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Basic Information
This page is intended to provide the public with general information concerning asbestos and where and how to get more information.
- Asbestos and Asbestos Health Effects
- Where can asbestos be found?
- Where can I find an accredited lab to test for asbestos?
- EPA's Role in Asbestos
- Roles of Other Federal Agencies in Asbestos
Asbestos and Asbestos Health Effects
What is asbestos?
Asbestos is the name given to a number of naturally occurring fibrous minerals with high tensile strength, the ability to be woven, and resistance to heat and most chemicals. Because of these properties, asbestos fibers have been used in a wide range of manufactured goods, including roofing shingles, ceiling and floor tiles, paper and cement products, textiles, coatings, and friction products such as automobile clutch, brake and transmission parts. The current federal definition of asbestos is the asbestiform varieties
of: chrysotile (serpentine); crocidolite (riebeckite); amosite (cummingtonite/grunerite);
anthophyllite; tremolite; and actinolite.
What are the health effects of asbestos exposure?
Exposure to airborne friable asbestos may result in a potential health
risk because persons breathing the air may breathe in asbestos fibers.
Continued exposure can increase the amount of fibers that remain in
the lung. Fibers embedded in lung tissue over time may cause serious
lung diseases including: asbestosis, lung cancer, or mesothelioma. Smoking increases the risk of developing illness from asbestos exposure.
Three of the major health effects associated with asbestos exposure include:
- Asbestosis – Asbestosis is a serious, progressive, long-term
non-cancer disease of the lungs. It is caused by inhaling asbestos
fibers that irritate lung tissues and cause the tissues to scar. The
scarring makes it hard for oxygen to get into the blood. Symptoms
of asbestosis include shortness of breath and a dry, crackling sound
in the lungs while inhaling. There is no effective treatment for asbestosis.
- Lung Cancer – Lung cancer causes the largest number of deaths
related to asbestos exposure. People who work in the mining, milling,
manufacturing of asbestos, and those who use asbestos and its products
are more likely to develop lung cancer than the general population.
The most common symptoms of lung cancer are coughing and a change
in breathing. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, persistent
chest pains, hoarseness, and anemia.
- Mesothelioma – Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that is
found in the thin lining (membrane) of the lung, chest, abdomen, and
heart and almost all cases are linked to exposure to asbestos. This
disease may not show up until many years after asbestos exposure.
This is why great efforts are being made to prevent school children
from being exposed.
Exposure to asbestos increases your risk of developing lung disease. That risk is made worse by smoking. In general, the greater the exposure to asbestos, the greater the chance of developing harmful health effects. Disease symptoms may take several years to develop following exposure. If you are concerned about possible exposure, consult a physician who specializes in lung diseases (pulmonologist).
For more information on these and other health effects of asbestos exposure see the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's Web site.
Where can asbestos be found?
Asbestos has been commonly used as an acoustic insulator, thermal insulation, fire proofing and in other building materials. Asbestos fibers are incredibly strong and have properties that make them resistant to heat. Many products are in use today that contain asbestos. Most of these are materials used in heat and acoustic insulation, fire proofing, and roofing and flooring. In 1989, EPA identified the following asbestos product categories. Many of these materials may still be in use.
| asbestos-cement corrugated sheet | asbestos-cement flat sheet | asbestos-cement pipe | asbestos-cement shingle |
| roof coatings | flooring felt | pipeline wrap | roofing felt |
| asbestos clothing | non-roof coatings | vinyl/asbestos floor tile | automatic transmission components |
| clutch facings | disc brake pads | drum brake linings | brake blocks |
| commercial and industrial asbestos friction products | sheet and beater-add gaskets (except specialty industrial) | commercial, corrugated, and specialty paper | millboard |
| rollboard |
Where can I find an accredited lab to test for asbestos?
The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) maintains a listing of accredited asbestos laboratories under the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP). You may call NIST at (301) 975-4016.
- NVLAP Accredited Laboratories for the Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) Test Method
- NVLAP Accredited Laboratories for the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Test Method
Office of Air and Radiation/Office of Air Quality Planning Standards (OAQPS)
- The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards is part of EPA's Office of Air and Radiation. Its primary mission is to preserve and improve air quality in the United States. OAQPS is the EPA Office responsible for implementing the Asbestos National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) found at 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M.
EPA Region 4 Asbestos NESHAP Documents
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
- The Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA), working in partnership with EPA Regional Offices, state governments, tribal governments and other federal agencies, ensures compliance with the nation's environmental laws. Employing an integrated approach of compliance assistance, compliance incentives and innovative civil and criminal enforcement, OECA and its partners seek to maximize compliance and reduce threats to public health and the environment.
- NESHAP Applicability Determination Index is a database of interpretations of the asbestos NESHAP regulations.
Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS)
- The Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances regulates asbestos in school buildings, certain asbestos products and implements the Asbestos Model Accreditation Plan (MAP). States use the MAP as a standard for training and accrediting asbestos professionals. OPPTS also implements the Asbestos Worker Protection Rule which protects workers in states without Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Safety and Health Plans.
Office of Research and Development (ORD)
- The Office of Research and Development (ORD) is the scientific research arm of EPA. ORD's leading-edge research helps provide the solid underpinning of science and technology for the Agency. ORD conducts research on ways to prevent pollution, protect human health, and reduce risk. The work at ORD laboratories, research centers, and offices across the country helps improve the quality of air, water, soil, and the way we use resources. Applied science at ORD builds our understanding of how to protect and enhance the relationship between humans and the ecosystems of Earth
- EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) - IRIS is a database of human health effects that may result from exposure to various substances found in the environment. IRIS was initially developed for EPA staff in response to a growing demand for consistent information on chemical substances for use in risk assessments, decision-making and regulatory activities. The information in IRIS is intended for those without extensive training in toxicology, but with some knowledge of health sciences.
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
OSWER provides policy, guidance and direction for the Agency's solid waste and emergency response programs. OSWER develops guidelines for the land disposal of hazardous waste and underground storage tanks and provides technical assistance to all levels of government to establish safe practices in waste management. The Office administers the Brownfields program which supports state and local governments in redeveloping and reusing potentially contaminated sites. OSWER also manages the Superfund program to respond to abandoned and active hazardous waste sites and accidental oil and chemical releases as well as encourages innovative technologies to address contaminated soil and groundwater.
- Superfund Actions - Superfund's site information page allows the user to locate information on active Superfund Sites. Sites can be located by a variety of parameters.
- Superfund's Action in Libby, MT - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8 sent an Emergency Response Team to Libby, Montana in late November 1999 to investigate asbestos-contaminated vermiculite. Region 8 also maintains a timeline of current and proposed actions for the Libby, MT site.
Office of Water/Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (OGWDW)
- The Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (OGWDW) regulates contaminants in drinking water. OGWDW maintains an Asbestos fact sheet - Asbestos in Drinking Water
What Are the Roles of Other Federal Agencies in Asbestos?
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) - ATSDR conducts health-related activities around asbestos exposure and provides informational materials and resources for individuals and health care providers who are concerned about exposure. This Web site provides the following information resources to assist concerned individuals:
- Consumer Product Safety Commission
(CPSC) - The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is
an independent federal regulatory agency that was created in 1972 by Congress
in the Consumer Product Safety Act. In that law, Congress directed the Commission
to "protect the public against unreasonable risks of injuries and deaths
associated with consumer products."
- Mine Safety
and Health Administration (MSHA) - MSHA addresses asbestos issues as they relate to mining activities.
The mission of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) is to administer
the provisions of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (Mine Act)
and to enforce compliance with mandatory safety and health standards as
a means to eliminate fatal accidents; to reduce the frequency and severity
of nonfatal accidents; to minimize health hazards; and to promote improved
safety and health conditions in the Nation's mines. MSHA carries out the
mandates of the Mine Act at all mining and mineral processing operations
in the United States, regardless of size, number of employees, commodity
mined, or method of extraction.
- National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) - The National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the Federal agency responsible
for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of
work-related disease and injury. The Institute is part of the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). NIOSH maintains a listing of
Asbestos publications. NIOSH's publications may be of interest to
the general public but are targeted specifically to occupational safety
and health issues.
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - Founded in 1901, NIST is a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration. NIST's mission is to develop and promote measurements, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. NIST maintains a listing of accredited asbestos laboratories under the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP).
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - An estimated 1.3 million employees in construction and general industry face significant asbestos exposure on the job. Heaviest exposures occur in the construction industry, particularly during the removal of asbestos during renovation or demolition. Employees are also likely to be exposed during the manufacture of asbestos products (such as textiles, friction products, insulation, and other building materials) and during automotive brake and clutch repair work. Asbestos is well recognized as a health hazard and is highly regulated. OSHA and EPA asbestos rules are intertwined.
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) - USGS monitors asbestos importation and consumption domestically and maps the location of naturally occurring asbestos.