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Introduction: Workshop on Analysis of PAMS Data
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Table of Contents Workshop Objectives
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Type I: Upwind and background characterization Type II: Maximum ozone precursor emissions impact Type III: Maximum ozone concentration Type IV: Extreme downwind monitoring [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
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Figure 1 Carbonyl compounds are sometimes a significant fraction of NMOC and contribute to ozone formation.
Average distribution by time of day of the weight percent of the NMOC attributed to nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), paraffins, olefins, aromatic and unidentified hydrocarbons, and carbonyl compounds at Bermudian Valley, PA and Stratford Lighthouse, CT on episode days (summer 1994). (Lindsey et al., 1995) [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 2 There is large spatial and temporal variability in isoprene concentrations.
Isoprene concentrations at five sites in Massachusetts and the maximum isoprene concentrations measured by aircraft on July 14, 1995 (Level 0, AIRS data - surface; Level 1, NARSTO-Northeast data - aloft). [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 3 Biogenic isoprene concentrations are a function of temperature and sunlight.
Three-hour isoprene concentrations and hourly temperature and solar radiation data collected at August 22-29, 1995 (Level 1, AIRS data) [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 4 Differences between modeled and measurement-derived mixing heights may be important.
Time series plot of mixing depths estimated from Cn2 and Tv data and from a meteorological model for a radar profiler site in Houston, TX for August 18-20, 1993 (Dye et al., 1995a). The agreement between the model, RASS Tv, and Cn2-derived mixing depths is quite good during the growth of the convective boundary layer (CBL - i.e., between 0800 and 1200 CDT). During the later afternoon and at night, discrepancies among all three estimates occurred. Note that Cn2 mixing depths tend to be more accurate than Tv mixing depths during the day. The opposite is true when the nocturnal inversion layer forms. [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 5 Upper-air wind measurements are needed more than twice per day. Notice the evolution of complex features over the course of 48 hours.
Time series cross section of winds, mixing depth, and inversion conditions measured by the radar profiler on July 12-13, 1994 at Bermudian Valley, PA. The thin solid line denotes the height of the mixed layer estimated using Cn2 and RASS temperature data. The thick line denotes the subsidence inversion. The shaded area indicates the region of the nocturnal low-level wind maxima (Lindsey et al., 1995a). [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 6
Mixing depth estimates based on radar profiler Cn2 and Tv data (Dye et al., 1995) and computed using diagnostic models (CALMET, MIXEMUP, and RAMMET-X) for Schenectady, New York on August 8, 1994. Mixing depths from diagnostic models were provided by S.T. Rao o fhte New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 7 Aloft winds and surface winds are often decoupled. Measurements of both aloft and surface meteorology are necessary to evaluate regional transport potential.
Vector integrated transport distances, resultant wind directions, and recirculation factors, calculated from data collected by the Holbrook radar profiler for the period 19:05 to 06:05 EST on July 13 - July 14, 1995 (Ray et al., 1997). [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 8 On low ozone days, aloft winds showed little recirculation.
Vector integrated transport distances, resultant wind directions, and recirculation factors (R), calculated from data collected by the southeast Houston (SHE) radar profiler for the period 0600-1700 CDT on August 16, 1993 (SAI et al., 1995) [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 9 On high ozone days, recirculation aloft was important.
Vector integrated transport distances, resultant wind directions, and recirculation factors (R), calculated from data collected by the southeast Houston (SHE) radar profiler for the period 0600-1700 CDT on August 19, 1993 (SAI et al., 1995). [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 10 PAMS VOC data can be compared to emission inventories.
Comparison of the 0600 CST ambient- and total emissions-derived relative compositions of paraffins, olefins, aromatic compounds, and other species for the 9x9 cell (18x18 km) area surrounding Galleria (Houston), TX. Note that the composition of aromatic species in the emission inventory is significantly higher than the ambient composition. (Ambient data, Level 1 AIRS; 1993 COAST emission inventory data, TNRCC) [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 11 Receptor modeling results from hourly-resolved PAMS data are useful to compare to emission inventories.
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Figure 12
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Figure 13 PAMS data are useful for trend analysis.
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TECHNICAL APPROACH AND INTRODUCTION TO WORKSHOP AND WORKBOOK
Both the workshop and the workbook are "works in process;"please provide discussions, suggestions, and recommendations for making both better. [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section]
Figure 14
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Methods, Procedures, and Tools
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Dye T.S., Lindsey C.G., and Anderson J.A. (1995a) Estimates of mixing depths from "boundary layer" profilers. In Preprints of the 9th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Charlotte, NC, March 27-31, STI-94212-1451. Dye T.S., Roberts P.T., and Korc M.E. (1995b) Observations of transport processes for ozone and ozone precursors during the 1991 Lake Michigan Ozone Study. J. Appl. Meteorol. 34, 1877-1889. (STI-1384). Fujita E.M., Watson J.G., Chow J.C., and Lu Z. (1994) Validation of the chemical mass balance receptor model applied to hydrocarbon source apportionment in the Southern California Air Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1633-1649. Lindsey C.G., Dye T.S., Main H.H., Korc M.E., Blumenthal D.L., Roberts P.T., Ray S.E., and Arthur M. (1997) Air quality and meteorological data analyses for the 1994 NARSTO-Northeast Air Quality Study. Final report in preparation for Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA by Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, STI-94362-1511-FR. Lindsey C.G., Dye T.S., Blumenthal D.L., Ray S.E., and Arthur M. (1996) Meteorological aspects of summertime ozone episodes in the Northeast. Paper FA 5.8 presented at the 9th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology at the American Meteorological Society 76th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, January 28-February 2, (STI-1549). Lu Z. and Fujita E.M. (1995) Volatile organic compound source apportionment for the coastal oxidant assessment for Southeast Texas Study. Final report prepared for Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Austin, TX by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV. Lurmann F.W. and Main H.H. (1992) Analysis of the ambient VOC data collected in the Southern California Air Quality Study. Report prepared for the California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA by Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, STI-99120-1161-FR, Contract No. A823-130, February. Stoeckenius T.E., Yarwood G., Ligocki M.P., Cohen J.P., Shepard S.B., Looker R.E., Fujita E.M., Main H.H., and Roberts P.T. (1995) Feasibility study for a 1995-1996 Southern California air quality monitoring program. Final report prepared for Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta, GA by Systems Applications International, San Rafael, CA, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, and Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, SYSAPP94-94/065, January. Systems Applications International, Sonoma Technology Inc., EarthTech, Alpine Geophysics, and A.T. Kearney (1995) Gulf of Mexico Air Quality Study. Vol. I: summary of data analysis and modeling. Final report prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA, OCS Study MMS-95-0038. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994) Photochemical assessment monitoring stations implementation manual. Report prepared by Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA-454/B-93-051, March. [Workbook Table of Contents] [Top of Introduction] [Previous Section] [Next Section] |
