building decontamination residues (BDRs) destined for disposal may be parts of a structure or its contents, or waste from the decontamination process. One way to deal with these BDRs is to incinerate them in combustion facilities; another is to use autoclaving with steam to disinfect them. EPA researchers are investigating how various materials and their contaminants behave during these two high-temperature treatments. Paul Lemieux Decon Fri, 5 May 2006 10:27:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news022406.html Point-of-use (POU) devices are designed to purify only that portion of incoming water that is being used for drinking and cooking purposes, while point-of-entry (POE) devices treat all the water coming into a house or facility. What are the capabilities of these devices for treating or capturing the most likely contaminants? Irwin Silverstein Water Fri, 22 Feb 2006 09:17:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news010606.html An ongoing EPA study has confirmed the usefulness of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) guidelines for preparing in-house shelters as protection against airborne biological, chemical, or radioactive hazards. The DHS guidelines recommend that people create in-place shelters in their homes by using an interior room with few or no windows and sealing openings with plastic sheeting and duct tape. Jim Jetter Decon Fri, 6 Jan 2006 10:04:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news010306.html In carrying out its responsibilities for protecting drinking water systems and sources, the NHSRC conducted research on the use of nonvirulent surrogates for Bacillus anthracis in inactivation studies involving chlorination. Eugene Rice Water Tue, 3 Jan 2006 09:17:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news120105.html "Technologies and Techniques for Early Warning Systems to Monitor and Evaluate Drinking Water Quality: A State-of-the-Art Review" evaluates the existing sensors, monitoring technologies, and other products that can detect contaminants in drinking water distribution systems. Because terrorist threats could involve chemical, microbial, or radiological contaminants, information from a range of sources was used to evaluate products in all three categories. Jafrul Hasan Water Thu, 1 Dec 2005 16:23:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news113005.html The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hosted a 2-day Symposium about communicating risks to drinking and waste water systems in San Francisco, California. More than 100 participants attended the Symposium, from drinking water and wastewater utilities, public health agencies, state and local drinking water and wastewater agencies, local emergency response organizations, elected officials, and the media. Scott Minamyer Water Wed, 30 Nov 2005 15:16:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news112805.html The National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA), through a cooperative agreement with EPA, has created this guide to increase the level of awareness within the water sector and provide guidance on how to ensure that wastewater infrastructure is protected in the event of a terrorist attack. Specifically, the guide is designed to ensure managers of wastewater utilities are cognizant of the pre-planning necessary to prevent, detect, respond to and/or recover from the impact of decontamination wastewater containing chemical, biological, or radiological (CBR) substances. Alan Lindquist Water Mon, 28 Nov 2005 08:27:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news111505b.html To counter threats against water systems, EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) is developing the Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) program. This program uses a computational framework containing a suite of software tools that can simulate threats and identify vulnerabilities in drinking water distribution systems, measure potential public health impacts, and evaluate mitigation and response strategies. Regan Murray Water Tue, 15 Nov 2005 15:37:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news110405.html EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center is testing an expanded version of the "E-Plan HazMat Response System" (E-Plan) for homeland security use. E-Plan is a secure computer system designed to make facility-specific hazardous material information available online to emergency responders and homeland security managers. Kathy Clayton Risk Fri, 4 Nov 2005 10:24:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news102805.html EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) held its first "Workshop on Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated Issues for Sites Contaminated With Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Materials" at the International Trade Center Building in Washington, D.C., February 23–25, 2005. The workshop opened with a plenary session. Joe Wood Decon Fri, 28 Oct 2005 14:37:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news092905.htlm Since the events of September 11, 2001, improving the security of our nation's drinking water and wastewater infrastructure has become a top priority. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plays a critical role in this effort as the federal agency lead for water security. Kim Fox Water Thu, 29 Sep 2005 12:08:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news092605.html In the event of a terrorist attack in which biological weapons such as anthrax are used to contaminate a building, much of the porous material in the building will be shipped for disposal after decontamination activities. This material is collectively termed "building decontamination residue" (BDR). Paul Lemieux Decon Mon, 26 Sep 2005 15:16:00 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news083005a.html The attacks of September 11, 2001, and recent events involving the identification of water system vulnerabilities have elevated concerns about intentional threats to the nation's water systems. In response to these concerns, EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC), Water Infrastructure Protection Division (WIPD), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, has implemented a three-phase program to test and evaluate early warning systems for drinking water infrastructures. An early warning system (EWS) is an integrated system for monitoring, analyzing, interpreting, and communicating water system data. It can enable decision makers to respond quickly and effectively to protect public health in the event of intentional water system contamination. Jafrul Hasan Water Tue, 30 Aug 2005 07:09:04 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news052705.html In September 2002, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created the National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) within the Agency's Office of Research and Development (ORD). As one of the elements within NHSRC, the Safe Buildings Team has, as a key part of its responsibilities, engineering and economic analysis of alternative technologies and approaches for decontaminating buildings following an attack using chemical and biological (CB) agents. Bruce Henschel Decon Fri, 27 May 2005 00:00:01 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news051805.html The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) has published Security Information Collaboratives: A Guide for Water Utilities. The purpose of the guide is to inform drinking water and wastewater utilities, and others, about the benefits of establishing collaborative arrangements with other organizations to share information on water security. Scott Minamyer Water Wed, 18 May 2005 00:00:01 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news040805.html The NHSRC, in collaboration with other government, academic, and private organizations, conducted a series of investigations on issues related to combustion of Building Decontamination Residues, such as carpeting. To broaden the usefulness of the research, issues were investigated both relating to the disposal of carpeting as building decontamination residue as well as the utilization of post-consumer carpeting as supplemental fuel for energy intensive industrial processes such as cement production. Paul Lemieux Decon Fri, 8 Apr 2005 00:00:01 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news030905.html EPA’s National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, is developing a device and a methodology to better detect pathogenic microbes in drinking water samples. This device will enhance the ability of sampling personnel and analytical laboratory technicians to concentrate biological organisms in large-volume water samples. Alan Lindquist Water Wed, 9 Mar 2005 00:00:01 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news110104.html Water — every drop of it — is a precious natural resource that Americans once enjoyed with little thought to potential tampering by terrorists or others. Today, however, U. S. citizens are increasingly aware of threats of harm to our homeland. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the delivery of anthrax-contaminated letters later that year have taught us to anticipate that other such threats are possible. U.S. EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center Water Mon, 1 Nov 2004 00:00:01 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news102904.html A recent report follows a collaborative effort initiated by the “Homeland Security Workshop on Transport and Disposal of Wastes from Facilities Contaminated with Chemical or Biological Agents.” U.S. EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center Decon Fri, 29 Oct 2004 00:00:01 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/news/news052503.html One of the most important battles in the war against terrorism won't be fought in the caves of Afghanistan. Instead, a behind-the-scenes battle to better protect the U.S. drinking water supply from terrorist attack will be fought in Cincinnati - by more than 80 scientists in the labs of a modernistic federal building in Corryville. Cincinnati Enquirer Water Sun, 25 May 2003 00:00:01 -0400 http://www.epa.gov/homelandsecurity/htm/ohs-sp.htm In September 2002, EPA published a Strategic Plan for Homeland Security outlining the Agency's activities and initiatives through fiscal year 2005 in support of homeland security. The 2004 Homeland Security Strategy updates this earlier effort and furthers EPA's strategic planning process. Specifically, the update takes into consideration the Agency's available resources through fiscal year 2005, recent Presidential Directives and expectations, and the evolving role of the Department of Homeland Security. U.S. EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center General Sun, 1 Sep 2002 00:00:01 -0400