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PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)fieldandorchardscenarioisrecordedasameansof 0  preservinganauthoritativeandreproduciblerecordofthedesign,construct,andsourceofeach  p  elementofthescenario. `      Ingeneral,theinformationassembledtocreatedeachscenariowillhavethreebasic @  features:content,context,andstructure;allofwhicharereflectedthroughmetadata.Thedata 0  contentrelatestowhateachscenariocontainsorisaboutandisintrinsictothefieldororchard   beingmodeled.Contentreflectstheelementbywhichthedesignerauthenticatesandcompletes  thecontentofthefieldororchardscenario.Forexample,contentisthedateofacrops  maturation,theorganiccontentofaparticularsoil,ortherateatwhichsnowmeltsinthelocation  ofthescenario.Contextsarethoseaspectsassociatedwiththescenarioscreation,suchasthe  howorfromwherethesoilcharacteristicswereselected,wheretheweatherstationislocated,or  whatcroppingpracticeswerechosenandwhy.Thestructurerelatestotheassociationswithinand p amongtheindividualparametersthatmakeupthescenario.Anexampleofthestructurewouldbe ` therelationshipofthedepthofthetotalsoilprofiletotheindividualsoilhorizons.Allthree P aspectsofmetadataareessentialcomponentsofascenarioandhavebeencapturedanddescribed @ infollowingpages. 0   Inshort,inanenvironmentwhereimmediateaccesstounderlyinginformationusedto ` governtheconstructofaPRZMfieldororchardscenario,metadata: P  (ڥx3"3"  ݀3B 2ڥ3  0    certifiestheauthenticityanddegreeofcompletenessofthescenarioscontent;3B t ݌0(#(# Ќ  "3"  ݀3P 2ڥ3  0    establishesanddocumentsthecontextofthescenarioscontent;3P ݌ (#(# Ќ  "3"  ݀3O2ڥ3  0    identifiesthestructuralrelationshipsthatexistbetweenandwithinaparameterofthe ! scenario;3O݌" (#(# Ќ  "3"  ݀32ڥ3  0    providesanaccesspointforadiverserangeofusersofthescenario;and3݌#!(#(# Ќ  "3"  ݀32ڥ3  0    assembleselectronicallytheinformationthedevelopermighthaveordinarilyprovidedina $" physicalreference.3݌% #(#(# Ќ    ThefollowingdescriptionsofeachPRZMfieldandorchardscenariousedinthe `'"% assessmentofdrinkingwaterexposuresderivedfromsurfacewatersourcesreflectthebasic P(#& principlesofestablishingadministrativeanddescriptive metadata.However,itremainsvitally @)$' importanttounderstandthatmetadataisthe dataaboutthedataandactingasumbrellastothis 0*%( informationaretheestablishedAgencyproceduresforensuringthequalityofthatinformation.  +p&) ThisisaccomplishedthroughthebasictenantsofQualityAssuranceandQualityControlinthe ,`'* selectionofparametersthatconstitutesthefieldandorchardscenario.  -P(+  i%CALIFORNIAALFALFA(NorthernandSouthern )    ThefieldusedtorepresentalfalfaproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinSanJoaquin  CountyintheCentralValley,althoughthecropisgrownthroughouttheCentralValleyandasfar  southastheImperialValley.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiaisranked p 1stinpoundsofalfalfahayharvestedandamongthetop10inacresplanted.Alfalfaisa `  perennialcrop,plantedearlyintheyearandmaintainedundercontinuouscultivationona4to5 P  yearcycleatwhichtimeanewcropisplanted..Plantingdepthsrangefrom0.25to1.0inches, @  dependingonsoiltexture,onlevelseedbeds.Rowspacingisapproximately30inches;nearlyall 0  alfalfaisirrigatedinCaliforniabyflooding.Cuttingsrangefrom3to5peryearundermost  p  conditions.AlfalfapreferswelldrainedsoilwithapHnearneutral.Rootsystemsrarelyexceed2 `  feetinCaliforniaandcuttingsoccurwhentheplantreachesaheightofapproximately30inches. P  Thesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisabenchmarksoil,Sacramentoclay.Sacramentoclay,isa @  veryfine,smectitic,thermicCumulicVerticEndoaquolls.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforalfalfa 0  cultivationprovidingthewatertableislow.Sacramentoclayisapoorlytoverypoorlydrained,   slowlypermeablesoilwithveryslowtoslowrunoff.Thesesoilsformedinfinetexturedalluvium  ofmixedoriginandareofmoderateextent.Theyaregenerallyfoundinlevelbasinsatelevations  nearsealevelto60feet.Thesoilistypicalofsoilsusedforavarietyofrowcrops,rice,safflower  andalfalfa.SacramentoclayisaHydrologicGroupDsoil.  {UXX* ddd Xdd Xdd Xe(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"PP {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlfalfa    \3A4G/p  { AAA4 q\Parameter A334,!3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 ASource S3AD," q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33`3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!` 33 8F MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA ` (W23155)andNorthern:Sacramento,CA ( (W23232) J3A;#  q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33@!3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!@" 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA @# (W23155)andNorthern:Sacramento,CA  $ (W23232)#XX{U#{UXX J3A;#!% q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor " & (PFAC) K33<#'3A \(\?0.73\(\?K  0.73 " ( #  Y33A4DB#)  \(\?0.73 \(\?33 Y#PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#" * q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor $8 + (SFAC) )33%!,3A )  0.45cmC1 $8 - $  833A4#!%!. 33 8B%PRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#$8 / q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof 'P"0 Evaporation(ANETD) )33'#13A )  15.0cm 'P"2 d&  833A4#!'#3 33 8&PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#'P"4 Z 33A4 E#XX{U"#{UXX6,*)h$5 0   3AAA 6  *(&6 & #  *K3lddSd Std  td e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlfalfa#XX{U{'#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!p"4 AValue A4,!p"4 ASource#XX{U)#{UXX 6,!p"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) '   '0.20tonsEI1* 24 @ " 2#XX{U*#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesSacramento -#! @ "4 -USLELSFactor  d  (USLELS) @6  , RQ?0.19RQ?@0.19 S4>3 d" RQ?0.19 RQ? S#XX{U,#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesSacramento#XX{U.#{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor 8  (USLEP) @6 P  ?1.00?@1.00 S4>38 " ?1.00 ? S#XX{U.#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesSacramento#XX{U/#{UXX -#!8 "4 -FieldArea \  (AFIELD)  $t  172ha 24\ " 2#XX{U60#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#!\ "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3 H  ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)   2% 24" 2MarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCountyCooperative  ExtensionAgent.2094682085 -#!l "4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  ! 600m 24"" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!#"4 -IrrigationFlag $t$ (IRFLAG)  <% 2(cropping $t& periodonly) 24<'" 2MarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCountyCooperative $t( ExtensionAgent.2094682085#XX{U"1#{UXX -#!<)"4 -IrrigationType H* (IRTYP)  `+ 1(Flood) 24H," 2MarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCountyCooperative H- ExtensionAgent.2094682085#XX{U5#{UXX -#!`."4 -LeachingFactor l/ (FLEACH) ?5 40 ?0.1??0.1 R4=2l1" ?0.1 ? RMarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCountyCooperative l2 ExtensionAgent.2094682085#XX{U6#{UXX -#!43"4 -FractionofWater 4 Capacitywhen X5 IrrigationisApplied  p6 (PCDEPL) @6  87 ?0.55?@0.55 S4>38" ?0.55 ? SMarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCountyCooperative 9 ExtensionAgent.2094682085#XX{Uy8#{UXX -#!X:"4 -MaximumRateat D"; whichIrrigationis  #\< Applied(RATEAP)  #$= 0.4cmhr1 24D">" 2MarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCountyCooperative D"? ExtensionAgent.2094682085#XX{Uc:#{UXX 1'! #\@"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr0% A       &@"B   ''& )  *J3dddd dd dd K3le(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4xx * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlfalfa#XX{U;#{UXX ;4&,4 ;Parameter A4,!8"4 AValue A4,!8"4 ASource#XX{Ur>#{UXX 6,!8"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U?#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA.2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition  @  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P4;0 @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{U@#{UXXMarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCounty  @  CooperativeExtensionAgent.2094682085#XX{UB#{UXX -#!  "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d (NDC) =3  ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{UB#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping 8  Periods P  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<18 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{UC#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield, 8  CA(W23155)#XX{URE#{UXXԀorSacramento,CA(W23232) -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall $t  interceptionstorageofcrop <  (CINTCP) @6  ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3$t " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvalueforgrass#XX{UE#{UXXԀ(EPA,2001) -#!$t "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  ( 60cm 24`" 2#XX{UG#{UXXMarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCounty `  CooperativeExtensionAgent.2094682085#XX{UH#{UXX -#!(!"4 -MaximumCanopy 4" Coverage(COVMAX) ?5 L# Y@100Y@?100 R4=24$" Y@100 Y@ R#XX{U?I#{UXXMarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCounty 4% CooperativeExtensionAgent.2094682085#XX{UvJ#{UXX -#!L&"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition X' AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3  p(  ?1?=1 P4;0X)"  ?1 ? P#XX{U"K#{UXXMarciaCampbellMatthews;SanJoaquinCounty X* CooperativeExtensionAgent.2094682085#XX{U_L#{UXX -#! p+"4 -DateofCropEmergence |, (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 D- %@37164%@A10/01 T4?4|." %@37164 %@ T#XX{U M#{UXXValuesettoapproximateplantingcycle.Alfalfais |/ plantedoneeveryfiveyearswithmultiplecuttingsin D0 everyyear -#! \1"4 -DateofCropMaturity h2 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  03 28/12 24h4" 2#XX{UQN#{UXXValuesettoapproximateplantingcycle.Alfalfais h5 plantedoneeveryfiveyearswithmultiplecuttingsin 06 everyyear#XX{UO#{UXX -#!H7"4 -DateofCropHarvest T 8 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  !l9 31/12 24T :" 2#XX{UP#{UXXValuesettoapproximateplantingcycle.Alfalfais T ; plantedoneeveryfiveyearswithmultiplecuttingsin !l< everyyear#XX{UQ#{UXX -#!!4="4 -MaximumDryWeight @#> (WFMAX) 2( $X? # 20.0 E40%@#@" #  E#XX{UR#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!@#A"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  d% B 90,88,89 24d% C" 2#XX{US#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Pasture/Range,NonCNT, d% D Poor(USDA,1990) -#!,&|!E"4 -ManningsNValue '"F (MNGN) A7 P(#G Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T4?4'"H" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T#XX{UT#{UXXRUSLEProject,A01OCOCM;Orchard,coveralley, '"I Mulchtill,Olympia,WA#XX{UUV#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!P(#J"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  )$K 0.0460.221 24)$L" 2#XX{UV#{UXXRUSLEProject;A01OCOCM;Orchard,coveralley, )$M Mulchtill,Olympia,WA.#XX{UW#{UXXVariablewithdate(USDA, t*%N 2000) 1'!<+&O"4 1,'P    -(P Ї#XX{UX#'<* dd4dd 4edd e<dd <J3e(#e(#, d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12SacramentoSoilParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlfalfa \3A4G/X j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!83A ;176cm E33AA40!8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoils 8 CharacterizationDatabase(NRCS,  2001) h    b3AAQ=( x "3 I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons(NHORIZ) =33A,!  3AA =4(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40!  "33A E U3AAB&$ t  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,ThirdandFourthSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3,4) Y3AJ/p  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness(THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   8cm(HORIZN=2) x  157cm(HORIZN=3) 8  1cm(HORIZN=4) E33AA40!H "33 ENRCS,NationalSoils   CharacterizationDatabase(NRCS, x  2001) 8  4)N&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils H  /ssl/)6 a&Oaalue  7NLa    d3AU=x "3x. I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,!@ 3A ;1.43gcm3(HORIZN=1,2) @  1.29gcm3(HORIZN=3) P  1.48gcm3(HORIZN=4) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent(THETO) ;33,!X3A ;0.42cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) X 0.44cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3)  0.39cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) E33A40! "33 E H3A9!  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness(DPN) ;33,! !3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1)  " 4.0cm(HORIZN=2) # 15.7cm(HORIZN=3) P$ 1cm(HORIZN=4) E33A40!`%"33 E H3A9&H% I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!X&3A ;0.44cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) X' 0.42cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) h( 0.39cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) E33A40!()"33 E H3A9! ) 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,! p*3A ;0.36cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2,3)  p+ 0.3cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) E33A40!0,"33 E K3AA:&, I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent(OC) =33A,!(x-3AA =1.77%(HORIZN=1,2) (x. 0.84%(HORIZN=3,4) E33AA40!8/"33A E6,*/ 0 y 33AA4 6{UXX#XX{U"k#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor  0 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. h!1 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection 0"2 Agency,Athens,GA. "H3 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof $5 theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof P% 6 PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. &h!7 EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM '"9 FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, p(#: U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C.#XX{Uek#{UXX 8)$; USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS *&= SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. +&> USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof  -p(@ Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS). -8)A Ї#XX{Up# CALIFORNIACITRUS(Southern)     ThefieldusedtorepresentcitrusproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinFresnoCountyin  theCentralValley,althoughcitrusproductionareasarequiteextensive(SanJoaquin,Coastal  IntermediateRegion,ImperialValley,CoachellaValley,andtheSouthernInteriorRegion). p Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiaisthemajorproducerofcitrus(lemons `  andoranges)forthefreshmarket,andamongthehighestproducersinothercitrus(grapefruit, P  tangerines,tangelos,andmandarins).Citrusisgenerallygrownonthefoothillstoavoidfrost @  damage.Areasunderandbetweenrowsoftreesaregenerallynoncultivated/nonmaintained. 0  Rowspacingisapproximately22feetandbetweentreespacingisapproximately18feet.Row  p  canopiestendtobe100percent,whilethecanopybetweenrowsislesstopermittheoperationof `  maintenanceandharvestequipment.Irrigationismostlybylowvolumedripormicrosprinkler P  systems,althoughfurrowandoverheadsprinklersarealsoused.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethe @  fieldisabenchmarksoil,Exeterloam.Exeterloam,isafineloamy,mixed,superactive,thermic 0  TypicDurixeralfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforcitrusproductionunderirrigation.Exeterloam   isamoderatelydeep,moderatelywelldrained,veryslowtomediumrunoffsoilthatformedin  alluviummainlyfromgranitesources.Thesoilalsoconsistsofaduripan.TheExeterloamhas  moderatelyslowpermeabilityabovetheduripanandveryslowpermeabilitywithintheduripan.  Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonalluvialfansandstreamterracesatelevationsofupto700feet  abovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to9percent.ThesoilisextensiveinMLRA17.Exeter  loamisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. p {UXX* d d d  td td e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"00 {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCitrus    \3A4G/P  { AAA4 q\i|Parameter A334,!3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 ASource S3AD," q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33@3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!@ 33 8~MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA @  (W23155) J3A;#! q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33!X"3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!!X# 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA !X$ (W23155)#XX{Uz#{UXX J3A;#! % q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor  #p& (PFAC) J33;#8'3A ffffff?0.7ffffff?J  0.7  #p(   X33A4CA#8)  ffffff?0.7 ffffff?33 XPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;# #p* q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor 8% + (SFAC) )33&P!,3A )  0.55cmC1 8% - H  833A4#!&P!. 33 8PRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#8% / q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof P'"0 Evaporation(ANETD) )33(h#13A )  17.0cm P'"2   833A4#!(h#3 33 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#P'"4 Z 33A4 E#XX{U#{UXX6,*h)$5 0   3AAA 6  (+x&6 & #  *3ddSd Std  td e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCitrus#XX{UĄ#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!p"4 AValue A4,!p"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!p"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) '   '0.28tonsEI1* 24 @ " 2#XX{U#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesExeter -#! @ "4 -USLELSFactor  d  (USLELS) @6  , zG?0.21zG?@0.21 S4>3 d" zG?0.21 zG? S#XX{U#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesExeter#XX{UQ#{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor 8  (USLEP) ?5 P  ?1.0??1.0 R4=28 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{Uȋ#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesExeter#XX{U#{UXX -#!8 "4 -FieldArea \  (AFIELD)  $t  172ha 24\ " 2#XX{Uk#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#!\ "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3 H  ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)   5% 24" 2MarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtensionAgent. -#!"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  P  600m 24P!" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!P""4 -IrrigationFlag \# (IRFLAG)  $t$ 2(cropping \% periodonly) 24$t&" 2#XX{UW#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtensionAgent.#XX{U#{UXX -#!\'"4 -IrrigationType ( (IRTYP)  H) 1(Flood) 24*" 2#XX{U#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtensionAgent.#XX{U#{UXX -#!+"4 -LeachingFactor , (FLEACH) ?5 l- ?0.1??0.1 R4=2." ?0.1 ? R#XX{U#{UXXEstimated -#!/"4 -FractionofWater 0 Capacitywhen 1 IrrigationisApplied X2 (PCDEPL) @6  p3 ?0.55?@0.55 S4>34" ?0.55 ? S#XX{U5#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtensionAgent.#XX{U#{UXX -#!5"4 -MaximumRateat |!6 whichIrrigationis D"7 Applied(RATEAP)   #\8 0.4cmhr1 24|!9" 2#XX{U9#{UXXPRZMManual,Table5.33(EPA,1998) 1'!|!:"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrh$;       (&x!<   '9& )  *3dddd dd dd 3e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4xx * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCitrus#XX{Ue#{UXX ;4&,4 ;Parameter A4,!8"4 AValue A4,!8"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!8"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition  @  (ISCOND) =3     @3@=3 P4;0 @ "  @3 @ P#XX{U2#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension  @  Agent.#XX{U#{UXX -#!  "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d (NDC) =3  ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping 8  Periods P  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<18 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{UI#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield, 8  CA(W23155)#XX{U#{UXX -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall $t  interceptionstorageofcrop <  (CINTCP) @6  ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3$t " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvalueforgrass#XX{UW#{UXXԀ(EPA,2001) -#!$t "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  ( 60cm 24`" 2#XX{Uޣ#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension `  Agent.#XX{U#{UXX -#!(!"4 -MaximumCanopy 4" Coverage(COVMAX) >4 L#  T@80T@>80 Q4<14$"  T@80 T@ Q#XX{Ur#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension 4% Agent.#XX{U#{UXX -#!L&"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition X' AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3  p(  @3@=3 P4;0X)"  @3 @ P#XX{U6#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension X* Agent.#XX{Us#{UXX -#! p+"4 -DateofCropEmergence |, (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 D- @@36922@@A02/01 T4?4|." @@36922 @@ T#XX{U#{UXXValuesettoadefaultevergreencyclewithnospecific |/ cropgrowthmilestonesuchasfloweringoffruitset.#XX{UH#{UXX -#!D0"4 -DateofCropMaturity 1 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 h2  @36950 @A03/01 T4?43"  @36950  @ T#XX{U #{UXXValuesettoadefaultevergreencyclewithnospecific 4 cropgrowthmilestonesuchasfloweringoffruitset.#XX{UQ#{UXX -#!h5"4 -DateofCropHarvest 6 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  7 31/12 248" 2#XX{U#{UXXValuesettoadefaultevergreencyclewithnospecific 9 cropgrowthmilestonesuchasfloweringoffruitset.#XX{U#{UXX -#!:"4 -MaximumDryWeight  8; (WFMAX) 2( !< # 20.0 E40% 8=" #  E#XX{Uخ#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! 8>"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)   #\? 84,79,82 24 #\@" 2#XX{U#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Meadows,nofallow  #\A conditions(USDA,1990) -#!#$B"4 -ManningsNValue 0% C (MNGN) A7 %H!D Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T4?40% E" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject;D26CCCCMforcoveralleycitrus#XX{U#{UXX 0% F (USDA,2000) -#!%H!G"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  T'"H 0.0960.150 24T'"I" 2#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,D26CCCCMfor T'"J coveralleycitrus#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) 1'!(l#K"4 1x)$L     #XX{U#')`  ,(O * dd4dd 4edd e<dd <3e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12ExeterSoilParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCitrus \3A4G/X j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!83A ;183cm E33AA40!8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 8 Database(NRCS,2001)   b3AAQ=h  "3dd6 I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons L   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =2(Basehorizons) E33AA40!L  "33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   173cm(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)   4(#&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6&O  7#l"߼ L   d3AU= \ "3 d I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,!$ 3A ;1.59gcm3(HORIZN=1) $  1.76gcm3(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&L  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent ,  (THETO) ;33,! 3A ;0.16cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) ,  0.2cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9!T  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness 4 (DPN) ;33,!3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) 4 17.3cm(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&\  I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!<!3A ;0.16cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) <" 0.2cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!#"33 E H3A9!d# 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!D$3A ;0.06cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) D% 0.11cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!&"33 E K3AA:&l& I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent L' (OC) =33A,! (3AA =0.46%(HORIZN=1) L) 0.19%(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! *"33A E6,*t* 0 y 33AA4 6{UXX#XX{U#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor t+ PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. <, NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection T- Agency,Athens,GA. . EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof \0 theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof $ t1 PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C.  <2 EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM |"4 FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, D#5 U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C.  $\6 #XX{U#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS % 8 SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. d&!9 USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof 'D#; Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).#XX{U# ( $<  D-(A Ї CALIFORNIACORN(Northern )    ThefieldusedtorepresentcornproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinStanislaus/San  JoaquinCountiesintheCentralValley,althoughthecropisgrowninotherareasofthestate.  Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiaisnotamongthetoptwentycorn p producingstatesintheU.S.ThecropisgenerallyplantedtheearlySpring(April)andharvested `  fromJulythruAugust.Continuouscornispracticeismuchoftheregion,however,rotationwith P  othercropsdoesoccur.Plantingdepthandrowspacing(generally30inches)followsgeneral @  practicesfortheU.S.Thecropisrarelygrownunderirrigation.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethe 0  fieldisaMaderaloam.Maderaloamisa,fine,smectitic,thermicAbrupticDurixeralfs.These  p  soilsareoftenusedfordryfarmedgrainsaswellasforirrigatedcroplandsuchasalfalfa, `  almonds,grapes,oranges,riceandtomatoes.Maderaloamisawelltomoderatelywelldrained, P  veryslowlypermeable,mediumtoveryslowrunoffsoilformedinoldalluviumderivedfrom @  graniterocksources.Theyareonundulatinglowterraceswithslopesof0to9percent.Theyare 0  generallyfoundatelevationsoflessthan250feetabovesealevelandareknownforthe   formationofvernalpoolsduringthewintermonths.ThesoilsareextensiveinMLRA17.  MaderaloamisaHydrologicGroupCsoil.  {UXX* d dd  td td e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4" p p {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaCorn    \3A4G/  { AAA4 q\1Parameter A334,!03A4 AValue A33A4,!0"334 ASource S3AD,0" q 33A4 qSStartingDate )3303A )  January1,1948 833A4#!0 33 8MeteorologicalFileNorthern:Sacramento,CA 0 (W23232) J3A;#H q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33H3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!H 33 8MeteorologicalFileNorthern:Sacramento,CA H  (W23232)#XX{U#{UXX J3A;#`! q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor `" (PFAC) K33<( x#3A \(\?0.73\(\?K  0.73 `$   Y33A4DB( x%  \(\?0.73 \(\?33 YPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#`& q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor x!' (SFAC) )33@"(3A )  0.45cmC1 x!)   833A4#!@"* 33 8TPRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#x!+ q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof #, Evaporation(ANETD) )33X$-3A )  15.0cm #. v  833A4#!X$/ 33 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2##0 Z 33A4 E#XX{U#{UXX6,*% 1 0   3AAA 6  h'"2 &   *3ddSd Std  td e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaCorn#XX{U#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!p"4 AValue A4,!p"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!p"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) '   '0.34tonsEI1* 24 @ " 2#XX{U#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{U#{UXXԀandFARMManual(C {UEPA.  @  1985)#{U CK##XX{U#{UXX -#!  "4 -USLELSFactor  l (USLELS) @6  4 HzG?0.79HzG?@0.79 S4>3 l" HzG?0.79 HzG? S#XX{U#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{U#{UXX -#! l"4 -USLEPFactor @  (USLEP) @6 X  ?1.00?@1.00 S4>3@ " ?1.00 ? S#XX{UY#{UXXPRZMManual(EPA,1998)#XX{U#{UXX -#!@ "4 -FieldArea d  (AFIELD)  ,|  172ha 24d " 2#XX{U#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#!d "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3 P  ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)   4.5% 24" 2MidpointofsloperangeforsoilsseriesMadera(EPA,2001) -#! "4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  X! 600m 24X"" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{U#{UXX 1'!X#"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrd$      $t%   '& )  *3d ddd dd dd 3e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4xx * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaCorn#XX{U#{UXX ;4&,4 ;Parameter A4,!8"4 AValue A4,!8"4 ASource#XX{U9#{UXX 6,!8"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{UL#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition  @  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P4;0 @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{Up#{UXXPRZMInputCollator#XX{U#{UXXԀ(Burns,1992)#XX{U#{UXX -#! @ "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d  (NDC) =3  ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{Um#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping 8  Periods P  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<18 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileSacramento, 8  CA(W23232)#XX{U#{UXX -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall $t  interceptionstorageofcrop <  (CINTCP) @6  ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3$t " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvalueforgrass#XX{U#{UXXԀ(EPA,2001) -#!$t "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  ( 90cm 24`" 2#XX{U1#{UXXPRZMInputCollator#XX{U6#{UXXԀ(Burns,1992) -#!`"4 -MaximumCanopy 4  Coverage(COVMAX) ?5 L! Y@100Y@?100 R4=24"" Y@100 Y@ R#XX{U#{UXXPRZMInputCollator#XX{U#{UXXԀ(Burns,1992)#XX{U%#{UXX -#!4#"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition X$ AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3  p%  @3@=3 P4;0X&"  @3 @ P#XX{Uu#{UXXPRZMInputCollator#XX{U#{UXXԀ(Burns,1992)#XX{U#{UXX -#!X'"4 -DateofCropEmergence |( (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 D) @@37106@@A08/04 T4?4|*" @@37106 @@ T#XX{UW#{UXXUsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.Field |+ Crops#XX{U#{UXXԀ(C {U#X~X C+#&%XX~USDA,1984)#&d%%&L##XX%&d#{UXX -#!D,"4 -DateofCropMaturity  - (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  . 27/07 24 /" 2#XX{U#{UXXBasedon110daymaturationforCAFieldCorn;  0 4*"I&O  5  http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.ht 1 ml6`&Otdula  7n"Ԁ#XX{U#{UXX -#!L2"4 -DateofCropHarvest 3 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 p 4 @37111@A08/09 T4?45" @37111 @ T#XX{Ut#{UXXUsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.Field 6 Crops#XX{U#{UXXԀ(C {U#X~X CF#&%XX~USDA,1984)#&d%%&g##XX%&d#{UXX -#!p 7"4 -MaximumDryWeight !88 (WFMAX) 2( "9 # 20.0 E40%!8:" #  E#XX{U#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!!8;"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)   $\< 89,86,87 24 $\=" 2#XX{U0#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Fallow=FallowSR/CT,  $\> poorcondition;CroppingandResidue=RowCrop $$ ? SR/CT/Poor#XX{U2#{UXXԀ(USDA,1990) -#!% @"4 -ManningsNValue &H"A (MNGN) A7 '#B Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T4?4&H"C" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject,C21CGBDC-Sacramentocorn &H"D conventionaltillage#XX{UM#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!'#E"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  )l$F 0.0180.611 24)l$G" 2#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject;C21CGBDC-Sacramentocorn )l$H conventionaltillage#XX{U#{UXX.Variablewithdate(USDA,2000) 1'!)4%I"4 1@+&J      -)L #XX{Ub #'* dd4dd 4edd e<dd <3e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12MaderaSoilParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaCorn \3A4G/X j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!83A ;100cm E33AA40!8"33 EPIC(Burns,1992)Confirmedwith: 8 NRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization  Database(NRCS,2001) h    b3AAQ=( x "3l I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons    (NHORIZ) =33A,!l  3AA =4(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40!  "33A E U3AAB&$ t  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,ThirdandFourthSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3,4) Y3AJ/ 4" I 3AA IYHorizonThickness , | (THKNS) >33/! < 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1) , | 12cm(HORIZN=2)  <  30cm(HORIZN=3)   48cm(HORIZN=4) E33AA40!l "33 EPIC(Burns,1992)Confirmedwith: , | NRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization  <  Database(NRCS,2001)   4' t&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6M&Oa  7l" l   d3AU=,| "3 I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.55gcm3(HORIZN=1,2,3)   1.6gcm3(HORIZN=4) E33A40!t "33 E H3A9&,|  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent   (THETO) ;33,!|3A ;0.223cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)   0.226cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) |  0.163cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) E33A40!<!"33 E C3A4!4 ! 33A4 CCompartmentThickness " (DPN) ;33,!D#3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) $ 4.0cm(HORIZN=2) D% 5cm(HORIZN=3) T& 6cm(HORIZN=4) E33A40!'"33 E C3A4!L' 33A4 CFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,! \(3A ;0.223cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)  \) 0.226cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) * 0.163cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) E33A40!+"33 E H3A9!+ 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!$,3A ;0.083cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) $- 0.186cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) . 0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) E33A40!T/"33 E K3AA:&L/ I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent 0 (OC) =33A,!\13AA =0.58%(HORIZN=1,2) 2 0.29%(HORIZN=3) \3 0.174%(HORIZN=4) E33AA40! l4"33A E6,*d4 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXC {UBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. !$5 Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk "6  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch ^#7 andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. $$t8 #{U C##XX{U#{UXXC {UEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch %!: Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. t&!; #{U C~##XX{U^#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor (P#= PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. ($> NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection )$? Agency,Athens,GA. X*%@ EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof +8'B theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof ,(C PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. x-(D Ї#XX{U #{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM  FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, x U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. @ #XX{U$#X~XXXC XX~Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing  Education#{U C%##XX{U%#{UXXԀC {UandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#{U C&##XX{U&#{UXXm (#m (# C {U#X~X C'#C XX~USDA.1984.UsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.FieldCrops,StatisticalReportingService,U.S. , | DepartmentofAgriculture,AgricultureHandbook#628,pp.78.#X~X C6(##XXXX~'#{UXX  @ USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS |   SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. D   USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof $  Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).   C {U#X~X CW)#C XX~#{U CO+#C {U#X~X C+##XXXX~+#{UXX#XX{U;,# h-(/ Ї CALIFORNIACOTTON(Southern)     ThefieldusedtorepresentcottonproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinFresnoCountyin  theCentralValley,althoughcottonproductionoccursthroughouttheCentralValley.According  tothe1997CensusofAgriculture,CaliforniaisthemajorproducerofcottonintheU.S.Cotton p isgenerallygrownonthealluvialfansandbasinrimsbybothdryandwetseededmethods.Row `  spacingandplantingdepthsareconsistentwithothercottongrowingregionsoftheU.S.Both P  standard(30inch)andultranarrow(20inch)rowspacingareused.Irrigationismostlyby @  flooding.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaTwisselmanclay.Twisselmanclayisafine, 0  mixed,calcareous,thermicTypicTorriorthents.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforcottonproduction  p  underirrigation.Twisselmanclayisadeep,welldrained,slowtomediumrunoff,slowly `  permeable(veryslowinsalinealkaliphases)soilthatformedinalluviummainlyfrom P  sedimentaryrocksources.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonalluvialfansandbasinrimsat @  elevationsof200to1,000feetabovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to5percent.Thesoilis 0  ofmoderateextent.TwisselmanclayisaHydrologicGroupCsoil.   {UXX* d dd  td td e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"@@ {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCotton 8   \3A4G/  { AAA4 q\T4Parameter A334,!P3A4 AValue A33A4,!P"334 ASource S3AD,P" q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33P3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!P 33 85MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA P (W23155) J3A;#h q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33h3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!h 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA h (W23155)#XX{U2#{UXX J3A;#0 q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor   (PFAC) J33;H!3A ffffff?0.7ffffff?J  0.7 " 8  X33A4CAH#  ffffff?0.7 ffffff?33 X9PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#$ q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor % (SFAC) )33` &3A )  0.5cmC1 ' 3:  833A4#!` ( 33 8u:PRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#) q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof !* Evaporation(ANETD) )33x"+3A )  17.0cm !, ;  833A4#!x"- 33 8;PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#!. Z 33A4 E#XX{U7#{UXX6,*#/ 0   3AAA 6  % 0 & #  *3 ddSd Std  td e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCotton#XX{U<#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!p"4 AValue A4,!p"4 ASource#XX{U>#{UXX 6,!p"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) '   '0.21tonsEI1*#XX{U?#{UXX 24 @ " 2#XX{UA#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{UB#{UXXԀandFARMManual(C {UEPA,  @  1985)#{U CB##XX{UzB#{UXX -#!  "4 -USLELSFactor  l (USLELS) @6  4 {Gz?0.02{Gz?@0.02#XX{U/C#{UXX S4>3 l" {Gz?0.02 {Gz? S#XX{U D#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{UD#{UXX -#! l"4 -USLEPFactor @  (USLEP) ?5 X  ?1.0??1.0#XX{UD#{UXX R4=2@ " ?1.0 ? R#XX{UE#{UXXPRZMManual(EPA,1998)#XX{UiF#{UXX -#!@ "4 -FieldArea d  (AFIELD)  ,|  172ha 24d " 2#XX{UF#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#!d "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3 P  ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)   2.5% 24" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#! "4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  X! 600m 24X"" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!X#"4 -IrrigationFlag d$ (IRFLAG)  ,|% 2(cropping d& periodonly) 24,|'" 2#XX{UG#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral d( floodingforcropirrigation -#!,|)"4 -IrrigationType * (IRTYP)  P+ 1(Flood) 24," 2#XX{UfK#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral - floodingforcropirrigation#XX{UL#{UXX -#!P."4 -LeachingFactor / (FLEACH) ?5 t0 ?0.1??0.1 R4=21" ?0.1 ? R#XX{UkM#{UXXEstimated -#!2"4 -FractionofWater  3 Capacitywhen 4 IrrigationisApplied `5 (PCDEPL) @6 ( x6 ?0.55?@0.55 S4>3 7" ?0.55 ? S#XX{UN#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral  8 floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U#P#{UXX -#!9"4 -MaximumRateat !: whichIrrigationis L"; Applied(RATEAP)  #d< 0.4cmhr1 24!=" 2#XX{UP#{UXXPRZMManual,Table5.33(EPA,1998) 1'!!>"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrp$?       0&!@   '"=& \)  *!3"dddd dd dd 3 e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4xx * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCotton#XX{UQ#{UXX ;4&,4 ;Parameter A4,!8"4 AValue A4,!8"4 ASource#XX{UT#{UXX 6,!8"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{UU#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition  @  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P4;0 @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{UV#{UXXKerryArrouesUSDA-NRCS#XX{UX#{UXX -#! @ "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d  (NDC) =3  ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{UxX#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping 8  Periods P  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<18 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{UY#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield, 8  CA(W23155)#XX{U[#{UXX -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall $t  interceptionstorageofcrop <  (CINTCP) ?5  ?0.2??0.2 R4=2$t " ?0.2 ? RPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual $t  (Burns,1992and#XX{U[#{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  ( 65cm 24`" 2#XX{Uk]#{UXXKerryArrouesUSDA-NRCS#XX{Uo^#{UXX -#!` "4 -MaximumCanopy 4! Coverage(COVMAX) ?5 L" Y@100Y@?100 R4=24#" Y@100 Y@ R#XX{U^#{UXXKerryArrouesUSDA-NRCS#XX{U`#{UXX -#!4$"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition X% AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3  p&  @3@=3 P4;0X'"  @3 @ P#XX{UZ`#{UXXKerryArrouesUSDA-NRCS#XX{Ua#{UXX -#!X("4 -DateofCropEmergence |) (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 D* @37015@A05/05 T4?4|+" @37015 @ T#XX{Ua#{UXXUsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.Field |, Crops#XX{U7c#{UXXԀ(C {U#X~X Cc#&%XX~USDA,1984)#&d%%&c##XX%&d(d#{UXX -#!D-"4 -DateofCropMaturity  . (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 /  @36950 @A03/01 T4?4 0"  @36950  @ T#XX{Ud#{UXXUsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.Field  1 #XX{Ue#{UXXCrops#XX{Uff#{UXXԀ(C {U#X~X Cf#&%XX~USDA,1984)#&d%%&f##XX%&dg#{UXX -#!2"4 -DateofCropHarvest L3 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 4 *@37205*@A11/11 T4?4L5" *@37205 *@ T#XX{Ug#{UXXUsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.Field L6 Crops#XX{Uh#{UXXԀ(C {U#X~X CRi#&%XX~USDA,1984)#&d%%&si##XX%&di#{UXX -#!7"4 -MaximumDryWeight  numbers. -#!($x?"4 -ManningsNValue % @ (MNGN) A7 L&!A Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T4?4% B" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T#XX{U>l#{UXXRUSLEProject;C23CTCTC;Cotton,conventional % C tillage,Fresno#XX{Um#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!L&!D"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  '"E 0.540.412 24'"F" 2#XX{UUn#{UXXRUSLEProject;C23CTCTC;Cotton,conventional '"G tillage,Fresno,#XX{UBo#{UXXVariablewithdate#XX{Uo#{UXX(USDA,2000) 1'!p(#H"4 1)%I     #XX{U,p#'\)R -l(L *#$ dd4dd 4edd e<dd <!3"e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12TwisselmanSoilParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCotton \3A4G/X j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!83A ;100cm E33AA40!8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 8 Database(NRCS,2001)   b3AAQ=h  "3dd I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons L   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40!L  "33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   26cm(HORIZN=2)   64cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!L "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)   4%A&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6hx&O|xX  7l"x L  EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d3AU= "3 I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.45gcm3(HORIZN=1)   1.5gcm3(HORIZN=2) T  1.6gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40!d "33 E H3A9& \  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent \  (THETO) ;33,!l3A ;0.36cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) \  0.317cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!l"33 E H3A9!$  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness d  (DPN) ;33,!$t!3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) d" 6.5cm(HORIZN=2) $t# 16cm(HORIZN=3) E33A40!4$"33 E H3A9&,$ I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!,|%3A ;0.36cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) ,|& 0.317cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!<'"33 E H3A9!' 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!4(3A ;0.22cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) 4) 0.197cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!D*"33 E K3AA:&* I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent <+ (OC) =33A,!L,3AA =0.29%(HORIZN=1,2) <- 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!L."33A E6,*. 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXC {UBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. / Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk x0  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch >1 andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992.  T2 #{U C##XX{U#{UXXC {UEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch !4 Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. T"5 #{U C##XX{U#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor #07 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. $8 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection p% 9 Agency,Athens,GA. 8&!: EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof '#< theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof (#= PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. X)$> #XX{U#{UXX#XX{UO#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM *8&@ FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, +'A U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. x,'B #XX{U#{UXXC {UHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing .X)D Education#{U CG##XX{U'#{UXXԀC {UandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#{U C^##XX{U>#{UXXm (#m (# #XX{U0#{UXXC {UUSDA.1984.UsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.FieldCrops,StatisticalReportingService,U.S. L DepartmentofAgriculture,AgricultureHandbook#628,pp.78.#{U C##XX{U# ` {UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS  SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD.   USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof  l Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).  4  #XX{U# |-(-  CALIFORNIAFRUITS:NONCITRUS(NorthernandSouthern)     ThefieldusedtorepresentnoncitrusfruitproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinFresno  CountyintheCentralValley,althoughnoncitrusfruitproductioncoversmostofthecentral  portionofthestate,butmainlyonEasternslopes.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture, p Californiaisthemajorproducerofpeaches,plums/prunes,andkiwiforthefreshmarket,and `  amongthehighestproducersinothernoncitrusfruitsuchaspearsandapples.Areasunderand P  betweenrowsoftreesmayormaynotbemaintaineddependingonthelocation.Rowspacing @  variesdependingonthefruittree(fromapproximately15to25feet)asdoesthetreespacing 0  (approximately12to20ormorefeet).Rowcanopiestendtobeverycloseto100percent,while  p  thecanopybetweenrowsismuchlesstopermittheoperationofmaintenanceandharvest `  equipment.Irrigationisbyfurrowandfloodformostcrops,butlowvolumedripormicro P  sprinklersystemsaregrowinginpopularity.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisabenchmark @  soil,Exeterloam.Exeterloam,isafineloamy,mixed,superactive,thermicTypicDurixeralfs. 0  Thesesoilsareoftenusedforcitrusproductionunderirrigation.Exeterloamisamoderatelydeep,   moderatelywelldrained,veryslowtomediumrunoffsoilthatformedinalluviummainlyfrom  granitesources.Thesoilalsoconsistsofaduripan.TheExeterloamhasmoderatelyslow  permeabilityabovetheduripanandveryslowpermeabilitywithintheduripan.Thesesoilare  generallyfoundonalluvialfansandstreamterracesatelevationsofupto700feetabovemeansea  levelandhaveslopesof0to9percent.ThesoilisextensiveinMLRA17.Exeterloamisa  HydrologicGroupCsoil. p {UXX*+, d dd  td td #$e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"00 {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaFruit(nonCitrus)    \3A4G/P  { AAA4 q\wParameter A334,!3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 ASource S3AD," q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33@3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!@ 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA @  (W23155)andNorthern:Sacramento,CA ! (W23232) J3A;# " q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33! #3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!! $ 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA ! % (W23155)#XX{UÙ#{UXXԀandNorthern:Sacramento,CA "& (W23232)#XX{UE#{UXX J3A;#`#' q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor $ ( (PFAC) K33<x% )3A \(\?0.73\(\?K  0.73 $ *   Y33A4DBx% +  \(\?0.73 \(\?33 Y۠KurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U#{UXX,UCCooperative $ , ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U#{UXX J3A;#x% - q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor &". (SFAC) )33'"/3A )  0.0cmC1 &"0 Т  833A4#!'"1 33 8KurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U#{UXX,UCCooperative &"2 ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U#{UXX J3A;#'"3 q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof (0$4 Evaporation(ANETD) )33)$53A )  17.0cm (0$6   833A4#!)$7 33 8.PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#(0$8 Z 33A4 E#XX{U*#{UXX6,**H&9 0   3AAA 6  ,(: & #  *-3.ddSd Std  td +,e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaFruit(nonCitrus#XX{U #{UXX) ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!p"4 AValue A4,!p"4 ASource#XX{U6#{UXX 6,!p"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) '   '0.34tonsEI1* 24 @ " 2#XX{UJ#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesExeter -#! @ "4 -USLELSFactor  d  (USLELS) A7  , ;On?0.018;On?A0.018 T4?4 d" ;On?0.018 ;On? T#XX{U?#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesExeter#XX{U#{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor 8  (USLEP) ?5 P  ?1.0??1.0 R4=28 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesExeter#XX{UK#{UXX -#!8 "4 -FieldArea \  (AFIELD)  $t  172ha 24\ " 2#XX{U®#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#!\ "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3 H  @2@=2 P4;0 "  @2 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998);basedoncropsgrown   onEasternsideofslopes. -#!H"4 -Slope(SLP)   9% 24" 2KurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U#{UXX,UCCooperativeExtension   Office,FresnoCounty#XX{U#{UXX -#!l!"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  " 600m 24#" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!$"4 -IrrigationFlag $t% (IRFLAG)  <& 2(cropping $t' periodonly) 24<(" 2#XX{U#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral $t) floodingforcropirrigation#XX{Ud#{UXX -#!<*"4 -IrrigationType H+ (IRTYP)  `, 1(Flood) 24H-" 2#XX{U#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral H. floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U#{UXX -#!`/"4 -LeachingFactor l0 (FLEACH) ?5 41 ?0.1??0.1 R4=2l2" ?0.1 ? R#XX{U#{UXXEstimated -#!l3"4 -FractionofWater 4 Capacitywhen X5 IrrigationisApplied  p6 (PCDEPL) @6  87 ?0.55?@0.55 S4>38" ?0.55 ? S#XX{Uڷ#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral 9 floodingforcropirrigation#XX{Uc#{UXX -#!X:"4 -MaximumRateat D"; whichIrrigationis  #\< Applied(RATEAP)  #$= 0.4cmhr1 24D">" 2#XX{U #{UXXPRZMManual,Table5.33(EPA,1998) 1'!D"?"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr0% @       &@"A   '& )  */30dddd dd dd -3.e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4xx * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaFruit(nonCitrus#XX{U9#{UXX) ;4&,4 ;Parameter A4,!8"4 AValue A4,!8"4 ASource#XX{Uڽ#{UXX 6,!8"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition  @  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P4;0 @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension  @  Agent.#XX{Uj#{UXX -#!  "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d (NDC) =3  ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping 8  Periods P  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<18 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U)#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield, 8  CA(W23155)#XX{U#{UXXԀorSacramento,CA(W23232) -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall $t  interceptionstorageofcrop <  (CINTCP) @6  ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3$t " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvalueforgrass#XX{U7#{UXXԀ(EPA,2001) -#!$t "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  ( 30cm 24`" 2#XX{U#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension `  Agent.#XX{U#{UXX -#!(!"4 -MaximumCanopy 4" Coverage(COVMAX) >4 L#  V@90V@>90 Q4<14$"  V@90 V@ Q#XX{Um#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension 4% Agent.#XX{U#{UXX -#!L&"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition X' AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3  p(  @3@=3 P4;0X)"  @3 @ P#XX{U1#{UXXMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension X* Agent.#XX{Un#{UXX -#! p+"4 -DateofCropEmergence |, (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  D- 21/01 24|." 2#XX{U#{UXXValuesettoadatesforplumsbasedonHealthEffects |/ Divisioninformation#XX{U#{UXX -#!D0"4 -DateofCropMaturity 1 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  h2 21/06 243" 2#XX{U#{UXXValuesettoadatesforplumsbasedonHealthEffects 4 Divisioninformation#XX{U#{UXX -#!h5"4 -DateofCropHarvest 6 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 7 @@36898@@A01/08 T4?48" @@36898 @@ T#XX{U@#{UXXValuesettoadatesforplumsbasedonHealthEffects 9 Divisioninformation#XX{U#{UXX -#!:"4 -MaximumDryWeight  8; (WFMAX) 2( !< # 20.0 E40% 8=" #  E#XX{U%#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! 8>"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)   #\? 84,79,82 24 #\@" 2#XX{U<#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Meadows,nofallow  #\A conditions(USDA,1990) -#!#$B"4 -ManningsNValue 0% C (MNGN) A7 %H!D Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T4?40% E" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T#XX{U>#{UXXRUSLEProject;C21OCOCMfororchards,covered 0% F alleyinSacramento#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!%H!G"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  T'"H 0.0340.221 24T'"I" 2#XX{Ud#{UXXRUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,C21OCOCMfor T'"J orchards,coveredalleyinSacramento#XX{UR#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) 1'!(l#K"4 1x)$L     #XX{U#')4  ,(O *12 dd4dd 4edd e<dd </30e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12ExeterSoilParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaFruit(nonCitrus) \3A4G/X j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!83A ;183cm E33AA40!8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 8 Database(NRCS,2001)   b3AAQ=h  "3dd& I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons L   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =2(Basehorizons) E33AA40!L  "33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   173cm(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)   45#&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6&O0  7#l"^ L   d3AU= \ "3 I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,!$ 3A ;1.59gcm3(HORIZN=1) $  1.76gcm3(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&L  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent ,  (THETO) ;33,! 3A ;0.16cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) ,  0.2cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9!T  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness 4 (DPN) ;33,!3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) 4 17.3cm(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&\  I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!<!3A ;0.16cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) <" 0.2cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!#"33 E H3A9!d# 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!D$3A ;0.06cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) D% 0.11cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!&"33 E K3AA:&l& I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent L' (OC) =33A,! (3AA =0.46%(HORIZN=1) L) 0.19%(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! *"33A E6,*t* 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor t+ PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. <, NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection T- Agency,Athens,GA. . EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof \0 theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof $ t1 PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C.  <2 #XX{U+#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM |"4 FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, D#5 U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C.  $\6 #XX{U#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS % 8 SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. d&!9 USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof 'D#; Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).#XX{U## ( $<  D-(A Ї CALIFORNIAGRAPES(NorthernandSouthern)     ThefieldusedtorepresentgrapeproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinSouthernSan  JoaquinValley.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiaisthemajorproducerof  table,wine,andraisingrapeswith85percentofCaliforniasproductionintheSanJoaquinValley p andthebulkoftheremainderintheCoachellaValley.Grapesneedatleast3ftofwelldrained `  soil,andaretypicallygrownonsandyorsandyloamsoils.Vinerowsareusuallykeptweedfree, P  butthereissomegrowthinthewinter.Surfacesoilaroundthevinerowisusuallysealed,but @  someplantscangrowbetweenvinerows.Thesoilbetweenrowsisusuallydisked.Rowspacing 0  variesdependingontheterrain.Canopiesbetweenrowstendtobemuchlessthan100percent,  p  whilethecanopyalongtherowsis100percent.Irrigationismainlybydripirrigation,butsome `  vineyardscontinuetousesprinklersystems.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisabenchmark P  soil,SanJoaquinloam.SanJoaquinloam,isafine,mixed,active,thermicAbrupticDurixeralfs. @  Thesesoilsareoftenusedforvineyards,fruitandnutproductionunderirrigation.SanJoaquin 0  loamisamoderatelydeep,wellandmoderatelywelldrained,mediumtoveryhighrunoffsoil   thatformedinalluviummainlyfromgranitesources.Thesoilalsoconsistsofaduripan.TheSan  Joaquinloamhasveryslowpermeabilityabovetheduripanandveryslowpermeabilitywithinthe  duripan.Someareasaresubjecttoflooding.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonundulatingterraces  atelevationsfrom50to500feetabovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to9percent.Thesoil  isextensiveinMLRA17alongtheEasternslopesoftheSacramentoandSanJoaquinValleys.  SanJoaquinloamisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. p {UXX*67 d dd  td td 12e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"00 {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforSanJoaquinValley,CaliforniaGrapes    \3A4G/P  { AAA4 q\Parameter A334,!3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 ASource S3AD," q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33@3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!@ 33 8\MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA @  (W23155)andNorthern:Sacramento,CA ! (W23232) J3A;# " q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33! #3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!! $ 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA ! % (W23155)#XX{U#{UXXԀandNorthern:Sacramento,CA "& (W23232)#XX{U#{UXX J3A;#`#' q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor $ ( (PFAC) J33;x% )3A ffffff?0.7ffffff?J  0.7 $ * #XX{U #{UXX O33A4:8x% + ffffff?0.7 ffffff?33 OPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#$ , q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor &"- (SFAC) )33'".3A )  0.55cmC1 &"/ q#XX{UD#{UXX /33A4'"033 /PRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#&"1 q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof (0$2 Evaporation(ANETD) )33)$33A )  17.0cm (0$4   833A4#!)$5 33 8+PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#(0$6 Z 33A4 E#XX{U#{UXX6,**H&7 0   3AAA 6  ,(8 & #  *839ddSd Std  td 67e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforSanJoaquinValley,CaliforniaGrapes#XX{U #{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!p"4 AValue A4,!p"4 ASource#XX{U-#{UXX 6,!p"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) '   '0.28tonsEI1* 24 @ " 2#XX{U@#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesSanJoaquin -#! @ "4 -USLELSFactor  d  (USLELS) ?5  , ?0.2??0.2 R4=2 d" ?0.2 ? R#XX{U5#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesSanJoaquin#XX{U #{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor 8  (USLEP) ?5 P  ?1.0??1.0 R4=28 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U #{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesSanJoaquin#XX{UE #{UXX -#!8 "4 -FieldArea \  (AFIELD)  $t  172ha 24\ " 2#XX{U #{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#!\ "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3 H  ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998);basedoncropsgrown   onEasternsideofslopes. -#!H"4 -Slope(SLP)   2% 24" 2#XX{U #{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperativeExtension   209-468-9494#XX{U#{UXX -#!l!"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  " 600m 24#" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!$"4 -IrrigationFlag $t% (IRFLAG)  <& 2(cropping $t' periodonly) 24<(" 2#XX{U#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral $t) floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U\#{UXX -#!<*"4 -IrrigationType H+ (IRTYP)  `, 1(Flood) 24H-" 2#XX{U#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral H. floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U#{UXX -#!`/"4 -LeachingFactor l0 (FLEACH) ?5 41 ?0.1??0.1 R4=2l2" ?0.1 ? R#XX{U#{UXXEstimated -#!l3"4 -FractionofWater 4 Capacitywhen X5 IrrigationisApplied  p6 (PCDEPL) @6  87 ?0.55?@0.55 S4>38" ?0.55 ? S#XX{U#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral 9 floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U[#{UXX -#!X:"4 -MaximumRateat D"; whichIrrigationis  #\< Applied(RATEAP)  #$= 0.4cmhr1 24D">" 2#XX{U#{UXXPRZMManual,Table5.33(EPA,1998) 1'!D"?"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr0% @       &@"A   '~& )  *:3;dddd dd dd 839e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4xx * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforSanJoaquinValley,CaliforniaGrapes#XX{U1#{UXX ;4&,4 ;Parameter A4,!8"4 AValue A4,!8"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!8"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition  @  (ISCOND) =3     @3@=3 P4;0 @ "  @3 @ P#XX{U#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative  @  Extension209-468-9494#XX{U[#{UXX -#!  "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d (NDC) =3  ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping 8  Periods P  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<18 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U& #{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield, 8  CA(W23155)#XX{U!#{UXXԀorSacramento,CA(W23232) -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall $t  interceptionstorageofcrop <  (CINTCP) @6  ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3$t " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvalueforgrass#XX{U4"#{UXXԀ(EPA,2001) -#!$t "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  ( 100cm 24`" 2#XX{U##{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative `  Extension209-468-9494#XX{U$#{UXX -#!(!"4 -MaximumCanopy 4" Coverage(COVMAX) >4 L#  Q@70Q@>70 Q4<14$"  Q@70 Q@ Q#XX{Uw%#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative 4% Extension209-468-9494#XX{U&#{UXX -#!L&"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition X' AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3  p(  @3@=3 P4;0X)"  @3 @ P#XX{UG'#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative X* Extension209-468-9494#XX{U(#{UXX -#! p+"4 -DateofCropEmergence |, (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 D- @36892@A01/02 T4?4|." @36892 @ T#XX{U)#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative |/ Extension209-468-9494#XX{Ue*#{UXX -#!D0"4 -DateofCropMaturity 1 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  h2 15/08 243" 2#XX{U+#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative 4 Extension209-468-9494#XX{U,#{UXX -#!h5"4 -DateofCropHarvest 6 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  7 31/08 248" 2#XX{U,#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative 9 Extension209-468-9494#XX{U-#{UXX -#!:"4 -MaximumDryWeight  8; (WFMAX) 2( !< # 20.0 E40% 8=" #  E#XX{U5.#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! 8>"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)   #\? 84,79,82 24 #\@" 2#XX{UL/#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Meadows,nofallow  #\A conditions(USDA,1990) -#!#$B"4 -ManningsNValue 0% C (MNGN) A7 %H!D Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T4?40% E" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T#XX{UN0#{UXXRUSLEProject;C21GBGBCforgrapes,Sacramento, 0% F bareground#XX{U1#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!%H!G"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  T'"H 0.2740.517 24T'"I" 2#XX{Un2#{UXXRUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,#XX{U\3#{UXXԀC21GBGBCfor T'"J grapes,Sacramento,bareground#XX{U3#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) 1'!(l#K"4 1x)$L     #XX{UC4#'),  ,(O *<= dd4dd 4edd e<dd <:3;e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12SanJoaquinSoilParametersforSanJoaquinValley,CaliforniaGrapes \3A4G/X j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!83A ;340cm E33AA40!8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 8 Database(NRCS,2001)   b3AAQ=h  "3dd  I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons L   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =2(Basehorizons) E33AA40!L  "33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   330cm(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)   4>#&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6_<&Os<  7#l"< L   d3AU= \ "3C7 I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,!$ 3A ;1.84gcm3(HORIZN=1) $  1.6gcm3(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&L  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent ,  (THETO) ;33,! 3A ;0.21cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) ,  0.28cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9!T  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness 4 (DPN) ;33,!3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) 4 30cm(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&\  I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!<!3A ;0.21cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) <" 0.28cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!#"33 E H3A9!d# 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!D$3A ;0.1cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) D% 0.15cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!&"33 E K3AA:&l& I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent L' (OC) =33A,! (3AA =0.72%(HORIZN=1) L) 0.16%(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! *"33A E6,*t* 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor t+ PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. <, NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection T- Agency,Athens,GA. . EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof \0 theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof $ t1 PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C.  <2 #XX{UlE#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM |"4 FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, D#5 U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C.  $\6 #XX{UH#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS % 8 SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. d&!9 USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof 'D#; Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).#XX{UdJ# ( $<  D-(A Ї CALIFORNIAONION     ThefieldusedtorepresentonionproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinKernCountyinthe  SanJoaquinValley,althoughonionproductionareasarequiteextensive(SanJoaquin,Coastal  IntermediateRegion,ImperialValley,southernandcentralcoastalregions,thehighdesertareas p ofLosAngelesCountyandthenorthernmountainvalleys).Accordingtothe1997Censusof `  Agriculture,Californiaisthemajorproducerofonionsforthemarket.Bulbonionsareplanted P  fromSeptemberthroughMayandharvestingbeginsinAprilorMayandcompletedby @  September.Onionsarecoolsseason,biennialplantsthatarecommerciallygrownasanannual. 0  Mostonionsaredirectseeded,buttransplantsareusedinsomefallplantedfieldsforanearlier  p  harvestofshortdayandintermediatedayvarietiesandtoachieveuniform,jumbosizedbulbs. `  Seedsareplanteduniformlyat2to3inchesbetweenplantsinarow.Onionsaremostcommonly P  growninmultiplerowsonraisedbeds40to42incheswide,butsomeproductionareasuse36 @  inchwidebedsorbedsof60to80inches.Distributionofrowsacrossbedsvariesdependingon 0  irrigationmethodandplanter.Withdripandsprinklerirrigation(mostcommontypes),rowsare   spacedequidistantacrossthebedatapproximately4inchintervals.Whenfurrowirrigationis  used,thecenterofthebedisleftvacantforsaltaccumulationwith2or3rowsplantedoneither  side.Plantcanopycanapproach100percentinsomenarrowrowfieldsgrownunderdrip  irrigation.Irrigationisrequiredtoavoidseedorplantdryout.Generally24to36inchesof  irrigatedwaterperyearissufficient.Onionscangrowonawiderangeofsoils.Thesoilselected  torepresentthefieldisCiervoclay.Ciervoclay,isafine,semetic,thermicVerticHaplocambids. p Thesesoilsareoftenusedforonionandothertruckcropproductionunderirrigation.Ciervoclay ` isaverydeep,moderatelywelldrained,mediumtohighrunoffsoilonfanskirtsthatformedin P alluviummainlyfromsedimentaryrocksatelevationof170to735feetabovemeansealevel.The @ Ciervoclayhasveryslowpermeability.Slopesrangefrom0to2percent.Thesoilisoflarge 0 extentinMLRA17.CiervoclayisaHydrologicGroupDsoil.  p {UXX* d dd  td td <=e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"(( {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforKernCounty,CaliforniaOnions    \3A4G/H  { AAA4 q\YParameter A334,! 3A4 AValue A33A4,! "334 ASource S3AD,  " q 33A4 qSStartingDate L33=!8!3A @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z33A4EC!8"  @@22281 @@33 ZZMeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA !8# (W23155) J3A;#"$ q 33A4 qJEndingDate L33=$P%3A :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z33A4EC$P&  :@33237 :@33 ZMeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA $P' (W23155)#XX{UwW#{UXX J3A;#$ ( q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor &h!) (PFAC) J33;&0"*3A ffffff?0.7ffffff?J  0.7 &h!+ ^  X33A4CA&0",  ffffff?0.7 ffffff?33 XR^PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#&h!- q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor 0(#. (SFAC) )33(H$/3A )  0.55cmC1 0(#0 _  833A4#!(H$1 33 8_PRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#0(#2 q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof H*%3 Evaporation(ANETD) )33+`&43A )  17.0cm H*%5 `  833A4#!+`&6 33 8"aPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#H*%7 Z 33A4 E#XX{U:]#{UXX6,*`,'8 0   3AAA 6 X-(8 & " *3ddSd Std  td e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforKernCounty,CaliforniaOnions#XX{Ub#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!p"4 AValue A4,!p"4 ASource#XX{U d#{UXX 6,!p"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) '   '0.21tonsEI1*#XX{Ue#{UXX 24 @ " 2#XX{Uf#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{USg#{UXXԀandFARMManual(C {UEPA,  @  1985)#X~X Cg#C XX~ -#!  "4 -USLELSFactor  l (USLELS) A7  0 1Zd?0.3031Zd?A0.303#X~X CIh#C XX~ T4?4 l" 1Zd?0.303 1Zd? T#X~X C)i#C XX~HaanandBarfield,1979#X~X Ci#C XX~ -#! l"4 -USLEPFactor 8  (USLEP) ?5 L  ?0.5??0.5#X~X Cj#C XX~ R4=28 " ?0.5 ? R#X~X Cj#C XX~PRZMManual(EPA,1998)#X~X Ck#C XX~ -#!8 "4 -FieldArea T  (AFIELD)  h  172ha 24T " 2#X~X Ck#C XX~AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#!T "4 -NRCSHyetograph p  (IREG) =3 4  ?1?=1 P4;0p "  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!p "4 -Slope(SLP)   1% 24" 2MidpointoftheSoilSeries,Ciervo -#! "4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  4! 600m 244"" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!4#"4 -IrrigationFlag <$ (IRFLAG)  P% 2(cropping <& periodonly) 24P'" 2#X~X Cl#C XX~Voss,R.E.FreshMarketBulbOnionProductioninCalifornia. <( U.foCAPublication7242.1999. -#!P)"4 -IrrigationType X* (IRTYP)  l+ 3(Over X, Canopy) 24l-" 2#X~X C|p#C XX~Voss,R.E.FreshMarketBulbOnionProductioninCalifornia. X. U.foCAPublication7242.1999.#X~X Cq#C XX~ -#!l/"4 -LeachingFactor t0 (FLEACH) ?5 81 ?0.1??0.1 R4=2t2" ?0.1 ? R#X~X Cr#C XX~Estimated -#!t3"4 -FractionofWater 4 Capacitywhen T5 IrrigationisApplied h6 (PCDEPL) @6 ,7 Q?0.12Q?@0.12 S4>38" Q?0.12 Q? S#X~X Cs#C XX~AdjustedsothatinfiltrationmetVoss61to76cmofwateruse.#X~X Ceu#C XX~ -#!9"4 -MaximumRateat 4!: whichIrrigationis !H; Applied(RATEAP)  " < 0.2cmhr1 244!=" 2#X~X Cu#C XX~PRZMManual,Table5.33(EPA,1998) 1'!4!>"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr$d?       %!@   'kb& (  *3dddd dd dd 3e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforKernCounty,CaliforniaOnions#X~X Cw#C XX~ ;4&(4 ;Parameter A4,!2"4 AValue A4,!2"4 ASource#X~X Cy#C XX~ 6,!2"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#X~X Cz#C XX~Settooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P4;0 2 "  ?1 ? P#X~X C{#C XX~Default#X~X C6}#C XX~ -#! 2 "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  N  (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P4;0 N"  ?1 ? P#X~X C}#C XX~Settocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N"4 -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q4<1j "  >@30 >@ Q#X~X C~#C XX~Settoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield, j  CA(W23155)#X~X C##C XX~ -#!. "4 -Maximumrainfall J  interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) @6   ?0.05?@0.05 S4>3J " ?0.05 ? S#X~X C#C XX~#{U Cg#PRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{U!#{UXX -#!J "4 -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   30cm 24*" 2#XX{U#{UXXVoss,R.E.FreshMarketBulbOnionProductionin * California.U.foCAPublication7242.1999.#XX{U#{UXX -#! "4 -MaximumCanopy N! Coverage(COVMAX) >4 "  T@80T@>80 Q4<1N#"  T@80 T@ Q#XX{UT#{UXXEstimatedbasedonaerialphotography -#!N$"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition "r% AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 :&  ?1?=1 P4;0"r'"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXVoss,R.E.1999.FreshMarketBulbOnionProduction "r( inCalifornia.U.foCAPublication7242.#XX{U#{UXX -#!:)"4 -DateofCropEmergence F* (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 ^+ W@37560W@A11/01 T4?4F," W@37560 W@ T#XX{U#{UXXC {UPICRecommendeddatesadjustedaccordingto F- RUSLEProjectplantingdates.#{U C##XX{U#{UXX -#! Z."4 -DateofCropMaturity j/ (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 20 1@372611@A01/06 T4?4j1" 1@37261 1@ T#XX{UƉ#{UXXC {UPICRecommendeddatesadjustedaccordingto j2 RUSLEProjectplantingdates.#{U C*##XX{U #{UXX -#!.~3"4 -DateofCropHarvest 4 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  V5 15/06 246" 2#XX{U#{UXXC {UPICRecommendeddatesadjustedaccordingto 7 RUSLEProjectplantingdates.#{U C ##XX{U#{UXX -#!R8"4 -MaximumDryWeight  9 (WFMAX) 2( z!: # 20.0 E40% ;" #  E#XX{U̍#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! <"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  "&= 92,85,86 24"&>" 2#XX{U#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Meadows,nofallow "&? conditions(USDA,1990) -#!#@"4 -ManningsNValue $J A (MNGN) A7 %!B I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T4?4$J C" I +?0.011 I +? T#XX{U#{UXX    RUSLEProject;C23ONONC;Onions,FresnoCA $J D ConventionalTillage#XX{Ut#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!%!E"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  'n"F 0.5210.732 24'n"G" 2#XX{U"#{UXXRUSLEProject;C23ONONC;Onions,FresnoCA 'n"H ConventionalTillage#XX{U #{UXXԀ(USDA,2000)#XX{U#{UXX 1'!'6#I"4 1B)$J     #XX{U#'(x  ,'M * dd4dd 4edd e<dd <3e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12CiervoSoilParametersforKernCounty,CaliforniaOnions \3A4G/X j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!83A ;150cm E33AA40!8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 8 Database(NRCS,2001)   b3AAQ=h  "3ddJ? I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons L   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =3(Basehorizons) E33AA40!L  "33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,SecondandThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/! 3A >12cm(HORIZN=1)   50cm(HORIZN=2)   88cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!L "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)   4#&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)67&OK  7#l"y L   d3AU= \ "3m I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.40gcm3(HORIZN=1)   1.36gcm3(HORIZN=2) T  1.17gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40!d "33 E H3A9& \  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent \  (THETO) ;33,!l3A ;0.259cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) \  0.266cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) l 0.345cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!,"33 E H3A9!$  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness $t  (DPN) ;33,!4!3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) $t" 1.0cm(HORIZN=2) 4# 2.0cm(HORIZN=3) E33A40!$"33 E H3A9&$ I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!<%3A ;0.259cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) <& 0.266cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) ' 0.345cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!l("33 E H3A9!d( 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!)3A ;0.15cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) * 0.158cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) t+ 0.202cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!4,"33 E K3AA:&,|, I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent |- (OC) =33A,!<.3AA =0.91%(HORIZN=1) |/ 0.43%(HORIZN=2) <0 0.32%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!L1"33A E6,*D1 0 y 33AA4 6{UXX#XX{U#{UXXEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch  2 Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. |!3 #XX{U#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor  #\5 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. #$6 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection $7 Agency,Athens,GA. d% 8 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof &D": theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof ' #; PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. (#< EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM *d%> FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, *,&? U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. +&@ #XX{U#{UXXHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing 4-(B Education#XX{UĬ#{UXXԀandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#XX{U#{UXX-L)Cm (#m (# #XX{UI#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS x SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. @ USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof   Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).#XX{U#  Voss,R.E.andK.S.Mayberry1999.FreshMarketBulbOnionProductionInCalifornia. P  VegetableResearchandInformationCenter,VegetableProductionSeries,Universityof @  California,DivisionofAgricultureandNaturalResources.Publication7242. 0      p   CALIFORNIASUGARBEETS(NorthernandSouthern)     ThefieldusedtorepresentsugarbeetproductioninCaliforniaislocatedintheCentral  Valley,althoughsugarbeetproductioncoversdiverseclimates.Themajorproductionareasarein  theKalmuthBasinandImperialValley.Accordingto1997CensusofAgriculture,California p ranked4thamongproducersofsugarbeetsintheU.S..Sugarbeetsareplantedalmostevery `  monthsomewhereinthestateandaregenerallygrowninrotation.Productionconcentrateson P  heavyclayandclayloamsoilandareirrigatedbybothfurroworsprinklersystems.Areas @  betweenrowsofplantsmayormaynotbemaintained.Rowspacingisgenerally30inches.Row 0  canopiestendtobeverycloseto100percent,whilethecanopybetweenrowsismuchless.The  p  soilselectedtosimulatethefieldisabenchmarksoil,Exeterloam.Exeterloam,isafineloamy, `  mixed,superactive,thermicTypicDurixeralfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforcitrusproduction P  underirrigation.Exeterloamisamoderatelydeep,moderatelywelldrained,veryslowtomedium @  runoffsoilthatformedinalluviummainlyfromgranitesources.Thesoilalsoconsistsofa 0  duripan.TheExeterloamhasmoderatelyslowpermeabilityabovetheduripanandveryslow   permeabilitywithintheduripan.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonalluvialfansandstream  terracesatelevationsofupto700feetabovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to9percent.The  soilisextensiveinMLRA17.ExeterloamisaHydrologicGroupCsoil.  {UXX*?@ d dd  td td e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"`` {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaSugarbeets    \3A4G/  { AAA4 q\$Parameter A334,! 3A4 AValue A33A4,! "334 ASource S3AD, " q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33 p3A )  January1,1948 833A4#! p 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA  p (W23155)andNorthern:Sacramento,CA 8 (W23232) J3A;# q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33P 3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!P! 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA P" (W23155)#XX{Uv#{UXXԀandNorthern:Sacramento,CA # (W23232)#XX{U#{UXX J3A;# $ q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor !0% (PFAC) K33<"&3A ?0.75?K  0.75 !0' S  Y33A4DB"(  ?0.75 ?33 YKurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{Un#{UXX,UCCooperative !0) ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U;#{UXX J3A;#"* q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor #H+ (SFAC) )33$ ,3A )  0.0cmC1 #H- }  833A4#!$ . 33 8KurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U#{UXX,UCCooperative #H/ ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{UQ#{UXX J3A;#$ 0 q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof &`!1 Evaporation(ANETD) )33&("23A )  17.0cm &`!3   833A4#!&("4 33 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#&`!5 Z 33A4 E#XX{U#{UXX6,*((x#6 0   3AAA 6  )8%7 & #  *B3CddSd Std  td ?@e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaSugarbeets#XX{U#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!p"4 AValue A4,!p"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!p"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) '   '0.34tonsEI1* 24 @ " 2#XX{U#{UXXFARMManual,TableA3(EPA,1985) -#! @ "4 -USLELSFactor  d  (USLELS) B8  , _vOv?0.0054_vOv?B0.0054 U4@5 d" _vOv?0.0054 _vOv? U#XX{U#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{U>#{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor 8  (USLEP) ?5 P  ?1.0??1.0 R4=28 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U#{UXXPerQA/QCGuidance#XX{U#{UXX(EPA,2001) -#!8 "4 -FieldArea \  (AFIELD)  $t  172ha 24\ " 2#XX{U#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#!\ "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3 H  ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998);basedoncropsgrown   onEasternsideofslopes. -#!H"4 -Slope(SLP)   2% 24" 2KurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U#{UXX,UCCooperativeExtension   Office,FresnoCounty#XX{Us#{UXX -#!l!"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  " 600m 24#" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!$"4 -IrrigationFlag $t% (IRFLAG)  <& 2(cropping $t' periodonly) 24<(" 2#XX{U#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral $t) floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U#{UXX -#!<*"4 -IrrigationType H+ (IRTYP)  `, 1(Flood) 24H-" 2#XX{Un#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral H. floodingforcropirrigation#XX{Ua#{UXX -#!`/"4 -LeachingFactor l0 (FLEACH) ?5 41 ?0.1??0.1 R4=2l2" ?0.1 ? R#XX{U #{UXXEstimated -#!l3"4 -FractionofWater 4 Capacitywhen X5 IrrigationisApplied  p6 (PCDEPL) @6  87 ?0.55?@0.55 S4>38" ?0.55 ? S#XX{U:#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral 9 floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U#{UXX -#!X:"4 -MaximumRateat D"; whichIrrigationis  #\< Applied(RATEAP)  #$= 0.4cmhr1 24D">" 2#XX{Um#{UXXPRZMManual,Table5.33(EPA,1998) 1'!D"?"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr0% @       &@"A   '.& )  *D3Edddd dd dd B3Ce(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4xx * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaSugarbeets#XX{U#{UXX ;4&,4 ;Parameter A4,!8"4 AValue A4,!8"4 ASource#XX{U5#{UXX 6,!8"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{UH#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition  @  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P4;0 @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{Ul#{UXXKurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U#{UXX,UCCooperative  @  ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U!#{UXX -#!  "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d (NDC) =3  ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping 8  Periods P  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<18 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield, 8  CA(W23155)#XX{UK#{UXXԀorSacramento,CA(W23232) -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall $t  interceptionstorageofcrop <  (CINTCP) @6  ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3$t " ?0.25 ? SPRZM,Table5.4(EPA,1998)#XX{U#{UXX -#!$t "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  ( 90cm 24`" 2#XX{U#{UXXKurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{Ux#{UXX,UCCooperative `  ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U#{UXX -#!(!"4 -MaximumCanopy 4" Coverage(COVMAX) ?5 L# Y@100Y@?100 R4=24$" Y@100 Y@ RKurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U[#{UXX,UCCooperative 4% ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U#{UXX -#!L&"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition X' AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3  p(  ?1?=1 P4;0X)"  ?1 ? P#XX{U3#{UXXKurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{Up#{UXX,UCCooperative X* ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U#{UXX -#! p+"4 -DateofCropEmergence |, (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 D- @36892@A01/02 T4?4|." @36892 @ T#XX{US#{UXXKurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U#{UXX,UCCooperative |/ ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U#{UXX -#!D0"4 -DateofCropMaturity 1 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  h2 31/05 243" 2#XX{U|#{UXXKurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U|#{UXX,UCCooperative 4 ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U#{UXX -#!h5"4 -DateofCropHarvest 6 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 7 @@36898@@A01/08 T4?48" @@36898 @@ T#XX{U_#{UXXKurtHembree(559.456.7556)#XX{U#{UXX,UCCooperative 9 ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty#XX{U#{UXX -#!:"4 -MaximumDryWeight  8; (WFMAX) 2( !< # 20.0 E40% 8=" #  E#XX{U#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! 8>"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)   #\? 89,86,87 24 #\@" 2#XX{U#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,FallowSR/CT/poor,  #\A CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/CT/poor#XX{U#{UXX #$B (USDA,1990) -#!$C"4 -ManningsNValue %H!D (MNGN) A7 &"E y&1?0.014y&1?A0.014 T4?4%H!F" y&1?0.014 y&1? T#XX{UK#{UXXRUSLEProject;C21SUSUCSacramentoclimate %H!G station,Conventionaltillage,nocover#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!&"H"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  (l#I 0.0150.769 24(l#J" 2#XX{UL#{UXXRUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,C21SUSUC@.. (l#K Sacramentoclimatestation,Conventionaltillage,no (4$L cover#XX{U:#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) 1'!)$M"4 1+X&N      -(P #XX{U#'*FG dd4dd 4edd e<dd <D3Ee(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12ExeterSoilParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaSugarbeets \3A4G/X j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!83A ;183cm E33AA40!8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 8 Database(NRCS,2001)   b3AAQ=h  "3ddu I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons L   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =2(Basehorizons) E33AA40!L  "33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   173cm(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)   4H#&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6!&O5  7#l"c L   d3AU= \ "3g I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,!$ 3A ;1.59gcm3(HORIZN=1) $  1.76gcm3(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&L  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent ,  (THETO) ;33,! 3A ;0.16cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) ,  0.2cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9!T  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness 4 (DPN) ;33,!3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) 4 17.3cm(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&\  I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!<!3A ;0.16cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) <" 0.2cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!#"33 E H3A9!d# 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!D$3A ;0.06cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) D% 0.11cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!&"33 E K3AA:&l& I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent L' (OC) =33A,! (3AA =0.46%(HORIZN=1) L) 0.19%(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! *"33A E6,*t* 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXC {UEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch t+ Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.#{U CP ##XX{U0 #{UXX 8, EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor . PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. / NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection T0 Agency,Athens,GA.  l1 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof !3 theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof t"4 PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. <#5 #XX{Uq #{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM $ 7 FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, % 8 U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. \&!9 #XX{U#{UXXC {UHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing '<#; Education#{U C##XX{U~#{UXXԀC {UandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#{U C##XX{U#{UXX($<m (#m (# #XX{U#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS L*%> SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. +d&? USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof ,'A Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).#XX{U# l-(B i&   88   CALIFORNIATOMATOES(NorthernandSouthern)  8   ThefieldusedtorepresenttomatoproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinSanJoaquin  CountyintheCentralValley,althoughtomatoesareproducedthroughouttheCentralValleyand  ImperialValley.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiaisranked2ndinthe  U.S.inproduction;45percentofCaliforniasproductionisinStanislausandMercedCounties.  Tomatoesaregenerallygrownonraisedbeds6066incheswide.Mosttomatoplantsarefrom   transplantsgrowninnurseries.Rowspacingisapproximately30to45inchesandplantsare   grownclosetogetherwithinrows.Spacesbetweenrowsaregenerallykeptclear,butplantsoften   growintotheseareas.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaStocktonclay.Stocktonclayisa  p  fine,semectitic,thermicXericEpiaquerts.Thesesoilsareoftenusedfortomatoproductionunder  `  irrigation,butalsoforotherrowcropssuchascorn,beans,sugarbeets,andgrains.Stocktonclay P  isadeep,somewhatpoorlydrained,slowlypermeable,veryslowtoslowrunoffsoilthatformed x@  inalluviumofmixedigneousandsedimentaryrocksources.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundin h0  basinsandinswalesofdrainageways.Theyarelocatedatelevationof0to100feetabovemean X  sealevelandhaveslopesof0to2percent.Thesoilisofmoderateextent.Stocktonclayisa H HydrologicGroupDsoil. 8 {UXX*IL d dd  td td FGe(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"pp {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaTomato P   \3A4G/  { AAA4 q\Parameter A334,!h03A4 AValue A33A4,!h0"334 ASource S3AD,h0" q 33A4 qSStartingDate )333A )  January1,1948 833A4#! 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA  (W23155),Northern:Sacramento,CA(W23232) J3A;#H q 33A4 qJEndingDate )333A )  December31,1983 833A4#! 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA   (W23155),#XX{U?#{UXXNorthern:Sacramento,CA(W23232)#XX{U!#{UXX J3A;#`! q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor " (PFAC) J33;x#3A ffffff?0.7ffffff?J  0.7 $ "  X33A4CAx%  ffffff?0.7 ffffff?33 X#PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#& q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor !' (SFAC) )33!(3A )  0.55cmC1 !) N$  833A4#!!* 33 8$PRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#!+ q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof #, Evaporation(ANETD) )33#-3A )  17.0cm #. %  833A4#!#/ 33 8%PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2##0 Z 33A4 E#XX{U"#{UXX6,*0% 1 0   3AAA 6  &"2 |y'   88   & T'  *M3NddSd Std  td ILe(#e(#,4dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaTomato#XX{U&#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!p"4 AValue A4,!p"4 ASource#XX{UX)#{UXX 6,!p"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) '   '0.24tonsEI1*#XX{Uk*#{UXX 24 @ " 2#XX{U.,#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesStockton#XX{U,#{UXX -#! @ "4 -USLELSFactor(USLELS) @6  d  p= ף?0.26p= ף?@0.26#XX{U-#{UXX S4>3 d" p= ף?0.26 p= ף? S#XX{U-#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesStockton#XX{Uz.#{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor p  (USLEP) ?5 8  ?1.0??1.0#XX{U.#{UXX R4=2p " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U/#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesStockton#XX{Ua0#{UXX -#!p "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  \  172ha 24 " 2#XX{U0#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph(IREG) =3    ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)  d 0.25% 24d" 2BobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperativeExtension. d Ѐ209-468-9489#XX{U1#{UXXԀ -#!,"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  8 600m 248 " 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!8!"4 -IrrigationFlag(IRFLAG)  " 2(cropping # periodonly) 24\$" 2#XX{U4#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral % floodingforcropirrigation -#!\&"4 -Flowrateofwaterentering ' furrow#XX{U5#{UXXԀ(Q0)  ( 0.0025m3s1 24)" 2PRZMManual,Table5.35(EPA,1998) -#!*"4 -Bottomwidthoffurrow#XX{U6#{UXX ,+ (BT)  , 0.12m 24,-" 2Estimatedbasedon10inchfurrowwidth -#!,."4 -Furrowsideslope(ZRS) =3 P/  @2@=2 P4;0P0"  @2 @ PPRZMManual(EPA,1998) -#!P1"4 -Furrowslope(SF) A7 \2 {Gzt?0.005{Gzt?A0.005 T4?4\3" {Gzt?0.005 {Gzt? TMaximumfieldslope -#!\4"4 -ManningsNforfurrow 5 (EN) @6  6 {Gz?0.02{Gz?@0.02 S4>37" {Gz?0.02 {Gz? SPRZMManual,Table5.34(EPA,1998) -#!8"4 -Furrowlength(X2)  !,9 300m 24!,:" 2PRZMManual,Table5.35(EPA,1998) -#!!,;"4 -IrrigationType(IRTYP)  8#< 2(Flood) 248#=" 2#XX{U7#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral 8#> floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U=#{UXX -#!$P?"4 -LeachingFactor(FLEACH) ?5 \% @ ?0.4??0.4 R4=2\% A" ?0.4 ? R#XX{U=#{UXXEstimated -#!\% B"4 -FractionofWaterCapacity &"C whenIrrigationisApplied '"D (PCDEPL) @6 H(#E ?0.55?@0.55 S4>3&"F" ?0.55 ? S#XX{U>#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral &"G floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U=@#{UXX -#!'"H"4 -MaximumRateatwhich )$I IrrigationisApplied l*%J (RATEAP)  4+&K 0.15cmhr1 24)$L" 2#XX{U@#{UXXPRZMManual,Table5.33(EPA,1998) 1'!)$M"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr,'N    -(N  i(    88        'P'& ) Թ*O3Pdd4dd 4dd dd M3Ne(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4 * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaTomato#XX{UB#{UXX ;4&d,4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{UE#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{UF#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition x @  (ISCOND) =3 @    ?1?=1 P4;0x @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{U=G#{UXXBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative x @  Extension.209-468-9489#XX{UH#{UXXԀ#XX{U/I#{UXX -#!@  "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d (NDC) =3 d ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{UrI#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping   Periods P  (NCPDS) >4 P   B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{UJ#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield,   CA(W23155)#XX{UL#{UXXԀorSacramento,CA(W23232) -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall t  interceptionstorageofcrop t<  (CINTCP) ?5 < ?0.1??0.1 R4=2t " ?0.1 ? RPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual t  (Burns,1992and#XX{UL#{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!t< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  `( 90cm 24` " 2#XX{UN#{UXXBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative `! Extension.209-468-9489#XX{UO#{UXXԀ#XX{UP#{UXX -#!`(""4 -MaximumCanopy # Coverage(COVMAX) >4 L$  V@90V@>90 Q4<1%"  V@90 V@ Q#XX{UaP#{UXXBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative & Extension.209-468-9489#XX{UQ#{UXXԀ#XX{U/R#{UXX -#!L'"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition ( AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 p)  ?1?=1 P4;0*"  ?1 ? P#XX{UrR#{UXXBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative + Extension.209-468-9489#XX{US#{UXXԀ#XX{UIT#{UXX -#!p,"4 -DateofCropEmergence - (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 . @36893@A01/03 T4?4/" @36893 @ T#XX{UT#{UXXBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative 0 Extension.209-468-9489#XX{UU#{UXXԀ#XX{UlV#{UXX -#!1"4 -DateofCropMaturity (2 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 3  @36897 @A01/07 T4?4(4"  @36897  @ T#XX{UV#{UXXBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative (5 Extension.209-468-9489#XX{UW#{UXXԀ#XX{UX#{UXX -#!6"4 -DateofCropHarvest L7 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 8 `@36899`@A01/09 T4?4L9" `@36899 `@ T#XX{UX#{UXXBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative L: Extension.209-468-9489#XX{UZ#{UXXԀ#XX{UZ#{UXX -#!;"4 -MaximumDryWeight p 8< (WFMAX) 2( 8!= # 20.0 E40%p 8>" #  E#XX{UZ#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!p 8?"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  "\@ 91,87,88 24"\A" 2#XX{U \#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,#XX{U ]#{UXXԀFallow=Fallow,SR/poor; "\B CroppingandResidue=RowCropsSR/poorcondition \#$C #XX{Ue]#{UXXԀ -#!$$D"4 -ManningsNValue %H!E (MNGN) A7 H&"F Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T4?4%H!G" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T#XX{U^#{UXXRUSLEProject;C23BDCGCfordrybeans,2000lb, %H!H Fresno#XX{UW_#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!H&"I"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  'l#J 0.0350.255 24'l#K" 2#XX{U_#{UXXRUSLEProject;C23BDCGCfordrybeans,2000lb, 'l#L Fresno#XX{U`#{UXXԀ#XX{U\a#{UXXVariablewithdate#XX{Ua#{UXX(USDA,2000) 1'!l(4$M"4 1)%N     #XX{Ua#')8sC  -(Q *QR dd4dd 4edd e<dd <O3Pe(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+88 j@ Table4. PRZM3.12StocktonSoilParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaTomato \3A4G/ j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!("3A4 AValue A33A4,!("334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD,(" I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!p83A ;180cm E33AA40!p8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization p8 Database(NRCS,2001) 0  b3AAQ= "3ddn I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40! "33A E U3AAB&L  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness T  (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1) T  Ѐ8cm(HORIZN=2)   162cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization T  Database(NRCS,2001)   4SA&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6Dj&OXjX  7l"j   EddRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d3AU=T "3  I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.3gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)   1.4gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&\  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent $  (THETO) ;33,! 3A ;0.38cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) $  0.25cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40! "33 E H3A9!d  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness , (DPN) ;33,! 3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) ,! 1cm(HORIZN=2) " 16.2cm(HORIZN=3) E33A40!t#"33 E H3A9&l# I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!$3A ;0.38cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) % 0.25cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!|&"33 E H3A9!l4& 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!'3A ;0.25cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2,3) E33A40!("33 E K3AA:&t<( I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent D ) (OC) =33A,!*3AA =0.95%(HORIZN=1,2) D + 0.4%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!,"33A E6,*, 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXC {UBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. - Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk H.  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch F/ andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992.  0 #{U Cvs##XX{UVs#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor `2 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. ` (3 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection (!4 Agency,Athens,GA. !5 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof #H7 theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof H$ 8 PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. % 9 #XX{Uu#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM &h"; FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, h'0#< U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. 0(#= #XX{UQy#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS )%? SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. *P&@ USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof ,'B Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS). ,(C #XX{Uz#  -p)D CALIFORNIAALMOND/WALNUTS(NorthernandSouthern)  8   ThefieldusedtorepresentalmondproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinSanJoaquin  CountyintheCentralValley,althoughalmondsproductionareasarewelldistributedthroughout  theCentralandSacramentoValleys.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiais  themajorproducerofalmondsandwalnutsintheU.S..Almondsaregenerallygrownonlow  terraces.Alltypesofirrigationisused.Thefloorofalmondgrovesarekeptsmoothandclearto   facilitatecollectionofthenutsafterharvestingwhichisaccomplishedbyshakingthetrees.The   soilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaMantecafinesandyloam.Mantecafinesandyloamisa   coarseloamy,mixed,thermicHaplicDurixerolls.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforavarietyofcrops  p  includingAlmonds.Mantecafinesandyloamconsistsofmoderatelydeep,moderatelywell  `  drained,slowrunoff,moderatelypermeableabovethehardpansoilthatformedinalluvium P  mainlyfrommixedrocksources.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonlowterracesatelevationsof x@  20to110feetabovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to2percent.Thesoilisofsmallextent h0  inMLRA17.MantecafinesandyloamisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. X  {UXX*UV d dd  td td QRe(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4" {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlmonds p8   \3A4G/8  { AAA4 q\ĄParameter A334,!P3A4 AValue A33A4,!P"334 ASource S3AD,P" q 33A4 qSStartingDate )333A )  January1,1948 833A4#! 33 8aMeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA  (W23155)orNorthern:Sacramento,CA h (W23232) J3A;#h0 q 33A4 qJEndingDate )333A )  December31,1983 833A4#! 33 8MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA  (W23155)#XX{U#{UXXorNorthern:Sacramento,CA H  (W23232)#XX{U#{UXX J3A;#H! q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor `" (PFAC) J33;`(#3A ffffff?0.7ffffff?J  0.7 `$   X33A4CA`(%  ffffff?0.7 ffffff?33 X#PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#`& q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor  x' (SFAC) )33x!@(3A )  0.55cmC1  x) V  833A4#!x!@* 33 8PRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;# x+ q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof ", Evaporation(ANETD) )33#X-3A )  17.0cm ".   833A4#!#X/ 33 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#"0 Z 33A4 E#XX{U #{UXX6,*$ 1 0   3AAA 6  &h"2 & #  *W3]ddSd Std  td UVe(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *488 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlmonds#XX{Uэ#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!"4 6MethodtoCalculate T Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24T" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!T"4 6USLEKFactor x @  (USLEK) '@   '0.28tonsEI1*#XX{U #{UXX 24x @ " 2#XX{U̒#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesManteca#XX{U@#{UXX -#!x @ "4 -USLELSFactor  d  (USLELS) ?5 d , ?0.2??0.2#XX{U#{UXX R4=2 d" ?0.2 ? R#XX{U#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesManteca#XX{U(#{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 P  ?1.0??1.0#XX{U#{UXX R4=2 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{Uz#{UXXNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesManteca#XX{U#{UXX -#! "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  t  172ha 24 " 2#XX{U#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3   ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)  , 2% 24," 2PaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperativeExtension , 209-468-9494#XX{Ur#{UXXԀ#XX{UӚ#{UXX -#! "4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  P! 600m 24P"" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!P#"4 -IrrigationFlag t$ (IRFLAG)  t<% 2(cropping t& periodonly) 24t<'" 2#XX{U#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral t( floodingforcropirrigation -#!t<)"4 -IrrigationType * (IRTYP)  `+ 1(Flood) 24," 2#XX{U#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral - floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U<#{UXX -#!`."4 -LeachingFactor / (FLEACH) ?5 0 ?0.1??0.1 R4=21" ?0.1 ? R#XX{U#{UXXEstimated -#!2"4 -FractionofWater 3 Capacitywhen 4 IrrigationisApplied p5 (PCDEPL) @6 p 86 ?0.55?@0.55 S4>37" ?0.55 ? S#XX{U#{UXXBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral 8 floodingforcropirrigation#XX{U#{UXX -#!9"4 -MaximumRateat !: whichIrrigationis "\; Applied(RATEAP)  \#$< 0.4cmhr1 24!=" 2#XX{UH#{UXXPRZMManual,Table5.33(EPA,1998) 1'!!>"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr$ ?       x&@"@   '8F& P'  *_3`dddd dd dd W3]e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4 * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlmonds#XX{Ut#{UXX ;4&d,4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U##{UXXSettooneforallcropsEPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition x @  (ISCOND) =3 @    @3@=3 P4;0x @ "  @3 @ P#XX{UG#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative x @  Extension209-468-9494#XX{U#{UXXԀ#XX{U;#{UXX -#!@  "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d (NDC) =3 d ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U~#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping   Periods P  (NCPDS) >4 P   B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield,   CA(W23155)#XX{U"#{UXXԀorSacramento,CA(W23232) -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall t  interceptionstorageofcrop t<  (CINTCP) @6 < ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3t " ?0.25 ? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual t  (Burns,1992and#XX{U#{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!t< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR) ?5 `( ^@120^@?120 R4=2` " ^@120 ^@ R#XX{U#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative `! Extension209-468-9494#XX{UҰ#{UXXԀ#XX{Uo#{UXX -#!`(""4 -MaximumCanopy # Coverage(COVMAX) >4 L$  V@90V@>90 Q4<1%"  V@90 V@ Q#XX{U#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative & Extension209-468-9494#XX{U#{UXXԀ#XX{U#{UXX -#!L'"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition ( AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 p)  @2@=2 P4;0*"  @2 @ P#XX{UƳ#{UXXPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative + Extension209-468-9494#XX{U#{UXXԀ#XX{U#{UXX -#!p,"4 -DateofCropEmergence - (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  . 18/01 24/" 2#XX{U#{UXXValuescompliedbyHEDforAlmonds -#!0"4 -DateofCropMaturity (1 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 2  @36929 @A02/08 T4?4(3"  @36929  @ T#XX{U#{UXXValuescompliedbyHEDforAlmonds#XX{UK#{UXX -#!(4"4 -DateofCropHarvest L5 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 6 2@372642@A13/09 T4?4L7" 2@37264 2@ T#XX{U#{UXXValuescompliedbyHEDforAlmonds#XX{U#{UXX -#!L8"4 -MaximumDryWeight p 89 (WFMAX) 2( 8!: # 20.0 E40%p 8;" #  E#XX{UW#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!p 8<"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  "\= 84,79,82 24"\>" 2#XX{Un#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,#XX{Up#{UXXԀMeadow -#!"\?"4 -ManningsNValue #@ (MNGN) A7 $ A Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T4?4#B" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T#XX{Uʼ#{UXXRUSLEProject;#XX{U #{UXXԀC21OCOCMfororchards,covalley #C inSacramento#XX{UY#{UXXԀ#XX{U޾#{UXX(USDA,2000)#XX{U"#{UXX -#!$ D"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  &!E 0.340.221 24&!F" 2#XX{Up#{UXXRUSLEProject;#XX{UP#{UXXԀC21OCOCMfororchards,covalley &!G inSacramento#XX{U#{UXXԀ#XX{U%#{UXX(USDA,2000) 1'!&"H"4 18($I   'P'8o  *&K #XX{Ui#*ab dd4dd 4edd e<dd <_3`e(#e(#,d ," td , td +  @AAA4+(( j@ Table4. PRZM3.12MantecaSoilParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlmonds \3A4G/ j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!`(3A ;317cm E33AA40!`("33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization `( Database(NRCS,2001)     b3AAQ=  "3dd I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons    (NHORIZ) =33A,! L 3AA =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40!  "33A E U3AAB&<   0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/ " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness(THKNS) >33/!D 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1) D  7cm(HORIZN=2)   300cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization D  Database(NRCS,2001)   4cA&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6&OX  7"   EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d3AU=D "3 I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,!  3A ;1.55gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)    1.6gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&L  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent   (THETO) ;33,!3A ;0.22cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)   0.23cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!"33 E H3A9!T  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness  (DPN) ;33,! 3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) ! 3.5cm(HORIZN=2) " 30cm(HORIZN=3) E33A40!d#"33 E H3A9&\# I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!$3A ;0.22cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) % 0.23cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!l&"33 E H3A9!\$& 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!'3A ;0.1cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) ( 0.23cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!t)"33 E K3AA:&d,) I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent(OC) =33A,!*3AA =0.81%(HORIZN=1,2) + 0.18%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!|,"33A E6,*l4, 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXC {UBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. l4- Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk 0.  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch / andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. 0 #{U C##XX{U#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor H!2 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. "3 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection "4 Agency,Athens,GA. #h5 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof 0% 7 theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof %!8 PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. &"9 #XX{Ui#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM P($; FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, )$< U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. )%= #XX{U#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS p+8'? SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. 8,(@ USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof -)B Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS). .X*C #XX{Ua# FLORIDACABBAGE(Vegetables)  8   Thefieldusedtorepresentcabbage(vegetable)productioninFloridaislocatedin  Manatee(accountingforapproximately18percentofthestatesacreage).Theprinciple  productionregionisinFlaglerandSt.JohnsCountiesintheNortheasternregionofthestate,  accountingfor50percentoftheacreage.Floridaranksfifthinthenationinfreshmarketcabbage  productionwhichis100percentofFloridasproduction.Approximately7500acresareharvested   eachyear.Cabbageisacoolseasoncropbestgrownwhentemperaturesdonotexceed25oC.   Cabbageandothertruckcropsaregenerallygrownon mucksoils,butcabbagedoesaswellon   bothmineralandsandysoilswithpHaround6.5.Cabbageisplantedbydirectseedingand  p  seedlingtransplantinFlorida,withmorethan90percentbyseedlingtransplant,especiallyon  `  sandysoils.Typicalplantingdistancesare20to40(51to102cm)inchesbetweenrowsand9to P  16(23to41cm)inchesbetweenplantsinarow.Maximumdensityofplantsisapproximately x@  29,400plantsperacre.Whencropisseededindoublerowsineachbed,betweenrowspacingis h0  15to24inches(38to61cm)andwithinrowspacingis10to12inches(25to30cm).Between X  bedspacing(doublerows)is40to60inches(102to152cm).Seedsareplantedatadepthof H 0.25to0.5inches(0.6to1.3cm).Maturityisreachedin85to110daysfromseedplantingand 8 70to90daysfromtransplant.Irrigationisusedwhennecessarytomaintainevenmoistureto ( preventcrackingofthecabbageheads.Seepagetypeirrigationisthemostcommonlyused  method.HarvestoccursbetweenOctober25andJune15withthemostactiveperiodbeing  JanuarytomidApril.Fieldsareoftenlaserleveledanddrainagecontrolledbyaseriesofinfield  lateralsandperimetercanals.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaRivierasand.Riviera  sandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermicArenicGlossaqualfs.Thesesoilsareoftenused  fortruckcropandcitrusproduction.Rivierasandisadeep,poorlydrained,slowrunoff,slowly  toveryslowlypermeablesoilthatformedinstratifiedmarinesandyandloamysedimentsonthe  LowerCoastalPlain.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonbroad,lowflatsandindepressionsand p haveslopesgenerallylessthan2percent.Thesoilisofmoderateextent.Rivierasandisa ` HydrologicGroupCsoil. P {UXX*WX d dd " td " td abe(#e(#,Sd ,td ,td +  7AAA4"@@ {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforManateeCounty,FloridaCabbage    \3A4G/ x  { AAA4 q\Parameter A334,!" 3A4 AValue A33A4,!"!"334 ASource S3AD,""" q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33P##3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!P#$ 33 8eMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl(W12844) J3A;#P#% q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33$h &3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!$h ' 33 8MeteorologicalFile#XX{U"#{UXXԀWestPalmBeach,Fl(W12844)#XX{U #{UXX J3A;#$h ( q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor %!) (PFAC) K33<&"*3A (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 %!+ O  Y33A4DB&",  (\?0.78 (\?33 YPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#%!- q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor (#. (SFAC) )33($/3A )  0.0cmC1 (#0   833A4#!($1 33 8Noappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthispart (#2 ofFlorida J3A;#($3 q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof  *%4 Evaporation(ANETD) )33*&53A )  33.0cm  *%6 N  833A4#!*&7 33 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2# *%8 Z 33A4 E#XX{Uj#{UXX6,*8,(9 0   3AAA 6  0-(9 &   *Y3ZddSd Std td WXe(#e(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  *488 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforManateeCounty,FloridaCabbage#XX{Ud#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!"4 6MethodtoCalculate T Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24T" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!T"4 6USLEKFactor x @  (USLEK) '@   '0.03tonsEI1*#XX{U#{UXX 24x @ " 2#XX{UW#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{U#{UXXԀandFARMManual(C {UEPA, x @  1985)#{U C`##XX{U/#{UXX -#!L  "4 -USLELSFactor  l (USLELS) ?5 l 4 ?0.2??0.2#XX{U#{UXX R4=2 l" ?0.2 ? R#XX{U#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{UT#{UXX -#! l"4 -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 X  ?1.0??1.0#XX{U#{UXX R4=2 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U#{UXXPRZMManual(EPA,1998)#XX{U#{UXX -#! "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  |  172ha 24 " 2#XX{Ut#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3   @4@=4 P4;0 "  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)  4 1% 244" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!4 "4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  X! 600m 24X"" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{U`#{UXX 1'!X#"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr$      t%   '8& *  *[3\d dSdd Sdd dd Y3Ze(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4 * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforManateeCounty,FloridaCabbage#XX{UB#{UXX ;4&d,4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition x @  (ISCOND) =3 @    ?1?=1 P4;0x @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXFieldarefallowpriortoplanting -#!x @ "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d  (NDC) =3 d ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{UC#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping   Periods P  (NCPDS) >4 P   B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm   Beach,FL(W12844)#XX{U #{UXX -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall t  Interceptionstorageofcrop t<  (CINTCP) @6 < ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3t " ?0.25 ? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual t  (Burns,1992and#XX{U #{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!t< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  `( 12cm 24`" 2#XX{U_ #X~XXXC XX~FloridaCucumberCropProfile#X~X C ##XXXX~i # -#!` "4 -{UXXMaximumCanopy ! Coverage(COVMAX)#XX{U7 # >4 L"  T@80T@>{UXX80#XX{U # Q4<1#"  T@80 T@ Q{UXX  BasedonAerialPhotography;FieldVisitsaspartof $ theFloridaFruitandVegetableTour#XX{U#{UXX -#!L%4 -SoilSurfaceCondition & AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 p'  @3@=3 P4;0("  @3 @ P#XX{UA#  {UXXC {UPlantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear ) whentilledfornextseriesofcrops.#{U C##XX{U#{UXX -#!l*4 -DateofCropEmergence + (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  , 20/10 24-" 2C {U#X~X C#C XX~FloridaCabbageCropProfile,USDA#X~X C#C XX~ -#!."4 -#{U Cb#DateofCropMaturity (/ (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 0 K@37469K@A08/02 T4?4(1" K@37469 K@ TC {U#X~X C#C XX~FloridaCabbageCropProfile,USDA#X~X C#C XX~ -#!(2"4 -#{U CM#DateofCropHarvest L3 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 4 Z@37591Z@A12/02 T4?4L5" Z@37591 Z@ TC {U#X~X C#C XX~FloridaCabbageCropProfile,USDA#X~X Cy#C XX~ -#!L6"4 -#{U C7#MaximumDryWeight p 87 (WFMAX) 2( 8!8 # 20.0 E40%p 89" #  E#XX{U#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!p 8:"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  "\; 91,87,88 24"\<" 2#XX{U#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Fallow=SRpoor, "\= CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA, \#$> 1990)#XX{U#{UXX -#!$$?"4 -ManningsNValue %H!@ (MNGN) A7 H&"A I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T4?4%H!B" I +?0.011 I +? T#XX{U$#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, %H!C conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{U\#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!H&"D"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  'l#E 0.1620.938 24'l#F" 2#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, 'l#G conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{U#{UXX,#XX{U#{UXXVariablewithdate l(4$H #XX{U#{UXX(USDA,2000) 1'!4)$I"4 1*X&J     #XX{U-#'*8 -)M *]^ dd4dd 4edd e<dd <[3\e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+88 j@ Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersforManateeCounty,FloridaCabbage \3A4G/ j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!("3A4 AValue A33A4,!("334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD,(" I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!p83A ;100cm E33AA40!p8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization p8 Database(NRCS,2001) 0  b3AAQ= "3dd I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40! "33A E U3AAB&L  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness T  (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1) T  62cm(HORIZN=2)   28cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization T  Database(NRCS,2001)   4_A&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6f&&Oz&X  7l"&   EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d3AU=T "3 F I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)   1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&\  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent $  (THETO) ;33,! 3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) $  0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40! "33 E H3A9!d  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness , (DPN) ;33,! 3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) ,! 2cm(HORIZN=2,3) E33A40!""33 E H3A9&l" I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!4#3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) 4$ 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!%"33 E H3A9!t% 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!<&3A ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) <' 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!("33 E K3AA:&|( I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent D ) (OC) =33A,!*3AA =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) D + 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!,"33A E6,*, 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. - Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk L.  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch L/ andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. 0 #XX{U/#{UXXEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch l2 Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. l 43 #XX{U1#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor !5 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. "6 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection #T7 Agency,Athens,GA. T$ 8 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof %!: theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof &t"; PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. t'<#< #XX{U3#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM )$> FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, )%? U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. *\&@ #XX{Uq6#{UXXHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing $,'B Education#XX{U8#{UXXԀandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#XX{U8#{UXX,(Cm (#m (# #XX{U9#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS |.D*E SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. 8 USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof  Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS). X #XX{U9#  X  FLORIDACARROTS(RootingandTuberousVegetables)  8   Thefieldusedtorepresentcarrot(rootingandtubervegetable)productioninFloridais  locatedinPalmBeachCountyinSoutheastFloridaneartheEvergladesAgriculturalArea,  althoughcarrotproductionareasincludeotherregionsofFloridasuchasthecentral,northeastand  northcentralFlorida.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaranksfourth  nationallyintheproductionoffreshmarketcarrots;nearlyallofFloridasproductionisforfresh   market.Generally,around7,000acresareplantedeachyear.Historically,carrotproduction   occurredprimarilyonorganicmucksoils,butnowoccursoninorganic,mineralbasedsoils.   Mineralsoilsproducehigherqualitycarrots.WinterandSpringcropsarecommon.Allcarrots  p  areplantedbydirectseedinginFlorida.Typicalplantingoccursinrowsofthreegroupsata  `  distanceof1.5inches(3.8cm)betweenrowsinthegroupand12inches(30cm)betweengroups P  of3rows.Inthesouthernpartofthestate,cropsareplantedinbedswhereasinthenorthernpart x@  bedsareseldomused.Seedsareplantedatadepthofaquarterinch.Approximately24pounds h0  ofseedareplantedperacreandapproximately350,000plantsareproducedperacre.Cropsare X  plantedbetweenAugust15andFebruary15,withthemostactiveplantingseasoninAugustin H centralandnorthFloridaandSeptemberinsouthFlorida.HarvestoccursfromNovembertomid 8 JunewiththemostactivebetweenmidDecemberthroughMay.Seventypercentofthecropis ( harvestedfromNovembertoMarch.Between90and165daysarerequiredfromseedingto  maturation.AllcarrotsinFloridaareproducedusingirrigationtomeetminimumgrowing  requirementusingseveraltypesofirrigationsystems.Generally,105percentofETistargeted  duringthemostactivegrowingseasonandwilldecreaseto75percentofETasharvesttime  approaches.Dripandoverheadirrigationaremainlyused.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethefield  isaRivierasand.Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermicArenicGlossaqualfs.  Thesesoilsareoftenusedfortruckcropandcitrusproduction.Rivierasandisadeep,poorly  drained,slowrunoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeablesoilthatformedinstratifiedmarinesandy p andloamysedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonbroad,low ` flatsandindepressionsandhaveslopesgenerallylessthan2percent.Thesoilisofmoderate P extent.RivierasandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. x@ {UXX* d dd  td td ]^e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"0 0  {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforPalmBeachCounty,FloridaCarrots     \3A4G/!h   { AAA4 q\JParameter A334,!"!3A4 AValue A33A4,!"""334 ASource S3AD,"#" q 33A4 qSStartingDate L33=@$ $3A @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z33A4EC@$ %  @@22281 @@33 ZKMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl @$ & (W12844) J3A;#% ' q 33A4 qJEndingDate L33=X& "(3A :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z33A4ECX& ")  :@33237 :@33 ZMeteorologicalFile#XX{U\H#{UXXԀWestPalmBeach,Fl X& "* (W12844)#XX{UM#{UXX J3A;# '"+ q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor p(8$, (PFAC) K33<8)%-3A (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 p(8$. >O  Y33A4DB8)%/  (\?0.78 (\?33 YsOPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#p(8$0 q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor *P&1 (SFAC) )33P+'23A )  0.0cmC1 *P&3 P  833A4#!P+'4 33 8PNoappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis *P&5 partofFlorida C3AA2#P+'6 q 33A4 ZCMinimumDepthof ,h(7 Evaporation(ANETD) +33Ah-0)83AA +  33.0cm ,h(9 8R  833AA4#!h-0): 33A 8pRPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998)#XX{UYN#{UXX3)',h(; Z  33AA4 3 0.); &  *3ddSd Std  td e(#e(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  *488 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforPalmBeachCounty,FloridaCarrots#XX{U S#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{UU#{UXX 6,!"4 6MethodtoCalculate T Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24T" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!T"4 6USLEKFactor x @  (USLEK) '@   '0.03tonsEI1*#XX{U%V#{UXX 24x @ " 2#XX{UW#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{U\X#{UXXԀandFARMManual(C {UEPA, x @  1985)#{U CX##XX{UX#{UXX -#!L  "4 -USLELSFactor  l (USLELS) ?5 l 4 ?0.2??0.2#XX{UuY#{UXX R4=2 l" ?0.2 ? R#XX{UQZ#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{UZ#{UXX -#! l"4 -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 X  ?1.0??1.0#XX{U>[#{UXX R4=2 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U\#{UXXPRZMManual(EPA,1998)#XX{U\#{UXX -#! "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  |  172ha 24 " 2#XX{U]#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3   @4@=4 P4;0 "  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)  4 1% 244" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!4 "4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  X! 600m 24X"" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{U]#{UXX 1'!X#"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr$      t% '8pS& *  *3d dSdd Sdd dd 3e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *488 * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersfor#XX{U`#{UXXԀPalmBeachCounty,FloridaCarrots#XX{Uc#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U}c#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<T  ?1?F1 P4;0T"  ?1 ? P#XX{Ud#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!T"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition x (ISCOND) =3 x @   ?1?=1 P4;0x "  ?1 ? P#XX{Ue#{UXXFieldarefallowpriortoplanting -#!x "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops    (NDC) =3  d   ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? P#XX{U g#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! "4 -NumberofCropping   Periods   (NCPDS) >4 P   >@30>@>30 Q4<1 "  >@30 >@ Q#XX{U^h#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm   Beach,FL(W12844)#XX{Ui#{UXX -#! "4 -Maximumrainfall   Interceptionstorageofcrop t  (CINTCP) @6 t<  ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3 " ?0.25 ? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual   (Burns,1992and#XX{Upj#{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!t "4 -MaximumActiveRoot  Depth(AMXDR)  ` 100cm 24" 2#XX{U(l#{UXXRootingdepthof44.8feetisusual.Rootingdepthset  tomax.soilprofiledepth `  http://www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/010137veg.r `(! oots/010137ch22.html#XX{U-m#{UXX -#!(""4 -MaximumCanopy L# Coverage(COVMAX) >4 L$  >@30>@>30 Q4<1L%"  >@30 >@ Q#XX{UGn#{UXXCarrotcanopybasedonestimationfromground/aerial L& photography.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV120#XX{U{o#{UXX -#!L'"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition p( AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 p8)  @3@=3 P4;0p*"  @3 @ P#XX{U8p#{UXXPlantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear p+ whentilledfornextseriesofcrops.#XX{Uuq#{UXX -#!p8,"4 -DateofCropEmergence - (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  \. 15/10 24/" 2#XX{U'r#{UXXFloridaCarrotCropProfile,USDA 0 http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flcarrots.ht \1 mlorhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV120#XX{U(s#{UXX -#!\$2"4 -DateofCropMaturity 3 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  H4 15/01 245" 2#XX{Ut#{UXXFloridaCarrotCropProfile,USDA 6 http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flcarrots.ht H7 mlorhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV120#XX{Uu#{UXX -#!H8"4 -DateofCropHarvest  l9 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  l!4: 22/01 24 l;" 2#XX{Uv#{UXXFloridaCarrotCropProfile,USDA  l< http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flcarrots.ht l!4= mlorhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV120#XX{Uw#{UXX -#!4">"4 -MaximumDryWeight #X? (WFMAX) 2( X$ @ # 20.0 E40%#XA" #  E#XX{Uw#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!#XB"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  %|!C 91,87,88 24%|!D" 2#XX{U y#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Fallow=SRpoor, %|!E CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor#XX{U z#{UXXԀ(USDA, |&D"F 1990)#XX{Uz#{UXX -#!D' #G"4 -ManningsNValue (h$H (MNGN) A7 h)0%I I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T4?4(h$J" I +?0.011 I +? T#XX{U{#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, (h$K conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{UP|#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!h)0%L"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  *&M 0.1620.938 24*&N" 2#XX{U|#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, *&O conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{U}#{UXX,#XX{Ut~#{UXXVariablewithdate +T'P #XX{U~#{UXX(USDA,2000) 1'!T,(Q"4 1-x)R   Ї  #XX{U!#'8a* dd4dd 4edd e<dd <3e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersfor{UXPalmBeachCounty,FloridaCarrots#XX{U7#Ԁ \3A4G/`( j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!p"3A4 AValue A33A4,!p"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD,p" I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,! 3A ;100cm E33AA40!  "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization    Database(NRCS,2001)  x   b3AAQ=p 8 "3dd'N I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons T   (NHORIZ) =33A,! 3AA =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40!T "33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/ T " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/!\ 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   62cm(HORIZN=2) \  28cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!T "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001) \  4A&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6&OX  7l"· T  EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d3AU= "3v I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,!d 3A ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2) d  1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40!\$"33 E H3A9&  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent l (THETO) ;33,!d,3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) l  0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!d,!"33 E H3A9!! 33A4 IHCompartmentThickness t" (DPN) ;33,!l4#3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) t$ 2cm(HORIZN=2,3) E33A40!l4%"33 E H3A9&$% I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!|&3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) |' 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!t<("33 E H3A9!,( 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!)3A ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) * 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!|D+"33 E K3AA:&4+ I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent , (OC) =33A,!L-3AA =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) . 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!L/"33A E6,*</ 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. <0 Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk 1  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch 2 andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992.  \3 #XX{Uʐ#{UXXEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch $"5 Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. "6 #XX{U!#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor |$D 8 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. D% !9 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection  &!: Agency,Athens,GA. &"; EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof d(,$= theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof ,)$> PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. )%? #XX{U5#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM +L'A FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, L,(B U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. -(C #XX{U#{UXX -)D Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing 8 Education#XX{U-#{UXXԀandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#XX{U#{UXXm (#m (# #XX{Uƚ#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS X  SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD.   USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof  x Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS). x @ #XX{U(#    FLORIDACITRUS  8   ThefieldusedtorepresentcitrusproductioninFloridaislocatedinCollierorHendry  CountiesinSouthwestFlorida,althoughcitrusproductionareascoverasubstantialportionofthe  state.Citrusproductionhasbeenmovingsouthwardinanattempttoavoidfrostdamagethathas  occurredinrecentyears.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaisthemajor  producerofcitrus(oranges)forthejuicemarketandamongthehighestforthefreshmarket.   Floridaisalsoamongthehighestproducersinothercitrus(grapefruit,tangerines,tangelos,and   mandarins).Citrusisgenerallygrownindoublerowsoftrees(beds)withswalesbetweento   movewateroffsite.Areasunderandbetweenrowsoftreesaregenerallynoncultivated/non  p  maintainedexceptfortheoccasionalmowing.Rowspacing(pairsorrows)isapproximately20  `  to25feet(pairedbedsmaybelessthan20feet)andbetweentreespacingisapproximately12to P  15feet.Rowcanopiestendtobe100percent,whilethecanopybetweenrowsislesstopermitthe x@  operationofmaintenanceandharvestequipment.Irrigationismostlybylowvolumedripor h0  microsprinklersystems.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaWabassofinesand.Wabasso X  finesand,isasandy,siliceous,hyperthermicAlficAlaquods.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforcitrus H productionandtruckcrops.Wabassofinesandisadeeptoverydeep,poorlytoverypoorly 8 drained,slowtopondedrunoff,rapidlypermeableinthetophorizonandslowtoveryslowly ( permeableinthelowerhorizonssoilthatformedinsandyandloamymarinesediments.These  soilsaregenerallyfoundonflatwoods,floodplains,anddepressionsandhaveslopesof0to2  percent.ThesoilisextensiveinFlorida.WabassofinesandisaHydrologicGroupDsoil.  {UXX*de d dd  td td e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"h0h0 {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCitrus    \3A4G/  { AAA4 q\Parameter A334,!(3A4 AValue A33A4,!("334 ASource S3AD,(" q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33x@3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!x@ 33 8^MeteorologicalFileMiami,Fl(W12839) J3A;#x@  q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33!3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!" 33 8MeteorologicalFileMiami,Fl(W12839)#XX{U#{UXXԀ#XX{U #{UXX J3A;## q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor !$ (PFAC) K33<!%3A (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 !& 5  Y33A4DB!'  (\?0.78 (\?33 YjPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#!( q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor 0#) (SFAC) )33#*3A )  0.0cmC1 0#+   833A4#!#, 33 8DoesnotsnowinSouthernFloridasuchthat 0#- accumulationisexpected J3A;##. q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof H%!/ Evaporation(ANETD) )33&!03A )  33.0cm H%!1 9  833A4#!&!2 33 8qPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#H%!3 Z 33A4 E#XX{UP#{UXX6,*`'(#4 0   3AAA 6   )$5 &   *f3gddSd Std  td dee(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *488 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCitrus#XX{UO#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{Uy#{UXX 6,!"4 6MethodtoCalculate T Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24T" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!T"4 6USLEKFactor x @  (USLEK) '@   '0.1tonsEI1* 24x @ " 2#XX{U#{UXXGLEAMSManual,tableofRepresentativeSoils#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA,1990) -#!x @ "4 -USLELSFactor  d  (USLELS) A7 d , +η?0.093+η?A0.093 T4?4 d" +η?0.093 +η? T#XX{U#{UXXGLEAMSManual,tableofRepresentativeSoils#XX{U/#{UXXԀ(USDA,1990)#XX{U#{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 P  ?1.0??1.0 R4=2 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U#{UXXAssumenopracticeundertrees.#XX{U#{UXX -#! "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  t  172ha 24 " 2#XX{Uy#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3   @4@=4 P4;0 "  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)  , 1% 24," 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!,"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  P  600m 24P!" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{Ue#{UXX 1'!P""4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr#      l$   '8İ& )  *h3id ddd dd dd f3ge(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4 * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCitrus#XX{UH#{UXX ;4&d,4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{Uƿ#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition x @  (ISCOND) =3 @    ?1?=1 P4;0x @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettorepresentfallowfield#XX{UU#{UXX -#!x @ "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d  (NDC) =3 d ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping   Periods P  (NCPDS) >4 P   B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileMiami,Fl   (W12839)#XX{UY#{UXX -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall t  interceptionstorageofcrop t<  (CINTCP) @6 < ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3t " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvaluefororchards#XX{U#{UXXԀ(EPA, t  2001) -#!t< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  `( 100cm 24`" 2#XX{Uw#{UXXSettomaximumofsoilprofile.Treesmayrootfrom `  718feet4oF&O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu#XX{U#{UXX6&O  7DԀ -#!`(!"4 -MaximumCanopy " Coverage(COVMAX) >4 L#  N@60N@>60 Q4<1$"  N@60 N@ Q4n#&O  5  #XX{U#{UXXhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu#XX{Ud#{UXX6&O   77Ԁ -#!%"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition & AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 p'  @3@=3 P4;0("  @3 @ P#XX{U#{UXXDefault,materialundertreesandbetweenrowsis ) generallyleftalone -#!p*"4 -DateofCropEmergence + (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  , 15/02 24-" 2#XX{UU#{UXXDaterepresentearlytomid-seasonflowerbloomfor . variousvarietiesofcitrus#XX{U#{UXXԀ4p}&O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu#XX{UU#{UXX6v&O  71!Ԁ -#!/"4 -DateofCropMaturity (0 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  1 15/10 24(2" 2#XX{U#{UXXDaterepresentlateseasonmaturationforvarious (3 varietiesofcitrus#XX{UW#{UXXԀ4qr&O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu#XX{U#{UXX6&O'  7& UԀ -#!4"4 -DateofCropHarvest L5 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  6 15/12 24L7" 2#XX{U#{UXXDaterepresentslateseasonharvest#XX{U#{UXX L8 4r&O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu#XX{UX#{UXX6&O  7Ԁ -#!9"4 -MaximumDryWeight p 8: (WFMAX) 2( 8!; # 20.0 E40%p 8<" #  E#XX{U#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!p 8="4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  "\> 87,85,86 24"\?" 2#XX{U#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Meadows,nofallow "\@ conditions(USDA,1990) -#!\#$A"4 -ManningsNValue $ B (MNGN) A7 %H!C y&1?0.014y&1?A0.014 T4?4$ D" y&1?0.014 y&1? T#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject;#XX{U#{UXXԀUC0CBCBC;Citrusbareground; $ E conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{Ue#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!%H!F"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  &"G 0.3240.488 24&"H" 2#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,#XX{U#{UXXԀUC0CBCBC; &"I Citrusbareground;conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{UL#{UXX 'l#J (USDA,2000) 1'!l(4$K"4 1)%L     #XX{U#')8   -(O *jk dd4dd 4edd e<dd <h3ie(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+88 j@ Table4. PRZM3.12WabassoSoilParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCitrus \3A4G/ j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!("3A4 AValue A33A4,!("334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD,(" I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!p83A ;100cm E33AA40!p8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization p8 Database(NRCS,2001) 0  b3AAQ= "3dd~ I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =2(Basehorizons) E33AA40! "33A E U3AAB&L  0 y 33AA4 IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness T  (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1) T  90cm(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization T  Database(NRCS,2001)   4m#&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6&O%  7#l"S    d3AU=\ "3% I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,!\$ 3A ;1.45gcm3(HORIZN=1) \$  1.75gcm3(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent d,  (THETO) ;33,!$ 3A ;0.066cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) d,  0.178cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!$ "33 E H3A9!  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness l4 (DPN) ;33,!,3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) l4 5cm(HORIZN=2) E33A40!, "33 E H3A9&  I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!t<!3A ;0.066cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) t<" 0.178cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!4#"33 E H3A9!# 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!|D$3A ;0.036cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) |D% 0.078cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!<&"33 E K3AA:&& I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent L' (OC) =33A,!D (3AA =2.32%(HORIZN=1) L) 0.29%(HORIZN=2) E33AA40!D *"33A E6,** 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor + PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. , NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection T- Agency,Athens,GA. T. EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof 0 theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof t1 PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. t <2 #XX{U%#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM "4 FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, "5 U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. #\6 #XX{U#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS $% 8 SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. %!9 USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof |'D#; Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).#XX{U# D( $<  -)B  FLORIDACUCUMBER(Vegetables)  8   Thefieldusedtorepresentcucumber(vegetable)productioninFloridaislocatedin  CollierandHendryCountiesinSouthwestFlorida,althoughvegetableproductionareasinclude  otherregionsofFloridasuchastheEvergladesAgriculturalArea,westcentralandsoutheastern  regions.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaisamajorproduceroftruckcrops  andisthehighestproducerofcucumbers.Cucumbersandothertruckcropsaregenerallygrown   on mucksoils,butcucumbersdoaswellonsandysoilswhichrequirelesscleaningbefore   marketing.AllcucumbersareplantedbydirectseedinginFlorida.Typicalplantingdistancesfor   slicingcucumbersare48to60inchesbetweenrowsand6to12inchesbetweenplants.Pickling  p  cucumbersaretypicallyplantedat36to48inchesbetweenrowsand2to4inchesbetweenplants.  `  Whengrownusingplasticmulch,slicingcucumbersareplantedinoneortworowsperbed,with P  10to18inchesbetweentherowsonthebed,48to72inchesbetweenbeds,and8to12inches x@  betweenholeswithoneortwoplantsperhole.Picklingcucumbersareplantedatadistanceof3 h0  to4inchesbetweenplants.Attheclosestspacing,theplantpopulationis21,780peracre.Seeds X  areplantedatadepthof0.5to0.75inches.Between35and65daysarerequiredfromseedingto H maturity(firstpick).CucumbersinFloridaareproducedusingseveraltypesofirrigationsystems. 8 Inmulchedproduction,drip,overhead,andseepageirrigationareused.Byraisingthewatertable, ( seepageirrigationrestrictsrootgrowthtothebedarea.Waterismaintainedapproximately15to  18inchesbelowthesoilsurface,allowingseepageintotherootzone.Thesoilselectedto  simulatethefieldisaRivierasand.Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermic  ArenicGlossaqualfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedfortruckcropandcitrusproduction.Rivierasand  isadeep,poorlydrained,slowrunoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeablesoilthatformedin  stratifiedmarinesandyandloamysedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain.Thesesoilaregenerally  foundonbroad,lowflatsandindepressionsandhaveslopesgenerallylessthan2percent.The  soilisofmoderateextent.RivierasandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. p {UXX*su d dd  td td jke(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"(( {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCucumber    \3A4G/`  { AAA4 q\Parameter A334,! 3A4 AValue A33A4,!  "334 ASource S3AD, !" q 33A4 qSStartingDate )338""3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!8"# 33 8MeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl 8"$ (W12844) J3A;##% q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33P$ &3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!P$ ' 33 8MeteorologicalFile#XX{US#{UXXԀWestPalmBeach,Fl P$ ( (W12844)#XX{U_#{UXX J3A;#% ) q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor h&0"* (PFAC) K33<0'"+3A (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 h&0",   Y33A4DB0'"-  (\?0.78 (\?33 YPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#h&0". q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor (H$/ (SFAC) )33H)%03A )  0.0cmC1 (H$1    833A4#!H)%2 33 8bNoappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis (H$3 partofFlorida J3A;#H)%4 q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof *`&5 Evaporation(ANETD) )33`+('63A )  33.0cm *`&7    833A4#!`+('8 33 8 PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#*`&9 Z 33A4 E#XX{U#{UXX6,*,x(: 0   3AAA 6  -p): &   *v3wddSd Std  td sue(#e(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  *488 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCucumber#XX{U #{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U #{UXX 6,!"4 6MethodtoCalculate T Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24T" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!T"4 6USLEKFactor x @  (USLEK) '@   '0.03tonsEI1*#XX{U #{UXX 24x @ " 2#XX{U#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{UA#{UXXԀandFARMManual(C {UEPA, x @  1985)#{U C##XX{U#{UXX -#!L  "4 -USLELSFactor  l (USLELS) ?5 l 4 ?0.2??0.2#XX{UZ#{UXX R4=2 l" ?0.2 ? R#XX{U6#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{U#{UXX -#! l"4 -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 X  ?1.0??1.0#XX{U##{UXX R4=2 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U#{UXXPRZMManual(EPA,1998)#XX{U#{UXX -#! "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  |  172ha 24 " 2#XX{U#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3   @4@=4 P4;0 "  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)  4 1% 244" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!4 "4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  X! 600m 24X"" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{U#{UXX 1'!X#"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr$      t%   '8@ & *  *x3yd dSdd Sdd dd v3we(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4 * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCucumber#XX{U#{UXX ;4&d,4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U8#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{UK#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition x @  (ISCOND) =3 @    ?1?=1 P4;0x @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{Uo#{UXXFieldarefallowpriortoplanting -#!x @ "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d  (NDC) =3 d ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping   Periods P  (NCPDS) >4 P   B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U #{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm   Beach,FL(W12844)#XX{U!#{UXX -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall t  Interceptionstorageofcrop t<  (CINTCP) @6 < 333333?0.15333333?@0.15 S4>3t " 333333?0.15 333333? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual t  (Burns,1992and#XX{U+"#{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!t< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  `( 50cm 24`" 2#XX{U##{UXXFloridaCucumberCropProfile,USDA#XX{U$#{UXX -#!` "4 -MaximumCanopy ! Coverage(COVMAX) >4 L"  T@80T@>80 Q4<1#"  T@80 T@ Q#XX{UL%#{UXXPIC(Burns,1992) -#!$"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition % AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 p&  @3@=3 P4;0'"  @3 @ P#XX{U&#{UXXPlantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear ( whentilledfornextseriesofcrops;rarelycucumbers.#XX{U'#{UXX -#!p)"4 -DateofCropEmergence * (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 + &@37173&@A10/10 T4?4," &@37173 &@ T#XX{U(#{UXXFloridaCucumberCropProfile,USDA#XX{U)#{UXX - 4} &O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cropprofiles.cfm#XX{U=*#{UXX6q*&O*er   7am!*Ԁ -#!."4 -DateofCropMaturity (/ (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 0 @37022@A05/12 T4?4(1" @37022 @ T#XX{U+#{UXXFloridaCucumberCropProfile,USDA#XX{U,#{UXX (2 4~am&O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cropprofiles.cfm#XX{U-#{UXX6N-&Ob-er   7am!-Ԁ -#!3"4 -DateofCropHarvest L4 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 5 &@37175&@A10/12 T4?4L6" &@37175 &@ T#XX{U-#{UXXFloridaCucumberCropProfile,USDA#XX{U/#{UXX L7 4am&O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cropprofiles.cfm#XX{U/#{UXX6*0&O>0er   7am!l0Ԁ -#!8"4 -MaximumDryWeight p 89 (WFMAX) 2( 8!: # 20.0 E40%p 8;" #  E#XX{U0#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!p 8<"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  "\= 91,87,88 24"\>" 2#XX{U@2#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Fallow=SRpoor, "\? CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor#XX{UB3#{UXXԀ(USDA, \#$@ 1990)#XX{U3#{UXX -#!$$A"4 -ManningsNValue %H!B (MNGN) A7 H&"C I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T4?4%H!D" I +?0.011 I +? T#XX{UM4#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, %H!E conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{U5#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!H&"F"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  'l#G 0.1620.938 24'l#H" 2#XX{U 6#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, 'l#I conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{U7#{UXX,#XX{U7#{UXXVariablewithdate l(4$J #XX{U7#{UXX(USDA,2000) 1'!4)$K"4 1*X&L     #XX{UV8#'*8 -)O *z{ dd4dd 4edd e<dd <x3ye(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+88 j@ Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCucumber \3A4G/ j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!("3A4 AValue A33A4,!("334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD,(" I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!p83A ;100cm E33AA40!p8"33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization p8 Database(NRCS,2001) 0  b3AAQ= "3dd, I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons   (NHORIZ) =33A,! \ 3AA =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40! "33A E U3AAB&L  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/  " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness T  (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1) T  62cm(HORIZN=2)   28cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization T  Database(NRCS,2001)   4|A&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6@&O@X  7l"@   EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d3AU=T "3 I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)   1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&\  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent $  (THETO) ;33,! 3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) $  0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40! "33 E H3A9!d  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness , (DPN) ;33,! 3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) ,! 2cm(HORIZN=2,3) E33A40!""33 E H3A9&l" I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!4#3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) 4$ 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!%"33 E H3A9!t% 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!<&3A ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) <' 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!("33 E K3AA:&|( I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent D ) (OC) =33A,!*3AA =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) D + 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!,"33A E6,*, 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXC {UBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. - Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk H.  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch F/ andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992.  0 #{U CI##XX{UI#{UXXC {UEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch `2 Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. \ $3 #{U CL##XX{UtL#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor !5 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. "x6 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection x#@7 Agency,Athens,GA. @$ 8 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof %!: theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof &`"; PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. `'(#< #XX{UM#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM ($> FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, )%? U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. *H&@ #XX{U,Q#{UXXC {UHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing ,'B Education#{U CR##XX{UR#{UXXԀC {UandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#{U CS##XX{US#{UXX,(Cm (#m (# #XX{UT#{UXX p.8*E USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS 8 SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD.  USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof X Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS). X  #XX{U-U# -h)- Ї FLORIDAPEPPERSBELL(Vegetables)  8   Thefieldusedtorepresentpepper(bellpeppers)productioninFloridaislocatedinCollier  andHendryCountiesinSouthwestFlorida,althoughvegetableproductionareasincludeother  regionsofFloridasuchastheEvergladesAgriculturalArea,westcentralandsoutheastern  regions.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaisamajorproduceroftruckcrops  andisthehighestproducerofbellpeppers.Peppersandothertruckcropsaregenerallygrownon    mucksoils,butpeppersdoaswellonsandysoilswhichrequirelesscleaningbeforemarketing.   Peppers(bellpeppers)areplantedmainlybytransplant,butsomedirectseedingindoesoccurin   Florida.Typicalplantingdistancesformostpeppersare36to42inchesbetweenrowsand12to  p  16inchesbetweenplantsinarow.Whengrownusingplasticmulch,whichisacommonpractice  `  inFlorida,plantingdistanceschangeverylittle.Peppersaregenerallyharvestedtwoormore P  timesduringthecourseofthegrowingseasonandinSouthernFlorida,wherefrostpressuresare x@  minimal,theyareplantedandharvestedthroughouttheyear.PeppersinFloridaareproduced h0  usingseveraltypesofirrigationsystems.Inmulchedproduction,dripirrigationishighly X  recommendedbecauseoflesswateruse,lowerweedproduction,andsomeevidenceofincreased H yields.Variousformsofsprinklerirrigationmayalsobeused.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethe 8 fieldisaRivierasand.Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermicArenic ( Glossaqualfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedfortruckcropandcitrusproduction.Rivierasandisa  deep,poorlydrained,slowrunoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeablesoilthatformedinstratified  marinesandyandloamysedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundon  broad,lowflatsandindepressionsandhaveslopesgenerallylessthan2percent.Thesoilisof  moderateextent.RivierasandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil.  {UXX*,- d dd  td td z{e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"X X  {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaBellPeppers    \3A4G/  { AAA4 q\bParameter A334,!3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 ASource S3AD," q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33h03A )  January1,1948 833A4#!h0  33 8dMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl h0! (W12844) J3A;#0 " q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33!H#3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!!H$ 33 8MeteorologicalFile#XX{U2a#{UXXԀWestPalmBeach,Fl !H% (W12844)#XX{UBf#{UXX J3A;#H"& q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor #`' (PFAC) K33<`$( (3A (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 #`) g  Y33A4DB`$( *  (\?0.78 (\?33 YgPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;##`+ q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor %x!, (SFAC) )33x&@"-3A )  0.0cmC1 %x!. i  833A4#!x&@"/ 33 8EiNoappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis %x!0 partofFlorida J3A;#x&@"1 q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof '#2 Evaporation(ANETD) )33(X$33A )  33.0cm '#4 j  833A4#!(X$5 33 8jPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#'#6 Z 33A4 E#XX{Uf#{UXX6,*)%7 0   3AAA 6  *&7 &   *.3/ddSd Std  td ,-e(#e(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  *488 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaBell d Peppers#XX{Uk#{UXX ;4&d,4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{Um#{UXX 6,!"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,! "4 6USLEKFactor @   (USLEK) '   '0.03tonsEI1*#XX{Uo#{UXX 24@  " 2#XX{Up#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{U4 P   B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm   Beach,FL(W12844)#XX{U#{UXX -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall t  Interceptionstorageofcrop t<  (CINTCP) @6 < 333333?0.15333333?@0.15 S4>3t " 333333?0.15 333333? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual t  (Burns,1992and#XX{U*#{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!t< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  `( 45cm 24`" 2#XX{U#{UXX  http://www.ces.uga.edu/pubcd/b1027-w.html#Transpla `  nt#XX{U#{UXX -#!`(!4 -MaximumCanopy " Coverage(COVMAX) >4 L#  Q@70Q@>70 Q4<1$"  Q@70 Q@ Q#XX{U~#{UXX  Basedonestimatesfromaerialphotography;specific % topeppers,othervegetablecropswillrequirea L& differentvalue#XX{U#{UXX -#!L'4 -SoilSurfaceCondition p( AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 p8)  @3@=3 P4;0p*"  @3 @ P#XX{U#{UXXPlantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear p+ whentilledfornextseriesofcrops#XX{Uۉ#{UXX -#!p8,"4 -DateofCropEmergence - (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 \. !@37134!@A09/01 T4?4/" !@37134 !@ T#XX{U#{UXX  FloridaPeppers(Bell)CropProfile,USDA#XX{Uҋ#{UXX, 0 42 &O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/FLpeppers-b \1 ell.html#XX{UI#{UXX6~&OX  7Ԁ -#!\$24 -DateofCropMaturity 3 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 H4  +@37209 +@A11/15 T4?45"  +@37209  +@ T#XX{U@#{UXX  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV130#TABLE_2#XX{Uߎ#{UXXԀ -#!64 -DateofCropHarvest 7 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7  l8 @36902@A01/12 T4?49" @36902 @ T#XX{UX#{UXX  FloridaPeppers(Bell)CropProfile,USDA#XX{U#{UXX, : 43 &O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/FLpeppers-b  l; ell.html#XX{U#{UXX6I&O]  7Ԁ -#!l!4<4 -MaximumDryWeight "= (WFMAX) 2( #X> # 20.0 E40%"?" #  E#XX{U #{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!"@"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  $ A 91,87,88 24$ B" 2#XX{U|#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Fallow=SRpoor, $ C CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor#XX{U~#{UXXԀ(USDA, %|!D 1990)#XX{U&#{UXX -#!|&D"E"4 -ManningsNValue '#F (MNGN) A7 (h$G I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T4?4'#H" I +?0.011 I +? T#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, '#I conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!(h$J"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  )%K 0.1620.938 24)%L" 2#XX{U\#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, )%M conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{UJ#{UXX,#XX{U#{UXXVariablewithdate *&N #XX{U)#{UXX(USDA,2000) 1'!+T'O"4 1,(P    -)P Ї  #XX{U#'8z*45 dd4dd 4edd e<dd <031e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaBellPeppers \3A4G/` j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!( 3A ;100cm E33AA40!( "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization (   Database(NRCS,2001)     b3AAQ= p "3dd I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons  T  (NHORIZ) =33A,!L  3AA =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40! T"33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/ " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness    (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)    62cm(HORIZN=2)   28cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!T "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization    Database(NRCS,2001)   46A&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6ܡ&OX  7l" T  EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d3AU=  "3+  I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)   1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40!\ "33 E H3A9&L  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent  (THETO) ;33,!d3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)  0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!d "33 E H3A9!T  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness ! (DPN) ;33,!l"3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) # 2cm(HORIZN=2,3) E33A40!l$"33 E H3A9&\$$ I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!%3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) & 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!t'"33 E H3A9!d,' 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!(3A ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) ) 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!|*"33 E K3AA:&l4* I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent + (OC) =33A,!,3AA =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) - 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!."33A E6,*t<. 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. t</ Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk <0  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch 1 andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. 2 #XX{U#{UXXEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch \!$4 Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. $"5 #XX{Uq#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor #|7 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. |$D 8 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection D% !9 Agency,Athens,GA.  &!: EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof 'd#< theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof d(,$= PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. ,)$> #XX{U#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM *&@ FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, +L'A U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. L,(B #XX{U#{UXXHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing -)D bE 8   Education#XX{U}#{UXXԀandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#XX{U#m (#m (# {UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS  SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. SX USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof  Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).#XX{Uf#      s x FLORIDASUGARCANE     ThefieldusedtorepresentsugarcaneproductioninFloridaislocatedinHendryCountyin  SouthwestFlorida,althoughsugarcaneproductionareascoveranareaextendingeasttothe  EvergladesAgriculturalArea.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaisthemajor  producer(yield)ofsugarcane.Mostsugarcaneisgrownonhighorganic mucksoils;   approximately10percentisgrownonmineralsoils.Sugarcaneisgrownonlaserleveledfieldsby   placingshortseed stalkshorizontallyinthepreparedfield.Sugarcaneisproducedinathreeto   fouryearcyclewiththefirstyearplantingreferredtoasthe plantcanecropandsuccessive {  yearsreferredtoas stubbleor ratooncropswhichareharvestedfromregrowth.Yields k p  diminishwitheachsuccessivecrop.Attheendofthethirdorfourthyear,sugarcaneisrotatedto [`  anothercropbeforereplanting.Rowspacingisapproximately60inches.Irrigation,when KP  needed,maybeaccomplishedbyraisingthegroundwaterlevelthroughtheuseof lateral ;@  drainagesystemscontrolledbylocksandspacedfrom100feetto300feetapart.Thesoilselected +0  tosimulatethefieldisaWabassofinesand.Wabassofinesand,isasandy,siliceous,   hyperthermicAlficAlaquods.Thesesoilsareusedforsugarcaneproduction,butmainlycitrus   productionandtruckcrops.Wabassofinesandisadeeptoverydeep,poorlytoverypoorly  drained,slowtopondedrunoff,rapidlypermeableinthetophorizonandslowtoveryslowly  permeableinthelowerhorizonssoilthatformedinsandyandloamymarinesediments.These  soilaregenerallyfoundonflatwoods,floodplains,anddepressionsandhaveslopesof0to2  percent.ThesoilisextensiveinFlorida.WabassofinesandisaHydrologicGroupDsoil.  {UXX* d dd  td td 45e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"+0+0 {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforHendryCounty,FloridaSugarcane    \3A4G/  { AAA4 q\Parameter A334,!3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 ASource S3AD," q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33;@3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!;@ 33 8MeteorologicalFileMiami,Fl(W12839) J3A;#;@  q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33 !3A )  December31,1983 833A4#! " 33 8MeteorologicalFileMiami,Fl(W12839)#XX{UQ#{UXXԀ#XX{UE#{UXX J3A;# # q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor !$ (PFAC) K33<"%3A (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 !& m  Y33A4DB"'  (\?0.78 (\?33 YPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#!( q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor #) (SFAC) )33$*3A )  0.0cmC1 #+   833A4#!$, 33 8DoesnotsnowinSouthernFloridasuchthat #- accumulationisexpected J3A;#$. q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof  &!/ Evaporation(ANETD) )33&!03A )  33.0cm  &!1 q  833A4#!&!2 33 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2# &!3 Z 33A4 E#XX{U#{UXX6,*#((#4 0   3AAA 6  )$5 &   *3ddSd Std  td e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforHendryCounty,FloridaSugarcane#XX{U#{UXX ;4&_d4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor ; @  (USLEK) '   '0.1tonsEI1* 24; @ " 2#XX{U#{UXXGLEAMSManual,tableofRepresentativeSoils#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA,1990) -#!; @ "4 -USLELSFactor _ d  (USLELS) A7 ' , +η?0.093+η?A0.093 T4?4_ d" +η?0.093 +η? T#XX{U#{UXXGLEAMSManual,tableofRepresentativeSoils#XX{U\#{UXXԀ(USDA,1990)#XX{U#{UXX -#!_ d"4 -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 KP  ?1.0??1.0 R4=2 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U#{UXXAssumenopracticeundertrees.#XX{UE#{UXX -#! "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  ot  172ha 24 " 2#XX{U#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3   @4@=4 P4;0 "  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)   1% 24" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  KP  600m 24KP!" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{U#{UXX 1'!KP""4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr#      gl$   '& *  *3d ddd dd dd 3e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4 * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforHendryCounty,FloridaSugarcane#XX{Uu#{UXX ;4&',4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition ; @  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P4;0; @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettorepresentfallowfield#XX{Uw#{UXX -#!; @ "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops _ d  (NDC) =3 ' ,  ?1?=1 P4;0_ d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#!_ d"4 -NumberofCropping   Periods KP  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileMiami,Fl   (W12839)#XX{U{#{UXX -#!KP "4 -Maximumrainfall ot  interceptionstorageofcrop 7<  (CINTCP) ?5  ?0.1??0.1 R4=2ot " ?0.1 ? RSetsimilartoLASugarcane;sugarcaneisagrassPIC ot  (Burns,1998)#XX{U#{UXX -#!7< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot [` Depth(AMXDR)  #( 100cm 24[`" 2#XX{U#{UXXSettomaximumofsoilprofile.4&O  5  #XX{U#{UXX6&O  7BԀ -#![` "4 -MaximumCanopy ! Coverage(COVMAX) ?5 GL" Y@100Y@?100 R4=2#" Y@100 Y@ R#XX{Uo#{UXXSettodefaultforrowcrops(EPA,2001) -#!$"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition % AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 kp&  @3@=3 P4;0'"  @3 @ P#XX{U#{UXXDefaultforsugarcanewhileunder34yrcycle.After ( cycle,rotatetonewcrop.. -#!kp)"4 -DateofCropEmergence * (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 + `@36891`@A01/01 T4?4," `@36891 `@ T#XX{Uf#{UXXtypicallyplantedAugustthruJanuary#XX{U#{UXX,SeeSugarcane - Handbook4`&O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/#XX{Uy#{UXX6&Oacto  7ltBԀ -#!."4 -DateofCropMaturity / (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 0 @36896@A01/06 T4?41" @36896 @ T#XX{UM#{UXXtypicallyharvestedOctoberthruMarch#XX{U#{UXX,SeeSugarcane 2 Handbook4lt`&O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/#XX{UT#{UXX6&Oacto  7ltBԀ -#!3"4 -DateofCropHarvest 4 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  5 15/12 246" 2#XX{U(#{UXXdateswerechosensuchthatcyclewouldremainina 7 singlecalendaryearandstillremainwithinthetypical 8 range#XX{U#{UXX.SeeSugarcaneHandbook  9 4lt&O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/#XX{U]#{UXX6&Oacto  7ltԀ -#!g!l:"4 -MaximumDryWeight "; (WFMAX) 2( #< # 20.0 E40%"=" #  E#XX{U1#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!">"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  $? 94,91,92 24$@" 2#XX{U#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Fallow=SR/poor; $A CroppingandResidue=RowCrop,SR/poorcondition#XX{U#{UXX % B (USDA,1990) -#!w&|!C"4 -ManningsNValue '"D (MNGN) A7 (#E y&1?0.014y&1?A0.014 T4?4'"F" y&1?0.014 y&1? T#XX{UW#{UXXRUSLEProject;#XX{U#{UXXԀUC0SCSCC;Sugarcane, '"G conventionaltillage,Tampa#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!(#H"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  )$I 0.1940.717 24)$J" 2#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,#XX{Uv#{UXXԀUC0SCSCC; )$K Sugarcane,conventionaltillage,Tampa#XX{U#{UXX *%L Ѐ(USDA,2000) 1'!+&M"4 1,'N    -(N Ї  #XX{Ub#'M* dd4dd 4edd e<dd <3e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12WabassoSoilParametersforHendryCounty,FloridaSugarcane \3A4G/[` j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,! 3A ;100cm E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization    Database(NRCS,2001)     b3AAQ=k p "3dd2 I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons O T  (NHORIZ) =33A,!  3AA =2(Basehorizons) E33AA40!O T"33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y3AJ/ " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   90cm(HORIZN=2) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)   4#&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6u&O  7#l" OT   d3AU= "3: I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.45gcm3(HORIZN=1)   1.75gcm3(HORIZN=2) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&OT  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent   (THETO) ;33,!3A ;0.066cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1)   0.178cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!"33 E H3A9!W\  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness  (DPN) ;33,! 3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) ! 5cm(HORIZN=2) E33A40!""33 E H3A9&_d" I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!#3A ;0.066cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) $ 0.178cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!%"33 E H3A9!gl% 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!&3A ;0.036cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) ' 0.078cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E33A40!("33 E K3AA:&ot( I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent ) (OC) =33A,!*3AA =2.32%(HORIZN=1) + 0.29%(HORIZN=2) E33AA40!,"33A E6,*w|, 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor w|- PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. ?D. NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection  / Agency,Athens,GA. 0 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof _!d2 theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof '",3 PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. "4 #XX{U#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM $6 FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, G%L 7 U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. &!8 #XX{U #{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS '": SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. g(l#; #XX{U #{UXXUSDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof )$= Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).#XX{U# *%>  W.\)B  FLORIDASWEETCORN     ThefieldusedtorepresentsweetcornproductioninFloridaislocatedinPalmBeach  CountyinSoutheastFlorida,althoughsweetcornproductionoccursthroughoutFlorida.  Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaisthemajorproduceroffreshmarketsweet  cornintheU.S.Sweetcornisextensivelygrownon mucksoils(approximately75%).Typical   plantingdistancesare30inchesbetweenrowsand6to8inchesbetweenplants.Sweetcornin   Floridaisproducedusingseveraltypesofirrigationsystems.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethe   fieldisaRivierasand.Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermicArenic {  Glossaqualfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedfortruckcrop(includingsweetcorn)andcitrus k p  production.Rivierasandisadeep,poorlydrained,slowrunoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeable [`  soilthatformedinstratifiedmarinesandyandloamysedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain. KP  Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonbroad,lowflatsandindepressionsandhaveslopesgenerally ;@  lessthan2percent.Thesoilisofmoderateextent.RivierasandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. +0  {UXX* d dd  td td e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4" {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforPalmBeachCounty,FloridaSweetCorn SX   \3A4G/   { AAA4 q\%Parameter A334,!kp3A4 AValue A33A4,!kp"334 ASource S3AD,kp" q 33A4 qSStartingDate )333A )  January1,1948 833A4#! 33 8MeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,FL  (W12844) J3A;# q 33A4 qJEndingDate )333A )  December31,1983 833A4#! 33 8MeteorologicalFile#XX{Uw#{UXXԀWestPalmBeach,FL  (W12844)#XX{U|#{UXX J3A;# q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor  (PFAC) K33<3A (\?0.78(\?K  0.78     Y33A4DB!  (\?0.78 (\?33 Y PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#" q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor # (SFAC) )33$3A )  0.0cmC1 % =  833A4#!& 33 8Noappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis ' partofFlorida J3A;#( q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof  ) Evaporation(ANETD) )33 *3A )  33.0cm  +   833A4#! , 33 8 PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2# - Z 33A4 E#XX{U#{UXX6,*3"8. 0   3AAA 6  +#0. &   *3ddSd Std  td e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforPalmBeachCounty,FloridaSweetCorn#XX{U#{UXX ;4&_d4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U "#{UXX 6,!"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor ; @  (USLEK) '   '0.03tonsEI1*#XX{U ##{UXX 24; @ " 2#XX{U$#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{UW%#{UXXԀandFARMManual(C {UEPA, ; @  1985)#{U C%##XX{U%#{UXX -#!  "4 -USLELSFactor g l (USLELS) ?5 / 4 ?0.2??0.2#XX{Uo&#{UXX R4=2g l" ?0.2 ? R#XX{UK'#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{U'#{UXX -#!g l"4 -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 SX  ?1.0??1.0#XX{U8(#{UXX R4=2 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U)#{UXXPRZMManual(EPA,1998)#XX{U)#{UXX -#! "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  w|  172ha 24 " 2#XX{U)#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3   @4@=4 P4;0 "  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#! "4 -Slope(SLP)   1% 24" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#! "4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  SX! 600m 24SX"" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{U*#{UXX 1'!SX#"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr$      ot%   '] & +  *3d ddd dd dd 3e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4 * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforPalmBeachCounty,FloridaSweetCorn#XX{U-#{UXX ;4&',4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{UG0#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{UZ1#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition ; @  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P4;0; @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{U~2#{UXXFieldarefallowpriortoplanting -#!; @ "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops _ d  (NDC) =3 ' ,  ?1?=1 P4;0_ d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U3#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#!_ d"4 -NumberofCropping   Periods KP  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U(5#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm   Beach,FL(W12844)#XX{U6#{UXX -#!KP "4 -Maximumrainfall ot  interceptionstorageofcrop 7<  (CINTCP) @6  333333?0.15333333?@0.15 S4>3ot " 333333?0.15 333333? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual ot  (Burns,1992and#XX{U:7#{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!7< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot [` Depth(AMXDR)  #( 100cm 24[`" 2#XX{U8#{UXXSettoprofiledepth.Rootscanexceed150cm.#XX{U9#{UXX -#![` "4 -MaximumCanopy ! Coverage(COVMAX) >4 GL"  V@90V@>90 Q4<1#"  V@90 V@ Q#XX{Ug:#{UXXPIC(Burns,1992) -#!$"4 -SoilSurfaceCondition % AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 kp&  @3@=3 P4;0'"  @3 @ P#XX{U;#{UXXPlantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear ( whentilledfornextseriesofcrops;rarelycucumbers.#XX{U<#{UXX -#!kp)"4 -DateofCropEmergence * (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  + 15/10 64!," 64J.&O  5  #XX{U=#{UXXhttp://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/opmppiap/subcrp.htm6>&O>*  7 >Ԁ@.. - southernsweetcorncultivationcycleisgenerally . betweenJanuaryandJune;Maturation64-90days W\/ fromseedingtoharvest;Harvestoccursoveraperiod $0 ofweekstoseveralmonths.Valuessettocoverrainy 1 seasonOct-Feb.#XX{U>#{UXX 2 #XX{UA#{UXX#XX{UuA#{UXX >42? D4"GGB4 >DateofCropMaturity 5 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 6 `@37011`@A05/01 X4C47" `@37011 `@ X#XX{UA#{UXX '74 'DateofCropHarvest UZ8 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)   "9 15/01 64!UZ:" 6#XX{UC#{UXX ':4 'MaximumDryWeight !; (WFMAX) 2( d"i< # 20.0 E40%!=" #  E#XX{UD#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!!>"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  #? 91,87,88 24#@" 2#XX{U E#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Fallow=SR/poor; #A CroppingandResidue=RowCrop,SR/poorcondition $B #XX{U"F#{UXX(USDA,1990)#XX{UF#{UXX -#!P%U C"4 -ManningsNValue &!D (MNGN) A7 t'y"E I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T4?4&!F" I +?0.011 I +? T#XX{U8G#{UXXRUSLEProject;#XX{UpH#{UXXԀUC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, &!G conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{UH#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#!t'y"H"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  (#I 0.1620.938 24(#J" 2#XX{UNI#{UXXRUSLEProject;#XX{U33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   62cm(HORIZN=2)   28cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)   4A&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6T&OTX  7l"HT   EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d3AU= "31 k I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)   1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&GL  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent   (THETO) ;33,!3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)   0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!"33 E H3A9!OT  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness   (DPN) ;33,!!3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) " 2cm(HORIZN=2,3) E33A40!#"33 E H3A9&W\# I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!$3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) % 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!&"33 E H3A9!_d& 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!'3A ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) ( 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!)"33 E K3AA:&gl) I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent * (OC) =33A,!+3AA =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) , 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!-"33A E6,*ot- 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXC {UBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. ot. Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk 38/  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch 0 andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. 1 #{U Cd]##XX{UD]#{UXXC {UEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch K!P3 Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. "4 #{U C_##XX{U_#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor #6 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. c$h7 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection +%0 8 Agency,Athens,GA. % 9 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof '"; theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof K(P#< PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. )$= #XX{U3a#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM *%? FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, k+p&@ U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. 3,8'A #XX{Ud#{UXX C {UHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing -(C Education#{U CUf##XX{U+f#{UXXԀC {UandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#{U Clg##XX{ULg#{UXXm (#m (#  #XX{U>h#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS _d SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. ', USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof   Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).   #XX{Uh# -(- Ї FLORIDATOMATO(Vegetables)     Thefieldusedtorepresenttomato(vegetable)productioninFloridaislocatedinManatee  (#1producingFloridacounty),CollierandLeeCountiesinSouthwestFlorida(MLRA155),  althoughtomatoproductionareasincludeotherregionsofFloridasuchastheEverglades  AgriculturalAreaandwestcentralandsoutheasternregions.Accordingtothe1997Censusof   Agriculture,Floridaisthemajorproduceroftruckcropsandisthehighestproduceroffresh   markettomatoesintheU.S.Tomatoesandothertruckcropsaregenerallygrownon muck   soils,buttomatoesdoaswellonsandysoils.Tomatoesareplantedbydirectseedingand {  seedlingtransplantinFlorida,withmorethanhalfbyseedlingtransplant.Typicalplanting k p  distancesare48to72inchesbetweenrows(72inchesbeingthemostcommon)and12to24 [`  inchesbetweenplantsinarow(18inchesbeingthemostcommon).Maximumdensityofplants KP  isapproximately4840plantsperacre.Fieldsareoftenlaserleveledanddrainagecontrolledbya ;@  seriesofinfieldlateralsandperimetercanals.Stakes,approximately4feetinlength,areplace +0  betweentwoplants,23weeksaftertransplanting.Tomatoplantsareprunedduringthegrowing   seasontooptimizefruitproduction.NearlyalloftheStatestomatocropisgrownonplastic   mulched,raisedbeds,usingstakecultureanddriporseepirrigation.Nearlyalltomatoesgrown  inFloridareceivesupplementalirrigationduringthegrowingseason.Themostactiveharvest  periodisfromNovemberthroughJune.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaRivierasand.  Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermicArenicGlossaqualfs.Thesesoilsare  oftenusedfortruckcropandcitrusproduction.Rivierasandisadeep,poorlydrained,slow  runoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeablesoilthatformedinstratifiedmarinesandyandloamy  sedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonbroad,lowflatsandin  depressionsandhaveslopesgenerallylessthan2percent.Thesoilisofmoderateextent.Riviera  sandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. { {UXX*   d dd  td td e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"3838 {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforManatee,CollierandLeeCounties,FloridaTomato    \3A4G/  { AAA4 q\vParameter A334,!3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 ASource S3AD," q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33C!H 3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!C!H! 33 8xMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl C!H" (W12844) J3A;# "# q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33[#`$3A )  December31,1983 833A4#![#`% 33 8MeteorologicalFile#XX{UEu#{UXXԀWestPalmBeach,Fl [#`& (W12844)#XX{UTz#{UXX J3A;##$(' q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor s%x ( (PFAC) K33<;&@!)3A (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 s%x * {  Y33A4DB;&@!+  (\?0.78 (\?33 Y{PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#s%x , q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor '"- (SFAC) )33S(X#.3A )  0.0cmC1 '"/ }  833A4#!S(X#0 33 8W}Noappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis '"1 partofFlorida J3A;#S(X#2 q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof )$3 Evaporation(ANETD) )33k*p%43A )  33.0cm )$5 ~  833A4#!k*p%6 33 8~PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#)$7 Z 33A4 E#XX{Uz#{UXX6,*+&8 0   3AAA 6  ,'8 &   * 3 ddSd Std  td  e(#e(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  *4 * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforManatee,CollierandLeeCounties,Florida _d Tomato#XX{U#{UXX ;4&',4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) '  '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,! "4 6USLEKFactor    (USLEK) '   '0.03tonsEI1*#XX{U#{UXX 24  " 2#XX{Uڄ#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{UN#{UXXԀandFARMManual(C {UEPA,    1985)#{U C##XX{U#{UXX -#! "4 -USLELSFactor / 4 (USLELS) ?5   ?0.2??0.2#XX{Ug#{UXX R4=2/ 4" ?0.2 ? R#XX{UC#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{Uׇ#{UXX -#!/ 4"4 -USLEPFactor SX  (USLEP) ?5   ?1.0??1.0#XX{U0#{UXX R4=2SX " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U #{UXXPRZMManual(EPA,1998)#XX{U#{UXX -#!SX "4 -FieldArea w|  (AFIELD)  ?D  172ha 24w| " 2#XX{U#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#!w| "4 -NRCSHyetograph  (IREG) =3 ch  @4@=4 P4;0"  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!"4 -Slope(SLP)   1% 24 " 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!!"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)   " 600m 24 #" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{U#{UXX 1'! $"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrw|%      7<&   '5& *  *3d dSdd Sdd dd  3 e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4 * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforManatee,CollierandLeeCounties,FloridaTomato#XX{Uō#{UXX ;4&',4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{UI#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U\#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition ; @  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P4;0; @ "  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXFieldarefallowpriortoplanting -#!; @ "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops _ d  (NDC) =3 ' ,  ?1?=1 P4;0_ d"  ?1 ? P#XX{Uؓ#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#!_ d"4 -NumberofCropping   Periods KP  (NCPDS) >4    B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U*#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm   Beach,FL(W12844)#XX{U#{UXX -#!KP "4 -Maximumrainfall ot  Interceptionstorageofcrop 7<  (CINTCP) ?5  ?0.1??0.1 R4=2ot " ?0.1 ? RPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual ot  (Burns,1992and#XX{U<#{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!7< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot [` Depth(AMXDR)  #( 90cm 24[`" 2C {U#X~X C#C XX~http://wa.nacdnet.org/partnership/root_zone.htm6 -#![` "4 -#{U Cҙ##XX{U#{UXXMaximumCanopy ! Coverage(COVMAX) >4 GL"  I@50I@>50 Q4<1#"  I@50 I@ QC {U#X~X C#C XX~http://www.ifas.ufl.edu/G -#!$"4 -#{U C##XX{U%#{UXXSoilSurfaceCondition % AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 kp&  @3@=3 P4;0'"  @3 @ PC {U#X~X C#C XX~Materialisburnedinplaceusingpropaneburnersand ( leftbehind#X~X C(#C XX~http://www.ifas.ufl.edu/#X~X C#C XX~ -#!gl)"4 -#{U C#DateofCropEmergence * (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 +  S@37529 S@A10/01 T4?4,"  S@37529  S@ TC {U#X~X CE#C XX~http://www.ifas.ufl.edu/Р#X~X C#C XX~ -#!-"4 -#{U C#DateofCropMaturity . (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  / 30/03 240" 2C {U#X~X CR#C XX~http://www.ifas.ufl.edu/#X~X C#C XX~ -#!1"4 -#{U CR#DateofCropHarvest 2 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 3 `@@37379`@@A05/04 T4?44" `@@37379 `@@ TC {U#X~X C#C XX~http://www.ifas.ufl.edu/#X~X C#C XX~ -#!5"4 -#{U C]#MaximumDryWeight 3!86 (WFMAX) 2( !7 # 20.0 E40%3!88" #  E#XX{U$#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!3!89"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  W#\: 91,87,88 24W#\;" 2#XX{U^#{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,Fallow=SRpoor, W#\< CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor#XX{U`#{UXXԀ(USDA, $$= 1990)#XX{U#{UXX -#!$>"4 -ManningsNValue C&H!? (MNGN) A7  '"@ I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T4?4C&H!A" I +?0.011 I +? T#XX{Uk#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, C&H!B conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000) -#! '"C"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  g(l#D 0.1620.938 24g(l#E" 2#XX{U>#{UXXRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, g(l#F conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL#XX{U,#{UXX,#XX{Uǫ#{UXXVariablewithdate /)4$G #XX{U #{UXX(USDA,2000) 1'!)$H"4 1S+X&I      -(K #XX{Ut#'* dd4dd 4edd e<dd <3e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersforManatee,CollierandLeeCounties,FloridaTomato \3A4G/ j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!"3A4 AValue A33A4,!"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD," I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!# (3A ;100cm E33AA40!# ("33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization # ( Database(NRCS,2001)     b3AAQ=  "3dd8 s I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons    (NHORIZ) =33A,!G L 3AA =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40!  "33A E U3AAB&   0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/ " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1)   62cm(HORIZN=2)   28cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)   4A&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6&OԴX  7l"   EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d3AU= "3  I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)   1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40! "33 E H3A9&GL  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent   (THETO) ;33,!3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)   0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!"33 E H3A9!OT  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness   (DPN) ;33,!!3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) " 2cm(HORIZN=2,3) E33A40!#"33 E H3A9&W\# I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!$3A ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) % 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!&"33 E H3A9!_d& 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!'3A ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) ( 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!)"33 E K3AA:&gl) I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent * (OC) =33A,!+3AA =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) , 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!-"33A E6,*ot- 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. ot. Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk 7</  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch 0 andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. 1 #XX{U#{UXXEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch W!\3 Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. "$4 #XX{UU#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor #6 PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. w$|7 NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection ?%D 8 Agency,Athens,GA. & !9 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof '"; theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof _(d#< PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. '),$= #XX{Ui#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM *%? FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms, +&@ U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. G,L'A #XX{U#{UXXHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing -(C Education#XX{Ua#{UXXԀandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#XX{U6#{UXXm (#m (# #XX{U#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS  SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. SX USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof  Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS).   #XX{UG#  s x FLORIDATURF     ThefieldusedtorepresentturfgrassinFloridaislocatedinOsceolaCounty,althoughturf  grasses(golfcourses,sodfarms,etc.)arelocatedthroughoutthestate.`X~XXXThisturfscenariois  consideredtobeessentiallygeneric,withnodistinctionmadebetweensodfarms,golfcourse  fairways,greensandtees,orresidentiallawns.Forpesticidesappliedtogolfcourses,thefraction   ofthetotalareacomposedofgreens,tees,andfairwaysmay,howeverbeusedtomodifythe   resultsofamodelingrun,somewhatinthefashionofapercentcroppedarea(PCA)adjustment.   Theapproximateaveragepercentareas(confirmedbyMikeKenna,USGA,personal {  communication)areasfollows:fairways,23%;greens,2%;tees,2%.Thusifapesticideisonly g l  usedongreensandtees,forexample,themodelingresultswouldbemultipliedbyafactorof SX  0.04.ItispossiblethatcurrentPCAdevelopmenteffortsmayproducePCAsforgolfcourses,turf ?D  farms,and/orresidentiallawnsthatmayalsobeusedtorefinetheresultsofmodelingruns. +0  #XXX`X~S#`X~XXXTodevelopaturfscenariothesoilwasmodifiedbyaddinga2cmthicklayerof#XXX`X~#aXXXXA#XXXaXV#`X~XXXthatch#XXX`X~#aXXXX@#XXXaX#`X~XXXԀontopof   thesoilprofile.Thethatchlayerhasthefollowingproperties:bulkdensity=0.37;fieldcapacity   =0.47;wiltingpoint=0.27;organiccarbon=7.5%.Curvenumberswereselectedbasedon   #XXX`X~$#aXXXXA#XXXaXn#`X~XXXgoodcondition#XXX`X~#aXXXX@#XXXaX#`X~XXXԀopenspaceareasasspecifiedinTR55,thatisforhydrologicsoilgroupsC.A2  cmlayerofthatchistypicalforgolfcoursefairways,butisprobablythickerthanaverageforgolf  coursegreens.#XXX`X~D#   SodProduction. 󀀀SodmaybegrownonmostsoiltypesinFlorida,however,soilswithdrainage  problemsmustbemechanicallyalteredtobreakuphardpansorprovidesubsurfacedrainageto  preventprolongedperiodsofsaturation.Soilswithveryhighsandcontentandveryrapid ot drainagesuchassanddunetypesandsarenotrecommendedduetotheirpoorwaterholding _d capacityanddifficultymaintainingadequatenutrientlevels.Wherenecessary,irrigationsystems OT areinstalledbeforeoperationofasodfarmbegins.Fieldsaregenerallylaserleveledbefore ?D plantingtoallowforuniformharvestingofsodbythe cutterblade.Smallhillsandvalleyscan /4 beaccommodatedbythecutterblade,butirregularitiesinthefieldleftbypoormaintenancewill $ reduceyield.Irrigationisgenerallynecessaryforsuccessfulproduction.Nearlyallformsof  irrigationareusedinsodproductionexcept floodirrigation.Manyturfgrassspeciesaregrown  inFlorida.Amongthesearebahiagrass,St.Augustinegrass,bermudagrass,zoysiagrass,and   centipedegrass,Dependingonthetypeofgrass,seed,sprigs,plugsorsodareusedtoestablishthe ! field.Specificinformationoneachcultivarcanbefoundat4b 1&O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_LH0666_&Os  7 # "  .Harvestingoccursyearround.Thesoilselectedtosimulateturfgrassisan`X~XXXAdamsvillesand,a #! hyperthermic,uncoatedAquicQuartzipsammentinMLRA156A.TheAdamsvillesandisa $" somewhatpoorlydrained,rapidlypermeablesoilthatformedinthicksandymarinesediments % # occurringinCentralandSouthernFloridaonslopesof05percent.Adamsvillesandrangesfrom &!$ aHydrologicGroupAsoiltoaHydrologicGroupCsoil,dependingonthewatertable.Forthe '"% purposeofthismodeling,EFEDusedthecurvenumber s fromthePICoftheAdamsvillesandasa o(t#& GroupCsoil.#XXX`X~# [)`$' {UXX  G*L%( e*cdd dd  td td e(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4" {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforOsceolaCounty,FloridaTurf 8   \3A4G/e  { AAA4 q\Parameter A334,!P3A4 AValue A33A4,!P"334 ASource S3AD,P" q 33A4 qSStartingDate )33 3A )  January1,1948 833A4#!   33 8MeteorologicalFileMiami,Fl(W12839) J3A;#   q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33U  3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!U   33 8MeteorologicalFileMiami,Fl(W12839)#XX{UQ#{UXXԀ#XX{Uk#{UXX J3A;#U   q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor  @ (PFAC) K33<m  3A (\?0.78(\?K  0.78  @   Y33A4DBm    (\?0.78 (\?33 YPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;# @ q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor X  (SFAC) )33 3A )  0.0cmC1 X    833A4#!  33 8>DoesnotsnowinSouthernFloridasuchthat X  accumulationisexpected J3A;#  q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof p  Evaporation(ANETD) )338 3A )  25.0cm p    833A4#!8  33 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#p  Z 33A4 E #XX{U#{UXX6,* 0   3AAA 6&  *e3fddSd Std  td cde(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  *4ee * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforOsceolaCounty,FloridaTurf#XX{U#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!%"4 AValue A4,!%"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!%"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) 'I '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) 'm   '0.04tonsEI1*#XX{U#{UXX 24 @ " 2#XX{U#{UXXPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)#XX{U#{UXXԀandFARMManual(EPA,  @  1985)#XX{UW#{UXX -#!m  "4 -USLELSFactor  d (USLELS) A7  , 1Zd?0.3031Zd?A0.303#XX{U#{UXX T4?4 d" 1Zd?0.303 1Zd? T#XX{U#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{U@#{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 P  ?1.0??1.0 R4=2 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{U#{UXXNopracticeusedonturfotherthanregularmowing#XX{U#{UXX -#! "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  t  172ha 24 " 2#XX{U9#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph 5  (IREG) =3   @4@=4 P4;05 "  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!5 "4 -Slope(SLP)  Y 2% 24Y" 2OfficialSoilDescriptionDatabase.Midpointofsoilseries Y  range -#!!!"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  }" 600m 24}#" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{U%#{UXX 1'!}$"4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrt%     4&  'e & )  *g3hFd ddd dd dd e3fe(#e(#, dd ,dd ,hdd +  *4ee * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforOsceolaCounty,FloridaTurf#XX{U5#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!%"4 AValue A4,!%"4 ASource#XX{U#{UXX 6,!%"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P4;0"  ?1 ? P#XX{U#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001)#XX{U# -#!"4 -{UXXInitialSurfaceCondition x (ISCOND) =3  @   @3@=3 P4;0x "  @3 @ PTurfincontinuouscultivation#XX{Ub# -#!x "4 -NumberofDifferent    Crops    (NDC) =3  |  ?1?=1 P4;0 "  ?1 ? P{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! "4 -NumberofCroppingPeriods e  (NCPDS) >4 -   B@36B@>36 Q4<1e "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileMiami,Fl e  (W12839)#XX{U#{UXX -#!- "4 -Maximumrainfallinterception $  storageofcrop(CINTCP) ?5 Q  ?0.1??0.1 R4=2$ " ?0.1 ? RForwatermanagementandprotectionoffungaldiseases, $  valuesettolessthantheminimumvalueforsmallgrains#XX{U~#{UXX -#!Q "4 -MaximumActiveRootDepth H (AMXDR)  u 10cm 24H" 2#XX{UP#{UXXRecommendationonconsultationwith#XX{UI#{UXXԀMikeDavy,Plant H Biologist,OPP/EFED(2001) -#!u"4 -MaximumCanopyCoverage l  (COVMAX) ?5 4! Y@100Y@?100 R4=2l"" Y@100 Y@ R4i#&O  5  #XX{U#{UXXhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu#XX{Ur#{UXX6&O  7nEԀ -#!l#"4 -SoilSurfaceConditionAfter $ Harvest(ICNAH) =3 X%  @3@=3 P4;0&"  @3 @ P#XX{U#{UXXDefault,materialundertreesandbetweenrowsisgenerally ' leftalone -#!X("4 -DateofCropEmergence ) (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 |*  1@37257 1@A01/02 T4?4+"  1@37257  1@ T#XX{Uc#{UXXArbitrarilysettodatewhengrassislikelytogreenafter , overwintering.Note:doesnotindicategrasswillnotgrow |- duringperiodfromharvesttoemergencethefollowing D. year. -#!q /"4 -DateofCropMaturity h0 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  01 15/02 24h2" 2#XX{U#{UXXSettodatewhenfirstcuttinglikely -#!h3"4 -DateofCropHarvest(HAD, 4 HAM,IYRHAR)  T5 15/12 246" 2#XX{U #{UXXSetarbitrarilytodatewhengrassbeginstooverwinter. 7 Note:doesnotindicatefurthercuttingswillnotoccur T8 betweenharvestandemergencethefollowingyear. -#! 9"4 -MaximumHeightofCrop !x: (HTMAX)  "@; 5.0cm 24!x<" 2#XX{U #{UXXBasedonaverageheightofgrassoversodfarms,golf !x= coursesandresidentiallawns.Greensandteesmaybe "@> lower. -#!m#?"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  $d @ 74,74,74 24$d A" 2#XX{U #{UXXGleamsManualTableA.3,HydrologicgroupCgood $d B condition,openspace(USDA,1990) -#!%,!C"4 -ManningsNValue(MNGN) A7 &"D Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T4?4&"E" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T#XX{UP#{UXXRUSLEProject;#XX{U#{UXXԀUC0STSCN;Strawberry,notillage; &"F Tampa,FL#XX{U+#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000).Usebecausegroundcoverage 'P#G codeismostrepresentativeofsurfaceroughnessandcover }($H forturf. -#!E)$I"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  *<&J 0.017 *<&K 0.326 24i+'L" 2#XX{U#{UXXRUSLEProject;#XX{U:#{UXXԀUC0STSCN;Strawberry,notillage; *<&M Tampa,FL#XX{U#{UXXԀ(USDA,2000).Usebecausegroundcoverage i+'N codeismostrepresentativeofsurfaceroughnessandcover 1,'O forturf.#XX{U #{UXX 1'!,(P"4 1U.)Q   Ї  #XX{U#'e*jk dFd dd  dd hdd hg3he(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12AdamsvilleSoilParametersfor{UXԀOsceolaCounty,FloridaTurf#XX{U#Ԁ \3A4G/( j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,!p"3A4 AValue A33A4,!p"334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD,p" I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,! 3A ;102cm E33AA40!  "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization    Database(NRCS,2001)  x   b3AAQ= 8 "3dd  I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons    (NHORIZ) =33A,!A 3AA =4(Tophorizonsplitintwoandthatchlayer   added) E33AA40!A "33A E U3AAB&  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,Third,andFourthSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3,4) Y3AJ/ T " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >33/!\ 3A >2cm(HORIZN=1)   10cm(HORIZN=2,3) \  80cm(HORIZN=4) E33AA40! "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001) \  4l#&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6x&O  7#l"    d3AU=A "37  I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,!d 3A ;0.37gcm3(HORIZN=1) d  1.44gcm3(HORIZN=2,3) $ 1.58gcm3(HORIZN=4) E33A40!I"33 E H3A9&A  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent , (THETO) ;33,!Q 3A ;0.47cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) ,! 0.086cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2,3) Q" 0.03cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) E33A40!#"33 E H3A9! # 33A4 IHCompartmentThickness Y$ (DPN) ;33,!%3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y& 5cm(HORIZN=4) E33A40!'"33 E H3A9&l' I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!a(3A ;0.47cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) a) 0.086cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2,3) !* 0.03cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) E33A40!|+"33 E H3A9!t+ 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!),3A ;0.27cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) )- 0.036cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2,3) . 0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) E33A40!D/"33 E K3AA:&</ I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent 0 (OC) =33A,!L13AA =7.5%(HORIZN=1) 2 0.58%(HORIZN=2,3) L3 0.116%(HORIZN=4) E33AA40!q 4"33A E6,*i4 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. )"5 Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk "6  Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.(PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearch #T7 andDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. $ 8 #XX{U&#{UXXEPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)EnvironmentalResearch &!: Laboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. &t"; #XX{U.)#{UXXEPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.PRZM3,AModelfor i($= PredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturatedSoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0. 1)$> NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection )%? Agency,Athens,GA. *\&@ EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.GuidanceforUseof Q,'B theIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,Officeof -(C PesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. -|)D #XX{UB*#{UXXEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlofExistingandNewPRZM - FieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C. X #XX{U-#{UXXHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.OfficeofContinuing M Education#XX{U:/#{UXXԀandExtension,0 m CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.#XX{U0#{UXX m (#m (# #XX{U0#{UXXUSDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.USDAARS m   SoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. 5   USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.Departmentof  `  Agriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgriculturalResearchService(ARS). (  #XX{U!1#  U  GEORGIAPEACHES  e   ThefieldusedtorepresentpeachproductioninGeorgiaislocatedinPeachCountyin E SouthwestGeorgia(MLRA133)andtheweatherstationrepresentingtheorchardisinMLRA137 5 andlocatedinMacon,GA.Peachesaregrownthroughoutthestate,PeachCountyrepresentsthe % highestproducingcountyinGeorgiaandthe7thhighestproducingcountyintheU.S.Treerow   spacingisgenerally15to20feetandwithinrowspacingvarieswiththevarietyandmaintenance   sizeofthetreefromaslittleas8feetto20feet.Treeheightsaremaintainedfrom8feettoas   muchas20ormorefeet.Treesizeanddensityiscarefullymaintainedtooptimizefruit   productionandpesticideandgrowthregulatorapplications.Flowerbudsbegintoswellinlate  p  WintertoearlySpringintheSouthasheataccumulatesfollowedcloselybybudbloom.Atthe  `  timeoffloweringthefruitingstagecommencesandcontinuesthroughharvest.Forhighyieldsof P  qualityfruit,propersoilandsitemanagement,amongotherfactorsarenecessary.Soil @  characteristicshaveasignificantinfluencesontreedevelopment,fruitbearingcapacity,andtree 0  life.Ofthese,soiltextureanddrainageareamongthemostimportantforpeachtreehealth.   Peachtreesdobestinmoderatelytowelldrainedsoilsofasandytosiltloamtexture.Treesdo u nottoleratewetsoilsforprolongedperiodsoftime(daystoweeks)duringthegrowingperiod. e ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaGreenvillefinesandyloamintheGreenvilleFaceville U OrangeburgAssociation.Grenvillefinesandyloamisafine,kaolinitic,thermicRhodic E Kandiudults.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforpeach,truckcropandgrainproduction.Greenville 5 finesandyloamisaverydeep,welldrained,mediumrunoff,moderatelypermeablesoilthat % formedinclayeymarinesedimentsontheCoastalPlain.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundon  uplandsandhaveslopesgenerallylessthan8percent,butmayrangeupto18percent.Thesoilis  extensiveintheCoastalPlainsoftheSouth.GreenvillefinesandyloamisaHydrologicGroupB  soil.  {UXX* d dd  td td jke(#e(#,Sd ,td , td +  7AAA4"88 {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforPeachCounty,GeorgiaPeach E   \3A4G/   { AAA4 q\?Parameter A334,!]3A4 AValue A33A4,!]"334 ASource S3AD,]" q 33A4 qSStartingDate L33= H 3A @17532@L  January1,1948 Z33A4EC H!  @17532 @33 Z@MeteorologicalFileMacon,GA(W93805) J3A;# H" q 33A4 qJEndingDate )33!#3A )  December31,1983 833A4#!!$ 33 8MeteorologicalFile#XX{Uv=#{UXXԀMacon,GA(W93805)#XX{UB#{UXX J3A;#!% q 33A4 qJPanEvaporationFactor M#& (PFAC) K33<$'3A ?0.75?K  0.75 M#( C  Y33A4DB$)  ?0.75 ?33 YDPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#M#* q 33A4 qJSnowmeltFactor e%!+ (SFAC) )33-&!,3A )  0.15cmC1 e%!- 9E  833A4#!-&!. 33 8|EPRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J3A;#e%!/ q 33A4 ZJMinimumDepthof }'#0 Evaporation(ANETD) )33E(#13A )  25.0cm }'#2 F  833A4#!E(#3 33 8FPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E3AAA2#}'#4 Z 33A4 E#XX{UB#{UXX6,*)0%5 0   3AAA 6  *(&5 &   *3ddSd Std  td e(#e(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  *4ee * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforPeachCounty,GeorgiaPeach#XX{UG#{UXX ;4&d4 ;Parameter A4,!%"4 AValue A4,!%"4 ASource#XX{UI#{UXX 6,!%"4 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) 'I '4(MUSS) 24" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"4 6USLEKFactor  @  (USLEK) 'm   '0.35tonsEI1*#XX{UJ#{UXX 24 @ " 2#XX{UL#{UXXFARMManual(C {UEPA,1985)#{U CCM##XX{UM#{UXX -#! @ "4 -USLELSFactor  d  (USLELS) @6  ,  ףp= @3.63 ףp= @@3.63#XX{UM#{UXX S4>3 d"  ףp= @3.63  ףp= @ S#XX{UN#{UXXHaanandBarfield,1979#XX{U&O#{UXX -#! d"4 -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 P  ?1.0??1.0#XX{UO#{UXX R4=2 " ?1.0 ? R#XX{UYP#{UXXPRZMManual,table5.6(EPA,1998)#XX{UP#{UXX -#! "4 -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  t  172ha 24 " 2#XX{UQQ#{UXXAreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA,1999) -#! "4 -NRCSHyetograph 5  (IREG) =3   @3@=3 P4;05 "  @3 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!5 "4 -Slope(SLP)  Y 12% 24Y" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!Y"4 -HydraulicLength(HL)  P  600m 24P!" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999)#XX{U=R#{UXX 1'!P""4 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr#      l$   'e(H& *  *3d dSdd Sdd dd 3e(#e(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *4-- * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforPeachCounty,GeorgiaPeach#XX{U U#{UXX ;4&,4 ;Parameter A4,!"4 AValue A4,!"4 ASource#XX{UW#{UXX 6,!"4 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<I  ?1?F1 P4;0I"  ?1 ? P#XX{UX#{UXXSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!I"4 -InitialSurfaceCondition  @  (ISCOND) =3 m    @3@=3 P4;0 @ "  @3 @ P#XX{UY#{UXXResiduesremaininfieldbetweentreerows,areaunder  @  trees,approximately3x3feet,maintainedresiduefree -#!m  "4 -NumberofDifferentCrops  d (NDC) =3  ,  ?1?=1 P4;0 d"  ?1 ? P#XX{U[#{UXXSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! d"4 -NumberofCropping   Periods P  (NCPDS) >4 }   B@36B@>36 Q4<1 "  B@36 B@ Q#XX{U\#{UXXSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileMacon,GA   (W93805)#XX{UB^#{UXX -#!P "4 -Maximumrainfall t  Interceptionstorageofcrop <  (CINTCP) @6 i ?0.25?@0.25 S4>3t " ?0.25 ? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual t  (Burns,1992and#XX{U^#{UXXԀEPA,1985) -#!< "4 -MaximumActiveRoot ` Depth(AMXDR)  ( 150cm 24` " 2#XX{U`#{UXXC {USettosoilhorizondepth;rootsmaygrowinexcessof `! 5feetdeep. $" 4&O  5  http://www.agweb.okstate.edu/pearl/hort/fruits/f6244.h M# tml#X~X Ca#C XX~6=b&OQb175  7LbԀ#{U Ca# -#!$"4 -MaximumCanopy i% Coverage(COVMAX) >4 1&  N@60N@>60 Q4<1i'"  N@60 N@ Q#XX{Ub#{UXXC {UBasedonestimatesfromaerialphotography#{U Cd##XX{Ud#{UXX -#!i("4 -SoilSurfaceCondition () AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 U*  @3@=3 P4;0(+"  @3 @ P#XX{UZe#{UXXResiduesremaininfieldbetweentreerows,areaunder (, trees,approximately3x3feet,maintainedresiduefree#XX{Uf#{UXX -#!U-"4 -DateofCropEmergence L. (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 y/ @1@37258@1@A01/03 T4?4L0" @1@37258 @1@ TC {U#X~X C`g#C XX~Emergencesettoflowerbud,MarkCollier,Extension L1 Agent,PeachCounty,GA#X~X Ch#C XX~ -#!u2"4 -#{U Ch#DateofCropMaturity p3 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  84 15/05 24p5" 2C {U#X~X Cgi#C XX~Maturationsettobeginningofharvest,MarkCollier, p6 ExtensionAgent,PeachCounty,GA#X~X Cj#C XX~ -#!47"4 -#{U Cgj#DateofCropHarvest 8 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)   \9 31/08 24:" 2C {U#X~X CVk#C XX~Harvestsettolastdaysofharvest,MarkCollier, ; ExtensionAgent,PeachCounty,GA#X~X Cl#C XX~ -#! X<"4 -#{U CUl#MaximumDryWeight "= (WFMAX) 2( "> # 20.0 E40%"?" #  E#XX{UAm#{UXXSetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!"@"4 -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  A$A 78,67,74 24A$B" 2#XX{U{n#{UXXGleamsManualTableC {UA.3,#X~X C}o#C XX~Meadow,conditionsgood A$C forHydrologicSoilB;Peachtreesdonottoleratesoils % D lessthanmoderatelydrained.#{U Co##XX{Uo#{UXXԀ(USDA,1990)#XX{Up#{UXX -#!%t!E"4 -ManningsNValue A'"F (MNGN) @6  (#G Q?0.07Q?@0.07 S4>3A'"H" Q?0.07 Q? S#XX{U@q#{UXXC {URUSLEEPAPesticideProject;Tb7WWSBC; A'"I Savannah,GA;WinterWheat,CoverCode3 (#J (residues),ConventionalTillage#{U Cr#{UԀ#XhXur##XXXXhns#{UXX(USDA,2000) -#!(d$K"4 -USLECFactor(USLEC)  1*%L 0.0210.259 241*%M" 2#XX{Us#{UXXC {URUSLEEPAPesticideProject;Tb7WWSBC; 1*%N Savannah,GA;WinterWheat,CoverCode3 *&O (residues),ConventionalTillage#{U Ct##XX{Ut#{UXXԀ#XX{Uu#{UXX(USDA,2000) 1'!+T'P"4 1!-(Q    .)Q Ї  #XX{U v#'eU* dd4dd 4edd e<dd <3e(#e(#,d , td , td +  @AAA4+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12GreenvilleSoilParametersforPeachCounty,GeorgiaPeach \3A4G/` j AAA4 I\Parameter A334,! "3A4 AValue A33A4,! "334 AVerificationSource @ S3AD, " I 33A4 ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;33,!U 3A ;150cm E33AA40!U "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization U   Database(NRCS,2001)     b3AAQ= p "3dd>  I 33AA4 ybNumberofHorizons  T  (NHORIZ) =33A,!y  3AA =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E33AA40! T"33A E U3AAB&1  0 y 33AA4 IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y3AJ/ " I 3AA IYHorizonThickness 9  (THKNS) >33/! 3A >10cm(HORIZN=1) 9  15cm(HORIZN=2)   125cm(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!T "33 ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 9  Database(NRCS,2001)   4A&O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6Z~&On~X  7l"~ T   d3AU=9 "3  I 33AA4 IdBulkDensity(BD) ;33,! 3A ;1.3gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)   1.35gcm3(HORIZN=3) E33A40!\ "33 E H3A9&y  I 33A4 HInitialWaterContent   (THETO) ;33,!d3A ;0.284cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)   0.48cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!d "33 E H3A9!  33A4 IHCompartmentThickness ! (DPN) ;33,!l"3A ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) # 3cm(HORIZN=2) l$ 5cm(HORIZN=3) E33A40!,%"33 E H3A9&$% I 33A4 HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;33,!t&3A ;0.284cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) t' 0.48cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!4("33 E H3A9!Q( 33A4 IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;33,!|)3A ;0.144cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) |* 0.3cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E33A40!<+"33 E K3AA:&Y+ I 33A4 yKOrganicCarbonContent , (OC) =33A,!D-3AA =0.29%(HORIZN=1,2) . 0.116%(HORIZN=3) E33AA40!D/"33A E6,*a/ 0 y 33AA4 6{UXXBurns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,M.J.Fendley,D.R. a0 Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. P esticide