Abstract

This EPA document is an interim product in the development of revised design guidance for nitrogen and phosphorus control at municipal WWTPs. This document presents findings from an extensive review of nitrogen and phosphorus control technologies and techniques currently applied and emerging at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). It includes information on the importance of nutrient removal, the properties and analytical techniques for nitrogen and phosphorus species, and the principles behind biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal and chemical phosphorus precipitation. The report profiles the latest advances in technology to achieve consistently low nutrient levels in plant effluent, including effluent filtration and advanced clarification techniques, along with up-to-date research on the removal of emerging microcontaminants such as endocrine-disrupting compounds. Other contemporary issues include how mathematical modeling can improve process design, nutrient removal at small and decentralized treatment systems, and sustainable nutrient recovery.

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George T. Moore

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