Evaluating Reduced Risk Pesticides for Enhanced Biological Activity

Sue Blodgett and Ruth O’Neill
Montana State University
Dept Entomology
Leon Johnson Hall
Bozeman, MT 59717
(406) 994-2402
(406) 994-6029
blodgett@montana.edu

Executive Summary

Both forage and seed alfalfa are important crops in EPA Region VIII with 7.5 million acres valued at approximately $1.4 billion in the Dakotas, CO, WY, MT, and UT with South Dakota ranking 2nd in the nation for alfalfa acreage. In Montana, forage alfalfa is valued at $267.6 million and is produced on 1.5 million acres. Alfalfa seed has an average production value of $4.8 million on 13,300 acres in Montana for the period (1998-2002) (Montana Agriculture Statistics Service http://www.nass.usda.gov/mt/).

Nationwide, organophosphates account for about half of all insecticides used and similar organophosphate use pattern occurs in Montana alfalfa seed production with approximately 20% of use each attributed to carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids. Pesticide product selection and timing of application can have important consequences for biological control in alfalfa production. In order to achieve risk reduction in the alfalfa production system and other agricultural systems, newer biologically-based pesticides should be examined for their impact of pest populations but efficacy studies should be expanded to include the beneficial arthropod community. Biopesticide applications that conserve biological activity post-treatment, provide additional suppression of pest populations. Use of biopesticides that can be used when pollinators are present, would allow improved IPM practices by replacing prophylactic and more harmful cover sprays with a program that emphasizes treatment based on economic thresholds and conserves beneficial biological activity. This information would support growers wanting to transition efforts to reduce their use of higher risk pesticides. Results would be disseminated via Extension programs, newsletters, web site and reports to commodity groups such as Montana Alfalfa Seedgrowers Association, Northwest Alfalfa Seedgrowers Association, and national scientific meetings.

Objectives

Our overall objective is to evaluate replacing traditional early-season insecticide applications in alfalfa seed and forage production with ‘softer’ biologically-based insecticides that reduce pesticide risk.

Evaluate traditional pesticide class “cover sprays” with newer, biologically-based (biopesticide) agents to control key insect pests of alfalfa forage and seed production including plant bug (Lygus spp.), alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica), and aphids (Acyrthosiphone spp.) in alfalfa.
Compare the effectiveness of traditional and biopesticide cover sprays on pollinators and natural enemies eg. generalist predators and parasitoids of target pests.
Determine the effects of various pesticide treatments on seed production.
Disseminate results via Extension programs, newsletters, web site and reports of results to Montana Alfalfa Seedgrowers Association, Northwest Alfalfa Seedgrowers Association, and national scientific meetings.

Justification

General: Both forage and seed alfalfa are important crops in Montana. Forage alfalfa is valued at $267.6 million and is produced on 1.5 million Montana acres and alfalfa seed has a five year average production value of $4.8 million produced on 13,300 acres. Alfalfa weevil and pea aphids are major pests of both seed and forage crops and, in addition, the lygus bug is a major pest of the seed industry. Specific pesticide use associated with Oregon alfalfa production is included and summarized in Table 1: http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Oralfalfa.html.

Table 1: Summary of pounds of commonly used pesticides in Oregon alfalfa production.
Pesticide - common name	Pounds (x1000)
Carbaryl	2,800
Carbofuran	8,200
Chlorpyrifos	6,100
Dimethoate	360
Phosmet	2,000
Total Organophosphates	8,460
Total Carbamates	11,000

Alfalfa harbors a great diversity of general natural enemies, many of which have a documented role in helping to control pest populations, although the relationships have not been quantified. Common natural enemies found in High Plains alfalfa fields include damsel bugs (Nabis spp.) lady bird beetles (Coccinellids), minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.), lacewings (Crysopidae), assassin bugs (Reduviidae), and big-eyed bugs (Geocoris punctipes). There are also guilds of hymenopteran parasitoids for each pest species that have been detected in Montana.

Product selection and timing of application can have important consequences for biological control in alfalfa production. In order to achieve risk reduction in these and other agricultural systems, studies solely focused on the chemical residual activity on target pests are not adequate. Studies should also assess bio-residual activity, or the effects of spray programs on non-target, natural enemies including general predators, parasitoids and pollinators. This approach provides important information on immediate and direct effects of the pesticide and the biological suppression of pest populations due to natural enemy populations. Ultimately, robust relationships between natural enemies and pest populations can be used to develop treatment guidelines that incorporate biological activity.

Assessing biologically-based pesticides for their direct efficacy on target pests and the resulting bio-residual of natural enemies would provide producers with valuable information about the benefits of applying less toxic, broad spectrum insecticide materials. Little is known about the use of bio-based pesticides against alfalfa pests and nothing is known about the bio-residual activity. This information would be important in providing producers with the benefits of adopting the use of reduce-risk pesticides and suggest viable alternatives to the reliance on traditional chemical classes, organophosphates and carbamates that the industry current relies on

Objective 1: Evaluate traditional pesticide class “cover sprays” with newer, biologically-based (biopesticide) agents to control key insect pests of alfalfa forage and seed production including plant bug (Lygus spp.), alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica), and aphids (Acyrthosiphone spp.) in alfalfa.

Lygus is serious insect pest of seed or fruit crops and is the primary insect pest of alfalfa seed growers. Nymphs and adults feed on reproductive tissues of alfalfa and inject toxic saliva into reproductive tissues, causing blossoms to drop during flowering and resulting in black shriveled seeds that will not germinate. Producers commonly control lygus by application of 2-3 pesticide treatments per year. Pesticide applications for lygus bug have resulted in documented instances of resistance development. The first year bifenthrin was available in California, LC50 values averaged 110 ug/bag (based on bioassay procedure). By 1995 pre-treatment LC50 values had increased to 141.5ug/bag, and by mid-season had increased to 292.5 ug/bag. In one field where three applications of Capture were applied, the LC50 value was reported at 955 ug/bag (S. Muller, http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/subpages/CASeed.htm). Increasing LC50 values have been observed at separate locations and in other states over the past several seasons and indicate the development of resistance.

The alfalfa weevil is primarily a pest of forage alfalfa and foliar feeding by the immature stage on alfalfa seed stands can damage plant growth and result in reduced seed and forage yields. Larval stages, particularly the older stages, cause the most damage to the foliage, feeding for 3-4 weeks before completing their development.

Insecticides used in Montana for seed production are detailed in Table 2 (From MT Crop Profiles, http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/extension/MT_cropprofile/MT_alf_seed.htm). For alfalfa weevil control, 21% of insecticides used are pyrethroids, 21% carbamates while the remaining 50% are organophosphates. These pesticide usage patterns are similar for aphids and lygus bugs. Currently, no biopesticides are used in this system although some reports indicate that products such as spinosad can control alfalfa weevil populations (Mulder & Seuhs 2002).

Table 2. List of chemicals reportedly used in alfalfa seed production. From Montana Crop Profiles, http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/extension/MT_cropprofile/MT_alf_seed.htm
Common name	Pesticide class	Alfalfa weevil larvae	Aphids	Lygus bug
Permethrin	pyrethroid	X	X
Bifenthrin	pyrethroid	X		X
Dibrom	OP		X
Dimethoate	OP	X	X	X
Pymetrozine	azomethine		X
Carbofuran	carbamate	X	X	X
Guthion	OP	X
Phosmet & thaimethoate	OP	X
Lannate	carbamate	X	X	X
Chlorpyrifos	OP	X	X
Malathion	OP	X	X	X
Malathion & methoxychlor	OP	X
Oxydemeton	OP		X	X
Methoxychlor	HCl	X
Carbaryl	carbamate	X
Methiadathion	OP	X		X
Lamda cyhalothrin	pyrethroid	X	X	X

Objective 2: Compare the effectiveness of traditional and biopesticide cover sprays on pollinators and natural enemies eg. generalist predators and parasitoids of target pests.

Generalist predators. Generalist predators can be important factors in maintaining pests below damaging levels. For example, ladybird beetles, lacewings, and damsel bugs and others are known to attack alfalfa weevil larvae and lygus bug nymphs. The negative impact of insecticides on predators depends on product choice and timing of application but can range from relatively minor to highly disruptive. For example, application of broad-spectrum and highly toxic materials such as carbofuran and dimethoate can delay the buildup of damsel and big-eyed bugs by 3-4 weeks while other insecticides such as methomyl, chlorpyrifos, metasystox-R and methyl parathion can delay general predators by 2-4 weeks (Baird & Homan, 1996). Synthetic pyrethroids can also have a devastating effect on general predators. Permethrin, for example, causes high mortality of damsel, big-eyed bugs, and spider populations and can delay their population buildup by 2-3 weeks. Capture and Warrior used pre-bloom has less dramatic effect but can still delay buildup of these natural enemies by 1-2 weeks (Baird & Homan, 1996). Use of Capture and Warrior in season knocks down a broad spectrum of insects but they can rebound within 1-3 weeks if additional pesticide applications are avoided (Baird & Homan, 1996).

Parasitoids. The parasitic wasp Bathyplectes curculionis is present throughout the range of its host, the alfalfa weevil, and has been detected in Montana at levels ranging from 0 - 20% (Blodgett, unpublished data) and in Colorado mean parasitism levels are 34.5%. Other parasitoids are present but detected at low numbers 0 - 5% (B. stenostigma and B. anurus). These rates of parasitism are not sufficient to eliminate the economic status of alfalfa weevil, but may be having a long-term effect in preventing alfalfa weevil from becoming a severe pest year after year in many areas.

Parasitism of nymphs and adults of Lygus have been described in several studies indicating that infestation by introduced Peristenus and other parasitic wasps can have an important impact on Lygus numbers in alfalfa seed and other crops (Braun et al., 2001). Results from a preliminary study conducted in 2002 in Montana (Blodgett and O’Neill, unpublished) suggest that spraying fields with traditional chemical agents has a direct and immediate negative effect on the proportions of Lygus parasitized in treated fields as compared with adjacent untreated plots.

Pollinators. Alfalfa seed production requires the use of pollinators, primarily alfalfa leaf cutter bees, to cross-pollinate the crop and improve seed yields. Alfalfa leafcutters are extremely susceptible to pesticides, more than other pollinators because they cut leaf material and use it to line their nests. Typically ‘cover sprays’ are applied as broad spectrum, knockdown treatments 7 - 10 days prior to bee release, with the goal of eliminating pests prior to the release of bees on the crop. Depending upon the year and pest pressure, additional insecticide applications may be risked while bees are in the field, typically in the evening to avoid pollinators. However, bee poisoning carries additional economic impacts for Montana alfalfa seed producers, who have a great deal invested in rearing their own leafcutter bees and, if increasing their bees is successful, can accrue income from bee sales. Deleterious impacts on bees can directly impact producers’ income and their need for pollinators for the subsequent season. The use of ‘softer’ biopesticides may be very advantageous to this system.

Objective 3. Determine the effects of various pesticide treatments on seed production.

Changes in pesticide use can impact yield and therefore the economic viability of alfalfa forage or seed sales. Evaluating seed yield and quality will provide information about potential economic impacts of substituting biopesticides for traditional pesticide classes.

Objective 4: Disseminate results via Extension programs, newsletters, web site and reports of results to Montana Alfalfa Seedgrowers Association, Northwest Alfalfa Seedgrowers Association, and national scientific meetings.

Bodgett has a 50% Extension appointment and participates in numerous local, state and regional meetings that include producers and professionals from agencies that include NRCS, BLM and FWP personnel. For example in 2003, between January and March she made presentations at 24 meetings, totaling 950 participants including invited presentations in WY and ND. Dissemination of results will be made through a report, sent to appropriate personnel in each state in Region VIII and through the High Plains IPM Guide site which serves WY, NE, CO and MT. A poster presentation is planned for the Pacific Brach ESA meetings in 2005 to maximize information distribution.

Overall Summary

Carbamates and organophosphates attack the nervous systems of insects by inhibiting cholinesterase and are known to carry a high risk to human health (EPA 1997). Cholinesterase is also a critical component of the human nervous system, and can cause both acute and chronic health effects on humans and wildlife (Natural Resources Defense Council, www.nrdc.org/health, 2003). Nationwide organophosphates account for about half of all insecticides used, similar to the insecticide use pattern documented in Montana alfalfa seed production (Table 2). The EPA has prioritized pesticide reviews based on risk posed to human health and food safety and has placed the organophosphates among the first group for review under FQPA. In addition to human health and food safety, contamination from pesticide residues in the air and soil represents a significant risk to the local environment and human health.

The negative impact of insecticides on generalist predators of crop pests can range from relatively minor to severe. Application of broad-spectrum and highly toxic materials such as carbofuran and dimethoate can delay the buildup of Nabid and big-eyed bugs by 3-4 weeks while other insecticides such as methomyl, chlorpyrifos, methsystox-R and methyl parathion can delay general predators by 2-4 weeks (Baird & Homan, 1996). Synthetic pyrethroids can also have a devastating effect on general predators. Permethrin, for example, causes high mortality of Nabid, big-eyed bugs, and spider populations and can delay their population buildup by 2-3 weeks. Capture and Warrior used pre-bloom has less dramatic effect but can still delay buildup of these natural enemies by 1-2 weeks (Baird & Homan, 1996). Use of Capture and Warrior in season (meaning of in season?) knocks down a broad spectrum of insects but they can rebound within 1-3 weeks if additional pesticide applications are avoided (Baird & Homan, 1996).

Biopesticides are derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. A number of alternative biopesticides have appeared in recent years that could provide effective and safe alternatives pesticides now being used on seed alfalfa. Some examples of biopesticides include cinnamaldehyde, neem, Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuriengensis, novaluron, and imidacloprids. Although biopesticides represent diverse modes of action, most of these agents present little risk to humans, non-target organisms or the environment, and are certainly lower-risk than traditional pesticide classes such as organophosphates and carbamates. Some of these products have been tested against aphid species with some success (e.g., Singh & Hridayesh, 2001; Lowery & Isman, 1995 ). However, few have been field- tested, and none have been field-tested in seed alfalfa. The effects of these products on lygus, alfalfa weevil, and their associated guilds of natural enemies have not been examined.

Parasitism of nymphs and adults of Lygus have been described in several studies indicating that infestation by native and introduced Peristenus wasps can have an important impact on Lygus numbers in alfalfa seed and other crops in other areas of North America (Day, 1996; Day et al., 1999; Braun et al., 2001). Results from a preliminary study conducted by us in 2002 in Montana corroborate this finding, and newly available laboratory methods will help us determine the Peristenus species occurring in our region (Tilman et al., 2000). The impact of generalist predators on Lygus has not been adequately studied although several are cited as being important in biological control of lygus.

The direct effects of many specific control agents upon Lygus and their effect on natural enemies of Lygus have also received little attention, although a recent study by Tillman and others (2002) suggests that indoxacarb successfully controls Lygus lineolaris in cotton without a substantial negative impact on big-eyed bugs (Geocoris punctipes), a beneficial species that was common in unsprayed trials of our 2002 seed alfalfa study in Montana. Our study shows that spraying alfalfa seed fields with traditional chemical agents has a direct and immediate negative effect on the proportions of Lygus parasitized by Peristenus parasitoids. Several studies have tested the activity of Beauveria bassiana, a microbial biopesticide, against Lygus in a laboratory setting (Noma & Strickler, 2000) and in the field (Houping et al., 2002), although these studies do not address impacts on natural enemies of Lygus. The latter study suggests some promise for B. bassiana as a Lygus control agent.

Biological control of the alfalfa weevil has centered upon two artificially released non-native internal parasites and numerous native parasites (Kingsley et al., 1993). The parasitic wasp Bathyplectes curculionis is present throughout the range of its host, the alfalfa weevil, and has been detected in Montana at levels ranging from 0 - 20% (Blodgett, unpublished data) and in Colorado mean parasitism levels are 34.5%. Other parasitoids are present but detected at low numbers 0 - 5% (B. stenostigma and B. anurus ) (Al Ayedh 1995). These rates of parasitism are not sufficient to eliminate the economic status of alfalfa weevil, but may be having a long-term effect in preventing alfalfa weevil from becoming a severe pest year after year in many areas. There is little known about the impact of generalist predators on alfalfa weevil.

Chemical treatment of alfalfa is traditionally restricted during a critical six-week period coinciding with peak bloom of alfalfa flowers. This restriction is imposed by the need to protect alfalfa seed’s key pollinator, the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata. Alfalfa leafcutter bees are extremely vulnerable to traditional organophosphate and carbamate insecticides (High Plains Guide, http://www.highplainsipm.org/). Prophylactic treatments applied prior to bee release emphasize broad spectrum products and are based on calendar timing rather than treatment needs. Application is not based on assessment of insect populations but are timed with the goal of suppressing pest numbers for the duration of the pollination period. This strategy is not consistent with the principles of integrated pest management, which call for deployment of chemicals only as necessary to prevent imminent loss or damage to the resource, with the goal of minimizing impacts on human health, the environment, and nontarget organisms (Flint and Gouveia, 2001).

Furthermone, biopesticide products which are not toxic to the leaf cutter bees could be deployed when pollinators are active or applied early morning or evening when bees are inactive but still in the field. Biopesticide applications could take advantage of the resident biological activity (or bioresidual) and by conserving the natural enemies, perhaps enhance parasitism by the specialists.

Approach and Outcomes

Objective 1:
Replicated plots will be established within 2 commercial alfalfa seed production fields in Broadwater, and Yellowstone Counties. Treatments will consist of 6 pesticide applications including a pyrethroid (such as lamda-cyhalothrin), a carbamate (such as carbofuran) and biopesticides such as spinosad, novaluron, botanical oil (such as cinnamyl oil), microbial (Beauveria) and an untreated control (Table 3). Plots will be buffered from the remainder of the field by a 25 ft. border that we will maintain to discourage pest migration from the study area into the surrounding field and to prevent pesticide drift should the cooperator apply pesticides to the field. We will evaluate the need to re-spray the border strip throughout the growing season.

Table 3. Anticipated treatments including common pesticide name, class, potential targets and sources.
Common name	Pesticide class	Potential targets	Source
Carbofuran (Furadan 4F)	carbamate	Alfalfa weevil, lygus	FMC
Azadirachtin	Insect growth regulator, feeding deterrent	Alfalfa weevil, lygus, aphids	puchase
Beauvaria	Microbial	Alfalfa weevil, lygus	Commitment from USDA,ARS, Stephan Jaronski
Novaluron	Insect growth regulator	Alfalfa weevil, lygus (?)	Makhteshim-Agan, James Whitehead
Cinnamyl oil	Botanical		purchase
Permethrin	Synthetic pyrethroid	Alfalfa weevil, lygus	FMC
Spinosad (Tracer)	Biological	Alfalfa weevil, lygus (?)	purchase

Sampling will begin by early to mid June and will be conducted weekly to determine pest and natural enemy populations. Prescribed treatments of plot sections will begin when pest populations have increased to economic levels using guidelines established in the High Plains IPM Guide (www.highplainsipm.org). If additional applications are needed, decisions will be based on mean pest populations per treatment within each site.

Objective 2:
Pre-treatment counts of lygus, alfalfa weevil, cutworms, and beneficial generalist predators will be completed prior to any applications. Post-treatment counts will be done at 7-day intervals throughout the summer. Samples will consist of 10, 180-degree sweeps through the vegetation at mid-plant height. Samples will be bagged and placed immediately into a cooler for transport to the lab.

Samples will be storted in a freezer maintained at -20 F. Lygus immatures will be placed in 95% ethanol and dissected for the presence of Hymenopteran parasites using the techniques of W.H. Day (USDA ARS, Beneficials Insects Research Laboratory, Newark, DE) and have been used in our laboratory previously. Percentage of lygus parasitism rates will be established for each census. As sweep samples are sorted, all beneficial generalist predators will be identified and counted. We expect to collect ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae), minute pirate bugs, damsel bugs (Nabidae), lacewings (Crysopids), big-eyed bugs (Geocoridae) and spiders.

Objective 3:
Plots will be harvested and yield and quality assessed. Plots will be harvested for forage yields if treatments have been applied prior to the local cutting schedule, by clipping 1 sq yd per plot. Seed yields will be determined by clipping 10 randomly selected plants in each plot in mid-September consistent with harvest timing in the immediate area. At this time, plants are at the brown pod stage, but have not yet split and shed their seeds. Samples will be hand-threshed, and seed yieldsand quality for each treatment will be determined. Seed quality will be assessed by determining percent damaged seed from a subsample and weighing 100-seed count.

Objective 4:
Results of the proposed research will be delivered through presentations at extension meetings, through the MSU-IPM Crop Pest Management School, through the MSU-Crop Health Report and through updated reports on the MSU-WRIPMC web page located: http://entomology.montana.edu/ipm/. O’Neill, a graduate student, has presented research at two national scientific meetings and four regional commodities meetings, and is a contributor to specific pest web pages.

Literature Cited

Al Ayedh, H. 1995. Evaluation of hymenopterous biological control agents of the alfalfa weevil
Hypera postica larvae in Eastern Colorado. Colorado State University M.S. thesis.

Baird, C.R. and H.W.Homan. 1996. Idaho Insect Control Recommendations for Alfalfa Seed
Production. Univ. Idaho CES-AES No. CIS 231.

Braun, L. M. Erlandson, D. Baldwin, J. Soroka, P. Mason, R. Foottit, and D. Hegedus. 2001. Seasonal occurrence, species composition, and parasitism of Lygus spp. In alfalfa, canola, and mustard. Can. Ent. 133(4):565-577.

Day, W. H. 1996. Evaluation of biological control of the tarnished plant but (Hemiptera: Miridae) in alfalfa by the introduced parasite Peristenus digoneutis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environ. Ent. 25(2):512-518.

Day, W. H., C. R. Baird, and S. R. Shaw. 1999. New, native species of Peristenus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Idaho: biology, importance, and description. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 92(3):370-375.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. http://www.epa.gov/

Kingsley, P. C., M. D. Bryan, W. H. Day, T. L. Burger, R. J. Dysart, C. P. Schwalbe. 1993. Alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) biological control: Spreading the benefits. Environ. Ent. 22(6):1234-1250.

Lowery, D. T. and M. B. Isman. 1995. Toxicity of neem to natural enemies of aphids. Phytoparasitica 23(4):297-306.

Natural Resources Defense Council. 2003. www.nrdc.org/health

Singh & Hridayesh. 2001. Insecticidal activity of the ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum seed against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach. J. Parasitol. Appl. Anim. Biol. 10:79-82.

Tillman, P.G., G. G. Hammes, M. Sacher, M. Connair, E.A. Brady, and K. D. Wing. 2002. Toxicity of a formulation of the insecticide indoxacarb to the tarnished plant but, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), and the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae).

Tilmon, K. J., B. N. Danforth, W. H. Day, and M. P. Hoffmann. 2000. Determining parasitoid species composition in a host population: a molecular approach. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 93(3):640-647.

Timetable

Spring 2003 and 2004

Obtain products needed, calibrate sprayer, and determine field plot design.
Meet with cooperators and explain the experimental protocol.

Summer 2003 and 2004

Monitor fields for pest and general predator species.
Mark of field plots, border strips.
Apply treatments to appropriate subplots, at date(s) suitable for re-entry date that coincides with scheduled release of alfalfa leafcutter bees. This may require several visits to all sites for separate applications.
Weekly sampling trips, process sweep samples, determine parasitism levels.
Re-treats made as needed

Fall 2003 and 2004

Harvest forage and seed yields and process plant samples.

Major Participants

Tom Helm, Broadwater County, Montana
John and Shelly Wold, Yellowstone County, Montana
County Agents that will participate in this project include:
Ron Carlstrom, Gallatin County
Virginia Knerr, Broadwater County
Lee Smeltzer, Stillwater County
Paul Dixon, Yellowstone County

Blodgett has a 50% Extension appointment and delivers research results throughout the state through a variety of mechanisms including; Pest Management Training program schedule for October 2003, Triangle Cropping Seminars, Crop Pest Management School and other individual county programs. For example, in January through March 24 presentations were made to a total of 950 people.

Project Budget

Project Period: June 1, 2003 - May 30, 2005

Funding Request
Funding Requested	Other Funding	Total Funding
$40,000	0	$40,000