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L  Metadataistheinformationusedbyavarietyofgroupstodesign,create,describe,preserve,and 8  useinformationresourcesandsystems.Thecrucial,nonpesticidespecificelementsofeach $ t PesticideRootZoneModel(_PRZM_)fieldandorchardscenarioisrecordedasameansof  ` preservinganauthoritativeandreproduciblerecordofthedesign,construct,andsourceofeach  L  elementofthescenario.  8  #XHXXXH#XHXXXH  #XHXXXH# XHXXXH  #XHXXXH&#XHXXXHIngeneral,theinformationassembledtocreatedeachscenariowillhavethreebasic   features:content,context,andstructure;allofwhicharereflectedthroughmetadata.Thedata   contentrelatestowhateachscenariocontainsorisaboutandisintrinsictothefieldororchard   beingmodeled.Contentreflectstheelementbywhichthedesignerauthenticatesandcompletes   thecontentofthefieldororchardscenario.Forexample,contentisthedateofacrops p maturation,theorganiccontentofaparticularsoil,ortherateatwhichsnowmeltsinthelocation \ ofthescenario.Contextsarethoseaspectsassociatedwiththescenarioscreation,suchasthe H howorfromwherethesoilcharacteristicswereselected,wheretheweatherstationislocated,or 4 whatcroppingpracticeswerechosenandwhy.Thestructurerelatestotheassociationswithin  p andamongtheindividualparametersthatmakeupthescenario.Anexampleofthestructure  \ wouldbetherelationshipofthedepthofthetotalsoilprofiletotheindividualsoilhorizons.All H threeaspectsofmetadataareessentialcomponentsofascenarioandhavebeencapturedand 4 describedinfollowingpages.   #XHXXXHw#XHXXXH#XHXXXH_#XHXXXH  Inshort,inanenvironmentwhereimmediateaccesstounderlyinginformationusedto  governtheconstructofa_PRZM_Ԁfieldororchardscenario,metadata:  #XHXXXH#XHXXXH (83#XHXXXH#          (88" "  XHXXXH 2  3      #XHXXXHC#XHXXXHԀcertifiestheauthenticityanddegreeofcompletenessofthescenarioscontent; b݌ l Ќ  #XHXXXH#" "  XHXXXH 2  3      #XHXXXH#XHXXXHԀestablishesanddocumentsthecontextofthescenarioscontent; ݌ X  Ќ  #XHXXXHy#" "  XHXXXH =2  3      #XHXXXHj#XHXXXHԀidentifiesthestructuralrelationshipsthatexistbetweenandwithinaparameterofthe D!   scenario; =݌ 0"  Ќ  #XHXXXH#" "  XHXXXH  2  3      #XHXXXH5 #XHXXXHԀprovidesanaccesspointforadiverserangeofusersofthescenario;and  T ݌ #l! Ќ  #XHXXXH #" "  XHXXXH !2  3      #XHXXXH!#XHXXXHԀassembleselectronicallytheinformationthedevelopermighthaveordinarilyprovided $X" in  aphysicalreference. !!݌ $D # Ќ  #XHXXXHb"#XHXXXH#XHXXXHp##XHXXXH  Thefollowingdescriptionsofeach_PRZM_Ԁfieldandorchardscenariousedinthe &"% assessmentofdrinkingwaterexposuresderivedfromsurfacewatersourcesreflectthebasic '#& principlesofestablishingadministrativeanddescriptive metadata.However,itremains (#' vitallyimportanttounderstandthatmetadataisthe dataaboutthedataandactingasumbrellas )$( tothisinformationaretheestablishedAgencyproceduresforensuringthequalityofthat |*%) information.ThisisaccomplishedthroughthebasictenantsofQualityAssuranceandQuality h+&* Controlintheselectionofparametersthatconstitutesthefieldandorchardscenario. T,'+  @-(,   Thesedescriptionsrepresent_PRZM_Ԁscenarioswhichhavebeendevelopedovertimewith  avarietyofobjectives.Manyofthesescenariosweredevelopedwiththeintentionthatthey  representhighendexposurescenariosfornationalscaleassessments.Thesearetypically  referredtoas standardscenarios. t   Meteorologicalstationsforindividualscenarioshavebeenselectedbasedonproximityto L  thearearepresentedbyeachscenario.Alistofavailableweatherstationscontainingtherequired 8  datafor_PRZM_Ԁcanbefoundathttp://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/tools/metdata/index.htm).Ifa $ t moregeographicallydistantstationwaschosentorepresentascenario,thechoiceofthemore  ` distantstationisdocumentedinthemetadataforeachfile.  L    Usersshouldnotethatseveralexistingscenariosincorporateirrigationintothescenario $  andassuchhavebeen_parameterized_Ԁforeitherover-canopyorunder-canopyirrigation.A   numberofotherscenariosindicateinthemetadatafilethatasignificantportionofthecropinthe   geographicareaidentifiedutilizeirrigation.Todate,_EFED_Ԁhasnotincorporatedirrigationinto   thesescenarios._EFED_Ԁiscurrentlyevaluatingastandardizedapproachfordeterminingwhena   scenarioshouldincludeirrigationandthiswillbereflectedinfuturerevisionstothesescenarios. p    `      Thereareanumberofinputparameterswhicharegenerallynotdocumentedinthis H metadatafile.Manyoftheserepresentparameterflagswhicharedefaultvaluesanddonot 4 changefromscenariotoscenario.Othersarecapturedinthescenariofileandhavenotbeen  p transferredtothemetadatafile.Finally,thereareothers(suchasparametersforfurrow  \ irrigation)whicharenotcurrentlyused.Alistingoftheparameterswhicharegenerallynot H capturedinthismetadatafilearelistedbelowintable1.Futureupdatestothemetadatawill 4 includetheseparameterswhenapplicable.   *\ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  @+ **@&TL%XXHTable1.Inputparametersnottypicallyrecordedinmetadata.#XHX%&TL2#Ԁ \G/" **   **\3XXHRecord# A,!b AVariableName A,!b AVariableFullName _U,b **    ?1**?_#XHX33#3XXH1 3)'(x  ?1 ? 3TITLE  (x  TitleofInputFile #(x! ** **#2  @ " _HTITLE_  @ # FileDescription #@ $ ** **#3  X!% _DSN_Ԁ(x5)  X!& _DSN_Ԁ(x5) #X!' ** **#3  p"( _IPEIND_  p") Flag-PanFactor #p"* ** **#9  #+ _GDUSLEC_  #, Dayofmonthtostart_USLEC_ԀandManning'sNfactor ##- ** **#9  $. _GMUSLEC_  $/ Monthtostart_USLEC_ԀandManning'sNfactor B8$0 **  "@9**"@B9 3)'%!1  "@9 "@ 3_HTMAX_  %!2 MaxCanopyHt #%!3 ** **#9  & "4 _ICNCN_  & "5 _ICNCN_-CropNumber #& "6 ** **#9  '8#7 _NUSLEC_  '8#8 Numberof_USLEC_Ԁfactors(upto32) C9'8#9 **  &@11**&@C11 4*()P$:  &@11 &@ 4_IYREM_  )P$; Integeryearofcropemergence C9)P$< **  &@11**&@C11 4*(*h%=  &@11 &@ 4_IYRMAT_  *h%> Integeryearofcropmaturation  C9*h%? **  &@11**&@C11 4*(0+&@  &@11 &@ 4_IYRHAR_  0+&A Integeryearofcropharvest #0+&B ** **#20  H,'C _BDFLAG_  H,'D Flag-BulkDensity |   #H,'E ** **#20  `-(F _BIOFLG_  `-(G Flag-_Biodegradation_ #`-(H ** **#_20  0* HSWZT  0* Flag-Drainage #0* ** **#20  HB IDFLAG  HB Flag-ThermalCond/HeatCapacity #HB ** **#20  ` Z ITFLAG  ` Z Flag-SoilTempSim #` Z  ** **#20  x r  KDFLAG  x r  Flag-SoilAdsorptionCoeff #x r  ** **#20     MOC    Flag-MethodofCharacteristics #  ** **#20    THFLAG    Flag-FCandWP #  ** **#28    BT    BottomWidthofFurrow #  ** **#28   EN   Manning'sNforFurrow # ** **#28   Q0   FlowRateofWaterEnteringFurrow # ** **#28    SF    SlopeofFurrow #  ** **#28     X2     LengthofFurrow #  ! ** **#28  82 " XFRAC  82 # LocationoftheFurrow #82 $ ** **#28  PJ % ZRS  PJ & SideSlopeofFurrows #PJ ' ** **#29  hb( HF  hb) InfiltrationSuctionParameter #hb* ** **#29  z+ KS  z, SatHydCond #z- ** **#34  . AD  / SoilDrainageparam #0 ** **#34  1 ADL  2 LateralSoilDrainage #3 ** **#34  4 DISP  5 HydrodynamicSoluteDispCoeff #6 ** **#40  7 CFLAG  8 Flag-Conversion C99 **  D@40**D@C40 4*(:  D@40 D@ 4ILP  ; Flag-InitialPest.Level< ** # #XHX34#3XXH#33##33 (88          #33KG##XHX3 G#  ZT?   TableofContentstXXH  PH'   ]XHXt  ]H0     CALIFORNIAALMOND/WALNUTS(NorthernandSouthern)#""J(#.44;(#(##4"!O  5  76I!OI11  7(#I]HI݌ b ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]J0     CALIFORNIACITRUS(Southern)#`"`"I(#.&(#(##4`"!O  5  126xK!OK11  7(#K]JK݌ N ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]L0     CALIFORNIACOTTON(Southern)#`"`"I(#.&(#(##4 `"!O  5  186LM!O`M11  7(#M]LL݌  : ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]^N0     CALIFORNIAFRUITS:NONCITRUS(NorthernandSouthern)#`"`"I(#.?(#(##4 `"!O  5  2369O!OMO11  7(#{O]^NN݌  &  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]KP0     CALIFORNIAGRAPES(NorthernandSouthern)#`"`"I(#.3(#(##4 `"!O  5  286Q!O.Q11  7(#\Q]KPP݌    ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ],R0     CALIFORNIALETTUCE(CoastalZone)#`"`"I(#.+(#(##4 `"!O  5  336R!OS11  7(#5S],RyR݌   ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]T0     CALIFORNIAONION#`"`"I(#. (#(##4 `"!O  5  426T!OT11  7(#T]TRT݌   ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]U0     CALIFORNIATOMATOES(NorthernandSouthern)#`"`"I(#.5(#(##4`"!O  5  486V!OV11  7(#V]UV݌   ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]W0     FLORIDAAVOCADO#`"`"I(#. (#(##4`"!O  5  546eX!OyX11  7(#X]WW݌ r  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]wY0     FLORIDACABBAGE(Vegetables)#`"`"I(#.&(#(##4`"!O  5  6169Z!OMZ11  7(#{Z]wYY݌ ^  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]K[0     FLORIDACARROTS(RootingandTuberousVegetables)#`"`"I(#.RR;(#(##4.`"!O  5  666"\!O6\&  7.(#d\]K[[݌ J  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]4]0     FLORIDACITRUS#`"`"I(#. (#(##4.`"!O  5  726]!O]&  7.(#+^]4]]݌ 6  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]^0     FLORIDACUCUMBER(Vegetables)#`"`"I(#.``'(#(##4.`"!O  5  776_!O_&  7.(#`]^H_݌ "r ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]`0     FLORIDAPEPPERSBELL(Vegetables)#`"`"I(#.-(#(##4.`"!O  5  836a!Oa&  7.(#a]`a݌ ^ ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]b0     FLORIDASTRAWBERRIES#`"`"I(#.(#(##4.`"!O  5  886ec!Oyc&  7.(#c]bb݌ J  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]wd0     FLORIDASUGARCANE#`"`"I(#.j j (#(##4.`"!O  5  936.e!OBe&  7.(#pe]wdd݌ 6" ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]@f0     FLORIDATOMATO(Vegetables)#`"`"I(#.XX%(#(##4.`"!O  5  986g!Og&  7.(#Cg]@ff݌ "$ ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]h0     FLORIDATURF#!!H(#. (#(##4.!!O  5  1036h!Oh&  7.(#i]h`h݌ & ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]i0     GEORGIAONION#!!H(#.L L (#(##4.!!O  5  1096j!Oj&  7.(#j]i&j݌ ( ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]k0     GEORGIAPEACHES#!!H(#.V V (#(##4.!!O  5  1156Tl!Ohl&  7.(#l]kk݌ * ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]gm0     GEORGIAPECANS#!!H(#. (#(##4.!!O  5  1206n!O/n&  7.(#]n]gmm݌ , ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ].o0     IDAHOPOTATOES#!!H(#. (#(##4.!!O  5  1266o!Oo&  7.(#$p].o{o݌ n. ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]p0     ILLINOISCORN#!!H(#.$ $ (#(##4.!!O  5  1326q!Oq&  7.(#q]pBq݌ Z0 ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]r0     KANSASSORGHUM#!!H(#.* * (#(##4#.!!O  5  1376qs!Os&  7.(#s]r s݌ F2 ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]t0     LOUISIANASUGARCANE#!!H(#.@@(#(##4%.!!O  5  1426=u!OQu&  7.(#u]tt݌ 24 ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]Pv0     MAINEPOTATOES#!!H(#. (#(##4&.!!O  5  1486w!Ow&  7.(#Fw]Pvv݌ n6 ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]x0     MICHIGANASPARAGUS#!!H(#. (#(##4(.!!O  5  1546x!Ox&  7.(#y]xdx݌  Z8 ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]y0     MICHIGANBEANS#!!H(#. (#(##4)!!O  5  1616z!Oz  7(#z]y/z݌  F: ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]{0     MICHIGANCHERRIES(SweetandTart)#!!H(#.  ,(#(##4*!!O  5  1676q|!O|  7(#|]{{݌ !2< ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]}0     MINNESOTASUGARBEETS#!!H(#.(((#(##4+!!O  5  1726?~!OS~  7(#~]}}݌ "> ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]R0     MISSISSIPPICORN#!!H(#.  (#(##4,!!O  5  1776 !O  7(#K]R݌ # @ ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     MISSISSIPPICOTTON#!!H(#. (#(##4-!!O  5  1826ԁ!O  7(#]i݌ $B ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     MISSISSIPPISOYBEANS#!!H(#. (#(##4.!!O  5  1876!O  7(#]4݌ % D ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     NORTHCAROLINAAPPLES(Western)#!!H(#.*(#(##45!!O  5  1926z!O  7(#]݌ ~&!F ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     NORTHCAROLINACORN(Eastern)#!!H(#.'(#(##46!!O  5  1976P!Od  7(#]چ݌ j'"H ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]c0     NORTHCAROLINACOTTON#!!H(#.(#(##47!!O  5  2026!O2  7(#`]c݌ V(#J ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]10     NORTHCAROLINAPEANUTS#!!H(#. (#(##48!!O  5  2076!O  7(#/]1~݌ B)$L ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     NORTHCAROLINASWEETPOTATOES#!!H(#.pp'(#(##49!!O  5  2126Ì!O׌  7(#]M݌ .*~%N ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]֍0     NORTHCAROLINATOBACCO#!!H(#.XX!(#(##4:!!O  5  2176!O  7(#Վ]֍#݌ +j&P ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     NORTHDAKOTACANOLA#!!H(#.(#(##4;!!O  5  2226_!Os  7(#]݌ ,V'R ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]r0     NORTHDAKOTAWHEAT#!!H(#.^^(#(##4<!!O  5  2276*!O>  7(#l]r݌ ,B(T ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]=0     NEWYORKGRAPES#!!H(#.p p (#(##4=!!O  5  2326!O  7(#4]=݌ -.)V ЌtXXH  _]XHXt  ]0     OHIOCORN#!!H(#. (#(##4>!!O  5  2376ƕ!Oڕ  7(#]b݌ &v ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]ٖ0     OREGONAPPLES#!!H(#. (#(##4?!!O  5  2426!O  7(#ϗ]ٖ&݌ b ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     OREGONCHRISTMASTREES#!!H(#.  !(#(##4@!!O  5  2476]!Oq  7(#]݌ N ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]p0     OREGONFILBERTS(HAZELNUTS)#!!H(#.&(#(##4A!!O  5  25262!OF7  7(#t]p݌ : ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]E0     OREGONGRASSFORSEED#!!H(#.:: (#(##4B!!O  5  2576!O7  7(#C]E݌ &  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     OREGONHOPS#!!H(#.z z (#(##4C!!O  5  2626Ş!Oٞ7  7(#]a݌    ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]؟0     OREGONMINT#!!H(#. (#(##4D!!O  5  2676!O7  7(#͠]؟%݌    ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     OREGONVEGETABLES(_Snapbeans_)#!!H(#...((#(##4E!!O  5  2726!O7  7(#Ģ]݌   ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     PENNSYLVANIAAPPLES#!!H(#.BB(#(##4F!!O  5  2776O!Oc7  7(#]݌   ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]b0     PENNSYLVANIACORN#!!H(#.` ` (#(##4G!!O  5  2826!O-7  7(#[]b݌ r  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ],0     PENNSYLVANIATOMATOES#!!H(#.(#(##4H!!O  5  2876!O7  7(#)],y݌ ^  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]0     PENNSYLVANIATURF#!!H(#.d d (#(##4I!!O  5  2926!OƩ7  7(#]G݌ J  ЌtXXH  ]XHXt  ]Ū0     PUERTORICOCOFFEE#!!H(#. (#(##4J!!O  5  2986}!O7  7(#]Ū݌ 6  ЌtXXH  H     % K  XHXtCALIFORNIAALMOND/WALNUTS(NorthernandSouthern) 85ʬ  (   ThefieldusedtorepresentalmondproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinSanJoaquin  CountyintheCentralValley,althoughalmondsproductionareasarewelldistributedthroughout   theCentralandSacramentoValleys.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiais   themajorproducerofalmondsandwalnutsintheU.S..Almondsaregenerallygrownonlow t  terraces.Alltypesofirrigationisused.Thefloorofalmondgrovesarekeptsmoothandclearto `  facilitatecollectionofthenutsafterharvestingwhichisaccomplishedbyshakingthetrees L   (USDA1999).Thesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisa_Manteca_Ԁfinesandyloam._Manteca_ 8  finesandyloamisacoarseloamy,mixed,thermic_Haplic_Ԁ_Durixerolls_.Thesesoilsareoftenused $t  foravarietyofcropsincludingAlmonds._Manteca_Ԁfinesandyloamconsistsofmoderatelydeep, `  moderatelywelldrained,slowrunoff,moderatelypermeableabovethehardpansoilthatformed L  inalluviummainlyfrommixedrocksources.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonlowterracesat 8  elevationsof20to110feetabovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to2percent.Thesoilis $ ofsmallextentinMLRA17._Manteca_Ԁfinesandyloamisa_Hydrologic_ԀGroupCsoil.  #tXXH׬#3t*QR d$ddd dd dd \(#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ"FF {7 Table1. _PRZM_Ԁ3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlmonds >   \\QG/  { QQQ q\Parameter A\\,!P\Q AValue A\\Q,!P"\\ ASource S\QD,P" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=L\Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QECL  @@22281 @@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileSacramento,CA(W23232) J\Q;#L q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC  :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileSacramento,CA(W23232) J\Q;# q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor 4  (_PFAC_) K\\<!\Q \(\?0.73\(\?K  0.73 4"   Y\\QDB#  \(\?0.73 \(\?\\ Yк_PRZM_ԀManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#4$ q \\Q qJ_Snowmelt_ԀFactor D% (_SFAC_) )\\ &\Q )  0cmC1 D' d  8\\Q#! ( \\ 8_PRZM_ԀGuidance(July,2004).Snownot D) expectedtooccuroraccumulateandpersistfor  * morethanadayinSanJoaquinorSacramento |!+ Counties. @", Ѐ4ASk!O  5  http://www.weather.gov/climate6!O NGTO  7AS8Ԁ(_NOWData_) J\Q;##T- q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof P$. Evaporation(_ANETD_) )\\%d /\Q )  17.5cm P$0   8\\Q#!%d 1 \\ 8_PRZM_ԀManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#P$2 Z \\Q E6,*`&!3 0   \QQQ 6  (h#4 _& Z&  *S\TddSd Std  td QR(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlmonds ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2\" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"\ 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.28tonsEI1* 2\ 2 " 2NRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesManteca -#! 2 "\ -USLELSFactor  N  (USLELS) @6   333333?0.30333333?@0.30 S\>3 N" 333333?0.30 333333? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS  N =((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slope   length,x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m   (defaultvalue)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!J "\ -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  ?1.0??1.0 R\=2 " ?1.0 ? RNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesManteca -#! "\ -FieldArea   (AFIELD)    172ha 2\ " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! "\ -NRCSHyetograph * (IREG) =3   ?1?=1 P\;0*"  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!*"\ -Slope(SLP)  F  2% 2\F!" 2PaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperativeExtension F" 209-468-9494 -#! #"\ -HydraulicLength(HL)  b$ 600m 2\b%" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!b&"\ -IrrigationFlag j' (IRFLAG)  .~( 2(cropping j) periodonly) 2\.~*" 2Basedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral j+ floodingforcropirrigation -#!.~,"\ -IrrigationType - (IRTYP)  J. 4(Under / Canopy) 2\J0" 2Basedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral 1 floodingforcropirrigation,althoughalltypesareused. J2 IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; ^3 (June15,2005). -#!"4"\ -LeachingFactor *z5 (FLEACH) ?5 >6 ?0.1??0.1 R\=2*z7" ?0.1 ? RIrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; *z8 (June15,2005). -#!>9"\ -FractionofWater F!: Capacitywhen  "Z; IrrigationisApplied "< (PCDEPL) @6 #= ?0.55?@0.55 S\>3F!>" ?0.55 ? SBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral F!? floodingforcropirrigation.MostfarmadvisorsinCAsaid  "Z@ waterisalwaysappliedtocropsbefore50%depletion. -#!"A"\ -MaximumRateat $: B whichIrrigationis % C Applied(RATEAP)  r&!D 0.121cmhr1 2\$: E" 2IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table1; $: F (June15,2005).ForCN=79andf=0.1 1'!% G"\ 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr'#H      _ )$I   '*& F(  *U\Vdddd dd dd S\T(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 ._PRZM_Ԁ3.12CropParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlmonds ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(_INICRP_) F<  ?1?F1 P\;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcropsEPA,2001) -#!"\ -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (_ISCOND_)    @   =3 j    ?1?=1 P\;0 2 "  ?1 ? POrchardflooriskeptcleartofacilitatealmondharvest  2  (almondsareshakenfromthetreeandharvestedfrom   thefloor).Allmaterialisremovedafterharvest. j  (USDAcropprofileforCAalmonds,1999) -#!. ~"\ -NumberofDifferentCrops   (_NDC_) =3 J   ?1?=1 P\;0 "  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! "\ -NumberofCropping   Periods f  (_NCPDS_) >4 *z   >@30>@>30 Q\<1 "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield,   CA(W23155)orSacramento,CA(W23232) -#!f "\ -Maximumrainfall   interceptionstorageofcrop F (_CINTCP_) @6  Z ?0.25?@0.25 S\>3 " ?0.25 ? SDefaultvaluefororchardcrops(EPA2004). -#! "\ -MaximumActiveRoot b  Depth(_AMXDR_) ?5 &v! ^@120^@?120 R\=2b"" ^@120 ^@ RPaul_Verdegaal_,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative b# Extension209-468-9494 -#!&v$"\ -MaximumCanopy ~% Coverage(_COVMAX_) >4 B&  V@90V@>90 Q\<1~'"  V@90 V@ QPaul_Verdegaal_,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative ~( Extension209-468-9494 -#!B)"\ -SoilSurfaceCondition * AfterHarvest(_ICNAH_) =3 ^+  @2@=2 P\;0,"  @2 @ PPaul_Verdegaal_,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative - Extension209-468-9494 -#!^."\ -DateofCropEmergence / (_EMD_,EMM,_IYREM_)  z0 16/01 2\1" 2Valuescompliedby_HED_ԀforAlmonds -#!2"\ -DateofCropMaturity "3 (MAD,MAM,_IYRMAT_) A7 4  @36929 @A02/08 T\?4"5"  @36929  @ TValuescompliedby_HED_ԀforAlmonds -#!"6"\ -DateofCropHarvest >7 (HAD,HAM,_IYRHAR_) A7  8 2@372642@A13/09 T\?4>9" 2@37264 2@ TValuescompliedby_HED_ԀforAlmonds -#!>:"\ -MaximumDryWeight  "Z; (_WFMAX_) 2( "< # 20.0 E\0% "Z=" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! "Z>"\ -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  &$v? 84,79,82 2\&$v@" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Meadow -#!&$vA"\ -ManningsNValue ~% B (_MNGN_) A7 B&!C Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T\?4~% D" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? T_RUSLE_ԀProject;C21OCOCMfororchards,_cov_Ԁalley ~% E inSacramento(USDA,2000) -#!B&!F"\ -_USLE_ԀCFactor(_USLEC_)  '"G 0.0340.221 2\'"H" 2_RUSLE_ԀProject;C21OCOCMfororchards,_cov_Ԁalley '"I inSacramento(USDA,2000) 1'!^(#J"\ 1)%K   'F(  2,'M XHX3*WX dd4dd 4edd e<dd <U\V(#(#,d ," td , td +  @QQQ+ j@ Table4. _PRZM_Ԁ3.12_Manteca_ԀSoilParametersforSanJoaquinCounty,CaliforniaAlmonds \\QG/D j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!"\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD," I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!\Q ;317cm E\\QQ0!"\\ E_NRCS_,NationalSoilsCharacterization  Database(_NRCS_,2001)     b\QQQ=@  "\[[ I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons ' w  (_NHORIZ_) =\\Q,! 1 \QQ =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0!' w "\\Q E U\QQB&   0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(_HORIZN_Ԁ=1,2,3) Y\QJ/S " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness(_THKNS_) >\\/! \Q >10cm(_HORIZN_Ԁ=1)   7cm(_HORIZN_Ԁ=2) O  300cm(_HORIZN_Ԁ=3) E\\QQ0! Y "\\ E_NRCS_,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(_NRCS_,2001) O  4YA!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6 !O X  7#N  Y  EdRussell(USDA-_NRCS_,Fresno) }    Glenn_Stanisewski_,_NRCS_,Davis,CA 7  _THEWP_ԄTable525,_PRZM_ԀManual. d\QU=5#\R I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!K $\Q ;1.55gcm3(_HORIZN_Ԁ=1,2) K % 1.6gcm3(_HORIZN_Ԁ=3) E\\Q0!U &"\\ E H\Q9& & I \\Q HInitialWaterContent G ' (_THETO_) ;\\,!Q(\Q ;0.22cm3H2Ocm3soil(_HORIZN_Ԁ=1,2) G ) 0.23cm3H2Ocm3soil(_HORIZN_Ԁ=3) E\\Q0!Q*"\\ E H\Q9! * \\Q IHCompartmentThickness C+ (_DPN_) ;\\,!M,\Q ;0.1cm(_HORIZN_Ԁ=1) C- 1cm(_HORIZN_Ԁ=2) M. 5cm(_HORIZN_Ԁ=3) E\\Q0!/"\\ E H\Q9& / I \\Q HFieldCapacity(_THEFC_) ;\\,!I0\Q ;0.22cm3H2Ocm3soil(_HORIZN_Ԁ= I1 1,2) 2 0.23cm3H2Ocm3soil(_HORIZN_Ԁ=3) E\\Q0!m3"\\ E H\Q9!q3 \\Q IHWiltingPoint(_THEWP_) ;\\,!4\Q ;0.1cm3H2Ocm3soil(_HORIZN_Ԁ=1,2) 5 0.095cm3H2Ocm3soil(_HORIZN_Ԁ=3) E\\Q0!i6"\\ E K\QQ:&'w6 I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent(OC) =\\Q,!7\QQ =0.81%(_HORIZN_Ԁ=1,2) 8 0.18%(_HORIZN_Ԁ=3) E\\QQ0!e9"\\Q E6,*#s9 0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),_B.W._ԀAllen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,_J.M._Ԁ_Cheplick_, ;: _M.J._Ԁ_Fendley_,_D.R._Ԁ_Hartel_,C.A._Kittner_,_F.L._ԀMayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,and_S.E._Ԁ_Wooten_. 'w;  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.  c< (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.  O= EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. !;> EPA.1998._Carsel_,R.F.,_J.C._Ԁ_Imhoff_,P.R._Hummel_,_J.M._Ԁ_Cheplick_,andA.S._Donigian_,Jr. #@ _PRZM_Ԅ3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated $A SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof % B ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. &!C EPA.1999.Jones,_R.D._,J._Breithaupt_,J.Carleton,L._Libelo_,J.Lin,R._Matzner_,andR.Parker. _(#E GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. K)$F EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental 7*%G ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. #+s&H EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof ,K(J ExistingandNew_PRZM_ԀFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand -7)K _EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,  Washington,D.C.  EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance t forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions ` July2004. L  Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. $ t OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,  ` Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.  L  USDA.1999.NSFCenterforIntegratedPestManagement.CropProfileforAlmondsin $  California.Informationfromthewebsite:   4Q)а!O  5  http://www.ipmcenters.org/CropProfiles/docs/caalmonds.html.6I!O]{  7V   USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55. p USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. \ USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. 4 DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural  p ResearchService(ARS).  \   H  % L  CALIFORNIACITRUS(Southern) )C      p     ThefieldusedtorepresentcitrusproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinFresnoCountyin ` theCentralValley,althoughcitrusproductionareasarequiteextensive(SanJoaquin,Coastal L  IntermediateRegion,ImperialValley,CoachellaValley,andtheSouthernInteriorRegion). 8  Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiaisthemajorproducerofcitrus(lemons $ t andoranges)forthefreshmarket,andamongthehighestproducersinothercitrus(grapefruit,  ` tangerines,tangelos,andmandarins).Citrusisgenerallygrownonthefoothillstoavoidfrost  L  damage.Areasunderandbetweenrowsoftreesaregenerallynoncultivated/nonmaintained.  8  Rowspacingisapproximately22feetandbetweentreespacingisapproximately18feet.Row $  canopiestendtobe100percent,whilethecanopybetweenrowsislesstopermittheoperationof   maintenanceandharvestequipment.Irrigationismostlybylowvolumedripormicrosprinkler   systems,althoughfurrowandoverheadsprinklersarealsoused.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethe   fieldisabenchmarksoil,Exeterloam.Exeterloam,isafineloamy,mixed,superactive,thermic   TypicDurixeralfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforcitrusproductionunderirrigation.Exeterloam p isamoderatelydeep,moderatelywelldrained,veryslowtomediumrunoffsoilthatformedin \ alluviummainlyfromgranitesources.Thesoilalsoconsistsofaduripan.TheExeterloamhas H moderatelyslowpermeabilityabovetheduripanandveryslowpermeabilitywithintheduripan. 4 Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonalluvialfansandstreamterracesatelevationsofupto700feet  p abovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to9percent.ThesoilisextensiveinMLRA17.  \ ExeterloamisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. H   3XXH<( 4 <DLX<33XHX3TheBakersfield,CaliforniameteorologicalstationlocatedinsouthernSanJoaquinValleyis   selectedforthisscenario.ThescenarioisgenerallyrepresentativeofFresnoCounty.Although   BakersfieldisnotthegeographicallycloseststationtoFresnoCounty,itismostrepresentativeof  thescenariosinceitliesinthemiddleofthecitrusgrowingregions#XHXXXH#(SanJoaquin,Coastal  IntermediateRegion,ImperialValley,CoachellaValley,andtheSouthernInteriorRegion)#3XXH#XHX3XHXXXH.In  addition,BakersfieldislocatedinsouthernSanJoaquinValleywhereover50%citrusisgrown l #3XXH<#XHX3#XHXXXH[#XHXXXH(USDA2003cropprofileforCaliforniacitrus).#3XXH*#XHX3 X  #3XXH##33l#  ,,|'+ * d dd " td " td WX(#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ" {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCitrus X    \\QG/n  { QQQ q\"Parameter A\\,!j\Q AValue A\\Q,!j"\\ ASource S\QD,j" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=\Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC  @@22281 @@\\ Z#MeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA  (W23155) J\Q;#z   q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=  \Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC    :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA    (W23155) J\Q;#   q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor  & (PFAC) K\\< \Q \(\?0.73\(\?K  0.73  & &  Y\\QDB   \(\?0.73 \(\?\\ Y 'PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;# & q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor 6  (SFAC) )\\ \Q )  0cmC1 6  =(  8\\Q#!  \\ 8}(PRZMGuidance(July,2004).Snownot 6  expectedtooccuroraccumulateandpersistfor   morethanadayinFresnoorBakersfield n  Counties. 2  Ѐ4ASk!O  5  http://www.weather.gov/climate6)!O)NGTO  7AS)Ԁ(NOWData) J\Q;#F  q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof B Evaporation(ANETD) )\\V\Q )  17.5cm B &+  8\\Q#!V \\ 8^+PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#B  Z \\Q E6,*R! 0   \QQQ 6   Z" & '  *\ddSd Std  td (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCitrus ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2\" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"\ 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.28tonsEI1* 2\ 2 " 2NRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesExeter -#! 2 "\ -USLELSFactor  N  (USLELS) @6   Q?1.07Q?@1.07 S\>3 N" Q?1.07 Q? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS  N =((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slope   length,x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m   (defaultvalue)andm=0.5(EPA2004). -#!J "\ -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  ?1.0??1.0 R\=2 " ?1.0 ? RNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesExeter -#! "\ -FieldArea   (AFIELD)    172ha 2\ " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! "\ -NRCSHyetograph * (IREG) =3   ?1?=1 P\;0*"  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!*"\ -Slope(SLP)  F  5% 2\F!" 2MarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtensionAgent. -#!F""\ -HydraulicLength(HL)  N# 600m 2\N$" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!N%"\ -IrrigationFlag & (IRFLAG)  j' 2(cropping ( periodonly) 2\j)" 2MarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtensionAgent. -#!*"\ -IrrigationType + (IRTYP)  , 4(Drip - Irrigation) 2\." 2MarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtensionAgent. / Irrigationismostlybylowvolumedripormicrosprinkler 0 systems,althoughfurrowandoverheadsprinklersarealsoused. J1 IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; ^2 (June15,2005). -#!"3"\ -LeachingFactor *z4 (FLEACH) 2( >5 # 20 E\0%*z6" #  EIrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; *z7 (June15,2005).Defaultvaluefordripormicroirrigation >8 methods. -#! 9"\ -FractionofWater  "Z: Capacitywhen "; IrrigationisApplied #< (PCDEPL) @6 V$= ?0.55?@0.55 S\>3 "Z>" ?0.55 ? S    MarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtensionAgent.  "Z? MostfarmadvisorsinCAsaidwaterisalwaysappliedtocrops "@ before50%depletion. -#!#A"\ -:=MaximumRateat % B whichIrrigationis r&!C Applied(RATEAP)  6'"D 0.056cmhr1 2\% E" 2IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table1; % F (June15,2005).ForCN=79andf=0 r&!G       1'!6'"H\ 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr(#I       F*%J   'p,& Z)  *\dddd dd dd \(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCitrus ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P\;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"\ -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     @3@=3 P\;0 2 "  @3 @ PMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension  2  Agent. -#!  "\ -NumberofDifferentCrops  N (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P\;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N"\ -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q\<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield, j  CA(W23155) -#!. "\ -Maximumrainfall J  interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) @6   ?0.25?@0.25 S\>3J " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvaluefororchards(EPA, J  2001) -#! "\ -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   60cm 2\* " 2MarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension *! Agent.Parametervaluemaybedifferentthanother " citrusscenarioduetolocalexpertknowledge. -#!b#"\ -MaximumCanopy  $ Coverage(COVMAX) >4 ~%  T@80T@>80 Q\<1 &"  T@80 T@ QMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension  ' Agent. -#!~("\ -SoilSurfaceCondition &) AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 *  @3@=3 P\;0&+"  @3 @ PMarkFreeman,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension &, Agent. -#!-"\ -DateofCropEmergence B. (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 / @38717@A01/01 T\?4B0" @38717 @ TValuesettoadefaultevergreencyclewithnospecific B1 cropgrowthmilestonesuchasfloweringoffruitset. -#!2"\ -DateofCropMaturity ^3 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 "4 @38748@A02/01 T\?4^5" @38748 @ TValuesettoadefaultevergreencyclewithnospecific ^6 cropgrowthmilestonesuchasfloweringoffruitset. -#!"7"\ -DateofCropHarvest *z8 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  >9 31/12 2\*z:" 2Valuesettoadefaultevergreencyclewithnospecific *z; cropgrowthmilestonesuchasfloweringoffruitset. -#!><"\ -MaximumDryWeight F!= (WFMAX) 2(  "Z> # 20.0 E\0%F!?" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!F!@"\ -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  b#A 84,79,82 2\b#B" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Meadows,nofallow b#C conditions(USDA,1990) -#!&$vD"\ -ManningsNValue ~% E (MNGN) A7 B&!F Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T\?4~% G" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? TRUSLEProject;D26CCCCMforcoveralleycitrus ~% H (USDA,2000) -#!B&!I"\ -USLECFactor(USLEC)  '"J 0.0960.150 2\'"K" 2RUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,D26CCCCMfor '"L coveralleycitrus(USDA,2000) 1'!^(#M"\ 1)%N   XHX3  'Z)`@ -n(Q * dd4dd 4edd e<dd <\(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12ExeterSoilParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCitrus \\QG/X j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!"\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD," I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!0\Q ;183cm E\\QQ0!0"\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 0 Database(NRCS,2001)   b\QQQ=T  "\[[Z I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons ;   (NHORIZ) =\\Q,! E \QQ =2(Basehorizons) E\\QQ0!;  "\\Q E U\QQB&  0 y \\QQ IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y\QJ/g  " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >\\/!c \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1)   173cm(HORIZN=2) E\\QQ0!c "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001) c  4#!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6]!O']  7#"U] m   d\QU=' "\~~t I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,! \Q ;1.59gcm3(HORIZN=1)   1.76gcm3(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!_ "\\ E H\Q9&m  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent   (THETO) ;\\,![ \Q ;0.16cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1)   0.2cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0![ "\\ E H\Q9!i  \\Q IHCompartmentThickness   (DPN) ;\\,!W\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1)   1cm(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!W "\\ E H\Q9&e  I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!!\Q ;0.16cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) " 0.2cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!S#"\\ E H\Q9!a# \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!$\Q ;0.06cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) % 0.11cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!O&"\\ E K\QQ:& ]& I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent ' (OC) =\\Q,!K(\QQ =0.46%(HORIZN=1) ) 0.19%(HORIZN=2) E\\QQ0!K*"\\Q E6,* Y* 0 y \\QQ 6EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. !q+ PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated  ], SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof I- ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. 5. EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.  0 GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.  1 EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental !2 ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. "3 EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof Y$5 ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand E% 6 EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency, 1&!7 Washington,D.C. 'm"8 EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance (E$: forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions )1%; July2004. *&< Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. ,'> OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky, -(? Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.  USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. t USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. L  DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural 8  ResearchService(ARS).  $ t   4  % M  CALIFORNIACOTTON(Southern) n    ThefieldusedtorepresentcottonproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinFresnoCountyin ` theCentralValley,althoughcottonproductionoccursthroughouttheCentralValley.According L  tothe1997CensusofAgriculture,CaliforniaisthemajorproducerofcottonintheU.S.Cotton 8  isgenerallygrownonthealluvialfansandbasinrimsbybothdryandwetseededmethods.Row $ t spacingandplantingdepthsareconsistentwithothercottongrowingregionsoftheU.S.Both  ` standard(30inch)andultranarrow(20inch)rowspacingareused.Irrigationismostlyby  L  flooding.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaTwisselmanclay.Twisselmanclayisafine,  8  mixed,calcareous,thermicTypicTorriorthents.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforcottonproduction $  underirrigation.Twisselmanclayisadeep,welldrained,slowtomediumrunoff,slowly   permeable(veryslowinsalinealkaliphases)soilthatformedinalluviummainlyfrom   sedimentaryrocksources.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonalluvialfansandbasinrimsat   elevationsof200to1,000feetabovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to5percent.Thesoil   isofmoderateextent.TwisselmanclayisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. p 3XXH*  d dd  td td (#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ"HH {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCotton    \\QG/f  { QQQ q\vParameter A\\,!\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ ASource S\QD," q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=N\Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QECN  @@22281 @@\\ ZpxMeteorologicalFileFresno,CA(W93193) J\Q;#N q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=J\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QECJ  :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileFresno,CA(W93193) J\Q;#J q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor   (PFAC) K\\<Z!\Q \(\?0.73\(\?K  0.73 " ,{  Y\\QDBZ#  \(\?0.73 \(\?\\ Ya{PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#$ q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor % (SFAC) )\\j &\Q )  0cmC1 ' |  8\\Q#!j ( \\ 8|PRZMGuidance(July,2004).Snownot ) expectedtooccuroraccumulateandpersistfor j * morethanadayinFresnoCounty. .!~+ Ѐ4ASk!O  5  http://www.weather.gov/climate6}!O}NGTO  7AS ~Ԁ(NOWData) J\Q;#!B, q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof >#- Evaporation(ANETD) )\\$R.\Q )  17.5cm >#/ Y  8\\Q#!$R0 \\ 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#>#1 Z \\Q E6,*N% 2 0   \QQQ 6  'V"3 & %  *\ddSd Std  td (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCotton ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!" 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.21tonsEI1* 2 2 " 2PRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)andFARMManual(EPA,  2  1985) -#!  " -USLELSFactor  N (USLELS) @6   Gz?0.37Gz?@0.37 S>3 N" Gz?0.37 Gz? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS  N =((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slope   length,x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m   (defaultvalue)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!J " -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  ?1.0??1.0 R=2 " ?1.0 ? R  KerryArroues,USDA-NRCS,indicatescontourplowingnot   common.InaccordancewithPRZMManual(EPA,1998),setto f  1. -#!*z  -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  F 172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! " -NRCSHyetograph  (IREG) =3 b   ?1?=1 P;0!"  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!"" -Slope(SLP)   # 2.5% 2 $" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#! %" -HydraulicLength(HL)  b& 600m 2b'" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!b(" -IrrigationFlag j) (IRFLAG)  .~* 2(cropping j+ periodonly) 2.~," 2Basedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral j- floodingforcropirrigation -#!.~." -IrrigationType / (IRTYP)  J0 4(Flood) 21" 2ЀIrrigationismostlybyflooding. 2 IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; J3 (June15,2005). -#!^4" -LeachingFactor f5 (FLEACH) ?5 *z6 ?0.1??0.1 R=2f7" ?0.1 ? RIrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; f8 (June15,2005). -#!*z9" -FractionofWater  : Capacitywhen F!; IrrigationisApplied  "Z< (PCDEPL) @6 "= ?0.55?@0.55 S>3 >" ?0.55 ? SBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral  ? floodingforcropirrigation.MostfarmadvisorsinCAsaid F!@ waterisalwaysappliedtocropsbefore50%depletion -#! "ZA" -MaximumRateat &$vB whichIrrigationis $: C Applied(RATEAP)  % D 0.074cmhr1 2&$vE" 2IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table1; &$vF (June15,2005).ForCN=86andf=0.1 1'!$: G" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr'V"H       ($I   '&  )  *\dddd dd dd \(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCotton ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P\;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"\ -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P\;0 2 "  ?1 ? PKerryArrouesUSDA-NRCS -#! 2 "\ -NumberofDifferentCrops  N  (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P\;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N"\ -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q\<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileFresno,CA j  (W93193) -#!. "\ -Maximumrainfall J  interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) ?5   ?0.2??0.2 R\=2J " ?0.2 ? RPRZMManual,Table5.4(EPA,1998) -#!J "\ -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   65cm 2\*" 2KerryArrouesUSDA-NRCS.ConsistentwithPRZM * manual,table59(EPA1998)whichcitesrangeof30   90cm. -#!b!"\ -MaximumCanopy  " Coverage(COVMAX) ?5 ~# Y@100Y@?100 R\=2 $" Y@100 Y@ RKerryArrouesUSDA-NRCS -#! %"\ -SoilSurfaceCondition && AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 '  @3@=3 P\;0&("  @3 @ PKerryArrouesUSDA-NRCS -#!&)"\ -DateofCropEmergence B* (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 + @38356@A01/05 T\?4B," @38356 @ TUsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.Field B- Crops(USDA,1984) -#!."\ -DateofCropMaturity ^/ (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  "0 20/09 2\^1" 2UsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.Field ^2 Crops(USDA,1984) -#!"3"\ -DateofCropHarvest *z4 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 >5 *@37205*@A11/11 T\?4*z6" *@37205 *@ TUsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.Field *z7 Crops(USDA,1984) -#!>8"\ -MaximumDryWeight F!9 (WFMAX) 2(  "Z: # 20.0 E\0%F!;" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!F!<"\ -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  b#= 89,86,87 2\b#>" 2SettoMSCottonvalues.Fieldvalidatedcurve b#? numbers. -#!&$v@"\ -ManningsNValue ~% A (MNGN) A7 B&!B Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T\?4~% C" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? TRUSLEProject;C23CTCTC;Cotton,conventional ~% D tillage,Fresno(USDA,2000) -#!B&!E"\ -USLECFactor(USLEC)  '"F 0.0540.412 2\'"G" 2RUSLEProject;C23CTCTC;Cotton,conventional '"H tillage,Fresno,Variablewithdate(USDA,2000) 1'!^(#I"\ 1)%J     ' )XHX3  ,F(M * dd4dd 4edd e<dd <\(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12TwisselmanSoilParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaCotton \\QG/X j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!"\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD," I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!0\Q ;100cm E\\QQ0!0"\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 0 Database(NRCS,2001)   b\QQQ=T  "\[[{ I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons ;   (NHORIZ) =\\Q,! E \QQ =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0!;  "\\Q E U\QQB&  0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/g  " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >\\/!c \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1)   26cm(HORIZN=2) c  64cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!m "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001) c  4A!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6!OX  7" m  EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d\QU= "\ I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!_ \Q ;1.45gcm3(HORIZN=1) _  1.5gcm3(HORIZN=2) i  1.6gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!# "\\ E H\Q9&'  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent e  (THETO) ;\\,!\Q ;0.36cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) e  0.317cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!"\\ E H\Q9!  \\Q IHCompartmentThickness a  (DPN) ;\\,!!\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) a" 2cm(HORIZN=2) # 4cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!$"\\ E H\Q9&$ I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!%\Q ;0.36cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) & 0.317cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!'"\\ E H\Q9!?' \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!(\Q ;0.22cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) ) 0.197cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!}*"\\ E K\QQ:&;* I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent + (OC) =\\Q,!y,\QQ =0.29%(HORIZN=1,2) - 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!y."\\Q E6,*7. 0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick, O/ M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. ;0  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0. 'w1 (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.  c2 EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992.  O3 EPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043) "'5 EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. #6 EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. % 8 PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated &!9 SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof s'": ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. _(#; EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. 7*%= GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. #+s&> EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental ,_'? ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. ,K(@  -7)A EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof  ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand  EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,  Washington,D.C. t EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance L  forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions 8  July2004. $ t Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.  L  OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,  8  Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286. $  USDA.1984.UsualPlantingandHarvestingDatesforU.S.FieldCrops,StatisticalReporting   Service,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,AgricultureHandbook#628,pp.78.   USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55. p USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. \ USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. 4 DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural  p ResearchService(ARS).  \     % N  CALIFORNIAFRUITS:NONCITRUS(NorthernandSouthern) \       ThefieldusedtorepresentnoncitrusfruitproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinFresno ` CountyintheCentralValley,althoughnoncitrusfruitproductioncoversmostofthecentral L  portionofthestate,butmainlyonEasternslopes.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture, 8  Californiaisthemajorproducerofpeaches,plums/prunes,andkiwiforthefreshmarket,and $ t amongthehighestproducersinothernoncitrusfruitsuchaspearsandapples.Areasunderand  ` betweenrowsoftreesmayormaynotbemaintaineddependingonthelocation.Rowspacing  L  variesdependingonthefruittree(fromapproximately15to25feet)asdoesthetreespacing  8  (approximately12to20ormorefeet).Rowcanopiestendtobeverycloseto100percent,while $  thecanopybetweenrowsismuchlesstopermittheoperationofmaintenanceandharvest   equipment.Irrigationisbyfurrowandfloodformostcrops,butlowvolumedripormicro   sprinklersystemsaregrowinginpopularity.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisa   benchmarksoil,Exeterloam.Exeterloam,isafineloamy,mixed,superactive,thermicTypic   Durixeralfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforcitrusproductionunderirrigation.Exeterloamisa p moderatelydeep,moderatelywelldrained,veryslowtomediumrunoffsoilthatformedin \ alluviummainlyfromgranitesources.Thesoilalsoconsistsofaduripan.TheExeterloamhas H moderatelyslowpermeabilityabovetheduripanandveryslowpermeabilitywithintheduripan. 4 Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonalluvialfansandstreamterracesatelevationsofupto700feet  p abovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to9percent.ThesoilisextensiveinMLRA17.  \ ExeterloamisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. H 3XXH* d dd  td td (#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ" {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaFruit(nonCitrus) (x   \\QG/>  { QQQ q\[Parameter A\\,!:\Q AValue A\\Q,!:"\\ ASource S\QD,:" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=  \Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 ^\\QIC !  @@22281 @@\\ ^MeteorologicalFileDefaultisFresno,CA  " (W93193).AlternativeCentralValleystations J!# areSouthern:Bakersfield,CA(W23155)and "^$ Northern:Sacramento,CA(W23232) [\QL4""%   q \\Q q[EndingDate L\\=R"&\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 ^\\QICR"'  :@33237 :@\\ ^ M\Q>&!' q \\Q qMPanEvaporationFactor $n( (PFAC) K\\<$2 )\Q \(\?0.73\(\?K  0.73 $n*   Y\\QDB$2 +  \(\?0.73 \(\?\\ YKurtHembree(559.456.7556),UCCooperative $n, ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty,indicatedthat $2 - fruitcropsaregrownoneastsideofCentral % . Valley.  (8/8/2001) J\Q;#j&!/ q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor '#0 (SFAC) )\\z(#1\Q )  0cmC1 '#2   8\\Q#!z(#3 \\ 8KurtHembree(559.456.7556),UCCooperative '#4 ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty,indicatedthat z(#5 lastsnowfallwasin1970. J\Q;#>)$6 q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof *%7 Evaporation(ANETD) )\\N+&8\Q )  17.5cm *%9   8\\Q#!N+&: \\ 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#*%; Z \\Q E6,*,'< 0   \QQQ 6 -(< Ї& .* *\ddSd Std  td (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaFruit(nonCitrus) ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2\" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"\ 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.34tonsEI1* 2\ 2 " 2FARMManualTable3.1(EPA,1985);OSDtexturerangefor  2  Exeterseries.Texturesrangefromsandyloamtoloam;%OCin    surfaceis0.58;tookloamvaluetosplitthedifference. -#!j "\ -USLELSFactor   (USLELS) @6   333333?0.30333333?@0.30 S\>3 " 333333?0.30 333333? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS   =((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slope   length,x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m J  (defaultvalue)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!^ "\ -USLEPFactor f  (USLEP) ?5 *z  ?1.0??1.0 R\=2f " ?1.0 ? RPRZMScenarioGuidance(Rev.,July2004),defaultfor f  orchards -#!*z "\ -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  F 172ha 2\ " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004).          j -#!F\ -NRCSHyetograph   (IREG) =3 b!  ?1?=1 P\;0""  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998)@..Consultation # (08/08/2001)withKurtHembree(559.456.7556),UC b$ CooperativeExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty,indicatedthat &v% fruittreesaregrownontheeasternsideoftheCentralValley. -#!:&"\ -Slope(SLP)  B' 2% 2\B(" 2HarryAndris,FresnoCountyExtension B) Phone5594567557,Date:22406 V* Plums,peachesandkiwiaregrownonlevelareas.Fieldsare + laserleveled. -#!,"\ -HydraulicLength(HL)  6- 600m 2\6." 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!6/"\ -IrrigationFlag >0 (IRFLAG)  R1 2(cropping >2 periodonly) 2\R3" 2Basedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral >4 floodingforcropirrigation -#!R5"\ -IrrigationType Z6 (IRTYP)   n7 4(Furrow) 2\Z8" 2Majorityofpeaches,plumsandkiwiarefurrowirrigated Z9 accordingtoextensionagent,HarryAndris,FresnoCounty  n: Extension,(559-456-7557),Feb24,2006.  2; IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; !< (June15,2005). -#!j"="\ -LeachingFactor #> (FLEACH) ?5 $? ?0.1??0.1 R\=2#@" ?0.1 ? RIrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; #A (June15,2005). -#!$B"\ -FractionofWater %.!C Capacitywhen &!D IrrigationisApplied f'"E (PCDEPL) @6 *(z#F ?0.55?@0.55 S\>3%.!G" ?0.55 ? SBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral %.!H floodingforcropirrigation. &!I MostfarmadvisorsinCAsaidwaterisalwaysappliedtocrops f'"J before50%depletion -#!*(z#K"\ -MaximumRateat )$L whichIrrigationis F*%M Applied(RATEAP)   +Z&N 0.056cmhr1 2\)$O" 2IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario(June15, )$P 2005);Table3forfurrowirrigation,andTable1forCN=79 F*%Q andf=0. 1'! +Z&R"\ 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrb,'S      .j)T   '& * Թ*\dddd dd dd \(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaFruit(nonCitrus) ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P\;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"\ -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P\;0 2 "  ?1 ? PKurtHembree,FresnoCountyCooperativeExtension  2  Agentindicatedthat25-30%oforchardsarekeptclear    ofvegetation;therestkeepvegetatedmiddles,with j  berms(wheretreesare)keptclean.(8/8/2001) -#!. ~"\ -NumberofDifferentCrops   (NDC) =3 J   ?1?=1 P\;0 "  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! "\ -NumberofCropping   Periods f  (NCPDS) >4 *z   >@30>@>30 Q\<1 "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileFresno,CA   (W93193). -#!f "\ -Maximumrainfall   interceptionstorageofcrop F (CINTCP) @6  Z ?0.25?@0.25 S\>3 " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvalueforgrass(EPA,2001) -#! "\ -MaximumActiveRoot b Depth(AMXDR)  &v  30cm 2\b!" 2KurtHembree(559.456.7556)@..Consultation b" 08/08/2001withKurtHembree,UCCooperative &v# ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty,indicatedthat :$ majorityoffruittreerootsareintop1footofsoiland % canextractmoisturethroughoutthatdepth. -#!r&"\ -MaximumCanopy ' Coverage(COVMAX) >4 (  V@90V@>90 Q\<1)"  V@90 V@ QKurtHembree(559.456.7556)@..Consultation * 08/08/2001withKurtHembree,UCCooperative + ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty,indicatedthatcanopy R, varieswithtypeoforchard:walnuts=100%;almonds f- =85%.Othersvarywithspacings;mosttreecropsin *. CentralValleyareplantedon20-22-ftspacings. -#!/"\ -SoilSurfaceCondition F0 AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3  1  @3@=3 P\;0F2"  @3 @ PKurtHembree(559.456.7556)@..Consultation F3 08/08/2001withKurtHembree,UCCooperative  4 ExtensionOffice,FresnoCounty,indicatedthat ~ 5 25-30%oforchardsarekeptclearofvegetation;the B!6 restkeepvegetatedmiddles,withberms(wheretrees "V7 are)keptclean. -#!"8"\ -DateofCropEmergence "$r9 (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  $6 : 16/01 2\"$r;" 2ValuesettoadatesforplumsbasedonHealthEffects "$r< Divisioninformation -#!$6 ="\ -DateofCropMaturity >&!> (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 'R"? @38720@A01/04 T\?4>&!@" @38720 @ THarryAndris,FresnoCountyExtension >&!A Phone5594567557,Date:22406 'R"B Dateofmaturityofleaves. -#!'#C"\ -DateofCropHarvest )n$D (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 )2%E @@36898@@A01/08 T\?4)n$F" @@36898 @@ TValuesettoadatesforplumsbasedonHealthEffects )n$G Divisioninformation -#!)2%H"\ -MaximumDryWeight :+&I (WFMAX) 2( +N'J # 20.0 E\0%:+&K" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!:+&L"\ -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  V-(M 84,79,82 2\V-(N" 2GleamsManualTableH4,usedMeadowfor  ԍOrchards,nofallowconditions(USDA,1990)  /%#V-(O"\ /ManningsNValue d (MNGN) A7 ( Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T?4d" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? TRUSLEProject;C21OCOCMfororchards,covered d alleyinSacramento(USDA,2000) -#!(" -USLECFactor(USLEC)  0 0.0340.221 20" 2RUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,C21OCOCMfor 0 orchards,coveredalleyinSacramento(USDA,2000) 1'!D " 1L     XHX3  '+* dd4dd 4edd e<dd <\(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+   j@ Table4. PRZM3.12ExeterFineSandyLoamSoilParametersforFresnoCounty,CaliforniaFruit(nonCitrus) \\QG/H  j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,! "\Q AValue A\\Q,! "\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD, " I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,! \Q ;100cm E\\QQ0! "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001)    b\QQQ=D "\[[& I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons +{  (NHORIZ) =\\Q,!5\QQ =3(Basehorizons) E\\QQ0!+{ "\\Q E U\QQB&  0 y \\QQ IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y\QJ/W" I \QQ IYHorizonThickness  (THKNS) >\\/!S\Q >10cm(HORIZN=1)  16cm(HORIZN=2) S 74cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0! ] "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization ! Database(NRCS,2001) S" 4#!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6!O  7#"  ]#  d\QU=$"\~~ I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!O%\Q ;1.7gcm3(HORIZN=1) O& 1.7gcm3(HORIZN=2)  Y' 1.8gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!("\\ E H\Q9&( I \\Q HInitialWaterContent U) (THETO) ;\\,!*\Q ;0.218cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) U+ 0.218cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) , 0.248cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!y-"\\ E H\Q9!}- \\Q IHCompartmentThickness  . (DPN) ;\\,!u/\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1)  0 4cm(HORIZN=2) u1 2cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!/2"\\ E H\Q9&32 I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!q 3\Q ;0.218cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) q 4 0.218cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) +!{5 0.248cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!!56"\\ E H\Q9!96 \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!'#w7\Q ;0.078cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) '#w8 0.078cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) #19 0.108cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!$:"\\ E K\QQ:&": I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent %-!; (OC) =\\Q,!&!<\QQ =0.58%(HORIZN=1) %-!= 0.58%(HORIZN=2) &!> 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!Q'"?"\\Q E6,*U% ? 0 y \\QQ 6EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. ')w$@ PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated *c%A SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof *O&B ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. +;'C EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. -)E GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.  EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental  ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C.  EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof ` ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand L  EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency, 8  Washington,D.C. $ t EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance  L  forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions  8  July2004. $  ЀHaan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.   OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,   Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.   USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55. \ USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. H USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.  p DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural  \ ResearchService(ARS). H   4  % O  CALIFORNIAGRAPES(NorthernandSouthern) :%     ThefieldusedtorepresentgrapeproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinSouthernSan ` JoaquinValley.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiaisthemajorproducer L  oftable,wine,andraisingrapeswith85percentofCaliforniasproductionintheSanJoaquin 8  ValleyandthebulkoftheremainderintheCoachellaValley.Grapesneedatleast3ftofwell $ t drainedsoil,andaretypicallygrownonsandyorsandyloamsoils.Vinerowsareusuallykept  ` weedfree,butthereissomegrowthinthewinter.Surfacesoilaroundthevinerowisusually  L  sealed,butsomeplantscangrowbetweenvinerows.Thesoilbetweenrowsisusuallydisked.  8  Rowspacingvariesdependingontheterrain.Canopiesbetweenrowstendtobemuchlessthan $  100percent,whilethecanopyalongtherowsis100percent.Irrigationismainlybydrip   irrigation,butsomevineyardscontinuetousesprinklersystems.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethe   fieldisabenchmarksoil,SanJoaquinloam.SanJoaquinloam,isafine,mixed,active,thermic   AbrupticDurixeralfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforvineyards,fruitandnutproductionunder   irrigation.SanJoaquinloamisamoderatelydeep,wellandmoderatelywelldrained,mediumto p veryhighrunoffsoilthatformedinalluviummainlyfromgranitesources.Thesoilalsoconsists \ ofaduripan.TheSanJoaquinloamhasveryslowpermeabilityabovetheduripanandveryslow H permeabilitywithintheduripan.Someareasaresubjecttoflooding.Thesesoilaregenerally 4 foundonundulatingterracesatelevationsfrom50to500feetabovemeansealevelandhave  p slopesof0to9percent.ThesoilisextensiveinMLRA17alongtheEasternslopesofthe  \ SacramentoandSanJoaquinValleys.SanJoaquinloamisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. H 3XXH*  d dd  td td (#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ" {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforSanJoaquinValley,CaliforniaGrapes (x   \\QG/>  { QQQ q\/Parameter A\\,!:\Q AValue A\\Q,!:"\\ ASource S\QD,:" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=  \Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC !  @@22281 @@\\ Z^1MeteorologicalFileFresno,CA(W93193) J\Q;# " q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=!"#\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC!"$  :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileFresno,CA(W93193) J\Q;#!"% q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor #n& (PFAC) K\\<#2'\Q \(\?0.73\(\?K  0.73 #n( 4 P\\Q;9#2) \(\?0.73 \(\?\\ PPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;##n* q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor .%~ + (SFAC) )\\%B!,\Q )  0cmC1 .%~ - ]5 /\\Q%B!.\\ /PRZMGuidance(July,2004).Snownot .%~ / expectedtooccuroraccumulateandpersistfor %B!0 morethanadayinFresnoCounty. &"1 Ѐ4ASk!O  5  http://www.weather.gov/climate66!O6NGTO  7AS6Ԁ(NOWData) J\Q;#z'"2 q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof ($3 Evaporation(ANETD) )\\)$4\Q )  17.5cm ($5 7  8\\Q#!)$6 \\ 858PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#($7 Z \\Q E6,**&&8 0   \QQQ 6  ,'9 & %  *!\"ddSd Std  td  (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforSanJoaquinValley,CaliforniaGrapes ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2\" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!"\ 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.28tonsEI1* 2\ 2 " 2NRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesSanJoaquin -#! 2 "\ -USLELSFactor  N  (USLELS) @6   333333?0.30333333?@0.30 S\>3 N" 333333?0.30 333333? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS  N =((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slope   length,x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m   (defaultvalue)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!J "\ -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  ?1.0??1.0 R\=2 " ?1.0 ? RNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesSanJoaquin -#! "\ -FieldArea   (AFIELD)    172ha 2\ " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! "\ -NRCSHyetograph * (IREG) =3   ?1?=1 P\;0*"  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998);basedoncropsgrown * onEasternsideofslopes. -#! "\ -Slope(SLP)  F! 2% 2\F"" 2PaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperativeExtension F# 209-468-9494 -#! $"\ -HydraulicLength(HL)  b% 600m 2\b&" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!b'"\ -IrrigationFlag j( (IRFLAG)  .~) 2(cropping j* periodonly) 2\.~+" 2Basedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsforgeneral j, floodingforcropirrigation -#!.~-"\ -IrrigationType . (IRTYP)  J/ 4(Drip 0 Irrigation) 2\J1" 2Irrigationismainlybydripirrigation. 2 IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; J3 (June15,2005). -#!^4"\ -LeachingFactor f5 (FLEACH) 2( *z6 # 20 E\0%f7" #  EIrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3; f8 (June15,2005).Defaultvaluefordripirrigation. -#!*z9"\ -FractionofWater  : Capacitywhen F!; IrrigationisApplied  "Z< (PCDEPL) @6 "= ?0.55?@0.55 S\>3 >" ?0.55 ? SAlmostallvineyardsusedripirrigation,andirrigatewhenthe  ? soilreaches35-50%depletion. -#!F!@"\ -MaximumRateat &$vA whichIrrigationis $: B Applied(RATEAP)  % C 0.056cmhr1 2\&$vD" 2IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table1; &$vE (June15,2005).ForCN=79andf=0 1'!$: F"\ 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr'V"G       ($H   'F9& )  *#\$dddd dd dd !\"(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforSanJoaquinValley,CaliforniaGrapes ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P\;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"\ -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     @3@=3 P\;0 2 "  @3 @ PPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative  2  Extension209-468-9494 -#!  "\ -NumberofDifferentCrops  N (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P\;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N"\ -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q\<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileFresno,CA j  (W93193) -#!. "\ -Maximumrainfall J  interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) @6   ?0.25?@0.25 S\>3J " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvalueforgrass(EPA,2001) -#!J "\ -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   100cm 2\*" 2PaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative *  Extension209-468-9494 -#!!"\ -MaximumCanopy F" Coverage(COVMAX) >4  #  Q@70Q@>70 Q\<1F$"  Q@70 Q@ QPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative F% Extension209-468-9494  & Parametervaluemaybedifferentthanothergrape ~' scenarioduetodifferentsource. -#!B("\ -SoilSurfaceCondition ) AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 ^*  @3@=3 P\;0+"  @3 @ PPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative , Extension209-468-9494 -#!^-"\ -DateofCropEmergence . (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 z/ @36892@A01/02 T\?40" @36892 @ TPaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative 1 Extension209-468-9494 -#!z2"\ -DateofCropMaturity "3 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 4 @38719@A01/03 T\?4"5" @38719 @ TSetto1monthafterleafemergencetomodelmature "6 planttranspiration. -#!7"\ -DateofCropHarvest >8 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)   9 31/08 2\>:" 2PaulVerdegaal,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative >; Extension209-468-9494 -#! <"\ -MaximumDryWeight  "Z= (WFMAX) 2( "> # 20.0 E\0% "Z?" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! "Z@"\ -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  &$vA 84,79,82 2\&$vB" 2GleamsManualTableH4,forMeadows,nofallow &$vC conditions,HydrologicGroupC(USDA,1990) -#!$: D"\ -ManningsNValue B&!E (MNGN) A7 'V"F Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T\?4B&!G" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? TRUSLEProject;C21GBGBCforgrapes,Sacramento, B&!H bareground(USDA,2000) -#!'V"I"\ -USLECFactor(USLEC)  ^(#J 0.2740.517 2\^(#K" 2RUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,C21GBGBCfor ^(#L grapes,Sacramento,bareground(USDA,2000) 1'!")r$M"\ 1z*%N     ')[LXHX3 - )Q *%& dd4dd 4edd e<dd <#\$(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12SanJoaquinSoilParametersforSanJoaquinValley,CaliforniaGrapes \\QG/X j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!"\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD," I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!0\Q ;340cm E\\QQ0!0"\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 0 Database(NRCS,2001)   b\QQQ=T  "\[[ I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons ;   (NHORIZ) =\\Q,! E \QQ =2(Basehorizons) E\\QQ0!;  "\\Q E U\QQB&  0 y \\QQ IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y\QJ/g  " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >\\/!c \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1)   330cm(HORIZN=2) E\\QQ0!c "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001) c  4'#!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6h!Oi  7#"=i m   d\QU=' "\~~** I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,! \Q ;1.84gcm3(HORIZN=1)   1.6gcm3(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!_ "\\ E H\Q9&m  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent   (THETO) ;\\,![ \Q ;0.21cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1)   0.28cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0![ "\\ E H\Q9!i  \\Q IHCompartmentThickness   (DPN) ;\\,!W\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1)   5cm(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!W "\\ E H\Q9&e  I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!!\Q ;0.21cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) " 0.28cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!S#"\\ E H\Q9!a# \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!$\Q ;0.1cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) % 0.15cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!O&"\\ E K\QQ:& ]& I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent ' (OC) =\\Q,!K(\QQ =0.72%(HORIZN=1) ) 0.16%(HORIZN=2) E\\QQ0!K*"\\Q E6,* Y* 0 y \\QQ 6EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. !q+ PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated  ], SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof I- ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. 5. EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.  0 GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.  1 EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental !2 ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. "3 EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof Y$5 ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand E% 6 EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency, 1&!7 Washington,D.C. 'm"8   EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance (E$: forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions )1%; July2004. *&< Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. ,'> OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky, -(? Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.  USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. t USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. L  DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural 8  ResearchService(ARS).  $ t  % P  CALIFORNIALETTUCE(CoastalZone)  z   y6A1-l|6^ `E^^^y  ThefieldusedtorepresentlettuceproductioninCaliforniaisnearSalinasinMonterey ` County.Of306,849acresoflettuce(includingromaine)grownintheUnitedStatesin2002 L  (USDA,2004),291,723,or95%,weregrowninCaliforniaandArizona.Hence,asitelocatedin 8  oneofthesetwostatesisappropriateeventhoughlimitedrainfallinthisareawouldmakesitein $ t theseregionslessvulnerablethanthoseonthecentraloreasternUnitedStates.Asageneralrule  ` iflessthan10%ofacropisgrowninmorevulnerablestatesthanusingawestcoaststateis  L  appropriate.CoastalCaliforniarepresentsagoodscenario,asthecoastalcountiesofMonterey,  8  SanLuisObispoandSantaBarbarareceivemorerainfallthanthelettuceproductionareasinthe $   (#(#CentralValleyandArizona,andthesearethe   topcountiesintermsoflettuceproductionas   well.     Californiaitselfisthetopstatefor p lettuceforlettuceproductionwith219701acres \ (USDANASS,2004).Ofthat,over57%is H growninMontereyCounty.Iceberglettuceis 4 consideredacool-seasoncropandisgrownona  p numberofsoiltypes.AccordingtheUSDAcrop  \ foriceberglettuceinCalifornia(Kurtz,2001), H plantingandharvestingschedulesare 4 determinedwellinadvanceofplantingtoensure   aconstantsupplyoflettucethroughouttheyear.   Iceberglettuceseedisplantedbythegrowerat  depthsofapproximately1/8to1/4inches  primarilyon40-inchraisedbedswith2  seedlinesperbed.Asmallpercentageoficeberg l lettuceisproducedon80inchbedswith5 X  seedlinesperbed.Mostlettuceseediscoated D! (i.e.,pelletized)withaclaytypemixtureto 0"  provideasmallpelletofuniformsizeandshape #l! tofacilitateprecisionplanteruse.Seed $X" treatments(e.g.,priming)areincludedwith $D #  (#(#somecoatingstoassistingermination,especiallyduringhotweatherconditions.Mostcoated %0!$ lettuceseedisplantedintherangeof6to10poundsperacre.Becauseanexcessofseedis &"% planted,thinningisrequiredtoestablishthefinalstandwhichusuallyrangesbetween31(10inch '#& spacingbetweenplants)to26(12inchspacingbetweenplants)thousandplantsperacre.Under (#' normalconditions,approximately1to3%oftheannualiceberglettuceacreageinCaliforniais )$( transplantedprimarilyusingplantsproducedundergreenhouseconditions.Thepercentageof |*%) transplantedacresisusuallyhigherinwetyears(e.g.,1995and1998).Practicesusedforleaf h+&* lettuce(romaine,redleaf,greenleaf,andbutterhead)aresimilar(Kurtz,2001a). T,'+  @-(, Ourcurrentguidanceforsoilselectionindicatesthatasoilshouldbeabenchmarksoilusedto  growthecropinhydrologicgroupCorD.Thereare78benchmarksoilsinCalifornia.Ofthese,  fifteencanusedtogrowlettuceinMLRAs14or15(USDA,1994).Thesefifteensoilsarelisted  inTable1.Ofthese,8areinHydrologicGroupCorD.(Infact,allareHydrologicGroupD.)Of t theseeight,twosoils,theGaviotaandLodoseries,whilecapableofgrowinglettuce,are ` dominantlyusedforgrazingandrange(USDASoilSurveyDivision,2001).Fourothers,the L  Antioch,ClearLake,SantaYnez,andWatsonville,areofonlymoderateorlimitedextent.The 8  remainingtwosoilsarethePlacentiaandtheSalinassoils.ThePlacentiawaschosenfromthese $ t twosoilsasthesoilusedforthelettucescenario.  `   Thesoilselectedhasasandyloamsurfacetexture.ThePlacentiasandyloamisafine,  8  smectitic,thermicTypicNatrixeralf(SoilSurveyDivision,2001).Thesesoilsareusedfor $  citrus,truckcrops,smallgrain,hay,andforage.TheyarefoundintheSalinasValleyandthe   coastalpartsofSouthernCaliforniainMLRA14andtheyareextensive.Placentiasoilsare   nearlyleveltomoderatelyslopingandareonalluvialfansandterracesatelevationsof50to   2,500feet.     <( 4 <DLX<XHXXXHTheSantaMaria,Californiameteorologicalstationisselectedforthisscenario.Thescenariois \ locatedinthecoastalcountyofMonterey.AlthoughtherearecloserstationstoMonterey H County,theSantaMariastationistheclosestcoastalstationandisthereforemorerelevant 4 climatologicallyforthiscoastalscenario.Inaddition,the2001USDAcropprofileforCAlettuce  p indicatesthatlettuceisplantedinthreeprimaryproductionareasinCalifornia,withtheprincipal  \ productioninthecoastalareasofSalinas,Watsonville,andSantaMaria.#XHXXXHs# H 3XXH*+, d dd  td td %&(#(#,Sd ,td ,td +  7QQQ" {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforlettucegrowninMontereyCounty,California (x   \\QG/>  { QQQ q\Parameter A\\,!:\Q AValue A\\Q,!:"\\ ASource S\QD,:" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=  \Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC !  @@22281 @@\\ ZЕMeteorologicalFileSantaMaria,CA(W23273) J\Q;# " q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=!"#\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC!"$  :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileSantaMaria,CA(W23273) J\Q;#!"% q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor #n& (PFAC) K\\<#2'\Q HzG?0.79HzG?K  0.79 #n(   Y\\QDB#2)  HzG?0.79 HzG?\\ YʘPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;##n* q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor .%~ + (SFAC) )\\%B!,\Q )  0cmC1 .%~ -   8\\Q#!%B!. \\ 8?PRZMGuidance(July,2004).Snownotexpectedto .%~ / occuroraccumulateandpersistformorethanaday %B!0 inMontereyCountyorSantaMaria. &"1 Ѐ4fAS?!O  5  http://www.weather.gov/climate6Y!OmNGTO  7ASԀ(NOWData) J\Q;#z'"2 q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof ($3 Evaporation(ANETD) )\\)$4\Q )  17.5cm ($5 Ԝ  8\\Q#!)$6 \\ 8 PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#($7 Z \\Q E6,**&&8 0   \QQQ 6 XHX3   ,'9   MultiCropping.MultiplecropsaregrowneachyearonsinglefieldincoastalCalifornia.   Itwasnotclearhowoftenlettucewouldbedoublecroppedorwhetherlettucewouldmoreoften  rotatedwithothercrops.JimManacero: "%  1      ,amajorgroweroflettuceintheSalinasValley  indicatesthatlettuceisusuallygrowninrotationwithothercrops,particularlycolecropswith t slightlyovertwocropsperfieldperseasononaverage.Colecropsarefavoredforrotation ` becausetheyhelpsuppressSclerotinia.Othercropsthatarerotatedwithlettucearethealliums L  (e.g.onion,garlic,leeks),spinach,celery,andchiliorbellpeppers.Theselasttwoare 8  predominantlygrowntowardthesouthernpartoftheSalinasValley.Thereisatleastsome $ t doublecroppingwithlettuce,althoughdiseaseconcernskeepthislowerthanrotationtoother  ` crops.Mr.Manacerodidnothaveanestimateontheamountofdoublecropping.Onthisbasis  L  wehavechosentosimulateonecropoflettuceayear,asthiswillbethedominantpractice,  8  recognizingthattherewillbeothercropsgrownonthefield,andthattherewillbeatleastsome $  doublecropping.    3XXH   & %  *.\/ddSd Std td +,(#(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandlandscapeparametersforlettucegrowninMontereyCounty,California. ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2" 2Standard 6,!" 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.37tonsEI1* 2 2 " 2STATSGO -#! 2 " -USLELSFactor  N  (USLELS) @6   q= ףp?1.34q= ףp?@1.34 S>3 N" q= ףp?1.34 q= ףp? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS=  N ((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slopelength,   x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m(default   value)andm=0.5(EPA2004). -#!J " -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  ?0.5??0.5 R=2 " ?0.5 ? Rrepresentsrowcropwithslopebetween3and8%,asper   guidance -#!f " -FieldArea   (AFIELD)    172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! " -NRCSHyetograph * (IREG) =3   ?1?=1 P;0*"  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!* " -Slope(SLP)  F! 6% 2F"" 2Soilslopemaximum>12%(range:015%)(USDA2006).For F# rowcrops,valueshouldbe6%(EPA2004). -#! $" -HydraulicLength(HL)  b% 600m 2b&" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) 1'!b'" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrj(  XHX3  Irrigation.Mr.Manaceroalsoindicatedthatpreplantirrigation,andirrigationat J) germinationisdonewithsprinkler.Subsequentirrigationvariesfromfieldtofield,with 6* sprinklerstilldominating,butdripirrigationincreasing.Tenorfifteenpercentoffieldsuse "r+ furrowirrigation.Inmostcases,furrowisusedonflatfields,andirrigationisnotappliedto ^, runoff.MrManaceroalsoindicatedthatatleastsomefurrowirrigatedfields,thereare J- catchmentsusedtocatchandrecycleorrechargerunoffoffthefield.Mostfieldsaretiledrained, 6. withtilelinesatfivetosixfeet.Sinceirrigationispredominantlydoneusingsprinkleranddrip,  "/ whichtendnotproducerunoff,irrigationwasnotsimulatedforthisscenario. !0 Heightofthecrop.Theheightofthecropwasdevelopedfrompersonalknowledgeofthecrop #2 bythescenariodeveloper $3 LSFactor.theLSfactorwascalculatedaccordingtoguidanceusingtheequationofHaanand Z&!5 Barfield(1978)usingaslopelengthof400feet(thedefault)andaslopeof9%,whichisthe F'"6 medianslopeforaPlacentiasoilintheSOILS5database. 2(#7 Maximumarealcanopycoverageandmaximumrootingdepth.Specificinformationforlettuce  *Z%9 couldnotbeidentified.ThevaluesforcabbageintheFloridacabbagescenariowereusedas *F&: reasonablesurrogates. +2'; SoilsProperties.TheUSLEKfactor,slope,horizonboundaries,fieldcapacities,wiltingpoints, - )= bulkdensities,andorganiccarboncontentsweretakenfromtheSTATSGOdatabaseratherthan  fromPIC,asrecommendedintheguidance.PICwasdevelopedfromtheSOILS5database,  whichwasapredecessortoSTATSGO,andthusSTATSGOcontainsalargerandmorerecent   setofsoilsdatafromwhichtodevelopscenarios. t 3XXH  '& +  *0\1d dSdd Sdd dd .\/(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12cropparametersforlettucegrowninMontereyCounty,California ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P\;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!"\ -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P\;0 2 "  ?1 ? PFieldarefallowpriortoplanting -#! 2 "\ -NumberofDifferentCrops  N  (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P\;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N"\ -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q\<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileSantaMaria, j  CA(W23273) -#!. "\ -Maximumrainfall J  Interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) @6   ?0.25?@0.25 S\>3J " ?0.25 ? STable5.4fromPRZMManual(Burns,1992andEPA, J  1985) -#! "\ -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   12cm 2\*" 2usedvaluefromFLcabbagescenarioasasurrogate -#!* "\ -MaximumCanopy F! Coverage(COVMAX) >4  "  V@90V@>90 Q\<1F#"  V@90 V@ Q  usedvaluefromFloridacabbagescenarioasa F$ surrogate -#! %\ -SoilSurfaceCondition b& AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 &'  @3@=3 P\;0b("  @3 @ P  Plantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear b) whentilledfornextseriesofcrops. -#!&*\ -DateofCropEmergence .~+ (EMD,EMM)  B, 16/02 2\.~-" 2CaliforniaHeadLettuceProfile,(Kurtz,2001) -#!.~."\ -DateofCropMaturity J/ (MAD,MAM) A7 ^0 @38111@A05/05 T\?4J1" @38111 @ TCaliforniaHeadLettuceProfile,(Kurtz,2001) -#!J2"\ -DateofCropHarvest f3 (HAD,HAM) A7 *z4 @38325@A12/05 T\?4f5" @38325 @ TCaliforniaHeadLettuceProfile,(Kurtz,2001) -#!f6"\ -MaximumDryWeight  7 (WFMAX) 2( F!8 # 20.0 E\0% 9" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! :"\ -MaximumCropHeight "; (HTMAX)  b#< 30cm 2\"=" 2heightofheadlettuce -#!">"\ -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  $ ? 94,89,94 2\$ @" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Fallow=SRpoor, $ A CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor(USDA, ~% B 1990) -#!B&!C"\ -ManningsNValue '"D (MNGN) A7 ^(#E I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T\?4'"F" I +?0.011 I +? TRUSLEProject;C24LTLTC;Lettuce,conventional '"G tillage;SanFrancisco,CA,Variablewithdate(USDA, ^(#H 2000) -#!")r$I"\ -USLECFactor(USLEC)  z*%J 0.1760.803 2\\z*%K" 2RUSLEProject;C24LTLTC;Lettuce,conventional z*%L tillage;SanFrancisco,CA,Variablewithdate(USDA, >+&M 2000)1'%,R'N"  \\ 1XHX3 - )O   '*23 dd4dd 4edd e<dd <0\1(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12PlacentiasandyloamsoilparametersforlettucegrowninMontereyCounty,California \\QG/0 j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!v"\Q AValue A\\Q,!v"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD,v" I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,! \Q ;171cm E\\QQ0! "\\ ESTATSGODatabase b\QQQ=  "\12 I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons  J  (NHORIZ) =\\Q,!  \QQ =5(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0! J "\\Q E U\QQB&r   0 y \\QQ IUSoilHorizonDatas(HORIZN=1,2,3,4,5) Y\QJ/& v " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness h  (THKNS) >\\/!"r \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1) h  22cm(HORIZN=2) "r  40cm(HORIZN=3) ,  77cm(HORIZN=4)   22cm(HORIZN=5) E\\QQ0!P "\\ ESTATSGODatabase h       u   d\QU=L!/\[ I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,! 0\Q ;1.575gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)  1 1.475gcm3(HORIZN=3) L2 1.725gcm3(HORIZN=4) V3 1.750gcm3(HORIZN=5) E\\Q0!4"\\ E H\Q9& Z 4 I \\Q HInitialWaterContent R5 (THETO) ;\\,! 6\Q ;0.295cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) R7 0.347cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3)  8 0224cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) v9 0.214cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=5) E\\Q0!0:"\\ E H\Q9!z: \\Q IHCompartmentThickness r; (DPN) ;\\,!,|<\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) r= 2cm(HORIZN=2) ,|> 5cm(HORIZN=3) 6? 1cm(HORIZN=4) @ 2cm(HORIZN=5) E\\Q0!ZA"\\ E H\Q9&:A I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!B\Q ;0.295cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) C 0.347cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) VD 0224cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) `E 0.214cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=5) E\\Q0!F"\\ E H\Q9!dF \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,! !\G\Q ;0.170cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)  !\H 0.242cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) !I 0.139cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=4) "J 0.089cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=5) E\\Q0!:#K"\\ E K\QQ:& K I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent |$L (OC) =\\Q,!6% M\QQ =0.725%(HORIZN=1,2) |$N 0.058%(HORIZN=3,4,5) E\\QQ0!6% O"\\Q E6,*#DO 0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick, '#P M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. (#Q  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0. )$R (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S. *%S EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. q+&T   ],'U EPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043)   EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.  EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. t PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated ` SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof L  ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. 8  EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.  ` GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.  L  EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental  8  ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. $  EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof   ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand   EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,   Washington,D.C. p EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance H forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions 4 July2004.  p Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. H OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky, 4 Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.   Kurtz,Edward.2001.CropProfileforIcebergLettuceinCalifornia.  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/calettuceiceberg.html  Kurtz,Edward.2001a.CropProfileforLeafLettuceinCalifornia. l http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/calettuceiceberg.html X  SoilSurveyDivision,NaturalResourcesConservationService,UnitedStatesDepartmentof 0"  Agriculture.2001.OfficialSoilSeriesDescriptions[OnlineWWW].AvailableURL: #l! 4 !O  5  http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd\6:!ON )  7FAn|Ԁ[Accessed23Mar2001]. $X" USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55. %0!$ USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. &"% 0    (#(# USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. (#' DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural )$( ResearchService(ARS). |*%)   h+&* USDANationalAgriculturalStatisticsService.2004.2002CensusofAgriculture,Volume1,  GeographicAreaSeries,Part51:SummaryandStateData.UnitedStatesDepartmentof  Agriculture,WashingtonDC.   U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,NaturalResourcesConservationService,NationalSoilSurvey ` &  Center,1994.StateSoilGeographic(STATSGO)Database.MiscellaneousPublication1492. L  NationalCartographyandGISCenter,FortWorth,Texas. 8  U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,NaturalResourcesConservationService2001.NationalSoil  ` SurveyHandbook,title430VI.[Online]Available:  L  4 !O  5  http://soils.usda.gov/procedures/handbook/main.htm6h!O|n  7!  8  USDA.2006.NaturalResourcesConservationService.SoilDataMart.Informationfrom   website:http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/.   ' L   p  % R  CALIFORNIAONION lo;     ThefieldusedtorepresentonionproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinKernCountyin ` theSanJoaquinValley,althoughonionproductionareasarequiteextensive(SanJoaquin, L  CoastalIntermediateRegion,ImperialValley,southernandcentralcoastalregions,thehigh 8  desertareasofLosAngelesCountyandthenorthernmountainvalleys).Accordingtothe1997 $ t CensusofAgriculture,Californiaisthemajorproducerofonionsforthemarket.Bulbonions  ` areplantedfromSeptemberthroughMayandharvestingbeginsinAprilorMayandcompleted  L  bySeptember.Onionsarecoolsseason,biennialplantsthatarecommerciallygrownasan  8  annual.Mostonionsaredirectseeded,buttransplantsareusedinsomefallplantedfieldsforan $  earlierharvestofshortdayandintermediatedayvarietiesandtoachieveuniform,jumbosized   bulbs.Seedsareplanteduniformlyat2to3inchesbetweenplantsinarow.Onionsaremost   commonlygrowninmultiplerowsonraisedbeds40to42incheswide,butsomeproduction   areasuse36inchwidebedsorbedsof60to80inches.Distributionofrowsacrossbedsvaries   dependingonirrigationmethodandplanter.Withdripandsprinklerirrigation(mostcommon p types),rowsarespacedequidistantacrossthebedatapproximately4inchintervals.When \ furrowirrigationisused,thecenterofthebedisleftvacantforsaltaccumulationwith2or3 H rowsplantedoneitherside.Plantcanopycanapproach100percentinsomenarrowrowfields 4 grownunderdripirrigation.Irrigationisrequiredtoavoidseedorplantdryout.Generally24to  p 36inchesofirrigatedwaterperyearissufficient.Onionscangrowonawiderangeofsoils.The  \ soilselectedtorepresentthefieldisCiervoclay.Ciervoclay,isafine,semetic,thermicVertic H Haplocambids.Thesesoilsareoftenusedforonionandothertruckcropproductionunder 4 irrigation.Ciervoclayisaverydeep,moderatelywelldrained,mediumtohighrunoffsoilonfan   skirtsthatformedinalluviummainlyfromsedimentaryrocksatelevationof170to735feet   abovemeansealevel.TheCiervoclayhasveryslowpermeability.Slopesrangefrom0to2  percent.ThesoilisoflargeextentinMLRA17.CiervoclayisaHydrologicGroupDsoil.  3XXH    T,'+ *67 d dd  td td 23(#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ" {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforKernCounty,CaliforniaOnions X    \\QG/n  { QQQ q\2Parameter A\\,!j\Q AValue A\\Q,!j"\\ ASource S\QD,j" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=\Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC  @@22281 @@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA  (W23155) J\Q;#z   q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=  \Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC    :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileSouthern:Bakersfield,CA    (W23155) J\Q;#   q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor  & (PFAC) J\\; \Q ffffff?0.7ffffff?J  0.7  &   X\\QCA   ffffff?0.7 ffffff?\\ X&PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;# & q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor 6  (SFAC) )\\ \Q )  0cmC1 6  Y  8\\Q#!  \\ 8PRZMGuidance(July,2004).Snownot 6  expectedtooccuroraccumulateandpersistfor   morethanadayinBakersfieldorKernCounties. n  Ѐ4~ASk!O  5  http://www.weather.gov/climate6 !O NGTO  7AS Ԁ(NOWData) J\Q;#2  q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof ~  Evaporation(ANETD) )\\B\Q )  17.5cm ~  -   8\\Q#!B \\ 8e PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#~  Z \\Q E6,*  0   \QQQ 6    & %  *8\9ddSd Std  td 67(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforKernCounty,CaliforniaOnions ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!" 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.21tonsEI1* 2 2 " 2PRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)andFARMManual(EPA,  2  1985) -#!  " -USLELSFactor  N (USLELS) @6   ?0.20?@0.20 S>3 N" ?0.20 ? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS  N =((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slope   length,x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m   (defaultvalue)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!J " -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  333333?0.6333333??0.6 R=2 " 333333?0.6 333333? RBasedonslopeandEPAguidance(EPA2004).Onions   typicallygrowninrowsonraisedbeds.R.E.VossUC f  Publication7242 -#!*z " -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  F 172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! " -NRCSHyetograph  (IREG) =3 b   ?1?=1 P;0!"  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!"" -Slope(SLP)   # 1% 2 $" 2MidpointoftheSoilSeries,Ciervo -#! %" -HydraulicLength(HL)  b& 600m 2b'" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!b(" -IrrigationFlag j) (IRFLAG)  .~* 2(cropping j+ periodonly) 2.~," 2Voss,R.E.FreshMarketBulbOnionProductioninCalifornia. j- U.foCAPublication7242.1999. -#!.~." -IrrigationType / (IRTYP)  J0 3(Over 1 Canopy) 2J2" 2Voss,R.E.FreshMarketBulbOnionProductioninCalifornia. 3 U.foCAPublication7242.1999. -#!J4" -LeachingFactor 5 (FLEACH) ?5 f6 ?0.1??0.1 R=27" ?0.1 ? RIrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table1; 8 (June15,2005).Defaultvalueforovercanopyirrigation. -#!f9" -FractionofWater : Capacitywhen  ; IrrigationisApplied F!< (PCDEPL) @6  "Z= ?0.75?@0.75 S>3>" ?0.75 ? SVoss,R.E.FreshMarketBulbOnionProductioninCalifornia. ? U.foCAPublication7242.1999.Vossstates irrigatewhen  @ 25%ofavailablemoistureisdepleted. F!A IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table1;  "ZB (June15,2005). -#!"C" -MaximumRateat &$vD whichIrrigationis $: E Applied(RATEAP)  % F 0.08cmhr1 2&$vG" 2IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table1; &$vH (June15,2005).ForCN=85andf=0.1 1'!$: I" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr'V"J       ($K   'v & F(  *:\;dddd dd dd 8\9(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforKernCounty,CaliforniaOnions ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!" -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P;0 2 "  ?1 ? PDefault.R.E.Voss,UCPublication7242indicates  2  thatonionsrequireawellpreparedsoilsurface. -#!  " -NumberofDifferentCrops  N (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N" -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileBakersfield, j  CA(W23155) -#!. " -Maximumrainfall J  interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) @6   ?0.05?@0.05 S>3J " ?0.05 ? SPRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992) -#!J " -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   35cm 2*" 2Voss,R.E.FreshMarketBulbOnionProductionin *  California.U.foCAPublication7242.1999. -#!!" -MaximumCanopy F" Coverage(COVMAX) >4  #  T@80T@>80 Q<1F$"  T@80 T@ QEstimatedbasedonaerialphotography -#!F%" -SoilSurfaceCondition b& AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 &'  ?1?=1 P;0b("  ?1 ? PVoss,R.E.1999.FreshMarketBulbOnionProduction b) inCalifornia.U.foCAPublication7242. -#!&*" -DateofCropEmergence .~+ (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  B, 16/01 2.~-" 2PICRecommendeddatesadjustedaccordingto .~. RUSLEProjectplantingdates. -#!B/" -DateofCropMaturity J0 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 ^1 1@372611@A01/06 T?4J2" 1@37261 1@ TPICRecommendeddatesadjustedaccordingto J3 RUSLEProjectplantingdates. -#!^4" -DateofCropHarvest f5 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  *z6 15/06 2f7" 2PICRecommendeddatesadjustedaccordingto f8 RUSLEProjectplantingdates. -#!*z9" -MaximumDryWeight  : (WFMAX) 2( F!; # 20.0 E0% <" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! =" -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  "> 92,85,86 2"?" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Meadows,nofallow "@ conditions(USDA,1990) -#!b#A" -ManningsNValue $ B (MNGN) A7 ~% C I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T?4$ D" I +?0.011 I +? T    RUSLEProject;C23ONONC;Onions,FresnoCA $ E ConventionalTillage(USDA,2000) -#!~% F" -2USLECFactor(USLEC)  &&"G 0.5210.732 2&&"H" 2RUSLEProject;C23ONONC;Onions,FresnoCA &&"I ConventionalTillage(USDA,2000) 1'!'"J" 1(B$K     'F(X XHX3  2,'N *<= dd4dd 4edd e<dd <:\;(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12CiervoSoilParametersforKernCounty,CaliforniaOnions \\QG/X j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!"\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD," I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!0\Q ;150cm E\\QQ0!0"\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 0 Database(NRCS,2001)   b\QQQ=T  "\[[c I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons ;   (NHORIZ) =\\Q,! E \QQ =3(Basehorizons) E\\QQ0!;  "\\Q E U\QQB&  0 y \\QQ IUFirst,SecondandThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/g  " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >\\/!c \Q >12cm(HORIZN=1)   50cm(HORIZN=2) c  88cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!m "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001) c  4>#!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6<!O<  7#"< m    NRCSS85-019-004Pedon85P988 S$ Ѐ(0to13cm)  % NRCSS85-019-004Pedon85P988 w& Ѐ(weightedave13to63cm) 1' NRCSS85CA-019-004Pedon85P988 ;( Ѐ(weightedave.63to150cm) d\QU=)\wwA I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!_ *\Q ;1.40gcm3(HORIZN=1) _ + 1.36gcm3(HORIZN=2) i , 1.17gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!# -"\\ E H\Q9&' - I \\Q HInitialWaterContent e . (THETO) ;\\,!/\Q ;0.259cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) e 0 0.266cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) 1 0.345cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!2"\\ E H\Q9! 2 \\Q IHCompartmentThickness 3 (DPN) ;\\,!4\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) 5 5.0cm(HORIZN=2) 6 4.0cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!?7"\\ E H\Q9&C7 I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!8\Q ;0.259cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) 9 0.266cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) ;: 0.345cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!E;"\\ E H\Q9!I; \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!7<\Q ;0.15cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) 7= 0.158cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) A> 0.202cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!?"\\ E K\QQ:&? I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent =@ (OC) =\\Q,!A\QQ =0.91%(HORIZN=1) =B 0.43%(HORIZN=2) C 0.32%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!aD"\\Q E6,*eD 0 y \\QQ 6EPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043) 7 E EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. #!sF EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. "KH PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated #7I SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof $# J ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. %!K EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. '"M GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. (#N EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental o)$O ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. [*%P EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof 3,'R ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand -o(S EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,  Washington,D.C.  EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance t forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions ` July2004. L  Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. $ t OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,  ` Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.  L  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55. $  USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD.   USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.   DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural   ResearchService(ARS). p Voss,R.E.andK.S.Mayberry1999.FreshMarketBulbOnionProductionInCalifornia. H VegetableResearchandInformationCenter,VegetableProductionSeries,Universityof 4 California,DivisionofAgricultureandNaturalResources.Publication7242.  p    \  % S  CALIFORNIATOMATOES(NorthernandSouthern) S     ThefieldusedtorepresenttomatoproductioninCaliforniaislocatedinSanJoaquin ` CountyintheCentralValley,althoughtomatoesareproducedthroughouttheCentralValleyand L  ImperialValley.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Californiaisranked2ndinthe 8  U.S.inproduction;45percentofCaliforniasproductionisinStanislausandMercedCounties. $ t Tomatoesaregenerallygrownonraisedbeds6066incheswide.Mosttomatoplantsarefrom  ` transplantsgrowninnurseries.Rowspacingisapproximately30to45inchesandplantsare  L  grownclosetogetherwithinrows.Spacesbetweenrowsaregenerallykeptclear,butplantsoften  8  growintotheseareas.FurrowirrigationiscommonlyusedinCaliforniatomatoes,althoughdrip $  irrigationisalsocommon.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaStocktonclay.Stockton   clayisafine,semectitic,thermicXericEpiaquerts.Thesesoilsareoftenusedfortomato   productionunderirrigation,butalsoforotherrowcropssuchascorn,beans,sugarbeets,and   grains.Stocktonclayisadeep,somewhatpoorlydrained,slowlypermeable,veryslowtoslow   runoffsoilthatformedinalluviumofmixedigneousandsedimentaryrocksources.Thesesoil p aregenerallyfoundinbasinsandinswalesofdrainageways.Theyarelocatedatelevationof0to \ 100feetabovemeansealevelandhaveslopesof0to2percent.Thesoilisofmoderateextent. H StocktonclayisaHydrologicGroupDsoil. 4 <( 4 <DLX<XHXXXHTheFresno,Californiameteorologicalstationisselectedforthisscenario.Thescenario  \ representsSanJoaquinCounty,andmorebroadlytheCentralValley.AlthoughtheFresno H stationisnotthegeographicallyclosestmeteorologicalstationtoSanJoaquinCounty,The 4 FresnometstationislocatedinthemiddleofCentralValleyandismorerepresentative   climatologicallyforCentralValleytomatoproduction.The2000USDAcropprofilefor   tomatoes(freshmarket)indicatesthat45%ofthestate'sfreshmarkettomatoesareproducedin  SanJoaquin,StanislausandMercedcounties.The1999USDAcropprofileforprocessing  tomatoesindicatestheSanJoaquinValleysouthofMercedCountyproduces35to40%.  Additionally,in2004,FresnoproducedthehighestharvestedacreageoftomatoesintheUS l basedonthe2004USDANASScensusofagriculture.  X    #XHXXXHZ#3XXH*HI d dd  td td <=(#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ"LL {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaTomato D   \\QG/   { QQQ q\`Parameter A\\,! V\Q AValue A\\Q,! V"\\ ASource S\QD, V" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=R  \Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QECR    @@22281 @@\\ ZbMeteorologicalFileFresno,CA(W93193) J\Q;#R   q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=  \Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC    :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileFresno,CA(W93193) J\Q;#  q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor  :  (PFAC) K\\< \Q \(\?0.73\(\?K  0.73  :  Pe  Y\\QDB   \(\?0.73 \(\?\\ YePRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;# :  q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor J  (SFAC) )\\ \Q )  0.36cmC1 J  f  8\\Q#!  \\ 8fPRZMManualTable5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#J  q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof  Z  Evaporation(ANETD) )\\\Q )  17.5cm  Z  h  8\\Q#! \\ 8VhPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2# Z  Z \\Q E6,*j 0   \QQQ 6  " & )  *J\KddSd Std  td HI(#(#," dd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaTomato ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculateErosion  (ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!" 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.24tonsEI  2  1* 2  " 2NRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesStockton -#! 2 " -USLELSFactor(USLELS) @6  N p= ף?0.13p= ף?@0.13 S>3 N" p= ף?0.13 p= ף? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)  N equation:LS=((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+   0.43)/6.613),where=slopelength,x=SLP/100   andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m(default J  value)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!^ " -USLEPFactor f  (USLEP) ?5 *z  ?1.0??1.0 R=2f " ?1.0 ? RNRIAveragevaluelistedforthesoilseriesStockton -#!f " -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  F 172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! " -NRCSHyetograph(IREG) =3   ?1?=1 P;0"  ?1 ? PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!" -Slope(SLP)  F  0.25% 2F!" 2BobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative F" Extension.  # Ѐ209-468-9489 -#!~$" -HydraulicLength(HL)  &% 600m 2&&" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!&'" -IrrigationFlag(IRFLAG)  .~( 2(cropping .~) periodonly) 2B*" 2Basedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsfor .~+ generalfloodingforcropirrigation -#!B," -Flowrateofwaterenteringfurrow(Q0)  J- 0.0025m3s1 2J." 2PRZMManual,Table5.35(EPA,1998) -#!J/" -Bottomwidthoffurrow(BT)  0 0.12m 21" 2Estimatedbasedon10inchfurrowwidth -#!2" -Furrowsideslope(ZRS) =3 J3  @2@=2 P;0J4"  @2 @ PPRZMManual(EPA,1998) -#!J5" -Furrowslope(SF) A7 R 6 {Gzt?0.005{Gzt?A0.005 T?4R 7" {Gzt?0.005 {Gzt? TMaximumfieldslope -#!R 8" -ManningsNforfurrow(EN) @6 !9 {Gz?0.02{Gz?@0.02 S>3!:" {Gz?0.02 {Gz? SPRZMManual,Table5.34(EPA,1998) -#!!;" -Furrowlength(X2)  #R< 300m 2#R=" 2PRZMManual,Table5.35(EPA,1998) -#!#R>" -IrrigationType(IRTYP)  Z$? 4(Furrow) 2Z$@" 2IPMCenterCropProfile -#!Z$A" -LeachingFactor(FLEACH) ?5 %!B ?0.1??0.1 R=2%!C" ?0.1 ? RIrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario, %!D Table3,(June15,2005) -#!v&!E" -FractionofWaterCapacitywhen '#F IrrigationisApplied(PCDEPL) @6 (#G ?0.55?@0.55 S>3'#H" ?0.55 ? SBasedonrecommendationsfromfarmadvisorsfor '#I generalfloodingforcropirrigation;andIrrigation (#J GuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3, V)$K (June15,2005). -#!*j%L" -MaximumRateatwhichIrrigationis r+&M Applied(RATEAP)  6,'N 0.032cmhr r+&O 1 26,'P" 2IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario r+&Q (June15,2005);Table3forfurrowirrigation,and 6,'R Table1forCN=87andf=0. 1'!,J(S" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrR.)T   Ї   ` 'gi& * Թ*L\Mdd" dd " dd dd J\K(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaTomato ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!" -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P;0 2 "  ?1 ? PBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative  2  Extension.209-468-9489 -#!  " -NumberofDifferentCrops  N (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N" -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileFresno,CA j  (W93193) -#!. " -Maximumrainfall J  interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) ?5   ?0.1??0.1 R=2J " ?0.1 ? RPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual J  (Burns,1992andEPA,1985) -#! " -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   90cm 2* " 2BobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative *! Extension.209-468-9489indicatedthatmostroots " areintopthreefeet.Parametervaluemaybe b# inconsistentwithdifferenttomatoscenariosdueto &v$ differentsources. -#!:%" -MaximumCanopy B& Coverage(COVMAX) >4 V'  V@90V@>90 Q<1B("  V@90 V@ QBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative B) Extension.209-468-9489Basedon66"beds,10" V* furrowandsomeintrusionofthecroponthefurrow. + Parametervaluemaybeinconsistentwithdifferent , tomatoscenariosduetodifferentsources. -#!R-" -SoilSurfaceCondition . AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 n/  ?1?=1 P;00"  ?1 ? PBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative 1 Extension.209-468-9489 -#!n2" -DateofCropEmergence 3 (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 4 @36893@A01/03 T?45" @36893 @ TBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative 6 Extension.209-468-9489 -#!7" -DateofCropMaturity  28 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 !9  @36897 @A01/07 T?4 2:"  @36897  @ TBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative  2; Extension.209-468-9489 -#!!<" -DateofCropHarvest "N= (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 #> `@36899`@A01/09 T?4"N?" `@36899 `@ TBobMullen,SanJoaquinCountyCooperative "N@ Extension.209-468-9489 -#!#A" -MaximumDryWeight %j B (WFMAX) 2( %.!C # 20.0 E0%%j D" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!%j E" -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  6'"F 91,87,88 26'"G" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Fallow=Fallow,SR/poor; 6'"H CroppingandResidue=RowCropsSR/poorcondition 'J#I  -#!($J" -ManningsNValue *f%K (MNGN) A7 **&L Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?A0.023 T?4*f%M" Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? TRUSLEProject;C23BDCGCfordrybeans,2000lb, *f%N Fresno(USDA,2000) -#!**&O" -USLECFactor(USLEC)  2,'P 0.0350.255 22,'Q" 2RUSLEProject;C23BDCGCfordrybeans,2000lb, 2,'R FresnoVariablewithdate(USDA,2000) 1'!,F(S" 1N.)T   ЇXHX3  '*NO dd4dd 4edd e<dd <L\M(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+LL j@ Table4. PRZM3.12StocktonSoilParametersforCentralValley,CaliforniaTomato \\QG/D j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!: "\Q AValue A\\Q,!: "\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD,: " I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!| \Q ;180cm E\\QQ0!|  "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization |   Database(NRCS,2001) 6    b\QQQ= @ "\[[H I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons  '  (NHORIZ) =\\Q,! \QQ =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0! '"\\Q E U\QQB&O  0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/S " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness E  (THKNS) >\\/!O \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1) E  Ѐ8cm(HORIZN=2) O  162cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0! "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization E  Database(NRCS,2001) O  4PA!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6X!OlX  7"   EddRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) -}    d\QU=#\ I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!K $\Q ;1.3gcm3(HORIZN=1,2) K % 1.4gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!&"\\ E H\Q9&s & I \\Q HInitialWaterContent G' (THETO) ;\\,!(\Q ;0.38cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) G) 0.396cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!*"\\ E H\Q9!o* \\Q IHCompartmentThickness C+ (DPN) ;\\,!,\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) C- 4cm(HORIZN=2) . 3cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!g/"\\ E H\Q9&k/ I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!0\Q ;0.38cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) 1 0.396cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!c2"\\ E H\Q9!!q2 \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!3\Q ;0.25cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2,3) E\\Q0!4"\\ E K\QQ:&m4 I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent -}5 (OC) =\\Q,!76\QQ =0.95%(HORIZN=1,2) -}7 0.4%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!78"\\Q E6,*8 0 y \\QQ 6   `     h     Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,  9 M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. :  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.  ; (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S. !< EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. m"= EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. E$? PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated 1% @ SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof &m!A ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.  'Y"B EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. (1$D GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. )%E EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental * &F ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. +&G EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof }-(I ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand  EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,  Washington,D.C.     EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance ` forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions L  July2004. 8  Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.  ` OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,  L  Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.  8  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.   USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD.   USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S.   DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural p ResearchService(ARS). \   4  % T  FLORIDAAVOCADO q   (12/10/03) t   ThefieldusedtorepresentavocadoproductioninFloridaislocatedinMiamiDade L  CountyinSoutheastFlorida(MLRA156A)andtheweatherstation(BANNumber:12839) 8  representingthegroveisinMLRA156AandislocatedatMiami,FL.Floridaissecondonlyto $ t Californiainavocadoproduction(19992000)(MosslerandNesheim,2001).About98percent  ` oftheavocadoacreageislocatedinMiamiDadeCounty.Theremainingacreage,inFlorida,is  L  locatedinthefollowingCounties:Brevard,Broward,Collier,Hillsborough,PalmBeach,and  8  others(MosslerandNesheim,2001andCraneetal.(1998). Note:Thisscenariorepresentsthe $  mostlikelysiteconditionsthatavocadoswillbegrownoninsouthernFloridaand   thereforeshouldonlybeusedforavocadogrowninsouthernFlorida.Thissiteisnot   highlyvulnerabletorunoff,becausethesoilsarewelldrained(HydrologicGroupA)and   siteisrelativelylevel(0to2percentslope,butupto5percent). Asnotedbelowavocado   requiresoilsthatarewelldrained,thuswouldbelimitedtosoilsofHydrologicGroupAand x perhapssomesoilsinHydrologicGroupB. d    `     h      p     TheavocadotreeisclassifiedasanevergreenandislocatedintheLauraceaefamily.The < treecangrowtoaheightof60to65feet.Treesaregenerallymaintainedat20feetforeaseof (x harvestandmaintenance.Avocadotreesareplantedfrom15to25feetapartwithinrowsand d from25to30feetbetweenrows.Thus,aneighttotwelveyearoldgrovewouldhaveabout75 P treesperacre.Treesreachfullbearingpotentialbytheseventhyear,withausefullifeofabout < 40years.Thefruitisaberry,consistingofasinglelargeseed,surroundedbyabutterypulp.The ( fruitdoesnotgenerallyripenuntilitfallsorispickedfromthetree.InFlorida,thefruitis  consideredsufficientlymatureforharvestwhenitreachesspecificcalenderdateorsize.The  specificdates,weights,andsizesusedtodeterminematurityvarybyvariety.Anumberof  cultivars,withdifferentlengthperiods(5to15months)requiredforthefruittoreachmaturity,  aregrowninFlorida(Table1).TheearlymaturingvarietiesripeninJune,othersripenin t OctoberorNovember.CommercialvarietiesinFloridamaturefromJunetoMarch.The `  greatestproductioninFloridaisfromAugustthroughDecember.Avocadotreesaregenerally L! pickedtwiceaseason.Largerfruitarepickedfirst,leavingsmallerfruittoenlarge(Craneetal., 8"  2001;MosslerandMesheim,2001). h      p      x  $#t!   3XXH ` *\d dd  td td NO(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  &Q$$ #$$  &Table1.Avocadoraceandkeydevelopmentdates. .Q8% $Q .Characteristic1 /Q&!%Q /AvocadoRace(i.e.,VarietiesorSpecies)afterCraneetal.2001 '&!&Q '  '8#' WestIndia  '8#( Guatemalan  '8#) Mexican  '8#* BloomingSeason  @)$+ FebruarytoMarch  @)$, MarchtoApril  @)$- JanuarytoFebruary  @)$. MaturitySeason  *%/ MaytoSeptember  *%0 SeptembertoJanuary  *%1 JunetoOctober  *%2 DevelopmentPeriod +@'3 (fruitsettomaturity)  ,(4 5to8months  +@'5 10to15months  +@'6 6to8months +@'7  1Craneetal.(2001)havemorespecificinformationforabout30differentvarieties. -(7 ЇXHX3  Theavocadodoesnottoleratefloodingorpoorlydrainedsoils,butisadaptedtomany  typesofwelldrainedsoils.Thus,avocadosshouldbeplantedinwelldrainedsoil,suchasthe  welldrainedrocklandandsandysoilspresentinsouthFlorida.Theavocadodoeshaveahigh  waterrequirement,thus,duringdryperiodsirrigationwatershouldbeadded( 1inchperweek) t (MosslerandNesheim,2001),butthespecificwaterrequirementshavenotbeendetermined ` (Craneetal.,2001).Irrigationwatermayalsoneedtobeappliedtoprotectthetreesagainstthe L  cold. TheirrigationroutineinPRZMisundergoingrevisionstocorrectroutinedeficiencies 8  andwasnotincorporatedintothisscenario.  $ t   ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaKromeverygravellyloam.TheKromesoilis  L  classifiedasLoamyskeletal,carbonatic,hypothermicLithicUdorthents.Thesesoilsareoften  8  usedforavocado,tomato,andbeanproduction.TheKromeseriesconsistsofaveryshallow, $  moderatelywelldrainedpermeablesoiloverlimestone.Theyformedbyscarificationofoutcrops   ofooliticlimestone,andtheloamyresiduumthatpartiallycoversthelimestoneandfillsthe   manycavitiesorsolutionholes.ThesesoilsareonbroadareasoftheMiamiRidge.Slopesare   predominately0to2percent,butrangeto5percent.TheseriesisonlyknowtoexistinDade   Countyandisofsmallextent.KromeverygravellyloamisaHydrologicGroupAsoil. p LimitationswiththesoildatausedinthePRZMincludedthatthedepthonlywenttoabout70 \ cm,ratherthantheusual150cm(5ft).Thereisalsolimiteddataduethelimitedextentofthis H soilmappingunit(soilseries).Severalvaluesforthesurfacelayer(0to5cm,Oihorizonhadto 4 beguesstimatedbulkdensity),weresetvalueusedintheunderlyinghorizon(watercontents)  p Thefollowinginformationispresentedconcerningwhenaninsecticidemaybeappliedaspartof H amanagementcontrolprogramforavocados(PenaandJohnson,2003)(Table2). 4 3XXH*\dddd dd dd dd \(#(#,<dd ,<dd +  &Q &Table2.Pestcontrolandtimingtoapplypesticide. .Q4Q . Pest +Q<Q + Timing:Whentoapplypesticide $<Q $Controlavocadoredmitesifneeded   December,January,February   Controlbloominfestinginsects,mirids,andcaterpillers  :  ifneeded  !! January,February,March   :" Controlscaleinsects,mealybugsorinsectinfestation #V# onfruitifneeded  #$ May,June,July  #V% Controlgreenhousethripsifneeded  "%r & August,September,October  "%r ' Controlfruitscarringinsectsifneeded  z&!( August,September,October z&!)  XHX3Tables3through6summarizetheparametersusedinthePRZMFloridaavocadoscenario. 2(#* 3XXH(#(#K(#  ,'/ *r dd<dd <<dd <\(#(#r,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ" {7 Table3. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforDadeCounty,FloridaAvocado X   \\QG/n  { QQQ q\ Parameter A\\,!j\Q AValue A\\Q,!j"\\ ASource S\QD,j" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=\Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC  @@22281 @@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileMiami,FL(w12839.dvf) J\Q;# q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\= R \Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC R   :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileMiami,FL(w12839.dvf) J\Q;# R  q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor N   (PFAC) K\\< b \Q (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 N    Y\\QDB b  (\?0.78 (\?\\ YPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#N  q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor ^  (SFAC) )\\"r \Q )  0cmC1 ^     8\\Q#!"r  \\ 8KPRZMManual(EPA,1998).Snowisgenerally ^  notexpectedforsouthernFlorida. J\Q;#"r  q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof n  Evaporation(ANETD) )\\2 \Q )  32.5cm n    8\\Q#!2  \\ 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998)Themid n  pointvalueoftherange3035cm. E\QQQ2#2  Z \\Q E6,*~  0   \QQQ 6  r  & , *\ddSd Std  td (#(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table4. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforDadeCounty,FloridaAvocado ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!" 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.08tonsEI1* 2 2 " 2ЀS5  2 S%  Table10.PhysicalandChemicalPropertiesoftheSoils%_Ԁ 5    S  http://soils.usda.gov/survey/online_surveys/florida/dade/table10. P   html -#! d -USLELSFactor l  (USLELS) @6 0  Gz?0.37Gz?@0.37 S>3l " Gz?0.37 Gz? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS= l  ((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slopelength, 0  x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m(default D  value)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#! " -USLEPFactor `  (USLEP) ?5 $  ?1.0??1.0 R=2` " ?1.0 ? RPRZMManual,Table5.6(EPA,1998) -#!` " -FieldArea ,| (AFIELD)  @ 172ha 2,|" 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#!,|" -NRCSHyetograph H (IREG) =3  \  @4@=4 P;0H "  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!H!" -Slope(SLP)  d" 2.5% 2d#" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) d$   http://soils.usda.gov/survey/online_surveys/florida/dade/classify. (x% html#Krome -#!<& -HydraulicLength(HL)  D' 600m 2D(" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) 1'!D)" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr*     T+    '6& *  *\rd dSdd Sdd dd \(#(#,dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table5 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforDadeCounty,FloridaAvocado ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!" -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     @3@=3 P;0 2 "  @3 @ PResiduesremaininfieldbetweentreerows,areaunder  2  trees,approximately3x3feet,maintainedresiduefree -#!  " -NumberofDifferentCrops  N (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N" -NumberofCroppingPeriods j  (NCPDS) >4 .   >@30>@>30 Q<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileMiami,FL j  (w12839.dvf) -#!. " -Maximumrainfall 6  Interceptionstorageofcrop J  (CINTCP) @6   ?0.25?@0.25 S>36 " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvaluefororchards 6  (EPA,2001) -#!J " -MaximumActiveRoot f Depth(AMXDR)  * Ѐ70cm 2f" 2Settosoilhorizondepth;rootsmaygrowinexcessof f  70cm. *! 4!O  5  http://www.agweb.okstate.edu/pearl/hort/fruits/f6244.h " tml6!O175  7LԀ -#!b#" -MaximumCanopyCoverage  $ (COVMAX) >4 ~%  N@60N@>60 Q<1 &"  N@60 N@ QBasedonestimatesfromaerialphotographyfrom  ' Citrusscenario -#!~(" -SoilSurfaceConditionAfter &) Harvest(ICNAH) =3 *  @3@=3 P;0&+"  @3 @ PResiduesremaininfieldbetweentreerows,areaunder &, trees,approximately3x3feet,maintainedresiduefree -#!-" -DateofCropEmergence B. (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 / @1@37258@1@A01/03 T?4B0" @1@37258 @1@ TEmergencesettobloomingseason,Craneet.al.,2001, B1 Cir.1034EDISIAFS.UFL -#!2" -DateofCropMaturity ^3 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  "4 15/11 2^5" 2MaturityseasonCraneet.al.,2001,Cir.1034EDIS ^6 IAFS.UFL -#!"7" -DateofCropHarvest(HAD, *z8 HAM,IYRHAR)  >9 30/11 2*z:" 2HarvestasfruitsettomaturityCraneet.al.,2001, *z; Cir.1034EDISIAFS.UFL -#!><" -MaximumDryWeight F!= (WFMAX) 2(  "Z> # 20.0 E0%F!?" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!F!@" -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  b#A 66,51,59 2b#B" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Meadow,conditionsgood b#C forHydrologicSoilA;Dadetreesdonottoleratesoils &$vD lessthanmoderatelydrained.(USDA,1990) -#!$: E" -ManningsNValue B&!F (MNGN) A7 'V"G y&1?0.014y&1?A0.014 T?4B&!H" y&1?0.014 y&1? TRUSLEEPAPesticideProject;UC0CCCCM;Tampa, B&!I FL;Citrus,CoverCode3(residues),Mowed(USDA, 'V"J 2000) -#!'#K" -USLECFactor(USLEC)  ")r$L 0.1780.273 2")r$M" 2RUSLEEPAPesticideProject;UC0CCCCM;Tampa, ")r$N FL;Citrus,CoverCode3(residues),Mowed(USDA, )6%O 2000) 1'!*%P" 1,R'Q    - )R   'XHX3* drddd edd e<dd <\(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+`` j@ Table6. PRZM3.12KromeSoilParametersforDadeCounty,FloridaAvocado \\QG/X j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!N"\Q AValue A\\Q,!N"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD,N" I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,! \Q ;70cm E\\QQ0! "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization    Database(NRCS,2002) J    b\QQQ= T "\[[ I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons  ;  (NHORIZ) =\\Q,!  \QQ =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0! ;"\\Q E U\QQB&c  0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/ g" I \QQ IYHorizonThickness Y  (THKNS) >\\/!c \Q >5cm(HORIZN=1) Y  35cm(HORIZN=2) c  30cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0! "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization Y  Database(NRCS,2003) c  4A1!O  5  http://ssldata.nrcs.usda.gov/)6 !O, X  7W!Z    Bulkdensityguesstimatedfromprofile A  description;04cmisanOihorizon,4 K  36isanAp1and36to69isAp2pedon  #97FL025001Aand97FL025001B. o Thethreewatercontentvaluesforthe 3 Oihorizonareassumedtobethesame  aAp1. d\QU=W "\SS  I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!_ !\Q ;1.00gcm3(HORIZN=1)guessed _ " 1.31gcm3(HORIZN=2)  # 1.35gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0! $"\\ E H\Q9& $ I \\Q HInitialWaterContent % (THETO) ;\\,!&\Q ;0.203cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) ' 0.203cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) ( 0.050cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!9)"\\ E H\Q9!=) \\Q IHCompartmentThickness {* (DPN) ;\\,!5+\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) {, 5cm(HORIZN=2) 5- 5cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!?."\\ E H\Q9&C. I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!1/\Q ;0.203cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) 10 0.203cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) ;1 0.050cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!2"\\ E H\Q9!2 \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!73\Q ;0.062cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) 74 0.062cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) 5 0.022cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0![6"\\ E K\QQ:&_6 I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent 7 (OC) =\\Q,!W8\QQ =31.68%(HORIZN=1) 9 1.57%(HORIZN=2) W: 1.21%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0! a;"\\Q E6,*e; 0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick, !7< M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. "#=  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0. #> (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S. $? EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. % @ Crane,J.H.,C.F.Balerdi,andC.W.Campbell.2001.TheAvocado.Circular#1034IFAS o'"B UFL.(http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.) [(#C EPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043) 3*%E EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. +o&F EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. ,G(H PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated -3)I SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof  ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.  EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. t GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. ` EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental L  ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. 8  EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof  ` ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand  L  EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,  8  Washington,D.C. $  EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance   forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions   July2004.   Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. \ OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky, H Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286. 4    ` Mossler,M.A.andO.N.Nesheim.2001.FloridaCrop/PestManagementProfile:Avocado.  \ Circular1271.IFASUFL.(4 !O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.)6!!O "   74;" H Pena,JorgeandFreddieJohnson.2003.InsecticideManagementinAvocados.ENY409.   IFAS/UFL(44|!O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu)6E#!OY#   7#.  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.  USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. l USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. D! DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural 0"  ResearchService(ARS). #l!   $X"  % U  FLORIDACABBAGE(Vegetables) X&      `     h      p   Thefieldusedtorepresentcabbage(vegetable)productioninFloridaislocatedin ` ManateeCounty(accountingforapproximately18percentofthestatesacreage).Theprinciple L  productionregionisinFlaglerandSt.JohnsCountiesintheNortheasternregionofthestate, 8  accountingfor50percentoftheacreage.Floridaranksfifthinthenationinfreshmarket $ t cabbageproductionwhichis100percentofFloridasproduction.Approximately7500acresare  ` harvestedeachyear.Cabbageisacoolseasoncropbestgrownwhentemperaturesdonotexceed  L  25oC.Cabbageandothertruckcropsaregenerallygrownon mucksoils,butcabbagedoesas  8  wellonbothmineralandsandysoilswithpHaround6.5.Cabbageisplantedbydirectseeding $  andseedlingtransplantinFlorida,withmorethan90percentbyseedlingtransplant,especially   onsandysoils.Typicalplantingdistancesare20to40(51to102cm)inchesbetweenrowsand9   to16(23to41cm)inchesbetweenplantsinarow.Maximumdensityofplantsisapproximately   29,400plantsperacre.Whencropisseededindoublerowsineachbed,betweenrowspacingis   15to24inches(38to61cm)andwithinrowspacingis10to12inches(25to30cm).Between p bedspacing(doublerows)is40to60inches(102to152cm).Seedsareplantedatadepthof \ 0.25to0.5inches(0.6to1.3cm).Maturityisreachedin85to110daysfromseedplantingand H 70to90daysfromtransplant.Irrigationisusedwhennecessarytomaintainevenmoistureto 4 preventcrackingofthecabbageheads.Seepagetypeirrigationisthemostcommonlyused  p method.HarvestoccursbetweenOctober25andJune15withthemostactiveperiodbeing  \ JanuarytomidApril.Fieldsareoftenlaserleveledanddrainagecontrolledbyaseriesofin H fieldlateralsandperimetercanals.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaRivierasand. 4 Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermicArenicGlossaqualfs.Thesesoilsare   oftenusedfortruckcropandcitrusproduction.Rivierasandisadeep,poorlydrained,slow   runoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeablesoilthatformedinstratifiedmarinesandyandloamy  sedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonbroad,lowflatsandin  depressionsandhaveslopesgenerallylessthan2percent.Thesoilisofmoderateextent.  RivierasandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. l 3XXH*Z[ d dd  td td (#(#,Sd ,td ,td +  7QQQ"!l!l {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforManateeCounty,FloridaCabbage !    \\QG/"!  { QQQ q\3Parameter A\\,!#&"\Q AValue A\\Q,!#&#"\\ ASource S\QD,#&$" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\="%r %\Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC"%r &  @@22281 @@\\ Z5MeteorologicalFileTampa,FL(W12842) J\Q;#"%r ' q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=n&!(\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QECn&!)  :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileTampa,FL(W12842) J\Q;#n&!* q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor ' #+ (PFAC) K\\<~(#,\Q (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 ' #- w8  Y\\QDB~(#.  (\?0.78 (\?\\ Y8PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#' #/ q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor )%0 (SFAC) )\\*%1\Q )  0.0cmC1 )%2 9  8\\Q#!*%3 \\ 8":Noappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthispart )%4 ofFlorida J\Q;#*%5 q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof +*'6 Evaporation(ANETD) )\\,'7\Q )  25cm +*'8 v;  8\\Q#!,'9 \\ 8;PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#+*': Z \\Q E6,*-:); 0   \QQQ 6Ї& 6 *\\]ddSd Std td Z[(#(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforManateeCounty,FloridaCabbage ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!" 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.03tonsEI1* 2 2 " 2PRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)andFARMManual(EPA,  2  1985) -#!  " -USLELSFactor  N (USLELS) @6   ?0.20?@0.20 S>3 N" ?0.20 ? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS=  N ((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slopelength,   x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m(default   value)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!J " -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  ?1.0??1.0 R=2 " ?1.0 ? RPRZMManualTable5.6(EPA,1998).FLvegetablecropsare   plantedonlevelfieldsandonraisedbedsunderplasticulture. -#!f " -FieldArea   (AFIELD)    172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004).          j      r -#!  -NRCSHyetograph * (IREG) =3    @4@=4 P;0*!"  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!*"" -Slope(SLP)  F# 1% 2F$" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!F%" -HydraulicLength(HL)  N& 600m 2N'" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) 1'!N(" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr)      ^*   '<& )  *^\_d dSdd Sdd dd \\](#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforManateeCounty,FloridaCabbage ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!" -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P;0 2 "  ?1 ? PFieldsarefallowpriortoplanting -#! 2 " -NumberofDifferentCrops  N  (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N" -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileTampa,FL j  (W12842) -#!. " -Maximumrainfall J  Interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) @6   ?0.25?@0.25 S>3J " ?0.25 ? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual J  (Burns,1992andEPA,1985) -#! " -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   12cm 2*" 2FloridaCucumberCropProfile -#!* " -MaximumCanopy F! Coverage(COVMAX) >4  "  T@80T@>80 Q<1F#"  T@80 T@ Q  BasedonAerialPhotography;FieldVisitsaspartof F$ theFloridaFruitandVegetableTour -#! % -SoilSurfaceCondition b& AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 &'  @3@=3 P;0b("  @3 @ P  Plantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear b) whentilledfornextseriesofcrops. -#!&* -DateofCropEmergence .~+ (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  B, 16/10 2.~-" 2FloridaCabbageCropProfile,USDA -#!.~." -DateofCropMaturity J/ (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 ^0 K@37469K@A08/02 T?4J1" K@37469 K@ TFloridaCabbageCropProfile,USDA -#!J2" -DateofCropHarvest f3 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  *z4 15/02 2f5" 2FloridaCabbageCropProfile,USDA -#!f6" -MaximumDryWeight  7 (WFMAX) 2( F!8 # 20.0 E0% 9" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! :" -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  "; 91,87,88 2"<" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Fallow=SRpoor, "= CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor(USDA, b#> 1990) -#!&$v?" -ManningsNValue ~% @ (MNGN) A7 B&!A I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T?4~% B" I +?0.011 I +? TRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, ~% C conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL(USDA,2000) -#!B&!D" -USLECFactor(USLEC)  '"E 0.1620.938 2'"F" 2RUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, '"G conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL,Variablewithdate ^(#H (USDA,2000) 1'!")r$I" 1z*%J     ')HXHX3 - )M *`a dd4dd 4edd e<dd <^\_(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+ j@ Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersforManateeCounty,FloridaCabbage \\QG/X j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!"\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD," I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!0\Q ;100cm E\\QQ0!0"\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 0 Database(NRCS,2001)   b\QQQ=T  "\[[ I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons ;   (NHORIZ) =\\Q,! E \QQ =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0!;  "\\Q E U\QQB&  0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/g  " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >\\/!c \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1)   62cm(HORIZN=2) c  28cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!m "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001) c  4bA!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6d!OdX  7"d m  EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d\QU= "\ < I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!_ \Q ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2) _  1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!i "\\ E H\Q9&'  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent [  (THETO) ;\\,!e \Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) [  0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!e "\\ E H\Q9!#  \\Q IHCompartmentThickness W (DPN) ;\\,!a \Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) W! 2cm(HORIZN=2) a" 4cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!#"\\ E H\Q9&# I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,! ]$\Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)  ]% 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!&"\\ E H\Q9!& \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,! Y'\Q ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)  Y( 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!)"\\ E K\QQ:&) I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent U* (OC) =\\Q,!+\QQ =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) U, 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!-"\\Q E6,*}- 0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick, . M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. /  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0. m0 (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S. Y1 EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. E 2 EPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043) "m4 EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.  #Y5 EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. $1 7 PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated %!8 SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof & "9 ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. '": EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. })$< GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. i*%= EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental U+&> ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. A,'?  --}(@ EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof  ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand  EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,  Washington,D.C. t    ` EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance L  forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions 8  July2004. $ t Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.  L  OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,  8  Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286. $  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.   USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD.   USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. p DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural \ ResearchService(ARS). H   4 % V  FLORIDACARROTS(RootingandTuberousVegetables) ,y     Thefieldusedtorepresentcarrot(rootingandtubervegetable)productioninFloridais ` locatedinPalmBeachCountyinSoutheastFloridaneartheEvergladesAgriculturalArea, L  althoughcarrotproductionareasincludeotherregionsofFloridasuchasthecentral,northeast 8  andnorthcentralFlorida.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaranksfourth $ t nationallyintheproductionoffreshmarketcarrots;nearlyallofFloridasproductionisforfresh  ` market.Generally,around7,000acresareplantedeachyear.Historically,carrotproduction  L  occurredprimarilyonorganicmucksoils,butnowoccursoninorganic,mineralbasedsoils.  8  Mineralsoilsproducehigherqualitycarrots.WinterandSpringcropsarecommon.Allcarrots $  areplantedbydirectseedinginFlorida.Typicalplantingoccursinrowsofthreegroupsata   distanceof1.5inches(3.8cm)betweenrowsinthegroupand12inches(30cm)betweengroups   of3rows.Inthesouthernpartofthestate,cropsareplantedinbedswhereasinthenorthernpart   bedsareseldomused.Seedsareplantedatadepthofaquarterinch.Approximately24pounds   ofseedareplantedperacreandapproximately350,000plantsareproducedperacre.Cropsare p plantedbetweenAugust15andFebruary15,withthemostactiveplantingseasoninAugustin \ centralandnorthFloridaandSeptemberinsouthFlorida.HarvestoccursfromNovemberto H midJunewiththemostactivebetweenmidDecemberthroughMay.Seventypercentofthecrop 4 isharvestedfromNovembertoMarch.Between90and165daysarerequiredfromseedingto  p maturation.AllcarrotsinFloridaareproducedusingirrigationtomeetminimumgrowing  \ requirementusingseveraltypesofirrigationsystems.Generally,105percentofETistargeted H duringthemostactivegrowingseasonandwilldecreaseto75percentofETasharvesttime 4 approaches.Dripandoverheadirrigationaremainlyused.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethefield   isaRivierasand.Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermicArenicGlossaqualfs.   Thesesoilsareoftenusedfortruckcropandcitrusproduction.Rivierasandisadeep,poorly  drained,slowrunoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeablesoilthatformedinstratifiedmarinesandy  andloamysedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonbroad,low  flatsandindepressionsandhaveslopesgenerallylessthan2percent.Thesoilisofmoderate l extent.RivierasandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. X  3XXH   `     h      D! *cd d dd  td td `a(#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ"tt {7 Table1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforPalmBeachCounty,FloridaCarrots l   \\QG/2  { QQQ q\lParameter A\\,!.~\Q AValue A\\Q,!.~"\\ ASource S\QD,.~" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=z \Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QECz   @@22281 @@\\ Z,MeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl z   (W12844) J\Q;#>   q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=  \Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC    :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl    (W12844) J\Q;#N  q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor   (PFAC) K\\<^ \Q (\?0.78(\?K  0.78   !  Y\\QDB^   (\?0.78 (\?\\ YVPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#  q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor   (SFAC) )\\n \Q )  0.0cmC1     8\\Q#!n  \\ 8̎Noappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis   partofFlorida C\QQ2#n  q \\Q ZCMinimumDepthof   Evaporation(ANETD) +\\Q~ \QQ +  32.5cm     8\\QQ#!~  \\Q 8SPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998)    3)'~  Z  \\QQ 3&  *e\fddSd Std  td cd(#(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforPalmBeachCounty,FloridaCarrots ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!" 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.03tonsEI1* 2 2 " 2PRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)andFARMManual(EPA,  2  1985) -#!  " -USLELSFactor  N (USLELS) @6   ?0.20?@0.20 S>3 N" ?0.20 ? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS=  N ((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slopelength,   x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m(default   value)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!J " -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  ?1.0??1.0 R=2 " ?1.0 ? RPRZMManualTable5.6(EPA,1998).MuchofFLvegetable   cropsareplantedonlevelfieldsandonraisedbedsunder f  plasticulture. -#!*z " -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  F 172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! " -NRCSHyetograph  (IREG) =3 b   @4@=4 P;0!"  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!"" -Slope(SLP)   # 1% 2 $" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#! %" -HydraulicLength(HL)  b& 600m 2b'" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) 1'!b(" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrj)     "r*  '& *  *g\hd dSdd Sdd dd e\f(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  * * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforPalmBeachCounty,FloridaCarrots ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!" -InitialSurfaceCondition  n (ISCOND) =3  2   ?1?=1 P;0 n "  ?1 ? PFieldarefallowpriortoplanting -#! n " -NumberofDifferentCrops :   (NDC) =3  N   ?1?=1 P;0: "  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#!: " -NumberofCropping V  Periods j  (NCPDS) >4 .   >@30>@>30 Q<1V "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm V  Beach,FL(W12844) -#!j " -Maximumrainfall 6  Interceptionstorageofcrop J  (CINTCP) @6   ?0.25?@0.25 S>36 " ?0.25 ? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual 6  (Burns,1992andEPA,1985) -#!J " -MaximumActiveRoot f Depth(AMXDR)  * 100cm 2f" 2Rootingdepthof44.8feetisusual.Rootingdepthset f tomax.soilprofiledepth *  http://www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/010137veg.r ! oots/010137ch22.html -#!b"" -MaximumCanopy  # Coverage(COVMAX) >4 ~$  >@30>@>30 Q<1 %"  >@30 >@ QCarrotcanopybasedonestimationfromground/aerial  & photography.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV120 -#!~'" -SoilSurfaceCondition &( AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 )  @3@=3 P;0&*"  @3 @ PPlantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear &+ whentilledfornextseriesofcrops. -#!," -DateofCropEmergence B- (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  . 16/10 2B/" 2FloridaCarrotCropProfile,USDA B0 http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flcarrots.ht 1 mlorhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV120 -#!z2" -DateofCropMaturity "3 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  4 15/01 2"5" 2FloridaCarrotCropProfile,USDA "6 http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flcarrots.ht 7 mlorhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV120 -#!Z8" -DateofCropHarvest  9 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  v!: 22/01 2 ;" 2FloridaCarrotCropProfile,USDA  < http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flcarrots.ht v!= mlorhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV120 -#!:">" -MaximumDryWeight #? (WFMAX) 2( V$@ # 20.0 E0%#A" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!#B" -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  % C 91,87,88 2% D" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Fallow=SRpoor, % E CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor(USDA, r&!F 1990) -#!6'"G" -ManningsNValue (#H (MNGN) A7 R)$I I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T?4(#J" I +?0.011 I +? TRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, (#K conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL(USDA,2000) -#!R)$L" -USLECFactor(USLEC)  *%M 0.1620.938 2*%N" 2RUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, *%O conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL,Variablewithdate n+&P (USDA,2000) 1'!2,'Q" 1-(R   Ї  'LXHX3*ij dd4dd 4edd e<dd <g\h(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+$t$t j@ Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersforPalmBeachCounty,FloridaCarrots \\QG/ j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,! b"\Q AValue A\\Q,! b"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD, b" I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!T \Q ;100cm E\\QQ0!T  "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization T   Database(NRCS,2001)  ^   b\QQQ=  "\[[D I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons    (NHORIZ) =\\Q,!i \QQ =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0! "\\Q E U\QQB&' w 0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/ + " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness m  (THKNS) >\\/!' \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1) m  62cm(HORIZN=2) '  28cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0! "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization m  Database(NRCS,2001) '  4kA!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6º!OֺX  7"   EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d\QU=U "\l I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!# \Q ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2) #  1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0! "\\ E H\Q9&K  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent  (THETO) ;\\,!\Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)   0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!!"\\ E H\Q9!G! \\Q IHCompartmentThickness " (DPN) ;\\,!#\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) $ 2cm(HORIZN=2) % 4cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!?&"\\ E H\Q9&C& I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!'\Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) ( 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!;)"\\ E H\Q9!I) \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!}*\Q ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) }+ 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!7,"\\ E K\QQ:&E, I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent y- (OC) =\\Q,!3.\QQ =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) y/ 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!30"\\Q E6,*A0 0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick,  Y1 M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. E2  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.  13 (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S. !4 EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. " 5 EPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043) $7 EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. }% 8 EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. U'": PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated A(#; SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof -)}$< ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. *i%= EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. +A'? GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. ,-(@ EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental -)A ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C.  EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof  ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand t EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency, ` Washington,D.C. L     `  EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance $ t forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions  ` July2004.  L  Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. $  OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,   Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.   USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55. p USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. \ USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. 4 DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural  p ResearchService(ARS).  \    % W  FLORIDACITRUS       `     h      p     ThefieldusedtorepresentcitrusproductioninFloridaislocatedinCollierorHendry ` CountiesinSouthwestFlorida,althoughcitrusproductionareascoverasubstantialportionof L  thestate.Citrusproductionhasbeenmovingsouthwardinanattempttoavoidfrostdamagethat 8  hasoccurredinrecentyears.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaisthemajor $ t producerofcitrus(oranges)forthejuicemarketandamongthehighestforthefreshmarket.  ` Floridaisalsoamongthehighestproducersinothercitrus(grapefruit,tangerines,tangelos,and  L  mandarins).Citrusisgenerallygrownindoublerowsoftrees(beds)withswalesbetweento  8  movewateroffsite.Areasunderandbetweenrowsoftreesaregenerallynoncultivated/non $  maintainedexceptfortheoccasionalmowing.Rowspacing(pairsorrows)isapproximately20   to25feet(pairedbedsmaybelessthan20feet)andbetweentreespacingisapproximately12to   15feet.Rowcanopiestendtobe100percent,whilethecanopybetweenrowsislesstopermit   theoperationofmaintenanceandharvestequipment.Irrigationismostlybylowvolumedripor   microsprinklersystems.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaWabassofinesand.Wabasso p finesand,isasandy,siliceous,hyperthermicAlficAlaquods.Thesesoilsareoftenusedfor \ citrusproductionandtruckcrops.Wabassofinesandisadeeptoverydeep,poorlytovery H poorlydrained,slowtopondedrunoff,rapidlypermeableinthetophorizonandslowtovery 4 slowlypermeableinthelowerhorizonssoilthatformedinsandyandloamymarinesediments.  p Thesesoilsaregenerallyfoundonflatwoods,floodplains,anddepressionsandhaveslopesof0  \ to2percent.ThesoilisextensiveinFlorida.WabassofinesandisaHydrologicGroupDsoil. H  3XXH*lm d dd  td td ij(#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ"~~ {7Table1.PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCitrus  &v   \\QG/8  { QQQ q\Parameter A\\,!4\Q AValue A\\Q,!4"\\ ASource S\QD,4" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=  \Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC !  @@22281 @@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl  " (W12844) J\Q;#D!# q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\="$\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC"%  :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl "& (W12844) J\Q;#T#' q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor $( (PFAC) K\\<d% )\Q (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 $*   Y\\QDBd% +  (\?0.78 (\?\\ YPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#$, q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor &"- (SFAC) )\\t'".\Q )  0.0cmC1 &"/ -  8\\Q#!t'"0 \\ 8oDoesnotsnowinSouthernFloridasuchthat &"1 accumulationisexpected J\Q;#t'"2 q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof ($3 Evaporation(ANETD) )\\)$4\Q )  32.5cm ($5   8\\Q#!)$6 \\ 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#($7 Z \\Q E6,** &8 0   \QQQ 6  ,'9 & R  *n\oddSd Std  td lm(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCitrus ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!" 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.1tonsEI1* 2 2 " 2GLEAMSManual,tableofRepresentativeSoils(USDA,1990) -#! 2 " -USLELSFactor  N  (USLELS) @6   ?0.20?@0.20 S>3 N" ?0.20 ? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS  N =((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slope   length,x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m   (defaultvalue)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!J " -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  ?1.0??1.0 R=2 " ?1.0 ? RAssumenopracticeusedundertreesandbetweenrowsremain   invegetationandoccasionallymowed. -#!f " -FieldArea   (AFIELD)    172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! " -NRCSHyetograph * (IREG) =3   @4@=4 P;0*"  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!* " -Slope(SLP)  F! 1% 2F"" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!F#" -HydraulicLength(HL)  N$ 600m 2N%" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) -#!N&" -IrrigationFlag ' (IRFLAG) 2( j( # 20 E0%)" #  E 1'!*" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr+      z,   '& )  *p\qd ddd dd dd n\o(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCitrus ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!" -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P;0 2 "  ?1 ? PSettorepresentfallowfield.Citrusisanevergreen.  2  Onlyareasbetweenrowsarevegetated.Conservative    assumptionistosettofallow. -#!j " -NumberofDifferentCrops   (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P;0 "  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! " -NumberofCropping .  Periods   (NCPDS) >4 f   >@30>@>30 Q<1. "  >@30 >@ QMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl(W12844) -#!. " -Maximumrainfall   interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) @6 F ?0.25?@0.25 S>3 " ?0.25 ? SMaximumrecommendedvaluefororchards(EPA,   2001) -#! " -MaximumActiveRoot  Depth(AMXDR)  b 100cm 2 " 2Settomaximumofsoilprofile.Treesmayrootfrom7 ! 18feet4r!O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu6v!O  7Ԁ b" Parametervaluemaybedifferentthanothercitrus &v# scenarioduetodifferentsource. -#!:$" -MaximumCanopy B% Coverage(COVMAX) >4 V&  N@60N@>60 Q<1B'"  N@60 N@ Q4s# !O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu6!O  7Ԁ -#!B(" -SoilSurfaceCondition ^) AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 "r*  @3@=3 P;0^+"  @3 @ PDefault,materialundertreesandbetweenrowsis ^, generallyleftalone -#!"r-" -DateofCropEmergence z. (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 >/ @38717@A1/1 T?4z0" @38717 @ TValuesettocorrespondtoharvestdateandallowfor z1 modelingofevergreentree(i.e.continualmaturity).4t!!O  5  68!OL  7!zԀ -#!>2" -DateofCropMaturity 3 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 Z4 @38748@A2/1 T?45" @38748 @ T4u!O  5  6!O  7!ԀValuesettocorrespondtoharvestdateandallowfor 6 modelingofevergreentree(i.e.continualmaturity).4!!O  5  6!O  7!FԀ -#!Z7" -DateofCropHarvest  8 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR)  v!9 31/12 2 :" 2Daterepresentslateseasonharvest  ; 4v !O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu6!O  7Ԁ -#!v!<" -MaximumDryWeight "= (WFMAX) 2( #> # 20.0 E0%"?" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!"@" -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  $: A 87,85,86 2$: B" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Meadows,nofallow $: C conditions(USDA,1990) -#!% D" -ManningsNValue 'V"E (MNGN) A7 '#F y&1?0.014y&1?A0.014 T?4'V"G" y&1?0.014 y&1? TRUSLEProject;UC0CBCBC;Citrusbareground; 'V"H conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL(USDA,2000) -#!'#I" -USLECFactor(USLEC)  ")r$J 0.3240.488 2")r$K" 2RUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,UC0CBCBC; ")r$L Citrusbareground;conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL )6%M (USDA,2000) 1'!*%N" 1,R'O    - )P   'XHX3*wx dd4dd 4edd e<dd <p\q(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+`` j@ Table4. PRZM3.12WabassoSoilParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCitrus \\QG/X j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!N"\Q AValue A\\Q,!N"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD,N" I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,! \Q ;100cm E\\QQ0! "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization    Database(NRCS,2001) J    b\QQQ= T "\[[t I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons  ;  (NHORIZ) =\\Q,!  \QQ =2(Basehorizons) E\\QQ0! ;"\\Q E U\QQB&c  0 y \\QQ IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y\QJ/ g" I \QQ IYHorizonThickness Y  (THKNS) >\\/!c \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1) Y  90cm(HORIZN=2) E\\QQ0!c "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization Y  Database(NRCS,2001) c  4y#!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6!O  7#"    d\QU= "\~~ I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!U \Q ;1.45gcm3(HORIZN=1) U  1.75gcm3(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!_ "\\ E H\Q9&  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent Q  (THETO) ;\\,! [\Q ;0.066cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) Q  0.178cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0! ["\\ E H\Q9!  \\Q IHCompartmentThickness M (DPN) ;\\,!W \Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) M! 5cm(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!W""\\ E H\Q9&" I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!I#\Q ;0.066cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) I$ 0.178cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!S%"\\ E H\Q9!% \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!E&\Q ;0.036cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) E' 0.078cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!O("\\ E K\QQ:& ( I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent A) (OC) =\\Q,!K*\QQ =2.32%(HORIZN=1) A+ 0.29%(HORIZN=2) E\\QQ0!K,"\\Q E6,* , 0 y \\QQ 6EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. !- PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated  . SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof / ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. 0 EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. m!2 GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. Y"3 EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental E#4 ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. 1$5 EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof  &Y!7 ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand &E"8 EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency, '1#9 Washington,D.C. ($: EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance *%< forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions +&= July2004. },'>  i-(? Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.  OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,  Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55. ` USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. L  USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. $ t DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural  ` ResearchService(ARS).   L   % X  FLORIDACUCUMBER(Vegetables) #     Thefieldusedtorepresentcucumber(vegetable)productioninFloridaislocatedin ` CollierandHendryCountiesinSouthwestFlorida,althoughvegetableproductionareasinclude L  otherregionsofFloridasuchastheEvergladesAgriculturalArea,westcentralandsoutheastern 8  regions.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaisamajorproduceroftruckcrops $ t andisthehighestproducerofcucumbers.Cucumbersandothertruckcropsaregenerallygrown  ` on mucksoils,butcucumbersdoaswellonsandysoilswhichrequirelesscleaningbefore  L  marketing.AllcucumbersareplantedbydirectseedinginFlorida.Typicalplantingdistancesfor  8  slicingcucumbersare48to60inchesbetweenrowsand6to12inchesbetweenplants.Pickling $  cucumbersaretypicallyplantedat36to48inchesbetweenrowsand2to4inchesbetween   plants.Whengrownusingplasticmulch,slicingcucumbersareplantedinoneortworowsper   bed,with10to18inchesbetweentherowsonthebed,48to72inchesbetweenbeds,and8to12   inchesbetweenholeswithoneortwoplantsperhole.Picklingcucumbersareplantedata   distanceof3to4inchesbetweenplants.Attheclosestspacing,theplantpopulationis21,780 p peracre.Seedsareplantedatadepthof0.5to0.75inches.Between35and65daysarerequired \ fromseedingto H maturity(firstpick).CucumbersinFloridaareproducedusingseveraltypesofirrigation 4 systems.Inmulchedproduction,drip,overhead,andseepageirrigationareused.Byraisingthe  p watertable,seepageirrigationrestrictsrootgrowthtothebedarea.Waterismaintained  \ approximately15to18inchesbelowthesoilsurface,allowingseepageintotherootzone.The H soilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaRivierasand.Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active, 4 hyperthermicArenicGlossaqualfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedfortruckcropandcitrus   production.Rivierasandisadeep,poorlydrained,slowrunoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeable   soilthatformedinstratifiedmarinesandyandloamysedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain.  Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonbroad,lowflatsandindepressionsandhaveslopesgenerally  lessthan2percent.Thesoilisofmoderateextent.RivierasandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil.     l *z{ d dd  td td wx(#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ" {7 3XXHTable1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCucumber 0   \\QG/F  { QQQ q\0Parameter A\\,!B \Q AValue A\\Q,!B "\\ ASource S\QD,B " q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\= \Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC    @@22281 @@\\ Zj2MeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl    (W12844) J\Q;#R   q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=  \Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC    :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl   (W12844) J\Q;#b  q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor   (PFAC) K\\<r \Q (\?0.78(\?K  0.78   _5  Y\\QDBr   (\?0.78 (\?\\ Y5PRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#  q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor   (SFAC) )\\ \Q )  0.0cmC1   6  8\\Q#!  \\ 8 7Noappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis   partofFlorida J\Q;#  q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof  Evaporation(ANETD) )\\\Q )  32.5cm  ^8  8\\Q#! \\ 88PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998);  mid-point E\QQQ2#  Z \\Q E6,*.! 0   \QQQ 6  "! & 6 *|\}ddSd Std  td z{(#(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCucumber ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource 6,!n" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) ' '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,!" 6USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) '   '0.03tonsEI1* 2 2 " 2PRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)andFARMManual(EPA,  2  1985) -#!  " -USLELSFactor  N (USLELS) @6   ?0.20?@0.20 S>3 N" ?0.20 ? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS=  N ((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slopelength,   x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m(default   value)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!J " -USLEPFactor   (USLEP) ?5 f  ?1.0??1.0 R=2 " ?1.0 ? RPRZMManualTable5.6(EPA,1998).FLvegetablecropsare   plantedonlevelfieldsandonraisedbedsunderplasticulture. -#!f " -FieldArea   (AFIELD)    172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! " -NRCSHyetograph * (IREG) =3   @4@=4 P;0* "  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!*!" -Slope(SLP)  F" 1% 2F#" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#!F$" -HydraulicLength(HL)  N% 600m 2N&" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) 1'!N'" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr(     ^)    '9& )  *~\d dSdd Sdd dd |\}(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCucumber ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!" -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P;0 2 "  ?1 ? PFieldarefallowpriortoplanting -#! 2 " -NumberofDifferentCrops  N  (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N" -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata. -#!j " -Maximumrainfall J  Interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) @6   333333?0.15333333?@0.15 S>3J " 333333?0.15 333333? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual J  (Burns,1992andEPA,1985) -#! " -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   50cm 2*" 2FloridaCucumberCropProfile,USDA -#!*" -MaximumCanopy F  Coverage(COVMAX) >4  !  T@80T@>80 Q<1F""  T@80 T@ QPIC(Burns,1992),forcucumber. -#!F#" -SoilSurfaceCondition b$ AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 &%  @3@=3 P;0b&"  @3 @ PPlantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear b' whentilledfornextseriesofcrops;rarelycucumbers. -#!&(" -DateofCropEmergence .~) (EMD,EMM,IYREM)  B* 16/10 2.~+" 2FloridaCucumberCropProfile,USDA .~, 4 !O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cropprofiles.cfm6DR!OXRer   7am!RԀ -#!B-" -DateofCropMaturity J. (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) A7 ^/ @37022@A05/12 T?4J0" @37022 @ TFloridaCucumberCropProfile,USDA J1 4am!O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cropprofiles.cfm6[T!OoTer   7am!TԀ -#!^2" -DateofCropHarvest f3 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7 *z4 &@37175&@A10/12 T?4f5" &@37175 &@ TFloridaCucumberCropProfile,USDA f6 4am!O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cropprofiles.cfm6qV!OVer   7am!VԀ -#!*z7" -MaximumDryWeight  8 (WFMAX) 2( F!9 # 20.0 E0% :" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#! ;" -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  "< 91,87,88 2"=" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Fallow=SRpoor, "> CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor(USDA, b#? 1990) -#!&$v@" -ManningsNValue ~% A (MNGN) A7 B&!B I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T?4~% C" I +?0.011 I +? TRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, ~% D conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL(USDA,2000) -#!B&!E" -USLECFactor(USLEC)  '"F 0.1620.938 2'"G" 2RUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, '"H conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL,Variablewithdate ^(#I (USDA,2000) 1'!")r$J" 1z*%K     ')E - )N * dd4dd 4edd e<dd <~\(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+ j@ XHX3Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaCucumber \\QG/X j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!"\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD," I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!0\Q ;100cm E\\QQ0!0"\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 0 Database(NRCS,2001)   b\QQQ=T  "\[[ I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons ;   (NHORIZ) =\\Q,! E \QQ =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0!;  "\\Q E U\QQB&  0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/g  " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >\\/!c \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1)   62cm(HORIZN=2) c  28cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!m "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001) c  4A!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6 d!OdX  7"Ld m  EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d\QU= "\ I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!_ \Q ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2) _  1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!i "\\ E H\Q9&'  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent [  (THETO) ;\\,!e \Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) [  0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!e "\\ E H\Q9!#  \\Q IHCompartmentThickness W (DPN) ;\\,!a \Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) W! 2cm(HORIZN=2) a" 4cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!#"\\ E H\Q9&# I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,! ]$\Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)  ]% 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!&"\\ E H\Q9!& \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,! Y'\Q ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)  Y( 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!)"\\ E K\QQ:&) I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent U* (OC) =\\Q,!+\QQ =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) U, 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!-"\\Q E6,*}- 0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick, . M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. /  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0. m0 (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S. Y1 EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. E 2 EPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043) "m4 EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.  #Y5 EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. $1 7 PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated %!8 SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof & "9 ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. '": EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. })$< GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. i*%= EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental U+&> ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. A,'?  --}(@ EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof  ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand  EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,  Washington,D.C. t EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance L  forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions 8  July2004. $ t Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.  L  OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,  8  Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286. $  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.   USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD.   USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. p DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural \ ResearchService(ARS). H    `     l  % Y  FLORIDAPEPPERSBELL(Vegetables)  py     Thefieldusedtorepresentpepper(bellpeppers)productioninFloridaislocatedin  CollierandHendryCountiesinSouthwestFlorida,althoughvegetableproductionareasinclude t otherregionsofFloridasuchastheEvergladesAgriculturalArea,westcentralandsoutheastern ` regions.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaisamajorproduceroftruckcrops L  andisthehighestproducerofbellpeppers.Peppersandothertruckcropsaregenerallygrownon 8   mucksoils,butpeppersdoaswellonsandysoilswhichrequirelesscleaningbeforemarketing. $ t Peppers(bellpeppers)areplantedmainlybytransplant,butsomedirectseedingindoesoccurin  ` Florida.Typicalplantingdistancesformostpeppersare36to42inchesbetweenrowsand12to  L  16inchesbetweenplantsinarow.Whengrownusingplasticmulch,whichisacommon  8  practiceinFlorida,plantingdistanceschangeverylittle.Peppersaregenerallyharvestedtwoor $  moretimesduringthecourseofthegrowingseasonandinSouthernFlorida,wherefrost   pressuresareminimal,theyareplantedandharvestedthroughouttheyear.PeppersinFloridaare   producedusingseveraltypesofirrigationsystems.Inmulchedproduction,dripirrigationis   highlyrecommendedbecauseoflesswateruse,lowerweedproduction,andsomeevidenceof   increasedyields.Variousformsofsprinklerirrigationmayalsobeused.Thesoilselectedto p simulatethefieldisaRivierasand.Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermic \ ArenicGlossaqualfs.Thesesoilsareoftenusedfortruckcropandcitrusproduction.Riviera H sandisadeep,poorlydrained,slowrunoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeablesoilthatformedin 4 stratifiedmarinesandyandloamysedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain.Thesesoilare  p generallyfoundonbroad,lowflatsandindepressionsandhaveslopesgenerallylessthan2  \ percent.Thesoilisofmoderateextent.RivierasandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil. H * d dd  td td (#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ"   {7 3XXHTable1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaBellPeppers d   \\QG/*z  { QQQ q\Parameter A\\,!v\Q AValue A\\Q,!v"\\ ASource S\QD,v" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=\Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC   @@22281 @@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl ! (W12844) J\Q;# " q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=!"#\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC!"$  :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,Fl !"% (W12844) J\Q;#"& q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor #2' (PFAC) K\\<$(\Q (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 #2)   Y\\QDB$*  (\?0.78 (\?\\ YމPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;##2+ q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor %B!, (SFAC) )\\&"-\Q )  0.0cmC1 %B!.   8\\Q#!&"/ \\ 8TNoappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis %B!0 partofFlorida J\Q;#&"1 q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof (R#2 Evaporation(ANETD) )\\($3\Q )  32.5cm (R#4   8\\Q#!($5 \\ 8PRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#(R#6 Z \\Q E6,**b%7 0   \QQQ 6  +V&7 &   *\ddSd Std  td (#(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaBell d Peppers ;&* ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) 'N  '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,! " 6USLEKFactor    (USLEK) 'j   '0.03tonsEI1* 2  " 2PRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)andFARMManual(EPA,    1985) -#!j " -USLELSFactor   (USLELS) @6   ?0.20?@0.20 S>3 " ?0.20 ? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS=   ((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slopelength,   x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m(default J  value)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!^ " -USLEPFactor f  (USLEP) ?5 *z  ?1.0??1.0 R=2f " ?1.0 ? RPRZMManualTable5.6(EPA,1998).FLvegetablecropsare f  plantedonlevelfieldsandonraisedbedsunderplasticulture. -#!*z " -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  F 172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! " -NRCSHyetograph  (IREG) =3 b   @4@=4 P;0!"  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!"" -Slope(SLP)   # 1% 2 $" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#! %" -HydraulicLength(HL)  b& 600m 2b'" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) 1'!b(" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrj)      "r*   '& *  *\d dSdd Sdd dd \(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaBellPeppers ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6InitialCrop(INICRP) F<  ?1?F1 P;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) -#!" -InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) =3     ?1?=1 P;0 2 "  ?1 ? PFieldarefallowpriortoplanting -#! 2 " -NumberofDifferentCrops  N  (NDC) =3    ?1?=1 P;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone -#! N" -NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) >4    >@30>@>30 Q<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm j  Beach,FL(W12844) -#!. " -Maximumrainfall J  Interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) @6   333333?0.15333333?@0.15 S>3J " 333333?0.15 333333? SPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual J  (Burns,1992andEPA,1985) -#! " -MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR)   45cm 2*" 2  http://www.ces.uga.edu/pubcd/b1027-w.html#Transpla *  nt -#!! -MaximumCanopy F" Coverage(COVMAX) >4  #  D@40D@>40 F$     Q<1~&  D@40 D@ Q  Basedonestimatesfromaerialphotography;specific F' topeppers,othervegetablecropswillrequirea  ( differentvalue -#!~) -SoilSurfaceCondition &* AfterHarvest(ICNAH) =3 +  @3@=3 P;0&,"  @3 @ PPlantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyear &- whentilledfornextseriesofcrops -#!." -DateofCropEmergence B/ (EMD,EMM,IYREM) A7 0 @38725@A01/09 T?4B1" @38725 @ T  FloridaPeppers(Bell)CropProfile,USDA, B2 4 !O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/FLpeppers-b 3 ell.html6 !OX  7MԀ -#!z4 -DateofCropMaturity "5 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT)  6 15/11 2"7" 2  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_CV130#TABLE_2 -#!"8 -DateofCropHarvest >9 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) A7  : @36902@A01/12 T?4>;" @36902 @ T  FloridaPeppers(Bell)CropProfile,USDA, >< 4 !O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/FLpeppers-b  = ell.html6G!O[  7Ԁ -#!v!> -MaximumDryWeight "? (WFMAX) 2( #@ # 20.0 E0%"A" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation -#!"B" -SCSCurveNumber(CN)  $: C 91,87,88 2$: D" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Fallow=SRpoor, $: E CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor(USDA, % F 1990) -#!r&!G" -ManningsNValue '#H (MNGN) A7 (#I I +?0.011I +?A0.011 T?4'#J" I +?0.011 I +? TRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, '#K conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL(USDA,2000) -#!(#L" -USLECFactor(USLEC)  )6%M 0.1620.938 2)6%N" 2RUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, )6%O conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL,Variablewithdate *%P (USDA,2000) 1'!n+&Q" 1,(R    - )R Ї  ' * dd4dd 4edd e<dd <\(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+88 j@ XHX3Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersforCollierandHendryCounties,FloridaBellPeppers \\QG/0 j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!&v"\Q AValue A\\Q,!&v"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD,&v" I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!h \Q ;100cm E\\QQ0!h "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization h   Database(NRCS,2001) " r   b\QQQ= , "\[[ I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons    (NHORIZ) =\\Q,!}  \QQ =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0! "\\Q E U\QQB&;  0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/ ?" I \QQ IYHorizonThickness 1  (THKNS) >\\/!; \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1) 1  62cm(HORIZN=2) ;  28cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0! "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 1  Database(NRCS,2001) ;  4A!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6!OX  7"B   EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d\QU=i "\ I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!7 \Q ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2) 7  1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0! "\\ E H\Q9&_  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent 3 (THETO) ;\\,!\Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) 3 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0! "\\ E H\Q9![  \\Q IHCompartmentThickness /! (DPN) ;\\,!"\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) /# 2cm(HORIZN=2) $ 4cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!S%"\\ E H\Q9&W% I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!&\Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) ' 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!O("\\ E H\Q9! ]( \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!)\Q ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) * 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!K+"\\ E K\QQ:& Y+ I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent , (OC) =\\Q,!G-\QQ =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) . 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!G/"\\Q E6,*U/ 0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick, m0 M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten.  Y1  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0. E2 (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.  13 EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. !4 EPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043) #6 EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. $7 EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. i&!9 PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated U'": SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof A(#; ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. -)}$< EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. +U&> GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. +A'? EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental ,-(@ ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. -)A ЇEPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof  ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand  EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,  Washington,D.C. t EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance L  forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions 8  July2004. $ t Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands.  L  OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,  8  Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286. $  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.   USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD.   USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. p DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural \ ResearchService(ARS).  H   4  }i|y% Z  FLORIDASTRAWBERRIES RS     ThefieldusedtorepresentstrawberryproductioninFloridaislocatedinHillsboroughor ` ManateeCountiesonthewestcoastofCentralFloridanearTampaBaywhere95percentof L  Floridascropisproducedandtheweatherstationrepresentingthefieldsweatherislocatedin 8  Tampa.TheothermajorstrawberryproductionareaoccursinsoutheasternFlorida.According $ t to2000productionstatisticsandthe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridarankssecondbehind  ` Californiaintheproductionofstrawberries;nearlyallofFloridasproductionisforfreshmarket.  L  Floridaproduces100percentofthedomesticallyproducedwintercrop.Generally,around6,300  8  acresareplantedeachyearinFlorida.Historically,strawberryproductionoccurresprimarilyon $  inorganic,mineralbasedsoils.Mineralsoilsproducehigherqualitystrawberriesthanorganic   mucksoils.NearlyallstrawberriesareplantedbytransplantinFlorida.Typicalplantingoccurs   onraisedbedsusingfullbedplasticmulchwith2to4rowsofplantsperbed;towtothreebeing   mostcommon.Plasticmulchisessentialforsuccessfulmaximizationofproduction.Thecrop   scenariodoesnottakeintoaccounttheimpactplasticmulchsystemsmayhaveonrunofffrom p naturalrainfallorsprinklerirrigation;plasticmulchwillnotimpactrunoffindripirrigation \ systems.OngoingresearchbytheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureandpesticideregistrantsmay H resultinmodificationtothisscenariointhefuture.Distancebetweenrowsofplantsrangefrom 4 12to14inchesfor2rowbedsto10to12inchesfor3rowbeds.Distancebetweenplansina  p rowruns8to14inches.Distancebetweenbedsrangefrom48to60inchesbetween2rowbeds  \ to60to84inchesbetween3rowbeds.Between15,000and25,000plantsareplantedperacre H in2rowsystemsand20,000to30,000plantsperacrein3rowsystems.Cropsareplanted 4 betweenOctober7andNovember1inCentralFloridaandfromOctober1toDecember1in   SouthFlorida.Firstcropappears30to60daysfollowingplantingunderoptimalweather   conditions.Uptofourcropsperplanteachseasonispossible.Eachsubsequentcroptakes  approximately30daystoset;flowerswhicheventuallybearthenextfruitappearcontinuously  fromshortlyafterplantinguntiltheendofharvest.FirstharvestoccursfromNovemberthru  DecemberwithfinalharvestoccurringsometimeinlateMarchorearlyApril;dependingon l initialplanting.AllstrawberriesinFloridaareproducedusingirrigationtomeetminimum X  growingrequirementbyeitheroverhead(forplantestablishmentandfreezeprotection)ordrip D! irrigationsystems(forwateringandfertilizing).Generally,waterrequirementsdependsonthe 0"  soilandtheneedsoftheplants.Maintaining100percentofevapotranspiration(ET)needsis #l! targetedduringthemostactivegrowingseasonandirrigationwillnormallybetriggeredwhen $X" availablesoilmoistureisbetween66and85percent.Thecurrentscenarioissettoaddirrigation $D # waterat66percentwhichmaximizesavailablerunoffwater.Thesoilselectedtosimulatethe %0!$ fieldisaMyakkasand.Myakkasandisasandy,siliceous,hyperthermicAericAlaquods.These &"% soils,withproperdraining,areoftenusedfortruckcropsandcitrusproductionandareimportant '#& soilsinstrawberryproduction.Myakkasandsconsistsofdeeptoverydeep,poorlytovery (#' poorlydrainedsoilswithslowinternaldrainage.Thesesoilsareknowntohavehighwatertables )$( (i.e.,18inchesbelowsurfacefor1to4months).Runoffisslowtoponded,internalpermeability |*%) israpidintheAandEhorizonandmoderatetomoderatelyrapidintheBhhorizon.Thesesoils h+&* formedinsandymarinedepositsandarelocatedonflatwoods,hightidalareas,floodplains, T,'+ depressions,andgentlyslopingtoslopingbarrierislandswithslopesrangingfrom0to8percent. @-(, }Y      Thesoilisoflargeextentasisclassifiedasabenchmarksoil.MyakkasandisaHydrologic  GroupDsoil.  *d dd  td td (#(#,Sd ,td ,td +  2QQQ 2 3XXHTable1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforHillsboroughCounty,FloridaStrawberries (X   R\Q=*  QQQ RParameter A\\,!: j\Q AValue A\\Q,!: j"\\ ASource N\Q?': j " \\Q qNStartingDate L\\=  \Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC    @@22281 @@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileTampa,Fl(W12842) J\Q;#   q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=  \Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC    :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileTampa,Fl(W12842) J\Q;#   q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor  N  (PFAC) K\\<  \Q p= ף?0.77p= ף?K  0.77  N  M  Y\\QDB    p= ף?0.77 p= ף?\\ YPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) E\Q6# N  q \\Q ESnowmeltFactor .^  (SFAC) )\\" \Q )  0.0cmC1 .^    8\\Q#!"  \\ 8Noappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis .^  partofFlorida >\\\-"  \\Q Z>MinimumDepthof >n Evaporation(ANETD) +\\\2\\\ +  25.0cm >n =  8\\\\#!2 \\\ 8uPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998)3)'>n Z  \\\\ 3*\ddSd Std td (#(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  *\\\  * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforHillsboroughCounty,FloridaStrawberries ;\\&!\\\ ;Parameter A\,!Hx""\\ AValue A\\,!Hx#"\ ASource ;\,!Hx$"\\ ;MethodtoCalculate % Erosion(ERFLAG) 6,!d&\ 64(MUSS) 2\'" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) ;\,!("\ ;USLEKFactor ) (USLEK) 6,!*\ 60.1tonsEI1* 2\+" 2GLEAMSManual;TableofRepresentativeSoils(USDA,1990) 2\#!,"\ 2USLELSFactor - (USLELS) OE.\ Gz?0.69Gz?O0.69 S\>3/" Gz?0.69 Gz? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS= 0 ((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slopelength, 1 x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m(default `2 value)andm=0.4(EPA2004). 2\#!$T3"\ 2USLEPFactor |4 (USLEP) ND@p5\ ?0.5?N0.5 R\=2|6" ?0.5 ? RPRZMManual(EPA,1998).StrawberriesinFloridaaregrown |7 inrowsonraisedbedslinedwithplasticmulchforbest @p8 performance;  49 http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flstrawberries.html 2\#! :"\ 2FieldArea  "P; (AFIELD) -#" <\ -172ha 2\ "P=" 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). 2\#! "P>"\ 2NRCSHyetograph <$l!? (IREG) LB%0"@\  @3@L3 P\;0<$l!A"  @3 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) 2\#!<$l!B"\ 2Slope(SLP) -#X&#C\ -4% 2\X&#D" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(08%)(EPA2004) 2\#!X&#E"\ 2HydraulicLength(HL) -#'$F\ -600m 2\'$G" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) 2\#!'$H"\ 2IrrigationFlag )8&I (IRFLAG) -#)&J\ -2(cropping )8&K periodonly) 2\)&L" 2AE260,IrrigationManagement,Table2.Irrigationdemands )8&M duringmid-seasontofinalgrowthwillrange70-85%ET0 2\#!)&N"\ 2IrrigationType(IRTYP) -#$+T(O\ -4(Drip $+T(P Irrigation) 2\+)Q" 2AliciaWhidden,CountyExtensionAgent,UniversityofFlorida, $+T(R InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,ExtensionService +)S HillsboroughCounty,813-744-5519(ext.134).Email: ,)T ajwhidden@mail.ifas.ufl.edu 4\\#!p-*U"\ 4LeachingFactor .+V (FLEACH) H\7/,W\\ # H0 T\\?4.+X" # \ TIrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table3 .+Y (June15,2005);forDripIrrigation 2\\#!/,Z"\\ 2iZ   88   FractionofWater d CapacitywhenIrrigation `( isApplied(PCDEPL) R\E$\\ Q?0.66Q?R0.66 b\\MBd" Q?0.66 Q?\ bhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_AE075 2\#!d"\\ 2MaximumRateatwhich |D IrrigationisApplied @ (RATEAP) -# \ -0.026cmhr1 2\|D " 2IrrigationGuidancefordevelopingPRZMScenario,Table1 |D  (June15,2005).ForCN=89andf=0 :\\\'!@ "\ :*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr+!\ $   \\\ +*\ddSdd Sdd dd \(#(#,A dd ,edd ,dd +  *\\\    * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforHillsboroughCounty,FloridaStrawberries ;\&x @\\\ ;Parameter A,! "\ AValue A\,! " ASource ;\,! "\ ;InitialCrop(INICRP) UK!* \  ?1?U1 P\;0* "  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) 2\#!* "\ 2InitialSurfaceCondition J  (ISCOND) LBF \  ?1?L1 P\;0J "  ?1 ? PFieldsarepreparedeachgrowingseasonintoraised J  bedsfollowinglaser-leveling. F  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flstrawberries    .html 2\#!"\ 2NumberofDifferentCrops & (NDC) LB\  ?1?L1 P\;0&"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone 2\#!&"\ 2NumberofCroppingPeriods B   (NCPDS) MC!\  >@30>@M30 Q\<1B ""  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileTampa,FL B # (W12842) 2\#!$"\ 2MaximumrainfallInterception ^&% storageofcrop(CINTCP) ND"&\ ?0.1?N0.1 R\=2^&'" ?0.1 ? RPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual ^&( (Burns,1992andEPA,1985) 2\#!")"\ 2MaximumActiveRootDepth zB* (AMXDR) -#>+\ -30cm 2\zB," 2  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu  2\#!zB-"\ 2MaximumCanopyCoverage ^. (COVMAX) MCZ"/\  D@40D@M40 Q\<1^0"  D@40 D@ QCanopybasedonestimationfromground/aerial ^1 photography.4 !O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/6v !O ,!  7  Ԁ 2\#!Z"2"\ 2SoilSurfaceConditionAfter z3 Harvest(ICNAH) LBv>4\  @3@L3 P\;0z5"  @3 @ PPlantresiduesareleftbehinduntillaterintheyearwhen z6 tilledfornextseriesofcrops. 2\#!v>7"\ 2DateofCropEmergence  8 (EMD,EMM,IYREM) PF!Z9\ _@37630_@P01/10 T\?4 :" _@37630 _@ TFirstcrop.FloridaStrawberryProfile,USDA  ; 4 !O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flstrawberries !Z< .html6!O#,!  7 SQԀor4 3!O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/6 !O,!  7 MԀ V"= Datessetforfirstcrop.Floridastrawberryfieldsmay #> set3-4cropspergrowingseasonatapproximately30 #? dayintervalsfollowingfirstset,whichoccurs $j @ approximately4-6weeksfollowingtransplant.Nearly f%.!A allFloridastrawberriesaregrownfromtransplant. 4\\#!*&!B"\ 4DateofCropMaturity 'J#C (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) W\FF($D\\ @37904@W10/11 c\\NC'J#E" @37904 @\ cFirstcrop.FloridaStrawberryProfile,USDA 'J#F 4 !O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flstrawberries F($G .html6!O,!  7 SԀor4 3!O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/6!O,!  7 Ԁ  )$H  2\\#!)%I"\\ 2|y[   88   DateofCropHarvest(HAD,HAM, d IYRHAR) 0\#(\\ 015/02 A\\,!d"\ ALastcrop.FloridaStrawberryProfile,USDA d 4 !O  5  http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/Flstrawberries ( .html6!O*,!  7 SXԀor4 3!O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/6!O&,!  7 TԀ  Datesettofinalcropassuming4cropstoallow ` irrigationwatertobeappliedduringall4cropsina $t  growingseason. 2\#!8 "\\ 2MaximumDryWeight(WFMAX) A7@  \ # A0.0 E\0%@  " #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation 2\#!@  "\ 2SCSCurveNumber(CN) -#  \ -92,89,90 2\ " 2GLEAMSManualTableH4;Fallow=SR   ConservationTillage/poor,CroppingandResidue= \  RowCropSRConservationtillage/poor;Curvenumber  p donotcompensateforplasticmulch.(USDA,1990) 2\#! 4 "\ 2ManningsNValue(MNGN) PF< \ Zd;O?0.023Zd;O?P0.023 T\?4< " Zd;O?0.023 Zd;O? TRUSLEEPAPesticideProject:Uc0STSTN <  Strawberry,Tampa,Fl.Notill.CoverCode5:light P  cover,residuesoversoilsurfaceduringcriticalperiod 4\\#! "\ 4USLECFactor(USLEC) 4\#l \\ 40.0170.326 A\\,!l "\ ARUSLEEPAPesticideProject:Uc0STSTN l  Strawberry,Tampa,Fl.Notill.CoverCode5:light 0 cover,residuesoversoilsurfaceduringcriticalperiod1'%"  \\ 1* ddA dd A edd edd \(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+l!l j@ XHX3Table4. PRZM3.12MyakkaSoilParametersforHillsboroughCounty,FloridaStrawberries \\QG/d" j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!Z#"\Q AValue A\\Q,!Z$"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD,Z%" I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!&\Q ;150cm E\\QQ0!'"\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization ( Database(NRCS,2001) V)  b\QQQ=`*"\[[  I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons G+ (NHORIZ) \\\QK!,\QQ  @3@\3 c\\QQN?G-"  @3 @\\Q c U\QQB&o- 0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/#s." I \QQ IYHorizonThickness e / (THKNS) >\\/!!o0\Q >15cm(HORIZN=1) e 1 75cm(HORIZN=2) !o2 60cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!!)3"\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization e 4 Database(NRCS,2001) !o5 4A!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6K(!O_(X  7"( !)6 EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d\QU=M#8"\4 I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,!#k9\Q ;1.25gcm3(HORIZN=1) #k: 1.45gcm3(HORIZN=2) #%; 1.48gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!$<"\\ E H\Q9&"< I \\Q HInitialWaterContent %!!= (THETO) ;\\,!&!>\Q ;0.251cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) %!!? 0.267cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) &!@ 0.133cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!E'"A"\\ E H\Q9!I% A \\Q IHCompartmentThickness (#B (DPN) ;\\,!A)$C\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) (#D 5cm(HORIZN=2,3) E\\Q0!A)$E"\\ E H\Q9&'O#E I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!*%F\Q ;0.251cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) *%G 0.267cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) =+&H 0.133cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!+G'I"\\ E H\Q9!)K%I \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!8\Q ;0.101cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) 8 0.067cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) B  0.033cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!"\\ E K\QQ:& I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent > (OC) =\\Q,!\QQ =1.16%(HORIZN=1) > 0.116%(HORIZN=2)  0.058%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!b  "\\Q E6,*f  0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick, 8   M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. $ t   P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.  `  (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.  L  EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. 8  EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr.   PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated   SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof   ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.  EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. \ GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. H EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental 4 ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C.  p EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof H ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand 4 EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,   Washington,D.C.   EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance  forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions   July2004. l ! Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. D"# OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky, 0#$ Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286. $l% USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55. %D!' USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. &0"( USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. ($* DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural )$+ ResearchService(ARS). *%,  T-(/ Ї% [  FLORIDASUGARCANE ot=    ThefieldusedtorepresentsugarcaneproductioninFloridaislocatedinHendryCounty t inSouthwestFlorida,althoughsugarcaneproductionareascoveranareaextendingeasttothe ` EvergladesAgriculturalArea.Accordingtothe1997CensusofAgriculture,Floridaisthemajor L  producer(yield)ofsugarcane.Mostsugarcaneisgrownonhighorganic mucksoils; 8  approximately10percentisgrownonmineralsoils.Sugarcaneisgrownonlaserleveledfields $ t byplacingshortseed stalkshorizontallyinthepreparedfield.Sugarcaneisproducedinathree  ` tofouryearcyclewiththefirstyearplantingreferredtoasthe plantcanecropandsuccessive  L  yearsreferredtoas stubbleor ratooncropswhichareharvestedfromregrowth.Yields  8  diminishwitheachsuccessivecrop.Attheendofthethirdorfourthyear,sugarcaneisrotatedto $  anothercropbeforereplanting.Rowspacingisapproximately60inches.Irrigation,when   needed,maybeaccomplishedbyraisingthegroundwaterlevelthroughtheuseof lateral   drainagesystemscontrolledbylocksandspacedfrom100feetto300feetapart.Thesoil   selectedtosimulatethefieldisaWabassofinesand.Wabassofinesand,isasandy,siliceous,   hyperthermicAlficAlaquods.Thesesoilsareusedforsugarcaneproduction,butmainlycitrus p productionandtruckcrops.Wabassofinesandisadeeptoverydeep,poorlytoverypoorly \ drained,slowtopondedrunoff,rapidlypermeableinthetophorizonandslowtoveryslowly H permeableinthelowerhorizonssoilthatformedinsandyandloamymarinesediments.These 4 soilaregenerallyfoundonflatwoods,floodplains,anddepressionsandhaveslopesof0to2  p percent.ThesoilisextensiveinFlorida.WabassofinesandisaHydrologicGroupDsoil.  \ * d dd  td td (#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ"   {7 3XXHTable1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforHendryCounty,FloridaSugarcane x   \\QG/>  { QQQ q\`HParameter A\\,!\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ ASource S\QD," q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=&\Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC&  @@22281 @@\\ Z JMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,FL &  (W12844) J\Q;#! q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\= 6"\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC 6#  :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,FL  6$ (W12844) J\Q;#!% q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor "F& (PFAC) K\\<# '\Q (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 "F( M  Y\\QDB# )  (\?0.78 (\?\\ YKMPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#"F* q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor %V + (SFAC) )\\%!,\Q )  0.0cmC1 %V - N  8\\Q#!%!. \\ 8NDoesnotsnowinSouthernFloridasuchthat %V / accumulationisexpected J\Q;#%!0 q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof 'f"1 Evaporation(ANETD) )\\'*#2\Q )  32.5cm 'f"3 P  8\\Q#!'*#4 \\ 8RPPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#'f"5 Z \\Q E6,*&)v$6 0   \QQQ 6  *.&7 & 6  *\ddSd Std  td (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforHendryCounty,FloridaSugarcane ;&d ;Parameter A,!n" AValue A,!n" ASource ;\\,!n" ;MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) 9\,!\\ 94(MUSS) A\\,!"\ APRZMManual(EPA,1998) ;\,!"\\ ;USLEKFactor  2  (USLEK) 6,!  \ 60.1tonsEI1* 2\ 2 " 2GLEAMSManual,tableofRepresentativeSoils(USDA,1990) 2\#! 2 "\ 2USLELSFactor  N  (USLELS) OE \ ?0.20?O0.20 S\>3 N" ?0.20 ? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS  N =((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slope   length,x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m   (defaultvalue)andm=0.3(EPA2004). 2\#!J "\ 2USLEPFactor   (USLEP) NDf \ ?1.0?N1.0 R\=2 " ?1.0 ? RAssumenoconservationpracticeused;fieldsarelaserleveled.          j      r 2\#!f \ 2FieldArea   (AFIELD) -# \ -172ha 2\ " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). 2\#! "\ 2NRCSHyetograph * (IREG) LB\  @4@L4 P\;0*"  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) 2\#!* "\ 2Slope(SLP) -#F!\ -1% 2\F"" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) 2\#!F#"\ 2HydraulicLength(HL) -#N$\ -600m 2\N%" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) :\\\'!N&"\ :*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hr+!' \\\ +    ^(   'cQ& )  *\d ddd dd dd \(#(#,4dd ,edd ,<dd +  *tt * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforHendryCounty,FloridaSugarcane ;&( ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource ;\\,!2" ;InitialCrop(INICRP) X\K!\\  ?1?X1 _\\J?"  ?1 ?\ _Settooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) 2\#!"\\ 2InitialSurfaceCondition  2  (ISCOND) LB  \  ?1?L1 P\;0 2 "  ?1 ? PSettorepresentfallowfield 2\#! 2 "\ 2NumberofDifferentCrops  N  (NDC) LB \  ?1?L1 P\;0 N"  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone 2\#! N"\ 2NumberofCropping j  Periods .  (NCPDS) MC \  >@30>@M30 Q\<1j "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm j  Beach,FL(W12844) 2\#!. "\ 2Maximumrainfall J  interceptionstorageofcrop   (CINTCP) ND \ ?0.1?N0.1 R\=2J " ?0.1 ? RSetsimilartoLASugarcane;PIC(Burns,1998). J  Sugarcaneisagrass.NoPICvalueforFLSugarcane. 2\#! "\ 2MaximumActiveRoot * Depth(AMXDR) -#\ -100cm 2\*" 2SetsimilartoLASugarcane;PIC(Burns,1998).No *  PICvalueforFLSugarcane. 2\#!!"\ 2MaximumCanopy F" Coverage(COVMAX) ND #\ Y@100Y@N100 R\=2F$" Y@100 Y@ RSettodefaultforrowcrops(EPA,2001) 2\#!F%"\ 2SoilSurfaceCondition b& AfterHarvest(ICNAH) LB&'\  @3@L3 P\;0b("  @3 @ PDefaultforsugarcanewhileunder34yrcycle.After b) cycle,rotatetonewcrop.. 2\#!&*"\ 2DateofCropEmergence .~+ (EMD,EMM,IYREM) PFB,\ `@36891`@P01/01 T\?4.~-" `@36891 `@ TtypicallyplantedAugustthruJanuary,SeeSugarcane .~. Handbook4c!O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/6Ll!O`lacto  7lt;lԀ 2\#!B/"\ 2DateofCropMaturity J0 (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) PF^1\ @38748@P02/01 T\?4J2" @38748 @ TtypicallyharvestedOctoberthruMarch,SeeSugarcane J3 Handbook4ltc!O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/6un!Onacto  7lt;nԀ 2\#!^4"\ 2DateofCropHarvest f5 (HAD,HAM,IYRHAR) -#*z6\ -31/12 2\f7" 2dateswerechosensuchthatcyclewouldremainina f8 singlecalendaryearandstillremainwithinthetypical *z9 range.SeeSugarcaneHandbook4lt+!O  5  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/6p!Opacto  7lt"pԀ 2\#!>:"\ 2MaximumDryWeight F!; (WFMAX) A7 "Z<\ # A0.0 E\0%F!=" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation 2\#!F!>"\ 2SCSCurveNumber(CN) -#b#?\ -94,91,92 2\b#@" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Fallow=SR/poor; b#A CroppingandResidue=RowCrop,SR/poorcondition &$vB (USDA,1990) 2\#!$: C"\ 2ManningsNValue B&!D (MNGN) PF'V"E\ y&1?0.014y&1?P0.014 T\?4B&!F" y&1?0.014 y&1? TRUSLEProject;UC0SCSCC;Sugarcane, B&!G conventionaltillage,Tampa(USDA,2000) 4\\#!'V"H"\ 4USLECFactor(USLEC) 4\#^(#I\\ 40.1940.717 A\\,!^(#J"\ ARUSLEProject;Variablewithdate,UC0SCSCC; ^(#K Sugarcane,conventionaltillage,Tampa ")r$L Ѐ(USDA,2000) 1'!)6%M"\\ 1>+&N     ')#^ - )P * dd4dd 4edd e<dd <\(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+ j@ XHX3Table4. PRZM3.12WabassoSoilParametersforHendryCounty,FloridaSugarcane \\QG/X j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!"\Q AValue A\\Q,!"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD," I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!0\Q ;100cm E\\QQ0!0"\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization 0 Database(NRCS,2001)   b\QQQ=T  "\[[< I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons ;   (NHORIZ) =\\Q,! E \QQ =2(Basehorizons) E\\QQ0!;  "\\Q E U\QQB&  0 y \\QQ IUFirstandSecondSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2) Y\QJ/g  " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness   (THKNS) >\\/!c \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1)   90cm(HORIZN=2) E\\QQ0!c "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization   Database(NRCS,2001) c  4#!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6R~!Of~  7#"~ m   d\QU=' "\~~, e I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,! \Q ;1.45gcm3(HORIZN=1)   1.75gcm3(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!_ "\\ E H\Q9&m  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent   (THETO) ;\\,![ \Q ;0.066cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1)   0.178cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0![ "\\ E H\Q9!i  \\Q IHCompartmentThickness   (DPN) ;\\,!W\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1)   5cm(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!W "\\ E H\Q9&e  I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!!\Q ;0.066cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) " 0.178cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!S#"\\ E H\Q9!a# \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!$\Q ;0.036cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1) % 0.078cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=2) E\\Q0!O&"\\ E K\QQ:& ]& I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent ' (OC) =\\Q,!K(\QQ =2.32%(HORIZN=1) ) 0.29%(HORIZN=2) E\\QQ0!K*"\\Q E6,* Y* 0 y \\QQ 6EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. !q+ PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated  ], SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof I- ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. 5. EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker.  0 GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments.  1 EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental !2 ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C. "3 EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof Y$5 ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand E% 6 EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency, 1&!7 Washington,D.C. 'm"8   EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance (E$: forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions )1%; July2004. *&< Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. ,'> OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky, -(? Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.  USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.  USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. t USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. L  DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural 8  ResearchService(ARS).  $ t   #l!  % ]  FLORIDATOMATO(Vegetables) O     Thefieldusedtorepresenttomato(vegetable)productioninFloridaislocatedinManatee ` (#1producingFloridacounty),CollierandLeeCountiesinSouthwestFlorida(MLRA156A), L  althoughtomatoproductionareasincludeotherregionsofFloridasuchastheEverglades 8  AgriculturalAreaandwestcentralandsoutheasternregions.Accordingtothe1997Censusof $ t Agriculture,Floridaisthemajorproduceroftruckcropsandisthehighestproduceroffresh  ` markettomatoesintheU.S.Tomatoesandothertruckcropsaregenerallygrownon muck  L  soils,buttomatoesdoaswellonsandysoils.Tomatoesareplantedbydirectseedingand  8  seedlingtransplantinFlorida,withmorethanhalfbyseedlingtransplant.Typicalplanting $  distancesare48to72inchesbetweenrows(72inchesbeingthemostcommon)and12to24   inchesbetweenplantsinarow(18inchesbeingthemostcommon).Maximumdensityofplants   isapproximately4840plantsperacre.Fieldsareoftenlaserleveledanddrainagecontrolledbya   seriesofinfieldlateralsandperimetercanals.Stakes,approximately4feetinlength,areplace   betweentwoplants,23weeksaftertransplanting.Tomatoplantsareprunedduringthegrowing p seasontooptimizefruitproduction.NearlyalloftheStatestomatocropisgrownonplastic \ mulched,raisedbeds,usingstakecultureanddriporseepirrigation.Nearlyalltomatoesgrown H inFloridareceivesupplementalirrigationduringthegrowingseason.Themostactiveharvest 4 periodisfromNovemberthroughJune.ThesoilselectedtosimulatethefieldisaRivierasand.  p Rivierasandisaloamy,siliceous,active,hyperthermicArenicGlossaqualfs.Thesesoilsare  \ oftenusedfortruckcropandcitrusproduction.Rivierasandisadeep,poorlydrained,slow H runoff,slowlytoveryslowlypermeablesoilthatformedinstratifiedmarinesandyandloamy 4 sedimentsontheLowerCoastalPlain.Thesesoilaregenerallyfoundonbroad,lowflatsandin   depressionsandhaveslopesgenerallylessthan2percent.Thesoilisofmoderateextent.   RivierasandisaHydrologicGroupCsoil.  * d dd  td td (#(#,Sd ,td , td +  7QQQ" {7 3XXHTable1. PRZM3.12ClimateandTimeParametersforManatee,CollierandLeeCounties,FloridaTomato (x   \\QG/>  { QQQ q\Parameter A\\,!:!\Q AValue A\\Q,!:! "\\ ASource S\QD,:!!" q \\Q qSStartingDate L\\=""\Q @@22281@@L  January1,1961 Z\\QEC"#  @@22281 @@\\ Z@MeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,FL "$ (W12844) J\Q;#J#% q \\Q qJEndingDate L\\=$&\Q :@33237:@L  December31,1990 Z\\QEC$'  :@33237 :@\\ ZMeteorologicalFileWestPalmBeach,FL $( (W12844) J\Q;#Z% ) q \\Q qJPanEvaporationFactor &!* (PFAC) K\\<j'"+\Q (\?0.78(\?K  0.78 &!, 5  Y\\QDBj'"-  (\?0.78 (\?\\ YjPRZMManualFigure5.1(EPA,1998) J\Q;#&!. q \\Q qJSnowmeltFactor ($/ (SFAC) )\\z)$0\Q )  0.0cmC1 ($1   8\\Q#!z)$2 \\ 8Noappreciablesnowaccumulationoccursinthis ($3 partofFlorida J\Q;#z)$4 q \\Q ZJMinimumDepthof *&5 Evaporation(ANETD) )\\+&6\Q )  32.5cm *&7 4  8\\Q#!+&8 \\ 8lPRZMManualFigure5.2(EPA,1998) E\QQQ2#*&9 Z \\Q E6,*,&(: 0   \QQQ 6 -): &  *\ddSd Std  td (#(#,Sdd ,dd ,dd +  * * Table2. PRZM3.12ErosionandLandscapeParametersforManatee,CollierandLeeCounties,Florida d Tomato ;&* ;Parameter A,!2" AValue A,!2" ASource 6,!2" 6MethodtoCalculate  Erosion(ERFLAG) 'N  '4(MUSS) 2" 2PRZMManual(EPA,1998) 6,! " 6USLEKFactor    (USLEK) 'j   '0.03tonsEI1* 2  " 2PRZMInputCollator(Burns,1992)andFARMManual(EPA,    1985) -#!j " -USLELSFactor   (USLELS) @6   ?0.20?@0.20 S>3 " ?0.20 ? SCalculatedaccordingtoHaanandBarfield(1978)equation:LS=   ((/72.6)m)((430x2+30x+0.43)/6.613),where=slopelength,   x=SLP/100andm=constant.Inthiscase,=400m(default J  value)andm=0.3(EPA2004). -#!^ " -USLEPFactor f  (USLEP) ?5 *z  ?1.0??1.0 R=2f " ?1.0 ? RPRZMManualTable5.6(EPA,1998).FLvegetablecropsare f  plantedonlevelfieldsandonraisedbedsunderplasticulture. -#!*z " -FieldArea   (AFIELD)  F 172ha 2 " 2AreaofShipmanReservoirwatershed(EPA2004). -#! " -NRCSHyetograph  (IREG) =3 b   @4@=4 P;0!"  @4 @ PPRZMManualFigure5.12(EPA,1998) -#!"" -Slope(SLP)   # 1% 2 $" 2Midpointofsoilseriesrange(EPA,2001) -#! %" -HydraulicLength(HL)  b& 600m 2b'" 2ShipmanReservoir(EPA,1999) 1'!b(" 1*EI=100fttons*in/acre*hrj)      "r* 'r& )  *\d dSdd Sdd dd \(#(#,dd ,dd ,<dd +  *\\\ * Table3 .PRZM3.12CropParametersforManatee,CollierandLeeCounties,FloridaTomato ;\&d\\\ ;Parameter A,!n"\ AValue A\,!n" ASource ;\,!n"\ ;InitialCrop(INICRP) UK!\  ?1?U1 P\;0"  ?1 ? PSettooneforallcrops(EPA,2001) 2\#!"\ 2InitialSurfaceCondition  n (ISCOND) LB 2 \  ?1?L1 P\;0 n "  ?1 ? PFieldarefallowpriortoplanting 2\#! n "\ 2NumberofDifferentCrops :   (NDC) LB N \  ?1?L1 P\;0: "  ?1 ? PSettocropsinsimulationgenerallyone 2\#!: "\ 2NumberofCroppingPeriods V  (NCPDS) MCj \  >@30>@M30 Q\<1V "  >@30 >@ QSettoweatherdata.MeteorologicalFileWestPalm V  Beach,FL(W12844) 2\#!j "\ 2MaximumrainfallInterception r  storageofcrop(CINTCP) ND6 \ ?0.1?N0.1 R\=2r " ?0.1 ? RPIC;confirmedusingTable5.4fromPRZMManual r  (Burns,1992andEPA,1985) 2\#!6 "\ 2MaximumActiveRootDepth   (AMXDR) -#R \ -30cm 2\ " 2PhillisGilreath,ManateeCountyExtensionAgent   Phone:9417224524,Date:2/3/2006 R  Rootsgrowintop1012"ofsoil. f Parametervaluemaybeinconsistentwithdifferent *  tomatoscenariosduetodifferentsources. 2\#!!"\ 2MaximumCanopyCoverage F" (COVMAX) MC #\  D@40D@M40 Q\<1F$"  D@40 D@ QPhillisGilreath,ManateeCountyExtensionAgent F% Phone:9417224524,Date:2/3/2006  & Thisvariesbasedonrowspacing. ~'   Parametervaluemaybeinconsistentwithdifferent B( tomatoscenariosduetodifferentsources. 2\#!V)\ 2SoilSurfaceConditionAfter ^* Harvest(ICNAH) LB"r+\  @3@L3 P\;0^,"  @3 @ PPhillisGilreath,ManateeCountyExtensionAgent ^- Phone:9417224524,Date:2/3/2006 "r. Afterharvest,plantsarediscedintosoil. 2\#!6/"\ 2DateofCropEmergence >0 (EMD,EMM,IYREM) PFR1\ @38718@P01/02 X\C4>2" @38718 @ XPhillisGilreath,ManateeCountyExtensionAgent >3 Phone:9417224524,Date:2/3/2006 R4 Therearetwocrops:springandfall.Theyaregrown 5 ondifferentfieldsduetooverlap.Thismodelsthe 6 springcrop. N 7 EmergenceisfromendofJanuarytothe1stweekin !b8 March.ThepeakoccursearlyFebruary.Harvestis !&9 fromlateApriltoearlyJune. C\42":"<<3 m\ CDateofCropMaturity z; (MAD,MAM,IYRMAT) -#> <\ -21/04 6!z=" 6 ,\f= ,DateofCropHarvest(HAD, !> HAM,IYRHAR) -#z"?\ -15/05 6!!@" 6 ,\R!@ ,MaximumDryWeight #BA (WFMAX) A7$ B\ # A0.0 E\0%#BC" #  ESetto 0"Notusedinsimulation 2\#!#BD"\ 2SCSCurveNumber(CN) -#&^!E\ -91,87,88 2\&^!F" 2GleamsManualTableH4,Fallow=SRpoor, &^!G CroppingandResidue=RowCropSR/poor(USDA, &""H 1990) 2\#!'"I"\ 2ManningsNValue(MNGN) PF(>$J\ I +?0.011I +?P0.011 T\?4(>$K" I +?0.011 I +? TRUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans, (>$L conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL(USDA,2000) 4\\#!)%M"\ 4USLECFactor(USLEC) 4\# +Z&N\\ 40.162  +Z&O 0.938 A\\,!+'P"\ ARUSLEProject;UC0BGBGC;GreenBeans,  +Z&Q conventionaltillage;Tampa,FL,Variablewithdate +'R (USDA,2000) 1'!,'S"\\ 1-:)T   Ї  'L}* dddd dd <dd <\(#(#,d , td , td +  @QQQ+LL j@ XHX3Table4. PRZM3.12RivieraSoilParametersforManatee,CollierandLeeCounties,FloridaTomato \\QG/ j QQQ I\Parameter A\\,!:"\Q AValue A\\Q,!:"\\ AVerificationSource @ S\QD,:" I \\Q ISTotalSoilDepth(CORED) ;\\,!, |\Q ;100cm E\\QQ0!, | "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization , |  Database(NRCS,2001)  6   b\QQQ=  "\[[  I \\QQ ybNumberofHorizons    (NHORIZ) =\\Q,!A \QQ =3(Tophorizonsplitintwo) E\\QQ0! "\\Q E U\QQB& O 0 y \\QQ IUFirst,Second,andThirdSoilHorizons(HORIZN=1,2,3) Y\QJ/  " I \QQ IYHorizonThickness E  (THKNS) >\\/! \Q >10cm(HORIZN=1) E  62cm(HORIZN=2)   28cm(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0!i "\\ ENRCS,NationalSoilsCharacterization E  Database(NRCS,2001)   4A!O  5  http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/ssl/)6!OX  7" i  EdRussell(USDA-NRCS,Fresno) d\QU=- "\  I \\QQ IdBulkDensity(BD) ;\\,! \Q ;1.65gcm3(HORIZN=1,2)   1.7gcm3(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!e "\\ E H\Q9&#s  I \\Q HInitialWaterContent  (THETO) ;\\,!a\Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2)   0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!a!"\\ E H\Q9!o! \\Q IHCompartmentThickness " (DPN) ;\\,!]#\Q ;0.1cm(HORIZN=1) $ 2cm(HORIZN=2) ]% 4cm(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!g&"\\ E H\Q9&k& I \\Q HFieldCapacity(THEFC) ;\\,!Y'\Q ;0.073cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) Y( 0.211cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!c)"\\ E H\Q9!!) \\Q IHWiltingPoint(THEWP) ;\\,!U*\Q ;0.023cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=1,2) U+ 0.091cm3H2Ocm3soil(HORIZN=3) E\\Q0!_,"\\ E K\QQ:&, I \\Q yKOrganicCarbonContent Q- (OC) =\\Q,! [.\QQ =1.16%(HORIZN=1,2) Q/ 0.174%(HORIZN=3) E\\QQ0! [0"\\Q E6,*0 0 y \\QQ 6Burns.1992.Burns,L.A.,(Coordinator),B.W.Allen,Jr.,M.C.Barber,S.L.Bird,J.M.Cheplick, 11 M.J.Fendley,D.R.Hartel,C.A.Kittner,F.L.Mayer,Jr.,L.A.Suarez,andS.E.Wooten. 2  P esticideand I ndustrialChemical R isk Analysisand H azard A ssessment,Version3.0.  3 (PIRANHA)EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S. !4 EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA.1992. "5 EPA.1985.FieldAgriculturalRunoffMonitoring(FARM)Manual,(EPA/600/385/043) i$7 EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. U% 8 EPA.1998.Carsel,R.F.,J.C.Imhoff,P.R.Hummel,J.M.Cheplick,andA.S.Donigian,Jr. -'}": PRZM3,AModelforPredictingPesticideandNitrogenFateintheCropRootandUnsaturated (i#; SoilZones:UsersManualforRelease3.0.NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,Officeof )U$< ResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA. )A%= EPA.1999.Jones,R.D.,J.Breithaupt,J.Carleton,L.Libelo,J.Lin,R.Matzner,andR.Parker. +'? GuidanceforUseoftheIndexReservoirinDrinkingWaterExposureAssessments. ,(@ EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.Environmental -(A ProtectionAgency,Washington.D.C.  EPA.2001.Abel,S.A.ProcedureforConductingQualityAssuranceandQualityControlof  ExistingandNewPRZMFieldandOrchardCropStandardScenarios.EnvironmentalFateand t EffectsDivision,OfficeofPesticidePrograms,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency, ` Washington,D.C. L  EPA.2004.PesticideRootZoneModel(PRZM)FieldandOrchardCropScenarios:Guidance $ t forSelectingFieldCropandOrchardScenarioInputParameters.November15,2001;Revisions  ` July2004.  L  Haan,C.T.andB.J.Barfield.1978.HydrologyandSedimentologyofSurfaceMinedLands. $  OfficeofContinuingEducationandExtension,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,   Lexington,Kentucky40506.pp.286.   USDA.1990.Davis,F.M.,R.A.Leonard,W.G.Knisel.GLEAMSUserManual,Version1.8.55.   USDAARSSoutheastWatershedResearchLaboratory,TiftonGA.SEWRL030190FMD. p USDA.2000.RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation(RUSLE)EPAPesticideProject.U.S. H DepartmentofAgriculture,NationalResourcesConservationService(NRCS)andAgricultural 4 ResearchService(ARS).  p    \ % ^  FLORIDATURF 12     ThefieldusedtorepresentturfgrassinFloridaislocatedinOsceolaCountywithin ` MLRA155,althoughturfgrasses(golfcourses,sodfarms,etc.)arelocatedthroughoutthestate. L  Thisturfscenarioisconsideredtobeessentiallygeneric,withnodistinctionmadebetweensod 8  farms,golfcoursefairways,greensandtees,orresidentiallawns.Forpesticidesappliedtogolf $ t courses,thefractionofthetotalareacomposedofgreens,tees,andfairwaysmay,howeverbe  ` usedtomodifytheresultsofamodelingrun,somewhatinthefashionofapercentcroppedarea  L  (PCA)adjustment.Theapproximateaveragepercentareas(confirmedbyMikeKenna,USGA,  8  personalcommunication)areasfollows:fairways,23%;greens,2%;tees,2%.Thusifa $  pesticideisonlyusedongreensandtees,forexample,themodelingresultswouldbemultiplied   byafactorof0.04.ItispossiblethatcurrentPCAdevelopmenteffortsmayproducePCAsfor   golfcourses,turffarms,and/orresidentiallawnsthatmayalsobeusedtorefinetheresultsof   modelingruns.   Todevelopaturfscenariothesoilwasmodifiedbyaddinga2cmthicklayerofAthatch@on p topofthesoilprofile.Thethatchlayerhasthefollowingproperties:bulkdensity=0.37;field \ capacity=0.47;wiltingpoint=0.27;organiccarbon=7.5%.Curvenumberswereselected H basedonAgoodcondition@openspaceareasasspecifiedinTR55,thatisforhydrologicsoil 4 groupsC.A2cmlayerofthatchistypicalforgolfcoursefairways,butisprobablythickerthan  p averageforgolfcoursegreens.  \  SodProduction. 󀀀SodmaybegrownonmostsoiltypesinFlorida,however,soilswithdrainage 4 problemsmustbemechanicallyalteredtobreakuphardpansorprovidesubsurfacedrainageto $ preventprolongedperiodsofsaturation.Soilswithveryhighsandcontentandveryrapid  drainagesuchassanddunetypesandsarenotrecommendedduetotheirpoorwaterholding  capacityanddifficultymaintainingadequatenutrientlevels.Wherenecessary,irrigationsystems  areinstalledbeforeoperationofasodfarmbegins.Fieldsaregenerallylaserleveledbefore  plantingtoallowforuniformharvestingofsodbythe cutterblade.Smallhills