Â"MAGNETÂ" Â- A Collaboration to Reduce Chlorpyrifos Dependence and Promote IPM Adoption in Root Crop Production

Alexandra Stone, OSU Vegetable Production Specialist
Amy J. Dreves, IPM Entomologist
Oregon State University
Department of Horticulture
4017 Ag & Life Science Bldg
Corvallis, OR 97331-7304
(541) 737-5461
(541) 737-5576
(541) 737-3479 - fax
stonea@bcc.orst.edu
drevesa@bcc.orst.edu

Project Duration: Jan 1, 2001 - June 30, 2002

	Request	Other Funding	Total
First Year Funding	39,883	25,221	65,104

Executive Summary

The primary goal of this project is to reduce dependence on chlorpyrifos in cruciferous root crop production in Oregon. Root crop growers are highly dependent on chlorpyrifos (LorsbanÂT, an organophosphate insecticide) for control of their most important pest, the cabbage root fly (CRF; cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.)). Root crop production requires a high degree of control of CRF, as a single maggot can generate an unmarketable root. Chlorpyrifos has been shown to be neurotoxic to animals and aquatic organisms. EPA has invoked the 10-fold safety factor for chlorpyrifos, which has led to elimination of many uses. Chlorpyrifos is the second most frequently detected insecticide in surface waters of the Willamette Basin (Wentz, 1999). This basin will be the focus of intense environmental scrutiny in the next five years. The Clean Water Act, the Endangered Species Act, OR Senate Bill 1010, the OR Plan for Salmon and Watersheds, and the Food Quality Protection Act have set in motion the development of a basin-wide water quality management plan and a statewide pesticide reporting use initiative. In addition, the fresh market production region (the Canby-Aurora area south of Portland) is urbanizing rapidly and farms are surrounded by homes, increasing the likelihood of human exposure to chlorpyrifos.

The supporting objectives of this project are: 1) to implement and evaluate IPM practices in cruciferous root crop production, 2) to define the current impact of CRF on root crop production and the importance of chlorpyrifos as a control measure, 3) to build collaboration between growers and agricultural professionals, and 4) to inspire and facilitate grower IPM interest and adoption. Program staff are currently developing monitoring techniques on the farm for detecting CRF adult flights, peak egg-laying, mid-season injury, and crop damage assessments at harvest. These data will help validate a degree day model under development for Oregon growers. Efficacy trials will be initiated to test alternative chemistries and timing of treatments. In-field no-spray strips will be evaluated to determine the importance of chlorpyrifos and impact of CRF. Our goal is to reduce chlorpyrifos use by one third in five years. Alternative strategies such as spatial rotation, field sanitation, and trap crops will also be explored. Management strategies developed in root crops can be applied to other cruciferous crops such as cabbage and broccoli, as well as to crops susceptible to onion and seed corn maggot, so the ultimate impact of this project would be widespread.

The program, "MagNet", currently includes twelve growers, three OSU extension staff, and two private crop consultant collaborators. This group meets twice annually to share experiences and review, evaluate, and plan the project. The project is evaluated through surveys that assess grower management practices and attitudes towards IPM practices. All project outcomes will be presented at grower meetings and field days and published on the MagNet website and as extension bulletins. A region-wide monitoring and reporting system for regional vegetable growers will be implemented if shown to be a viable means of reducing chlorpryifos applications.

Objectives

The overall goal of this project, MagNet, is to reduce dependence on chlorpyrifos in cruciferous root crop production. The supporting objectives are:

To evaluate and implement IPM practices in cruciferous crop production.
To quantify the current impact of the cabbage root fly and importance of chlorpyrifos.
To build a collaboration between growers and agricultural professionals.
To inspire grower IPM interest and adoption

Justification

Root crop growers are highly dependent on chlorpyrifos (LorsbanÂT, an organophosphate insecticide) for control of their most important pest, the cabbage root fly (CRF; cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.)). Root crop production requires a high degree of control of CRF, as a single maggot can generate an unmarketable root. Chlorpyrifos has been shown to be neurotoxic to animals and aquatic organisms. EPA has invoked the 10-fold safety factor for chlorpyrifos, and all uses are at risk of termination. Chlorpyrifos is the second most frequently detected insecticide in surface waters of the Willamette Basin (Wentz et al, 1999). This basin will be the focus of intense environmental scrutiny in the next five years. The Clean Water Act, the Endangered Species Act, OR Senate Bill 1010, the OR Plan for Salmon and Watersheds, and the Food Quality Protection Act have set in motion the development of a basin-wide water quality management plan and a statewide pesticide reporting use initiative. The fresh market production region (the Canby-Aurora area south of Portland) is rapidly urbanizing and farms are surrounded by homes, increasing the likelihood of human exposure to chlorpyrifos.

Root crops are an excellent model system in which to investigate CRF management strategies. The root is harvested and therefore damage is easy to assess (and can be assessed by growers at harvest). The system is sensitive, as even very low levels of infestation can be detected. Root crops are typically grown in relatively low acreage serial plantings throughout the season, so management effects on both spatial and temporal incidence can be assessed. Control measures developed in the root crop "model system" would be applicable to above ground cruciferous crops, and potentially also to crops susceptible to similar pests such as onion and seed corn maggot. Therefore, while this research is to be conducted on cruciferous root crops, its impact would ultimately have a very widespread impact on larger acreage crops such as broccoli, cauliflower, onion, and sweet corn.

1) To evaluate and implement IPM practices in cruciferous crop production.

Cruciferous crop growers are highly dependent on the use of chlorpyrifos for control of the root-infesting cabbage root fly nationwide. Forty one percent of broccoli acreage, 31% of cauliflower, and 100% of root crop acreage is prophylactically treated with chlorpyrifos (Quarles, 2000; Sears, 1998). No viable monitoring strategy currently exists for CRF on any crop (Cornell Cooperative Extension, 1999; UC IPM Project, 1985; personal communication, Jim Todd, ag consultant). Predictive models have been developed for CRF in Great Britain, Canada and New York, but not for the Pacific Northwest. There is also little regional data on CRF population dynamics. Prophylactic sprays without monitoring is the current practice in root crops as well as in other cruciferous crops. This project will work towards the development of a practical and effective monitoring and reporting system to better time treatments to pest incidence.

The backbone of this project is monitoring, including grower crop damage assessment (CDA). CDA has strong scientific and educational value for several reasons, as it 1) is presently conducted at some level by growers at harvest, so we have simply developed strategies to make these assessments efficient and quantitative, 2) improves grower understanding of CRF life cycle and behavior, 3) is an efficient and inexpensive means of quantifying CRF incidence and economic impact, 4) permits growers to independently evaluate the impact of experimental management strategies, 5) is an inexpensive means of generating spatial and temporal region-wide CRF data, and 6) will be used to validate a predictive degree-day (DD) model to predict low risk and high risk periods. CDA, along with monitoring of CRF developmental stages, will be used to refine and validate the predictive degree day model each winter. In the winter of 2003, the potential for full implementation of a region-wide predictive model and viable monitoring system will be evaluated.

2) To define the current impact of the cabbage root fly and importance of chlorpyrifos.

The goals of this objective are to generate analyses of 1) the economic impact of CRF in root crop production, and 2) the efficacy of chlorpyrifos for CRF control. These analyses will be used to document the importance of CRF control in fresh market vegetable production and the importance of chlorpyrifos as one strategy in an overall IPM system. They will also be used to help get registrations for new chemistries for CRF in Oregon.

3) To develop a collaboration of cruciferous crop growers and agricultural professionals.

Fresh market growers are an under-served grower group in Oregon. They do not have a commission so the growers have had few reasons to collaborate in the past - either with each other or with OSU personnel. (We are the first researchers to receive research money from this group). For this reason, this collaboration is novel for this group. The purpose of the collaboration is to bring together a diversity of opinions, experience, and expertise in CRF management in order to more efficiently and effectively design and test new management strategies. The collaboration currently includes twelve growers, three OSU extension staff, and two private crop consultant collaborators. This group meets at least twice annually to share experiences and data and plan, review, and evaluate the project. 4) To inspire grower IPM interest and adoption. All aspects of the project are designed to inspire grower interest in and adoption of IPM practices - from learning about CRF phenology through monitoring and crop damage assessment, to providing a supportive, collaborative, and information-rich environment for IPM and systems thinking. This grower group has previously had little to no exposure to IPM theory or practice, so the growers are very excited about their participation in this project. We see this project as merely the first step in an ongoing process of implementing IPM in fresh market production in Oregon.

Literature Review

There are several published degree-day models for predicting adult flights of CRF from Europe, Canada, and northeastern US (Jyoti et. al, 2000; Collier and Finch, 1985; Bracken et al, 1988). Currently no CRF degree-day models have been developed in Oregon. After reviewing the models and studying local temperature and emergence data, we developed a preliminary predictive model. In this model, thermal units are accumulated beginning January 1. A base threshold of 4 Â°C is used, based on literature indicating little or no CRF development below this threshold. No high temperature cut-off is used because daily temperature means in the northern Willamette Valley normally stay below 25 Â°C. To validate this model, we are using emergent traps, fall row covers, viewing jars, and yellow pan traps (Finch, 1990 & 1992) to detect adult emergence. The preliminary model appears to work; it accurately predicted peak adult emergence for both the overwintering (March 30^{th- April 4th) and
F1 (May 31st-June 6th) generations in spring of 2001 (Fig. 1)}

Egg and larval incidence were also monitored in three locations in the northern Willamette Valley in July-November 2000 and in six locations in spring 2001. These data indicate that a single region-wide CRF infestation occurred at approximately the same time in all locations during the predicted high risk period (data not shown). Continued monitoring is required to determine whether there is sufficient coherent structure in the region to justify a region-wide monitoring program. Some root crop growers qualitatively evaluate and record root damage at harvest ("good", "some", "bad").

Analysis of five years of field-by-field grower data suggests that damage occurs sporadically throughout the year (May through October) and varies in overall intensity from year to year (data not shown). However, these qualitative assessments did not permit us to adequately evaluate number, timing, or economic impact of CRF generations. Analysis of the damage records inspired our interest in working with growers on improving collection and reporting of crop damage assessment (CDA). Grower crop damage assessment is a potentially powerful educational and scientific tool for evaluating alternative CRF management strategies, as well as validating the degree day model. We developed efficient CDA methods in 2000, and three growers are conducting quantitative CDA in 2001. The economic impact of CRF and importance of chlorpyrifos for its control on cruciferous root crops in the PNW have never been quantified to our knowledge. The economic impact of CRF on aboveground crops such as broccoli and cauliflower is difficult to assess as damage occurs below ground and the roots are not harvested. There has been little conclusive research on the CRF impact on root crops as most studies have not successfully predicted incidence and have therefore conducted studies in which little damage occurred (Todd 1999, 2000).

We tested the efficacy of increasing numbers of serial chlorpyrifos applications on root damage in an on-farm replicated field trial in the fall of 2000 (Figs. 2 and 3). Treatments consisted of 1) no chlorpyrifos, 2) a single application at plant emergence (L1), 3) two applications Â- one at emergence (L1) and a second two weeks later (L2), and 4) 5 applications at two week intervals (L1-L5). Harvest damage incidence is shown in Fig. 3 and the economics in Table 1. Chlorpyrifos as Lorsban 4E was an effective control for CRF management (Table 1). Harvest damage (evaluated by CDA) was not significantly different in treatments 1 and 2 (Table 1). Damage was reduced relative to the no-spray treatment by 44% in treatment 3 and 83% in treatment 4. However, CRF control was likely more related to timing than to number of chlorpyrifos applications (Figs. 3 and 4). Chlorpyrifos applications at emergence, when CRF was absent, did not affect damage levels (Fig. 4) and reduced profits (Table 1).

Three applications (one just before egg laying, one during peak egg laying, and one during the end of egg-laying) reduced damage to a greater degree than a single application at the beginning of egg-laying (Fig. 3). We hypothesize that two well-timed applications during the high risk period (peak egg-laying) would have generated the same level of control as the five prophylactic applications, while improving the economics (Column 5, Table 1), and reducing the environmental risk.

Table 1. Economics of Lorsban 4E applications for CRF management on turnips (per acre basis)

	Number of Lorsban 4E Applications
	0	1 (emergence)	2	2 (timed)⁴	^{5 (prophylactic)}
^{Percent root damage}	^{10.1 Â± 2.7}	^{10.2 Â± 1.2}	^{5.7 Â± 1.3}	^1.7?	^{1.7 Â± .1}
^{Crop value1}	^$5,400	^$5,400	^$5,400	^$5,400	^$5,400
^{Loss due to CRF damage}	⁽⁵⁴⁶⁾	⁽⁵⁴⁹⁾	⁽³⁰⁹⁾	^(94?)	⁽⁹⁴⁾
^{Application labor2}	⁽⁰⁾	⁽¹⁵⁾	⁽³⁰⁾	^(30?)	⁽⁷⁵⁾
^{Cost of chemical3}	⁽⁰⁾	⁽⁹⁾	⁽¹⁸⁾	^(18?)	⁽⁴⁴⁾
^{Crop value}	^4,854	^4,827	^5,044	^5,258?	^5,187
^{Economic loss or gain relative to prophylactic program}	^-333	^-360	^-143	^+71?	⁰

Per acre: 900 bags per acre at $6.00 per bag (personal communication with grower).
Labor at $15.00/hour includes mixing, application, and irrigation.
Lorsban 4E at $35.00/gallon at a rate of 1 qt/acre.
Hypothetical situation

Approach and Methods

Objective 1. Implement IPM practices in cruciferous root crop production.

Development of a predictive degree day model: A CRF phenology model is being developed. We generated a preliminary model based on models from other locations. The equation is: Thermal Degree-Days (DD) = (MaxÂ° C + MinÂ° C)/2 Â- Base Temp (4Â°C). We are now validating the model with the monitoring tools described below. Daily temperatures are taken from a NOAA weather station in the heart of the root crop production area.
Monitoring techniques: 1) Adult flight. Adult flight is monitored through the use of fall row covers, miniature emergent cages, viewing jars, and yellow water pan traps. Clear plastic row covers (5Â' x 20Â') are placed in fields infested with over-wintering pupae. Soil and air temperature is monitored beginning each January, and row covers are examined for adult emergence daily. We recently found a source of miniature green emergent cages from an IPM company in Pennsylvania (they are currently used to monitor boll weevil). We have used these successfully this season to monitor adult emergence. Cages are placed over buried pupae in grower fields. Emerged adults are trapped in the cage and can be easily seen by staff and growers. This appears to be a simple, inexpensive, and grower-friendly method to detect adult emergence. These cages accurately detected adult emergence for both the first and second adult emergence events in 2001. As a third method, infested roots collected from the field are placed in clear plastic viewing jars and incubated in grower offices so growers can see adult flies when they emerge. Yellow water pan traps are also set up in fields to monitor adult flight (as this is the method used historically), but this method is proving to be the least useful of all the methods we have tested. 2) Egg laying. Egg counts are monitored using a "visual egg scrape technique", called ES100. Twenty clusters of 5 plants are inspected, totaling 100 plants. A knife is used to gently scrape the soil surface to find eggs laid in soil cracks. 3) Larvae. Larvae are monitored by destructively sampling 60 whole plants along a "M" transect throughout the field (M60). 4) Crop Damage Assessment (CDA). The proportions of CRF-damaged roots are recorded in a known bed length (two, 5 x 20 ft bed sections for turnips & rutabagas; two, 2 Â½ ft bed sections for radish). The developmental stage of CRF is recorded. The utility of grower CDA as a monitoring tool will be evaluated and reported.
Alternative chemistry insecticides and application timing: Bob McReynolds (Fresh Market Vegetable Crops Extension, OR IR-4), and Glenn Fisher (State Extension Entomologist) will play a major role in conducting application timing and new chemistry efficacy trials. Two pyrethrins (Force & Asana), a botanical (Neemix 4.5), a nicotine-based product (Thiomethoxam), timed Lorsban treatments (at peak egg-laying), Lorsban applied according to the Canadian label (four applications, beginning at 10 days after planting), and the standard US chlorpyrifos treatment (one application at planting) will be evaluated in an experiment station replicated trial planted to rutabagas and turnips in July 2001. Egg and larval incidence will be monitored weekly and CDA will be conducted at harvest
Other practices: We have conducted literature searches on the use of spatial rotation, field sanitation techniques, trap cropping, intercropping, repellants, and role of diversified crop habitats and cruciferous weeds. We will be reviewing and discussing these strategies in MagNet meetings as possibilities for future studies, as well as to promote grower understanding of higher level IPM strategies.

Objective 2. Measure of pest impact and importance of Lorsban.

Crop damage assessments (CDA): CDAÂ's obtained from MagNet farms throughout the season will be used to determine the overall economic impact of CRF in root crop production.
Chlorpyrifos on-farm efficacy trials: Unsprayed strips will be installed in four MagNet farm fields each year during periods of high CRF incidence. CRF incidence and CDA will be collected to assess efficacy of chlorpyrifos, as growers suspect that CRF may have developed resistance.

Objective 3. To build a collaboration between growers and agricultural professionals.

Program recruitment and support: The collaboration was initiated in 2000 and a draft vision of the project was presented at the OR Fresh Market Growers annual meeting in January 2001. Twenty growers and agricultural professionals signed up as project participants. A CRF monitoring and CDA workshop was held in March 2001 with 17 participants. The MagNet project currently includes twelve growers, three OSU extension staff, and two private crop consultant collaborators. This group meets twice annually to share experiences and review, evaluate, and plan the project.
Dissemination of results: Results will be disseminated: 1) through a weekly fax and/or email alert system (beginning in 2002), 2) on a "MagNet" website which will be linked to the OSU vegetable production site and the OSU "On-Line Phenology" website, 3) at the January Oregon Fresh Market Growers Association meeting, 4) during an on-farm field day held during first CRF generation 2002, and 5) in extension publications. We expect to generate publications on: 1) phenology and monitoring strategies for the cabbage root fly, 2) the economic impact of CRF and chlorpyrifos in Oregon, and 3) the utility of a region-wide monitoring system.

Objective 4. To inspire grower IPM interest and adoption.

Growers participate in all aspects of the project. Growers learn about the CRF life cycle through monitoring and crop damage assessment in both group workshops and one-on-one interactions with project staff. They will receive a weekly newsletter in 2002, which will include CRF alerts as well as information on IPM and alternative CRF management strategies. They participate in project meetings and workshops. IPM practices and attitudes are discussed by the group, and a survey will be developed (modeled after a similar program developed by the Wisconsin potato and Vegetable Growers Association/World Wildlife Fund/University of Wisconsin collaboration for bio-intensive IPM potato production). MagNet growers will evaluate their progress in IPM throughout their involvement with the program. Certificates will be rewarded to participating cooperators. Active participants will receive a monitoring kit containing: illustrated CRF developmental stage reference cards, monitoring technique handouts, spreadsheets for recording and reporting data, hand lens, miniature emergent cages, and a viewing jar.

Impact Assessment and Evaluation

The success of this project will be evaluated in winter 2002-03. This project is new. We realize that it is unrealistic to expect that grower practices will have changed significantly in such a short time frame. Therefore, we will evaluate 1) the potential for project outcomes to reduce chlorpyrifos use (in 2003 and the future) (e.g. does the predictive model work?, are there effective alternative chemistries?), and 2) grower practices, grower attitudes about IPM, and grower intentions (whether these growers intend to adopt alternative CRF control strategies in the future) (by grower survey). We will consider this project successful if we can: 1) predict that project outcomes will reduce chlorpyrifos use by one third within five years, and 2) detect significant differences in grower practices, attitudes, or intentions.

Appendix A. Literature Cited

Bracken, G.K. 1988. Seasonal occurrence and infestation potential of cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), attacking rutabaga in Manitoba as determined by captures of females in water traps. Can. J. Ent. 120:609-614.

Collier R. H., and S. Finch. 1985. Accumulated temperatures for predicting the time of emergence in the spring of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Bull. Ent. Res. 75, 395-404.

Cornell Cooperative Extension. 1999. Integrated crop and pest management recommendations for commercial vegetable production. Cornell University.

Finch S., and B. Skinner. 1972. Studies on the adult cabbage root fly: alternative methods of population control. Rep. Natn. Veg. Res. Stn., pp.70-1.

Finch, S., 1989. Ecological considerations in the management of Delia pest species in vegetable crops. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 34:117-137.

Finch, S., 1990. The effectiveness of traps used currently for monitoring populations of cabbage root fly. Ann. Appl. Biol. 116:447-454.

Finch, S., 1992. Improving the selectivity of water traps for monitoring populations for the cabbage root fly. Ann. Appl. Biol. 120, pp1-7.

Finch, S., and C.M. Ackley, 1977. Cultivated and wild hosts supporting populations of the cabbage root fly. Ann. Appl. Biol. 85:13-22.

Jyoti, J.L., A. Shelton, and J. Banard, 2000. Population trends of adult cabbage maggot (Diptera: Antomyiidae) in relation to degree-day accumulation in upstate New York. Unpublished data.

Quarles, W., 2000. EPA restricts chlorpyrifos. IPM Practitioner 22(7):8.

Sears, S., 1998. Oregon County and State Agricultural Estimates. Oregon State University Extension Service. Special Report 790.

Sexson, D.L., 2000. Colorado potato beetle movement and survival in Wisconsin potatoes: the development of an area-wide management strategy. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 170pp.

Todd, J. G., 1999. Management and control of cabbage maggot, Delia brassicae, in cauliflower. Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission Reports. Salem, Oregon.

Todd, J.G., 1998. Management and control of cabbage maggot, Delia brassicae, in cauliflower. Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission Reports. Salem, Oregon.

UC IPM Project, 1985. Integrated Pest Management for Cole Crops and Lettuce. UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Pub. 3307.

US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, 1998. Hazard Assessment of the Organophosphates. US EPA.

Wentz, D.A., 1999. The Quality of our NationÂ's Water - Nutrients and Pesticides. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1225, 82p.

Appendix B. Timetable

July-Aug 2001: 1) Data collection (e.g. ES, M60, and CDA) on farms, 2) Adjust predictive DD model, 3) Conduct efficacy trial.

Sept-Nov 2001: 1) Continue to monitor for CRF, 2) Identify fall-infested fields and place emergent cages and row covers in field.

Dec-Feb 2002: 1) Summarize data from 2001 season and prepare reports, 2) Survey MagNet participants 3) Present information at the OR Fresh Market Vegetable Growers annual meeting, 4) Submit first DD model to OSU "On-Line Phenology" website, 5) Design laminated, educational cards and monitoring handouts, 5) Present data on MagNet website, 6) Conduct workshop to review monitoring techniques, obtain participant feedback, and teach CRF developmental stage ID and phenology.

Mar- April 2002 1) Begin weekly MagNet newsletter, 2) Prepare for data collection (e.g. set up water pan traps, check emergent traps, prepare viewing jars, review daily temperature data), 3) Submit extension bulletin on CRF phenology and monitoring techniques, 5) Hold overwintering generation field day and distribute monitoring kits.

May-June 2002:1) Monitor for F1 generation CRF flight, 2) Submit final report

Appendix C. Major Participants

All key personnel involved are employed by Oregon State University.

Key Personnel

Amy Dreves, an IPM specialist and Entomologist, is one of the principal investigators and the project coordinator. She will participate in project planning and evaluation as a member of and coordinator of the core group. She will oversee project management and on-farm research activities, and develop educational and evaluation materials and train project staff and growers.

Alexandra Stone, the state vegetable production specialist, is a principal investigator of the project. She will participate as a member of the core group and in data collection and analysis, and collaborate on development of educational and evaluation tools.

Collaborators

Montecucco Farm:
Montecucco Farm is a fresh market farm of 500 Acres in Canby, OR, specializing in root crop production (turnips, rutabaga, daikon). They have the resources and the commitment to collaboratively develop and document systems strategies for CRF management. They farm field clusters over a wide geographic area, so they are capable of implementing rotational management, row cover, and trap crop strategies. They will collaborate with project staff on design and implementation of spatial management and no-Lorsban spray experiments as well as conduct crop damage assessments and participate in CRF monitoring data collection.

Aurora Farms and C&S Farms:
These two farms grow a diversity of fresh market vegetables. Aurora Farms specializes in radishes, while C&S Farms specializes in turnips and rutabagas. Both farms will conduct crop damage assessments and participate in seasonal monitoring for CRF.

Bob McReynolds:
Bob is the OSU Extension Specialist for Fresh Market Vegetable Crops at the Northern Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora, OR. He has worked with the fresh market vegetable industry for many years, and has conducted many efficacy trials with IR-4. He will assist in new chemistry evaluation for use in an IPM-CRF management system.

Dr. Glenn Fisher, the State Extension Entomologist, has also agreed to be a participant, and will work in conjunction with Bob McReynolds to evaluate lower-risk pesticides .

We will rely on the expertise of Dr. AliNiazee & Dr. Len Coop of the OSU Entomology Department for help in the development and refinement of the degree-day model.

Appendix D. Project Budget

PESP Project Period: July 1, 2001 - June 30, 2002

Budget Category	Grant Funding	Other Funding	Total Funding
Personnel
Salaries & Wages
Extension Specialist (.1 FTE)		4,963	4,963
Project Coordinator (.5 FTE)	18,181		18,181
Student Assistant		5,800	5,800
Fringe Benefits	8,909	2,374	11,283
Total Personnel	27,090	13,137	40,227
Travel		2,000	2,000
Equipment & Supplies	800	2,500	3,300
Total	27,890	17,637	45,527
Institutional Overhead (43%)	11,993	7,584	19,577
Total	39,883	25,221	65,104

Budget Justification

"Other funding" includes Alex StoneÂ's OSU Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension budgets, and a $3,000 grant from the Oregon Fresh Market GrowerÂ's Association.

Personnel: The bulk of the monies requested are for a yearÂ's salary for the project coordinator. The project coordinator, Amy J. Dreves, designed this project and has coordinated its activities since July 2000. She will continue to travel to farms, coordinate project activities, conduct workshops, and oversee data collection. Alex Stone, the extension specialist, spends approximately 10% of her time on project management, web development, and data interpretation and analysis. Because the coordinator is part time, a part-time student worker is hired for 9 months per year to assist in data collection.

Travel and Supplies: The team travels to growersÂ' sites (150 miles round trip) twice a week for approximately 9 months each year. Supplies include temperature gauges, emergent cages, monitoring kit equipment, water pan traps, laminated cards, grower record books, and other extension materials. Alex StoneÂ's OSU research and extension budget will support miscellaneous supplies.