﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="relationBrowser.xsl"?>
<RelationViewerData>

	<Settings appTitle="Eco-Health Relationship Browser: Public Health Linkages to Ecosystem Services" WWWLinkTargetFrame="_blank" startID="Urban Ecosystems" defaultRadius="170" maxRadius="210">
		<RelationTypes>
			<hasBorderTo color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4" labelText="Affect" letterSymbol="A"/>
			<isSpokenIn color="0xAAAAAA" lineSize="4" labelText="is Linked to" letterSymbol="L"/>
			<affectsPerson color="0xAAAAAA" lineSize="4" letterSymbol="L"/>
			<isPartOf color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4" labelText="Provide" letterSymbol="P"/>
			<UndirectedRelation color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4" labelText="association" letterSymbol="B"/>
			<DirectedRelation color="0xAAAAAA" lineSize="4"/>
		</RelationTypes>
		<NodeTypes>
			<Person/>
			<Ocean/>
			<Country/>
			<Mountain/>
			<Continent/>
		</NodeTypes>
	</Settings>

<!-- 
	IMPORTANT XML NOTES

	#1 - All Persons, Country, and Continent items should be listed here alphabetically for proper functionality
	#2 - All ampersands should be listed as "&amp;" instead of just "&amp;"
	#3 - There should be a space between each item listed: 'name="aaa" id="bbb"' instead of 'name="aaa"id="bbb"'

-->

	<Nodes>
		 
                 <Country name="Water Hazard Mitigation" continent="Urban Ecosystems" id="cid-cia-Water Regulation" headerName1="Description: Water Hazard Mitigation" headerText1="Various ecosystems, whether natural or man-made, can buffer the negative effects that extreme precipitation and weather events have on surrounding areas. For instance, wetlands moderate the effects of floods by taking in and holding floodwaters and protect coastlines from storm events like hurricanes and tsunamis. Forested ecosystems have also been shown to reduce flooding and help regulate water flow inbetween precipitation events by intercepting, absorbing, and slowly releasing water. In urban areas, these forests also reduce the impacts of stormwater runoff. This water regulation reduces flooding events and their negative health effects while also mitigating potential droughts through water storage. The absence of ecosystems such as wetlands and forests which are capable of regulating water may result in increased incidence of extreme events such as flooding, as well as exacerbate the effects of events such as hurricanes due to the lack of a proper buffer from human settlements." />
                  <Country name="Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" continent="Forests" id="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" headerName1="Description: Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" headerText1="Regular physical activity is essential to a healthy lifestyle. Outdoor areas such as parks, forests, and urban green spaces promote a variety of physical activities such as walking, biking and exploration. Bodies of water also provide opportunities for activities like canoeing, fishing, and water skiing. Though there are numerous opportunities for indoor exercise at fitness centers, these options are often costly in terms of time and money and are not available to everyone. Studies show that many people prefer exercising outdoors and outdoor exercise has been shown to have more positive mental and physical health effects than indoor exercise. The presence of outdoor green spaces provides more opportunities for people to recreate and participate in physical activities outdoors. This planned exercise, combined with the incidental exercise that comes from walking and biking from place to place, contributes to overall well-being." />
                 <Country name="Heat Hazard Mitigation" continent="Urban Ecosystems" id="cid-cia-Heat Mitigation" headerName1="Description: Heat Hazard Mitigation" headerText1="The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is a heating phenomenon that occurs in urban centers and their surrounding suburban areas. With the UHI effect, metropolitan areas do not cool down at night due to the release of heat from dark surfaces that absorb heat throughout the day. In UHIs, temperatures can be 6 to 8 degrees higher in urban centers than in nearby woodlands. This fact is especially important during heat wave events, where those who reside in urban areas are often most effected due to exposure to higher maximum temperatures and less nighttime reprieve from heat. In urban systems, green spaces such as parks, urban forests and green roofs, can reduce urban temperatures and mitigate the effects of heat wave events through evapotranspiration and shading. The cooling effects of these green spaces may be especially important during heat waves, where temperatures directly outside the homes in which people are confined (elderly, infirm) have an effect on mortality." />
                  <Country name="Clean Water" continent="Urban Ecosystems" id="cid-cia-Water Filtration" headerName1="Description: Clean Water" headerText1="When a contaminant is introduced to water, it does not always remain suspended in the water but can be taken up by plants, animals, or soil before it reaches a major water body. Ecological features, whether natural or man-made, with the appropriate plant species and soil types, can remove up to 100% of certain contaminants from various landscapes including urban and agricultural areas. This process can reduce contamination of aquatic habitats, drinking-water supplies, and recreational waters.  The absence of adequate natural water filtration due to habitat removal or the inability of the filtering environment to cope with the volume of pollution can lead to significant public-health threats.  These threats can be reduced with water-treatment systems; however, this solution is not always an option due to expense or technology limitations." />
                  <Country name="Clean Air" continent="Urban Ecosystems" id="cid-cia-Air Filtration" headerName1="Description: Clean Air" headerText1="As industry, urbanization, and use of motor vehicles have increased, so too has the concentration of pollutants that exist in the atmosphere. Forests and other green spaces are capable of filtering many of these air pollutants, however, and thus help improve air quality. Trees can reduce ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone.  Because these air pollutants have significant negative health effects, their natural removal from the environment helps protect human health. The air-quality improvements from tree cover in populated places is associated with reduced incidence and severity of respiratory and related illnesses, as well as reduced health-care costs and days missed from work and school." />
                 <Country name="Aesthetics &amp; Engagement with Nature" continent="Urban Ecosystems" id="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" headerName1="Description: Aesthetics &amp; Engagement with Nature" headerText1="Scientific studies show that exposure to nature and urban green space is positively associated with numerous aspects of both physiological and psychological health, as well as with good social relations. Causal mechanisms for some of these associations have been demonstrated in the laboratory: faster recovery from neurological fatigue appears to be responsible for the observed effects that greenness has on mental concentration and the alleviation of ADHD symptoms in children. Exposure to natural scenery, even through a window or a photograph, slows the heart rate and calms anxiety. Humans' innate affinity for nature may be responsible for observations that people are preferentially drawn to community green space, where they are more inclined to interact with neighbors while relaxing or recreating. These interactions are directly beneficial by increasing social capital (Putnam 2000), which in turn contributes positively to a variety of health and well-being issues. Access to nature, including urban green space, allows for engagement with the natural world and seems to have health benefits that extend beyond those derived from outdoor exercise. For example, gardens have long been components of hospital grounds and urban settings for their perceived benefits to well-being. Engagement with less cultivated outdoor environments is believed to facilitate exploration, creativity, and self-esteem in children (Louv 2005). The notion that humans, as natural creatures that evolved within ecological settings, have an innate affinity for nature has been dubbed biophilia (Wilson 1984). This concept is one explanation for observed increases in many aspects of human health with increased exposure to features, even representations, of the natural world." citations="Louv, 2005; Putnam , 2000; Wilson, 1984" />



        <Mountain name="--- Ecosystem Services ---" id="Under Construction" headerName1="Under Construction" headerText1="Coming soon" />

<!--
    To add a sidebar header, create a new headerName# and headerText# pair, where headerName# is the text for the heading and headerText# is the descriptive text that goes inside that header.

	Due to actionscript limitations, the max number of headers you can have is 9.

	Note that the Citations header does not follow the usual headerName# and headerText# format.
	Instead, use 'citations="Enter citations here"' and place at the very end of the line.
	The citation element does not count towards the maximum number of headers.
-->

                <Person id="Thyroid Dysfunction" _text="100" name="Thyroid Dysfunction" headerName1="Definition: Thyroid Dysfunction" headerText1="The thyroid gland is located in the neck and is a hormone-producing endocrine gland. When the thyroid gland malfunctions, it may cause too much or not enough hormone to be produced. A thyroid gland that is not active enough (hypothyroidism) may cause weight gain and fatigue." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Endocrine" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="People over the age of 50 and females are at higher risk of hypothyroidism (most common thyroid dysfunction)." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Inflammation of the thyroid gland, birth defects" citations="MedlinePlus, US Natl Library of Medicine" />
                <Person id="Stress" _text="100" name="Stress" headerName1="Definition: Stress" headerText1="Stress is a normal feeling that can manifest as a result of an event or thought that makes people frustrated, upset or nervous. While some stress can be healthy, chronic and/or prolonged stress can have negative health effects. Stress affects people differently and can bring about headaches, muscle pain, and rapid breathing, among other symptoms." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous System" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Stress can affect people of all ages, regardless of sex or ethnicity. However, one study in the United States found that women, individuals with lower income, and those who have less education reported higher levels of stress."  headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Studies in the US indicate that stress decreases with age and education level."   headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Emotional or Important Life Events; Injury or Illness in Yourself, a Friend, or Loved One; Depression" citations="Cohen and Janicki-Deverts, 2012; US Nat'l Library of Medicine; CDC" />
                <Person id="Social Relations" _text="100" name="Social Relations" headerName1="Definition: Social Relations" headerText1="Social relations, which are often referred to as social interactions, include the relationships that individuals have with one or more people. The term includes long-term relationships and everyday social interactions with others." headerHeight1="1000" headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="In general, humans feel the need for contact with other human beings and interact with others on a regular basis. Demographic factors that may affect a person's social connectedness include: age, marital status, church attendance, home ownership, education and income." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Environment, Development of Social Skills" citations="House,Landis &amp; Umberson 1988; Seeman 1996; Timpone 1998 " />
		<Person id="Self-Esteem" _text="100" name="Self-Esteem" headerName1="Definition: Self-Esteem" headerText1="Self esteem is used to describe one's overall sense of self-worth or personal value. Many experts think self-esteem is a major component of human existence and plays an important role in one's construct of identity." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" citations="Madlock, 2010" />
                <Person id="Respiratory Symptoms" _text="100" name="Respiratory Symptoms" headerName1="Definition: Respiratory Symptoms" headerText1="There are a number of respiratory symptoms that are associated with serious respiratory illnesses. These symptoms include the following: difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, shallow or deep breathing, and absence of breathing." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Respiratory" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Respiratory symptoms can affect any person regardless of age, race or gender. " headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="COPD, Infection, Inflammation, Smoking, Heart Conditions" citations="Better Medicine" />
                <Person id="Preterm Birth" _text="100" name="Preterm Birth" headerName1="Definition: Preterm Birth" headerText1="A baby is considered preterm, or premature, if it is born at least three weeks before its due date - or 37 weeks. Of all neonatal deaths, 28% are due to preterm birth." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Reproductive" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Pregnant women worldwide have premature births. In the United States, 1 in 8 babies is born premature." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="In countries where data is available, such as the U.S. and UK among others, preterm birth rates have risen dramatically over the past 20 years due to a number of factors." headerName5="Known Contributing Factors" headerText5="Carrying More than One Child, Previous Preterm Birth, Uterine or Cervical Issues, Previous Chronic Health Problems; Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Use, or Drug Use During Pregnancy" citations="CDC; Beck et al., 2010" />
		<Person id="Obesity" _text="100" name="Obesity" headerName1="Definition: Obesity" headerText1="Obesity is a preventable disease characterized by being extremely overweight and having a high percentage of body fat or a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater. BMI is a calculated weight to height ratio used to determine a person's relative body fat amount and is typically accepted as a good indicator of fat content. A BMI between 18.5 and 25 is considered normal and healthy." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Multiple" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="In 2008, 1.5 billion adults (age 20 and older) worldwide were deemed overweight. Of those, over 500 million were obese. In 2010, around 43 million children under five were overweight, of whom 81% were in developing countries. In the United States, roughly one third of adults (33.8%) are obese. In the U.S. more women than men are obese and non-Hispanic blacks have the highest rate of obesity (44.1%) compared to non-Hispanic whites who have the lowest rate of obesity (32.6%) of the reported groups." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Worldwide, obesity has more than doubled since 1980 and along with being overweight is the fifth leading risk for global deaths." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Lack of Exercise, High Calorie Intake, Genetics, Drug Usage" citations="WHO, CDC; Flegal et al., 2010" />
		<Person id="Mortality" _text="100" name="Mortality" headerName1="Definition: Mortality" headerText1="Put simply, mortality means death. Infant mortality rate is often used an indicator for the health level in a country. " headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Multiple" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Mortality rates vary among countries depending on a number of factors. Infant mortality rates range from 2.60 to 144 deaths/1,000 live births. Developing countries typically have higher mortality rates than those in developed countries." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="In the United States, the death rate for 10 out of the 15 leading causes of death has been declining in the past several years. For the U.S., the death rate in 2007 was 803/100,000 compared to 2009's rate of 741/100,000." headerName5="Known Contributing Factors" headerText5="Heart Disease, Stroke, Cancer, Infectious Disease, Malnutrition, Diet, Chronic Disease, Violent Crimes" citations="CDC" />
		<Person id="Miscarriage" _text="100" name="Miscarriage" headerName1="Definition: Miscarriage" headerText1="A miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Reproductive" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Miscarriages occur in women who are pregnant and increase in likelihood as women age. Women over the age of 30 and those who have previously had a miscarriage are at greater risk of having a miscarriage." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Studies show that about 8 to 20 percent of women who know they are pregnant have a miscarriage some time before 20 weeks of pregnancy; 80 percent of these occur in the first 12 weeks (Regan 2000)." headerName5="Known Contributing Factors" headerText5="Diabetes, Chromosomal abnormalities, Drug and alcohol abuse, Exposure to environmental toxins, Hormone problems, Infection, Obesity (potential contributing factors)" citations="US National Library of Medicine" />
		<Person id="Migraine" _text="100" name="Migraine" headerName1="Definition: Migraine" headerText1="A migraine is a type of severe headache caused by abnormal brain activity that is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting or sensitivity in light." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Migraine afflicts 28 million Americans, with females suffering more frequently (17%) than males (6%). This trend, where roughly 6% of men and 15-18% of women are affected by migraines is also seen in Europe and Central and South America. Migraines affect women 2 - 3 times more than men in most countries that have been studied." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Stress, Alcohol Use, Allergic Reactions, Certain Foods, Environmental Factors (these are thought to have an effect on migraines)" citations="MedlinePlus; Lipton et al., 2001 "/>
		<Person id="Mental Health" _text="100" name="Mental Health" headerName1="Definition: Mental Health" headerText1="Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Mental and behavioral disorders are estimated to account for 12% of the global burden of disease. Mental and behavioral disorders are common, affecting more than 25% of all people at some time during their lives. Around 20% of all patients seen by primary health care professionals have one or more mental disorders. " headerName4="Known contributing factors" headerText4="Social Relations, Social Support, Spirituality/Religion, Physical Health, Substance Abuse, Trauma, Stress" citations="WHO: Mental Health, Broadhead et al., 1983; Seybold and Hill, 2001; Annerstedt et al., 2012" />
		<Person id="Low Birth Weight" _text="100" name="Low Birth Weight" headerName1="Definition: Low Birth Weight" headerText1="An infant is considered to have a low birth weight if it weighs less than 5lbs 8 oz (2500 grams) at birth." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Reproductive" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Roughly 30 million babies are born with low birth weight annually. Low income or developing countries have higher numbers of low-weight births than higher income countries." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Globally, prevalence of low-weight births is slowly decreasing." headerName5="Known Contributing Factors" headerText5="Multiple Pregnancy (twins+), Previous Chronic Conditions, Smoking, Drug and Alcohol Use, Uterine or Cervical Issues" citations="WHO" />
		<Person id="Longevity" _text="100" name="Longevity" headerName1="Definition: Longevity" headerText1="Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live from birth and is often used as a measure of overall quality of life in a country." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Life expectancy is affected by all organ systems." headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Life expectancy varies among countries and regions. In 2009, the lowest average life expectancy was 47 years for those who live in Malawi and the highest was 83 years for those from Japan. The United States' average life expectancy is 79 years. Low income countries generally have lower life expectancies." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Life expectancy has increased globally by four years since 1990. However, in many African countries it has actually decreased, largely due to HIV/AIDS." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Access to Medical Treatment, Quality of Life, Chronic Disease, Infectious Disease, Nutrition, Lifestyle" citations="WHO" />
       	        <Person id="Kidney Damage" _text="100" name="Kidney Damage" headerName1="Definition: Kidney Damage" headerText1="The kidneys are two small organs that are connected to the urinary bladder. Their main function is to remove waste products and excess water from the blood. The kidney plays a major role in regulating levels of various minerals in the body as well as producing some important hormones. Damage to the kidneys can be caused by a number of factors and if serious, can result in kidney failure." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Urinary" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Issues with the kidneys become more common as people age. In the US, more than 10 percent of people, or more than 20 million, ages 20 years and older have chronic kidney disease." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Genetics, Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Aging, Illness, Injury" citations="EMedicine, National Kidney and Urologic Disease Information Clearnighouse" />
		<Person id="Hospital Admissions" _text="100" name="Hospital Admissions" headerName1="Definition: Hospital Admissions" headerText1="The ''hospital admissions'' portion refers to people who were admitted to a healthcare facility to receive illness diagnosis and/or treatment." />
		<Person id="High Blood Pressure" _text="100" name="High Blood Pressure" headerName1="Definition: High Blood Pressure" headerText1="High blood pressure (HBP), also called hypertension, is when a person's blood pressure is at or above 140/90 mmHg most of the time. HBP is a serious condition and can lead to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure, among other problems." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Cardiovascular" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Risk of getting HBP increases with age as the blood vessels becomes stuffer. African Americans are particularly prone to HBP along with those who are overweight or obese. Hypertension affects approximately 30% of US adults." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="In the US, hypertension increased from 23.9% (1988 - 94) to 28.5% (1999-2000). Though hypertension prevalence did not change between 2000-2008, hypertension control increased to roughly 50%. In 2000, the global number of adults with hypertension was estimated at 972 million with 2025 future projections reaching 1.56 billion." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Overweight, Smoking, High Salt Intake, Alcohol Consumption, Stress, Age, Genetics" citations="Natl Heart Lung and Blood Institute, CDC - MMWR; Kearney et al., 2005; Egan et al., 2010" />
		<Person id="Heat Stroke" _text="100" name="Heat Stroke" headerName1="Definition: Heat Stroke" headerText1="Heat stroke is the most severe heat illness, and occurs when body temperature reaches 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat stroke is typically preceded by other heat illnesses such as heat exhaustion and dehydration." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Multiple" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Any person can suffer from heat stroke although children, the elderly, those who work outdoors and obese people are at higher risk of developing heat illness." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Serious heat illnesses occur most often during the summer months and during heat wave events. As the global climate is expected to warm, it is likely that heat wave events and heat illnesses will increase in many areas." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="High temperatures, High humidity, Dehydration" citations="Mayo Clinic; Luber and McGeehin, 2008" />
		<Person id="Healing" _text="100" name="Healing" headerName1="Definition: Healing" headerText1="To heal is to mend or make better and includes recovery from injury and surgery. For the purpose of this browser, healing refers to physical recovery." />
		<Person id="Happiness" _text="100" name="Happiness" headerName1="Definition: Happiness" headerText1="Happiness is a specific emotion that people feel when good things happen and is considered by psychologists to be one of the few basic emotions (cannot be broken down further) that humans experience." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Those who live in countries with higher incomes and less suffering typically have higher life satisfaction. A 2010 Gallup Poll found that European countries such as Denmark and Finland have high happiness ratings while many countries in Africa shared the lowest ratings." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Up to a threshold point, people who gain wealth are happier. In 2007, a Pew study found that happiness in many countries globally was increasing largely due to economic growth. As of 2006, in the US, happiness inequality among demographic groups had decreased considerably since the 1970s." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Quality of Life, Social Relationships, Income" citations="Lucas 2007; Diener et al., 2010, Stokes 2007; Stevenson and Wolfers, 2008" />
		<Person id="Gastrointestinal Illness" _text="100" name="Gastrointestinal Illness" headerName1="Definition: Gastrointestinal Illness" headerText1="Gastrointestinal infections (GIs) can be caused by a host of different parasites, viruses and bacteria and often result in diarrhea, nausea, cramping and vomiting. Bacterial gastroenteritis (food poisoning) is commonly caused by E.Coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus. Enteric viral gastroenteritis, often called stomach flu, is caused by viruses such as adenovirus and rotavirus." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Digestive" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Those with the highest risk for severe gastroenteritis include the young, the elderly, and people who have suppressed immune systems." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Each year in the US, foodborne illness causes 48 million gastrointestinal illnesses. Incidence rates for foodborne illnesses fluctuate yearly, although in the US, the general trend from 1996 - 2010 has shown a decrease in illnesses as a result of Campylobacter and Shigella, while there has been an increase in illnesses associated with Salmonella."  headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Tainted Food or Water, Contact with an Infected Person (viral)" citations="CDC, FDA, WebMD" />
		<Person id="Fatigue" _text="100" name="Fatigue" headerName1="Definition: Fatigue" headerText1="Fatigue is a feeling of tiredness, weariness or lack of energy. It can be a normal response to physical or emotional stress among other factors but can also be a sign of more serious conditions." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Fatigue can affect the entire body or be localized in certain systems." headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Any person from any race, ethnicity, gender, or age group can experience fatigue." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Anemia, Depression, Certain Medications, Sleep Disorders, Malfunction of Thyroid Gland, Chronic Disease, Malnutrition, Exertion" citations="MedlinePlus" />
		<Person id="Depression" _text="100" name="Depression" headerName1="Definition: Depression" headerText1="Depressive disorders are characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy, causing varying levels of social and occupational dysfunction." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Women are affected twice as often as men. In patients with an affected first-degree relative, the lifetime risk of depression increases to 1.5 to 3.0 times average. First onset occurs most frequently in patients aged 12 to 24 years and in those older than 65 years." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="In people aged 18 to 44 years, depression is the leading cause of disability and premature death. Depression is predicted to be the second leading cause of disability in people of all ages by the year 2020."  headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5=" Chronic Illness, Stress, Heredity, Poor Living Conditions" citations="Whooley &amp; Simon, 2000; Remick 2002" />
		<Person id="COPD" name="COPD" _text="100" headerName1="Definition: COPD" headerText1="Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease of the lungs that makes it difficult for one to breathe. The term COPD most often includes two conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. With chronic bronchitis, the lining of the lung airways becomes irritated, thickens, and produces large amounts of mucus. With emphysema, the walls between the lung's air sacs become damaged and deflate, reducing gas exchange in the lungs." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Respiratory" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Worldwide, 64 million people have COPD. Typically, people between the ages of 65 - 84 develop COPD. Men and women are affected by the disease equally at present. Those who smoke are much more likely to develop the disease." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="In 2002, COPD was the fifth leading cause of death and WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third leading cause of death worldwide. The number of women with COPD is increasing due to increased tobacco use in high-income countries and exposure to indoor air pollution in low-income countries." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Smoking, Exposure to Air Pollutants, Indoor Air Quality, Outdoor Air Quality" citations="NIH, WHO, CDC" />
		<Person id="Confusion" _text="100" name="Confusion" headerName1="Definition: Confusion" headerText1="Confusion is the inability to think with one's usual speed or clarity. This includes difficulty in remembering, paying attention or making decisions." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Confusion is more common in the elderly. "  headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Alcohol intoxication, Head Trauma, Brain Tumor, Low Blood Sugar, Infection, Drug Use" citations="MedlinePlus" />
		<Person id="Cognitive Function" _text="100" name="Cognitive Function" headerName1="Definition: Cognitive Function" headerText1="Cognitive function refers to a person's ability to process thoughts. Cognition primarily refers to things like memory, the ability to learn new information, speech, and reading comprehension. Cognitive function can become impaired as a result of aging, head trauma or the presence of disease such as Alzheimer's." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Cognitive function can become impaired as people grow older and may develop conditions such as dementia. Alzheimer's disease is the 5th leading cause of death among those 65 and older in the United States"  headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Exercise, Diet, Sleep, Aging, Disease" citations="Power and Weisskopf et al., 2010; CDC" />
		<Person id="Cardiovascular Diseases" _text="100" name="Cardiovascular Diseases" headerName1="Definition: Cardiovascular Diseases" headerText1="Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. These include several types of heart diseases, cerebrovascular disease, and arterial disease. Coronary heart disease (CHD), which is the leading cause of cardiovascular-related deaths, is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. " headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Cardiovascular System" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="CVDs are the leading cause of death worldwide. Those in low and middle income countries are disproportionately affected - roughly 80% of cases take place in these countries. In the U.S.,CHD affects men roughly 40% more than women, while hypertension is slightly higher in women. " headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Worldwide, the number of people with cardiovascular diseases is rising and WHO estimates that by 2030, almost 23.6 million people will die from CVDs, mainly heart disease and stroke. In the United States, age-adjusted prevalence for coronary heart disease declined overall from 6.7% to 6.0% between 2006 and 2010." headerName5="Known Contributing Factors" headerText5="Diet, Physical Inactivity, Tobacco Use, Alcohol Abuse, High Cholesterol, Access to Health Care, Socioeconomic Status" citations="CDC, EPA, WHO" />
		<Person id="Cancer" _text="100" name="Cancer" headerName1="Definition: Cancer" headerText1="Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Multiple" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Anyone can develop cancer, although the risk of being diagnosed with cancer increases with age. In 2007, there were 11.7 million Americans living with a history of cancer.  About 78% of all cancers are diagnosed in person 55 years of age or older." headerName4="Tend in incidence rate" headerText4="It is estimated that roughly 1.6 million new cancer cases will be diagnosed in the U.S. by the end of 2011. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the U.S. with more than 1,500 people a day dying from it."  headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Diet, Tobacco, Air/Water Pollution, Alcohol, Radiation, Medications, Genes" citations="American Cancer Society" />
		<Person id="Bronchitis" _text="100" name="Bronchitis" headerName1="Definition: Bronchitis" headerText1="A condition resulting when the tubes that carry air to the lungs (bronchial tubes) become inflamed and irritated. When this happens, the tubes swell and produce mucus. This results in coughing and wheezing that can last for up to 8 weeks." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Respiratory" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Bronchitis is equally distributed among men and women." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="In the US, it has been estimated that almost 5% of the general population develops acute bronchitis each year." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Cigarette Smoke, Compromised Immune System, Air Pollution/Irritants" citations="CDC; Adams et al. 1999" />
                <Person id="Birth Outcomes" _text="100" name="Birth Outcomes" headerName1="Definition: Birth Outcomes" headerText2="Main: Reproductive, other systems " headerName2="Organ System" headerText1="For the purposes of the browser, birth outcomes can mean multiple adverse outcomes or issues associated with pregnancy or birth. These may include preeclampsia, high blood pressure, preterm birth, low birth weight, birth defects, and miscarriage." headerName3="Known contributing factors" headerText3="Obesity, Older age, First Pregnancy, Multiple Pregnancy (twins+) " citations="US National Library of Medicine; Osungbade and Ige, 2011" />
                <Person id="Asthma" _text="100" name="Asthma" headerName1="Definition: Asthma" headerText1="Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that makes breathing difficult. With asthma, there is inflammation of the air passages that results in a temporary narrowing of the airways that carry oxygen to the lungs." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Respiratory" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Both children and adults have asthma, although in 2009 a higher percentage of children (9.6%) were reported as having asthma when compared to adults (7.7%). Diagnoses were especially high among boys (11.3%). In 2009, the highest rate of asthma among racial/ethnic groups was 17% for non-Hispanic black children." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Asthma affects 24.6 million Americans. The CDC reports that the number of people in the U.S. diagnosed with Asthma grew by 4.3 million, from 7.3% of the population to 8.2%, between 2001 and 2009." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5=" Air Pollution, Indoor/Outdoor Allergens, Obesity" citations="CDC" />
		<Person id="Arthritis" _text="100" name="Arthritis" headerName1="Definition: Arthritis" headerText1="Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. There are over 100 different types of arthritis." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Skeletal, Muscular, Immune" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Most people over age 60 have arthritis to some degree, but its severity varies. Even people in their 20s and 30s can get arthritis. In people over 50, more women than men get arthritis." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Arthritis affects nearly 27 million Americans.  The chance of developing the disease increases with age."  headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Heredity, Injury to Joints, Abnormal Metabolism, Blood Infections, Aging" citations="Arthritis Foundation" />
		<Person id="Anxiety" _text="100" name="Anxiety" headerName1="Definition: Anxiety" headerText1="Anxiety is characterized by excessive and unrealistic worry about everday tasks that interferes with normal functioning. Several types of recognized anxiety disorders exist." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Children and adults" headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S., affecting 18% of adults, according to leading specialists in anxiety treatment." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Chemical Imbalance in the Brain, Lack of Exercise, Poor Diet, Stressful Environments" citations="Sadock et al., 2007; Anxiety Disorders Association of America" />
		<Person id="Aggression" _text="100" name="Aggression" headerName1="Definition: Aggression" headerText1="Aggression often manifests in the form of hostility - a multidimensional construct consisting of cognitive, affective and behavioral dimensions. These include cynicism and mistrust; feelings of anger, irritation, rage, contempt; and various acts of physical and verbal aggression." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="Individuals from any race, ethnicity, gender or age group can experience hostility. Men, especially between the ages of 20 - 30, exhibit more physical aggression and hostile behavior than women. Evidence suggests, however, that women in romantic relationships may exhibit as much hostile behavior as their partner." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Low Economic Status, Vitamin Deficiency, Alcohol Use, Testosterone" citations="Anderson, 2004; Kubzansky et al., 1999; Lilienfeld and Arkowitz, 2010 (Scientific American)" />
		<Person id="ADHD" _text="100" name="ADHD" headerName1="Definition: ADHD" headerText1="Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood. It manifests as an unusually high and chronic level of inattention, impulsivity/hyperactivity or both." headerName2="Organ System" headerText2="Nervous System" headerName3="Demographic" headerText3="ADHD is a common condition that affects children and adolescents, while ADD is more common in adults." headerName4="Trend in incidence rate" headerText4="ADHD affects more than 2 million school-aged children.  Recent statistics indicate that among children aged 6 to 11 years the incidence of ADHD is approximately 7%." headerName5="Known contributing factors" headerText5="Premature Birth, Fetal Trauma (including that from infection or drug/alcohol exposure)" citations="Taylor &amp; Sullivan, 2001; Kuo &amp; Taylor, 2004 "/>



        <Mountain name="--- Health Outcome ---" id="Under Construction2" headerName1="Under Construction" headerText1="Coming soon" />
        
		<Continent name="Wetlands" id="Wetlands" headerName1="Description: Wetlands" headerText1="Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. Wetlands must have one or more of the following three atrributes: (1) at least periodically, the land supports predominantly hydrophytes (aquatic plants); (2) the substrate is predominantly undrained, hydric (moist) soil; and (3) rocky, gravelly, or sandy areas are saturated with or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year (Cowardin et al., 1979). There are freshwater, saltwater, and brackish wetlands, of which there are several different types. Some common wetlands in the US include coastal salt marshes, peat bogs, lowland swamps, and even rivers and lakes (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2007). Wetlands are often rich in bird species and thus are prime bird watching areas. Wetlands also provide opportunities for other recreation activities such as fishing and hunting." citations="Cowardin et al., 1979; Mitsch and Gosselink, 2007" />
        <Continent name="Urban Ecosystems" id="Urban Ecosystems" headerName1="Description: Urban Ecosystems" headerText1="An urban ecosystem is a dynamic system that contains both built and natural elements. In urban ecosystems,  built infrastrcuture typically covers a large proportion of the land surface and/or people live in high densities. These systems include all green and blue spaces within the area, such as parks, cemeteries, lakes and streams, along with human components. Urban ecosystems can mimic the function of natural ecosystems and thus provide their own important ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being in those urban areas. Various green environments such as shade trees, urban green spaces and urban forests, can exist within a single urban region. The services provided by urban ecosystems include filtering water runoff, providing areas for physical activity and recreation such as hunting and bird watching, and mitigating the Urban Heat Island effect by replacing heat-absorbing impervious surfaces and increased shading from shade trees. Additionally, urban green spaces such as private gardens provide opportunities for increased social interactions with neighbors." citations="Pickett et al., 2001; Guidotti, 2010; Hancock, 2002; Freeman et al., 2012" />
		<Continent name="Forests" id="Forests" headerName1="Description: Forests" headerText1="The FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment (FAO 2000) defines forests as ecosystems that are dominated by trees, where the crown cover exceeds 10% and the area is larger than 0.5 hectares. There are multiple types of forests including tropical, wetland, and commercially managed forests. Forests are made up of different tree and plant species that vary according to climate, geography, and hydrology. Forests are often managed for the market goods that they provide, such as timber and paper products. Forests also provide a number of other services, such as filtering pollutants from water and air, that would be virtually impossible to replace using technology (UNEP 2002). Forests are also commonly used as areas for recreation activities such as fishing, hunting, and bird watching." citations="FAO 2000, UNEP 2002" />
		<Continent name="Agro-Ecosystems" id="Agro-Ecosystems" headerName1="Description: Agro-Ecosystems" headerText1="An agro-ecosystem is an ecosystem that has been modified by humans for the primary purpose of producing food, fiber or other agricultural products (Huggins 2000). Agro-ecosystems, though constructed by humans, can provide various ecosystem services such as regulation of soil and water quality and carbon sequestration (Power 2010). In addition to the primary crop being cultivated, agro-ecosystems may also contain cover crops, wetlands, wind rows and wildlife habitats. The wide ranges of species that exist within these systems can assist with pollination and pest-control/regulation. Additionally, agro-ecosystems are often popular recreation areas for bird watchers and hunters alike." citations="Huggins 2000, Power 2010" />

		<Mountain name="--- Ecosystem ---" id="Under Construction3" headerName1="Under Construction" headerText1="Coming soon" />

	</Nodes>

	<Relations>
		<isPartOf fromID="Urban Ecosystems" toID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="URBAN ECOSYSTEMS / CLEAN WATER " titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Various ecologically-based filtration systems, constructed in locations where urban stormwater runs or accumulates, have been shown to reduce contaminants in water by 29 to 99% (Birch et al., 2005; DiBlasi et al., 2008). These systems can include stormwater infiltration basins, grass swales, rain gardens, and stormwater bioretention facilities. The systems were able to remove 69% of suspended solids, 46% of phosphorous (Deletic and Fletcher, 2006), 51-56% of nitrogen (Dietz and Clausen, 2005; Deletic and Fletcher, 2006), 90% of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (DiBlasi et al., 2008), and 29-93% of heavy metals (Birch et al., 2005)." labelText2="Sidney and Brisbane, Australia; Haddam, CT; College Park, MD" letterSymbol="+"/>
		<isPartOf fromID="Urban Ecosystems" toID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="URBAN ECOSYSTEMS / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Green spaces such as gardens, urban forests and planted medians can have significant effects on urban hydrologic processes.  Because urban areas have high levels of impervious surfaces such as roads and parking lots, urban green spaces are essential to reducing the effects these surfaces can have on water absorption and flow. Urban forests and street trees have been shown to reduce stormwater runoff through interception and absorption of water (McPherson et al 2005; Sanders 1986). Forest cover is also inversely correlated with water yield ; thus, more forest cover reduces water yield and helps modulate stream flow after rain events such that there is not high, rapid peak flow followed by low base flow (Hibbert 1967, Baker et al. 2004). In vegetated areas, only 5-%15 of rainwater runs off the ground whereas in areas with no vegetation, 60% of water may run off into storm drains (Bolund and Hunhammar 1999). Additionally, constructed spaces such as green roofs and rain gardens can aid in stormwater management in urban areas. Green roofs help prevent runoff and retain rainwater which eventually evaporates or is transpired back into the atmosphere. One study estimated that if 20% of buildings in Washington, DC, had green roofs, they could store approximately 253 million gallons of rainwater in an average year (Deutsch et al., 2005). Rain gardens, which are landscaped gardens set in shallow depressions, receive rainwater and help recharge groundwater levels (Mentens et al 2005, Dussaillant 2004)." labelText2="Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, California, Arizona; 39 forest studies; Dayton, Ohio; Germany; New York; Washington, DC" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Urban Ecosystems" toID="cid-cia-Heat Mitigation" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="URBAN ECOSYSTEMS / HEAT HAZARD MITIGATION"  titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Green spaces within urban areas can decrease daytime atmospheric temperatures through shading and evapotranspiration, thus decreasing the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). Increasing vegetative cover and adding higher reflective surface materials in urban areas can reduce temperatures within the area and increase the amount of cooling energy savings; these benefits increase with time as trees mature and dead trees are replaced with new ones (Solecki et al., 2005). One study found that both grass and tree shade greatly affected surface and air temperatures; grass reduced maximum surface temperatures by up to 24 �C (similar to model predictions), while tree shade reduced temperatures by up to 19 �C (Armson, Stinger and Ennos 2012). The presence of shade trees can increase the daily average temperature at which air conditioning begins from 18.7 to 20.3 degrees Celsius, thus reducing summer energy usage (Akbari et al., 1997). A regional simulation model using 50% green-roof coverage distributed evenly throughout Toronto showed temperature reductions as great as 2 degrees Celsius in some areas (Bass et al., 2003). Another study found that succulent-based green roofs can provide significant rooftop temperature reductions of up to 27.5 �C during hot, dry summer conditions (Dvorak and Volder, 2012). These reductions in heat can have positive effects on human health, such as in Shanghai, China where it was found that a 16% increase in green space may have helped decrease mortality during heat waves as a result of UHI reduction (Tan et al 2007)." labelText2="New Jersey; Sacramento, California; Toronto,Canada; Shanghai, China; Manchester,UK; Texas, US" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Urban Ecosystems" toID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="URBAN ECSOSYSTEMS / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Urban ecosystems provide the opportunity to engage with nature through the use of urban green spaces such as parks, public gardens and urban forests. People who live close to green spaces may visit them more frequently (Giles-Corti et al., 2005; Mowen et al., 2007). Urban green spaces, including public parks and private gardens, provide areas for people to not only engage with nature, but interact with each other (Seeland et al., 2009; Freeman et al. 2012). These green spaces, along with even sporadic greeness such as street trees, increase local aesthetic value and are cooler than purely developed areas, encouraging people to spend more time outdoors.  Additionally, exercising or spending time in green environments has been shown to have multiple positive effects on health." labelText2="Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States, Switzerland, New Zealand" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Urban Ecosystems" toID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="URBAN ECOSYSTEMS / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="It has been demonstrated that people who live close to green spaces may visit them more frequently and thus increase their time spent in physical activity, both at the green space itself and walking or biking to the area instead of driving (Giles-Corti et al. 2005; Mowen et al. 2007; Grigsby-Toussaint et al., 2011; Wendel-Vos et al., 2004; Cohen et al., 2006). For instance, one study found that increased exposure to neighborhood greenness (.11 increase in NDVI) was associated with a 34% to 39% increase in odds for moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children (Almanza et al., 2012), while another study found that living in an area with high parkland density (>0.14%) increased odds of meeting federal guidelines for MVPA and VPA (West et al. 2012). A Swedish study found that people with green spaces within 50m of their home visit those spaces 4x as much as those whose closest green space is 1km away (Grahn and Stigsdotter, 2003). Another study found that individuals living in the greenest urban quintile were 1.39 times more physically active than those living in the least green urban quintile (Mytton et al., 2012). In San Diego, the presence of a park within the 50-meter buffer of each accelerometer study point was associated with 41% higher odds of light activity (OR 1.41) in adolescent females (Rodriguez et al., 2012; n=293). Evidence of this is mixed however, as several studies have found little to no association between access or proximity to green space and physical activity (Hillsdon et al., 2006; Maas et al., 2008). In urban areas, street trees, along with other pedestrian amenities, have also been found to be a promoting factor in physical activity (Wetter et al., 2001). A cross sectional study found that for those respondents whose residential environment contained high levels of greenery, the likelihood of being more physically active was more than three times as high, and the likelihood of being overweight and obese was approximately 40% less (Ellaway et al. 2005)." labelText2="Zurich, Switzerland; Netherlands; United States; United Kingdom; 8 European Countries" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Urban Ecosystems" toID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="URBAN ECOSYSTEMS / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Urban ecosystems can provide important filtration services for multiple air pollutants within and surrounding urban areas. For instance, trees are capable of reducing the ambient concentration of PM10 by 7- 20% through urban tree planting if sufficient trees are planted (Bealey et al., 2006). A New Jersey urban study found that criteria air pollutants, most significantly particulate matter and ozone, were removed by vegetative cover (Solecki et al., 2005). Multiple studies have found that urban green spaces can remove varying levels of PM 10 and PM 2.5 pollutants from the atmosphere. Increased surrounding greenness of residential addresses was found to be associated with a decrease in the average home-indoor and home-outdoor PM 2.5 levels (Dadvand and de Nazelle 2012). Vegetative hedge was found to collect PM10 with 34% efficiency and several urban tree species, notably conifers and broad-leaved species with rough surfaces, were found to capture significant quantities of air pollutant particles and reduce their concentrations in the air (Tiwary et al., 2008; Beckett et al., 2000). Roadside greenbelts have also been found to reduce total suspended particles by up to 65% (Islam et al., 2012). In Rome, ozone uptake and removal was found to vary among tree type and season, with the highest removal in the Spring and Summer seasons by deciduous broadleaf species (Manes et al., 2012). Additionally, constructed green spaces, such as green roofs composed of grass or shrubs, could augment the effect of trees and shrubs in air pollution mitigation (Currie and Bass 2008). It has been estimated that 2000m2 of uncut grass on a green roof can remove up to 4000 kg of particulate matter (Johnston and Newton, 1996). Green roofs also reduce air pollutants indirectly by decreasing building energy consumption and thus, emissions. Additionally, one study found that a peri-urban forest may remove up to 2% of the annual concentrations of PM 10 near the park, which amounts to more than 100 metric tons annually (Baumgardner et al., 2012)." labelText2="United Kingdom; New Jersey, US; Barcelona, Spain; United States; Bangladesh; Rome, Italy; Mexico City" letterSymbol="+" />
		
		<isPartOf fromID="Agro-Ecosystems" toID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Streamside buffers, including wetland habitats, composed of various combinations of grasses, trees, and shrubs, are often used to prevent agricultural contaminants, including sediments, from reaching water bodies. These buffers have been shown to eliminate up to 100% of nitrogen (Schoonover et al. 2005), 89% of phosphorous (Syversen, 2005), and 100% of various pesticides (Malliard et al., 2011; Schulz and Peall, 2000, Budd et al., 2009). Agroforestry systems such as riparian buffers can combat non-point source pollution and filter runoff water by reducing the velocity of runoff and promoting nutrient retention (Jose, 2009)." labelText2="Twente, Netherlands; Tifton, GA; Victoria, Australia; Cypress Creek Watershed, Illinois; Southern Ontario, Canada; Norway; Veniceand Legnaro, Italy; Central Valley of California; Rouffach, Alsace, France; Louren River, South Africa" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Agro-Ecosystems" toID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2"  titleText="AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Agro-ecosystems are diverse landscapes that promote engagement with nature by providing green areas to live, work, hunt and recreate (Nassauer, 1997). In particular, agro-ecosystems are popular for both wildlife viewing and hunting (Knoche &amp; Lupi, 2007). Agricultural landscapes also provide open space and rural viewscapes that include cultural benefits such as the cultural heritage of rural lifestyles (Swinton et al., 2007). The many benefits that agro-ecosystems provide often draw people to them. As with other green spaces, exercise and recreation in these systems could have positive health effects, including improved self-esteem and mood (Barton et al., 2010)." labelText2="United States; United Kingdom" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Forests" toID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="FORESTS / CLEAN AIR" labelText="Forested environments are important in the process of natural air filtration. Forests have been shown to reduce ambient concentrations of the harmful air particles PM10 and PM 2.5, as well as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone (Bealey et al., 2006; Pullman, 2009; Escobedo and Nowak, 2009). One study found this air pollutant removal to result in an average monthly air quality improvement of 1.5 percent (Escobedo and Nowak, 2009). The efficiency of trees to remove air pollutants varies by tree species. In particular, conifer-dominated forests have been found to be especially efficient at capturing significant quantities of air pollutants (Beckett et al., 2000). Given that air pollutants negatively affect health both by exacerbating or causing conditions such as asthma and bronchitis, the removal of these pollutants from the air has the potential to decrease cases of such respiratory illnesses." titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText2="United Kingdom; New York, US; Santiago, Chile" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Forests" toID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="FORESTS / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Forested areas provide several water regulating services and can have significant impacts on hydrologic processes. For instance, urban forests have been shown to reduce stormwater runoff through interception and absorption of water (McPherson et al., 2005; Sanders, 1986). Researchers who used data from 56 countries over a decade time span modeled that flood frequency is negatively correlated with remaining forest stands and concluded that unabated loss of forests may increase or exacerbate the number of flood-related disasters (Bradshaw et al., 2007). Forest cover is also inversely correlated with water yield; thus, more forest cover reduces water yield and helps modulate stream flow after rain events such that there is not high, rapid peak flow followed by low base flow (Hibbert 1967, Baker et al. 2004). This control of 'flashiness' in turn helps reduce erosion and sediment transport (Baker et al., 2004)." labelText2="Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, California, Arizona; Dayton, Ohio; 56 developing countries; 39 forest studies" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Forests" toID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="FORESTS / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Forested stream buffers have been found to remove up to 100% of nitrogen (Schoonover et al., 2005; Vidon and Hill, 2004), 89% of phosphorous (Syversen et al., 2005), 91% of particles (Syversen et al., 2005), 97% of sediment (Lee et al., 2003), and 100% of certain pesticides (Schulz and Peall, 2000) that were measured in surface runoff. Studies have shown that within forested stream buffers, nitrogen and pesticide removal efficiency increase exponentially with buffer width (Zhang et al., 2010) and that trees are more efficient at removal than grasses alone or trees and grasses combined (Zhang et al., 2010; Hefting et al., 2005). For high-intensity land use, a 60-meter buffer is recommended, for moderate, 45 meters, and low, 30 meters; To protect isolated water bodies and wetlands, a 120m buffer is recommended and for steep slopes and/or cleared hills a 40m buffer is recommended (Hansen et al., 2010)." labelText2="France, Netherlands, Spain, Romania, Switzerland and Poland; Tifton, GA; Cypress Creek Watershed, Illinois; Southern Ontario, Canada; Story County, Iowa; Norway; Lourens River, South Africa" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Forests" toID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="FORESTS / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="In urban centers, people frequent parks and forested areas to engage with nature and participate in activities such as walking, hiking and biking. Forests are also popular areas for nature viewing and recreation. Exercise and recreation in these green environments have been shown to have multiple positive health effects, including on self-esteem and mood (Barton et al., 2010). In Japan, many people actively engage with nature through practicing Shinrin-yoku, or 'forest bathing', in which they spend time in forests to promote their health. This practice has been shown to significantly decrease hostility, depression and overall stress levels while increasing liveliness (Morita et al., 2007)." labelText2="United Kingdom; Japan" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Forests" toID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="FORESTS / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Forests are popularly visited areas for their aesthetic and recreational benefits. People can participate in activities such as walking, hiking, biking and hunting in forests. In Japan people practice Shinrin-yoku, or 'forest bathing', in which they spend time walking or exerising in forests to promote their health (Morita et al., 2007). In the US, the national forest system receives over 173 million visits per year where roughly two thirds of those visits result in people participating in physical activities such as hiking, walking, downhill skiing, fishing and hunting (Kline et al., 2011)." labelText2="Japan; US National Forests" letterSymbol="+" />
		
		<isPartOf fromID="Wetlands" toID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="WETLANDS / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Among the many services they provide, wetlands moderate the effects of floods and protect coastlines from storm events like hurricanes and tsunamis (Mitsch and Gosselink 2007). Wetlands reduce annual flooding within their floodplains (Hollis and Thompson 1993) and wetland soils aid in flood mitigation by taking in and holding floodwaters (Ming et  al., 2007). This helps reduce the magnitude of flood peaks and allows water to slowly be released downstream (Ming et al., 2007). In addition to flood mitigation, many wetland systems promote groundwater recharge and regulate river flows (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). " labelText2="United States; Nigeria; Jillin Province, China " letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Wetlands" toID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="WETLANDS / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Wetlands are often thought of as sinks that collect contaminants and remove them from water (Vellidis et al., 2003). Studies show that wetlands can remove up to 99% of nutrients (Xiong et al., 2011), 89% of metals (Khan et al., 2009) and 100% of pesticides (Budd et al., 2009). The efficiency of wetlands varies based on the plants and soil types in the wetland and the amount of time it takes water to flow through the wetland (Budd et al., 2009). Plant species living in the wetlands greatly affect the amount and type of contaminants that can be removed; for example, Water cabbage has been found to remove up to 91% of chromium (Maine et al., 2004) while Water Hyssop only removed 51% of chromium (Rai et al., 2005). Wetlands can also be used to further treat waste water after it has passed through a waste water treatment plant (Hunter et al., 2009; Agudelo et al, 2010; Xiong et al, 2011). Bacterial contamination, such as that from agricultural flows, can also be effectively removed using wetlands; 66-91% of E.coli concentrations and 86-94% of enterococci concentrations were retained in a constructed wetland, with removal efficiencies of up to 97% (Diaz et al, 2010).   " labelText2="France, Netherlands, Spain, Romania, Switzerland, and Poland; University of Georgia; Swabi, Pakistan; Breaux Bridge, Louisana; Southern Ontario, Canada; Sparks, Nevada; Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China; Colombia; Central Valley of California; Cypriere Perdue Swamp, St. Martin Parish, Louisiana" letterSymbol="+" />
		<isPartOf fromID="Wetlands" toID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="WETLANDS / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE"  titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Wetlands are dynamic ecosystems and provide ample opportunities for people to enjoy time outdoors. Wetlands have recreational, historical, scientific, and cultural values. Wetlands have a high diversity of bird species and are thus highly visited bird-watching areas. Wetlands have a range of animal and plant life and are frequented by visitors who want to capture the beauty of these landscapes through multiple forms of art such as painting, photography, and even through sound recording (US EPA 1995)." labelText2="United States, United Kingdom"  letterSymbol="+"/>
		<isPartOf fromID="Wetlands" toID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0xB7C631" lineSize="4.2" titleText="WETLANDS / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY"  titleText2="Study Locations:" labelText="Wetlands are dynamic ecosystems and provide ample opportunities for people to enjoy time outdoors. Wetlands are also important recreation destinations and have significant historical, scientific, and cultural values (US EPA 1995). Wetlands have a wide variety of plant and animal life. Many people frequent wetlands to hunt and fish, along with other recreational activities (Bergstrom, 1990). Recreational fishing can generate considerable income: 35-45 million people take part in recreational fishing (inland and saltwater) in the United States, spending a total of $24-37 billion each year on this hobby. Much of the economic value of coral reefs-with net benefits estimated at nearly $30 billion each year-is generated from nature-based tourism, including scuba diving and snorkeling (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Additionally, wetland areas are used for more passive recreation such as bird watching, photography and nature enjoyment. Organizations such as Ducks Unlimited recognize the importance of conserving wetlands in order to maintain the ability to hunt waterfowl within these rich bird areas. Waterfowl hunting is a factor in wetland restoration as well and one study valued an increase in waterfowl habitat at $16/ha/year (Jenkins et al., 2010)." labelText2="United States, United Kingdom, Arkansas &amp; Louisiana" letterSymbol="+" />

		<affectsPerson toID="Bronchitis" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="BRONCHITIS / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Bronchitis rates and hospital admissions are highly correlated with air pollution, in particular PM 10. Reductions in particulate matter could significantly reduce bronchitis cases in cities around the world."  labelText2="[1] As measured by PM 10 concentration, bronchitis rates are 2.2 times higher in the most polluted Swiss city (33 ug/m3) when compared to the least polluted city (10ug/m3 ) (Braun-Fahrlander et al 1997; n=4,470, Switzerland).
[2] Children living in communities with the highest level of particle strong acidity (51.9 nmol/m3) were 66% more likely to report at least one episode of bronchitis in the past year compared to children living in a community with less pollution (8.5nmol/m3) (Dockery et al 1996; n=13,369, USA &amp; Canada).
[3] A 10ug/m3 rise in PM10 was estimated to represent a 5.8% increase in daily bronchitis hospital admissions (Wordley et al 1997; Birmingham, UK).
[4] The author estimates that reducing annual concentrations of particulate matter in Jakarta, Indonesia from 90ug/m3 to 75 ug/m3 (WHO guideline midpoint), could reduce yearly bronchitis cases in children by 125,000 (Ostro 1994; n=8.2 million, Jakarta, Indonesia).
[5] Declining PM 10 was found to be associated with declining prevalence of bronchitis in children (OR=0.66) (Bayer-Oglesby et al 2005; n=9591, Switzerland)."  letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="COPD" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="COPD  / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Emergency room admissions for chronic bronchitis and emphysema increased by 31% with a 2.7 fold increase in sulfur dioxide (S02) in the same day and by 39% after a 3 day lag period after the SO2 event for individuals less than 65 years old (Ponka &amp; Virtanen 1994; n=2,807, Helsinki, Finland)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Asthma" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ASTHMA / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="When air pollution increases, the odds of having an asthma attack also increases. Increasing tree density, and therefore reducing air pollution, has been shown to lower asthma attack prevalence." labelText2=" [1] An increase in tree density of 343 trees/km2 was associated with a 29% lower asthma prevalence in children between ages 4 and 5 (Lovasi et al 2008; New York City).
[2] When total suspended particulate is greater than or equal to 181 ug/m3 in Taiwan, the odds of having asthma increases by 32%. When Carbon Monoxide is greater than or equal to 0.80ppm, the odds of having asthma increases by 23%, and when Ozone is greater than or equal to 0.022ppm, the odds of having asthma increases by 7% (Wang et al 1999; n=165,173 adolescents, Taiwan).
[3] The author estimates that reducing annual concentrations of particulate matter from 90ug/m3 to 75 ug/m3 (WHO guideline midpoint) would result in 558,000 fewer asthma attacks in the city's population (Ostro 1994; n=8.2 million, Jakarta, Indonesia).
[4] The results from this study suggest that long-term exposure to PM10 and O3 is associated with uncontrolled asthma in adults, defined by symptoms, exacerbations and lung function. Thus, long-term exposure to air pollution may jeopardize asthma control by increasing symptom frequency (Jaquemin et al., 2012; n=481, Frnace).
[5] Odds of asthma attacks in children with asthma increased by 186% in Paris when there was a 50ug/m3 increase of sulphur dioxide on that same day, and an increase of 145% after 1 day (Segala et al 1998; n=84, Paris)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Arthritis" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ARTHRITIS / CLEAN AIR" labelText="Women living within 50 meters of a major road or interstate in the United States are at a 31% increased risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis compared with women living more than 200 meters away from major roadways (Hart et al 2009; n=90,297, USA)." letterSymbol="+"/>
		<affectsPerson toID="Anxiety" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ANXIETY / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Prior-week Ozone levels of 0.025ppm in Los Angeles, California were associated with an anxiety score of 1.07, while Ozone levels of 0.044pm were associated with an anxiety score of 1.33 - with a higher score representing higher levels of anxiety on a scale from 0 to 4. Thus, a higher level of ozone was associated with a modest increase in anxiety levels (Evans et al 1988; n=1002 adults, Los Angeles, California)."  letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="High Blood Pressure" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="When study subjects were exposed to fine particulate (PM 2.5) at levels of 150ug/m3 for 2 hours on 3 occasions, diastolic blood pressure significantly increased during all of the exposures by a range of 2.5 to 4.0 mm Hg in Ann Arbor, Michigan and 2.9 to 3.6 mmHg in Toronto, Canada. PM 2.5 proved to be the important factor in this study as other pollutants, such as ozone, showed little effect (Brook et al 2009; n=31-50, Toronto, Canada &amp; Ann Arbor, Michigan)." labelText3="" letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Cancer" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="CANCER / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText=" Lung cancer mortality has been found to be significantly correlated with increases in sulfate and particulate air pollution in cities around the world." labelText2="[1] Each increase of 10ug/m3 fine particulate air pollution was associated with an 8% increase in lung cancer mortality (Pope III et al 2002; n=500,000, USA).
[2] Those living in an environment with a high level of sulfate particles (23.5ug/m3) were 36% more likely to have lung cancer compared to those living in a community with less pollution (3.6ug/m3)( Pope et al 1995; n=55,138 adults, USA &amp; Puerto Rico).
[3] The risk of lung cancer was 40% higher when the level of particulate deposition was greater than 298 g/m2/day (Barbone et al 1995; n=1510, Italy).
[4] For the period of 1977-92, when Ozone levels exceeded 100 ppb, risk of death caused by lung cancer for nonsmoking males increased by 319%. When PM10 levels exceeded 100ug/m3, risk of death caused by lung cancer increased 18% for nonsmoking males and females (Abbey et al 1999; n=6,338 Adventists, California)." letterSymbol="+" />
	<affectsPerson toID="Longevity" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="LONGEVITY / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="For constant 1990 pollution levels, statistical life expectancy is reduced by approximately 500 days.  By 2010, the control measures presently decided for emissions of primary particles and the precursors of secondary aerosols were expected to reduce these losses to about 280 days, while the theoretical maximum technically feasible emissions reductions could bring reduced life expectancy below 200 days (Mechler et al 2002; n=700 million, Europe)." letterSymbol="+" />
	<affectsPerson toID="Migraine" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MIGRAINE / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText2="[1] A time series analysis conducted for the years 2001- 2005 found increased risks for migraine associated with increases in specific air pollutants in Chile: 11% for a 1.15 ppm increase in CO; 11% for a 28.97 ug/m^3 increase in NO2; 10% for a 6.20 ppb increase in SO2; 17% for a 69.51 ppb increase in Ozone; 11% for a 21.51 ug/m^3 increase in PM2.5; and 10% for a 37.79 ug/m^3 increase in PM10 (Dales et al 2009; n=5.37 million, Chile).
[2] For female emergency room visits for migraine, positive associations were observed during the warm season for sulfur dioxide (SO2), and in the cold season for particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures lagged by 2 days. The % increase in daily visits was 4.0% for SO2 mean level change of 4.6 ppb, and 4.6% for PM2.5 mean level change of 8.3 ug/m3. For male emergency room visits for headache, the largest association was obtained during the warm season for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which was 13.5% for same day exposure (Szyszkowicz et al 2009; n=64,839, Canada)." labelText="Air pollutant exposure is linked to hospital visits for migraines and headaches." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Cardiovascular Diseases" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText2="[1] From 1981-95, cardiovascular-related hospital admissions increased 4.8% for people 65+ when there was a 10 ug/m3 increase in black smoke (Prescott et al 1998; n=450,000, Edinburgh).
[2] Each increase of 10ug/m3 of PM 2.5 was associated with a 24% increase in the risk of a cardiovascular event, such as heart attack or stroke, and a 76% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular disease for postmenopausal women (Miller et al 2007; n=65, 893, USA ).
[3] A 25 ug/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with a 2.4% increase in hospital admissions for heart disease in the elderly (Schwartz et al 1999; n=8 metro areas, USA).
[4] Four pollutants were associated with heart attack and circulatory diseases: Black smoke accounted for 2.5% of heart attack cases, NO2 for 2.7%, SO2 for 1.7%, and CO for 2.1% (Poloniecki et al 1997; n=373, 556 hosp adms, London).
[5] The effect of a 10 ug/m3 rise in PM10 was estimated to result in a 2.1% increase in cerebrovascular (stroke) admissions.  The increase in relative risk was linear without evidence of a threshold (Wordley et al 1997; n=428,000, Birmingham, UK)." labelText="Studies show that cardiovascular-related hospital admissions and cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke, are positively correlated with increases in ambient particulate matter." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Happiness" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HAPPINESS / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="On a scale from 1-4, Happiness increased in Belgium by 0.043 when nitrogen (N) and lead (Pb) air pollution decreased by 14% and 40%, respectively. Happiness in Denmark increased by 0.121 when N and Pb air pollution decreased by 11% and 90%, respectively. Happiness in France increased by 0.061 when N and Pb air pollution decreased by 9% and 75%, respectively. Happiness in Greece increased by 0.049 when N and Pb air pollution decreased by 12% and 60%, respectively. Happiness in Netherlands increased by 0.085 when N and Pb air pollution decreased by 9.2% and 80%, respectively (Welsch 2006; Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK.)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Cognitive Function" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="COGNITIVE FUNCTION / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Air pollution levels have been found to be associated with cognitive functioning in both children and older adults."  labelText2="[1] The study found that of children tested, 57% in a highly polluted city had brain lesions compared to only 8% from a less polluted city. When tested, children from the more polluted city overall performed at lower levels of psychometric intelligence, memory and executive functioning (Calderon-Garciduenas et al 2008; n=18, Mexico).
[2] An association was found between black carbon, a marker of traffic-related air pollution, and cognitive function in older men. An MMSE score was used to measure cognitive function, where the odds of having a score of less than 25 (considered low on a 30 pt scale) was 1.3 times higher for each doubling in black carbon (Power et al 2010; n=680 , USA)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Respiratory Symptoms" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText= "Daily air pollution levels are associated with hospital admissions for respiratory symptoms as well as with days of restricted activity. Thus, increases in pollution may result in increases in hospital admissions (sometimes depending on the season) and days missed from work." labelText2="[1] The odds of having a chronic cough or nocturnal dry cough increased by 207% and 188%, respectively, with a 3.3x increase in particulate matter (PM 10). The odds of having a chronic cough or nocturnal dry cough were 57% and 66% higher, respectively, when comparing S02 concentrations in the least polluted community to that of the most polluted. The odds of have a chronic  cough or nocturnal dry cough increased by 58% and 99%, respectively, with a 4.2x increase in NO2 (Braun-Fahrlander et al 1997; n=4,470, Switzerland).
[2] During winter, daily levels of smoke and SO2 were found to be significantly associated with respiratory-related hospital admissions. A 100 ug/m3 rise in SO2 or smoke might result in 15 - 21 additional acute respiratory hospital admissions each day. The mean daily levels of smoke and S02 were 12.7 ug/m3 and 39.1, respectively, with maximums of 188.3 ug/m3 and 126.3 ug/m3 (Walters et al 1994; Birmingham, UK).
[3] The risk of admission to the hospital for respiratory disease in the spring and summer months increased 4.2% - 5%  with a 30 ppb increase in daily high hour ozone concentrations in the previous day (Burnett et al 1997; n=16 cities, Canada).
[4] For every 10 ug/m3 decline in PM10, there was an associated decline in prevalence of chronic cough (OR= 0.65), bronchitis (OR = 0.66), common cold (OR = 0.78), nocturnal dry cough (OR = 0.70 and conjunctivitis symptoms (OR = 0.81) (Bayer-Oglesby et al., 2005; n=9,591, Switzerland).
[5] A one unit increase (ug/m3) in SO4 resulted in a 0.83% change, or an additional 2600 /100,000 days, in respiratory-related restricted activity days among workers aged 18-65.  Days of restricted activity are defined as any days where a respondent was forced to alter his or her normal activity (Ostro 1990; n=50,000 households, USA)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Mortality" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MORTALITY / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText2="[1] A study of six cities found that an average of 3% fewer people died for every reduction of one ug/m3 in the average levels of PM2.5 fine particulate matter. This decreased death rate is approximate to saving 75,000 people per year in the U.S. (Laden et al 2006; n=8,096, 6 U.S. cities).
[2] When looking at sulfate and fine particulate pollution (PM 2.5 and less), mortality risk associated with each was roughly 15% and 17% higher, respectively, in the most polluted study cities than in the least polluted cities (Pope et al 1995; n=55,138 adults, USA &amp; Puerto Rico).
[3] For the years 1977-92, the relative risk (RR) for death for non-smokers increased by 18% when PM10 exceeded 100 ug/m3. For non-smoking males, when Ozone levels exceeded 100 ppb, risk of death caused by lung cancer increased by 319%. Sulfur dioxide showed strong associations with lung cancer mortality for both sexes (Abbey et al 1999; n=6,338 Adventists, California).
[4] For the years 1981-95, positive associations were found between black smoke as a mean of the previous three days and daily all cause mortality in people aged 65+.  Also for people 65+, mortality increased by 3.9% with an increase in black smoke of 10 ug/m3 (Prescott et al 1998; n=450,000, Edinburgh).
[5] A statistically significant association between the average annual level of particulates and infant mortality from pneumonia was found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil when controlling for income variation (Penna &amp; Duchiade 1991; n=5,530,000, Brazl)." labelText="Air pollution, especially fine particulate matter, is strongly correlated with various causes of mortality. Thus, reductions in air pollution could have positive effects on human health and result in fewer related deaths." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Hospital Admissions" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Increases in air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can result in increased respiratory-related hospital admissions." labelText2="[1] During winter, a 100 ug/m3 rise in smoke may result in 5 more asthma-related and 22 more acute respiratory-related hospital admissions each day. A 100 ug/m3 rise in SO2 might result in 4 more asthma-related and 16 more respiratory-related hospital admissions each day (Walters et al 1994; Birmingham, UK).
[2] During the lethal London fog of 1952, pollution levels were 5-19 times more than regulatory standards.  Hospital admissions for respiratory disease grew by 163% and total hospital admissions increased by 48% (Bell &amp; Davis 2001; London).
[3] Data from 1992 - 94 estimated that a 10 ug/m3 rise in PM10 may result in a 2.4% increase in respiratory hospital admissions, a 2.1% increase in stroke-related admissions, and 5.8% in bronchitis admissions in the same day (Wordley et al 1997; n=428,000, Birmingham, UK)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Birth Outcomes" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="BIRTH OUTCOMES / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Exposure to air pollution has been positively correlated with negative birth outcomes such as preeclampsia, preterm birth and heart defects in newborns." labelText2= "[1] In relation to traffic-generated air pollution, the risk of preeclampsia increased 33% and 42% for the highest NOx and PM 2.5 exposure quartiles, respectively.  Additionally, the risk of very preterm deliveries (gestational age less than 30 weeks) increased 128% and 81% for women in the highest NOx and PM 2.5 exposure quartiles, respectively (Wu et al 2009; n=81,186 live births, Southern California).
[2] In a study that looked at the effects a pregnant mother's air pollution exposure would have on potential birth defects in their children, scientists found relationships between exposure levels to carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone and prevalence of birth defects.  Odds ratios for a heart defect (a hole in the wall dividing heart chambers) increased in dose-response fashion with increasing carbon monoxide (CO) exposure in the second month of pregnancy. For this second-month exposure, the incidence of defects increased 62% for an exposure level of 1.14 to 1.57 ppm up to 195% for the highest exposure levels (greater than or equal to 2.39 ppm). Similarly, risks of artery and valve defects increased with second-month ozone exposure (Ritz et al 2002; Birth Defects Monitoring data 4 counties 1987 - 93, Southern California)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Obesity" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="OBESITY / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Children may be at greater risk for childhood obesity if their mothers are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during pregnancy. In this study, it was found that higher prenatal PAH exposure was significantly associated with higher childhood body size. At age 5 years, 21% of the children were obese as were 25% of those followed to age 7 years. Children of mothers with the highest PAH exposure had a 0.39-unit higher body mass index z-score and a relative risk of 1.79 at age 5 years (0.30 BMI z-score and 2.26 RR at age 7)(Rundle et al 2011; n=702, New York)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Low Birth Weight" fromID="cid-cia-Air Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="LOW BIRTH WEIGHT / CLEAN AIR" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Higher levels of greenness near maternal residences were associated with higher birth weight and infant head circumference. The observed effect was stronger among participants with low/moderate education levels. The authors propose that the potential mechanisms for this finding may include reduced personal exposure to air pollution (as evidenced by an additional Dadvand 2012 study) and/or increased physical activity (Dadvand et al.,2012; n=2,393; Spain)." letterSymbol="+" />

       <affectsPerson toID="Cardiovascular Diseases" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" labelText="Studies indicate that increased physical activity can lead to decreases in hospital admissions and increased years of life as a result of decreases in cardiovascular complications. " titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText2="[1] Using life table analysis, the authors found that moderate and high physical activity levels led to 1.3 and 3.7 years more in total life expectancy and 1.1 and 3.2 more years lived without cardiovascular disease, respectively, for men aged 50 years or older compared with those who maintained a low physical activity level. For women, the differences were 1.5 and 3.5 years in total life expectancy and 1.3 and 3.3 more years lived free of cardiovascular disease, respectively (Franco et al. 2005; n=5209; Framingham, Massachusetts).
[2] The authors found that the odds of hospitalization were 37% lower, and the odds of self-reported heart disease or stroke were 16% lower, among adults with highly variable greenness (high land use diversity) around their home, compared to those in neighborhoods with low variability in greenness. The odds of self-reported heart disease/stroke decreased 7% per unit (IQR) increase in the level of greenness. The authors propose that higher levels of physical activity may be responsible for the observed results (Pereira et al. 2012; n=1415, Perth, Australia). " letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Obesity" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="OBESITY / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="People who exercise regularly tend to have lower BMI scores than those who do not exercise as much. Children who live in greener neighborhoods may be less obese as a result of access to green space and increased physical activity." labelText2="[1] Children who lived in greener neighborhoods were less likely to increase their BMI z-scores over 2 years to compared to those who had less-green  neighborhoods. The lower BMI scores are likely due to increased physical activity or time spent outdoors (Bell et al 2008; n=3831 children, Indiana).
[2] Living in an area with parkland density in the highest quartile (>.0.14%) was associated with ~20% increased odds of meeting federal MVPA and VPA guidelines and with a 15% reduction in odds of being overweight/obese (West et al. 2012; n=67 metro areas, US).
[3] A cross sectional study found that for those respondents whose residential environment contained high levels of greenery, the likelihood of being more physically active was more than three times as high, and the likelihood of being overweight and obese was approximately 40% less (Ellaway et al. 2005; n=6919; 8 European countries).
[4] In 2005-2006, U.S adults spent approximately 56.8% of the waking day in sedentary time, 23.7% in low intensity, 16.7% in light intensity and less than 3% in moderate to vigorous intensity. As the amount of physical activity performed increased, BMI scores decreased. People with a normal BMI (less than 25 kg/m2) spent 33 min/day doing moderate to vigorous physical activities, while those who were overweight (BMI between 25 and 30) spent roughly 28.6 minutes in moderate to vigorous activity. Those who were obese (BMI greater than 30) spent only 20.5 min/day doing moderate to vigorous intensity activities (Tudor-Locke et al 2010; n= 5,000 adults, USA).
[5] Children who had parks within 500m of their homes and/or recreation programs within 10km of their homes had lower measured BMIs at age 18 than those who did not. Children who have better access to parks and recreation programs may spend more time in physical activity and thus have reduced BMIs. Models suggest if all children in the sample were to have average access to parkland and recreation programs near their homes, over 9.5% of boys and 8.3% of girls would move from overweight to normal BMIs. Roughly 2% of all obese children would move down to overweight (Wolch et al 2011; n=3173, Southern California).
[6] Density of street trees was found to be associated with lower BMI (-.39 BMI) with a higher effect observed for more walkable areas (Lovasi et al 2012, n=13,102, New York City). " letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Depression" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="DEPRESSION / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Across 10 green exercise case studies, participants reported reduced feelings of depression by over 2% after physical activity (Pretty et al 2005; n=263, United Kingdom)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="High Blood Pressure" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Exercise, including light or moderate activity, can reduce blood pressure by 3% to 7%. Exercising in green environments may enhance this reduction." labelText2="[1] Study participants' blood pressure was reduced following a 40 minute exercise treatment. Those with normal blood pressure achieved on average a 5% reduction in blood pressure, while those with abnormal blood pressure reported on average a 6.8% reduction (Raglin et al 1987; n=30, Wisconsin).
[2] Participating in 20 minutes of 'fairly light' exercise decreased mean arterial blood pressure by nearly 3%. Viewing a rural pleasant scene while exercising increased this effect by 6% (Pretty et al 2005; n=100, UK)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Anxiety" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ANXIETY / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" labelText="Exercising reduces feelings of tension and anxiety. Intensity and duration of the exercise, as well as surroundings while exercising (indoor vs outdoor; natural vs other view), can affect the level of reduction." titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText2=" [1] Study participants reported reduced feelings of tension-anxiety by roughly 7% after exercising for 20 minutes on a treadmill. This reduction increased when participants viewed pleasant rural and urban scenes while exercising (Pretty et al 2005; n=100, UK). \
[2] Participants reported a reduction of state anxiety following a 40 minute exercise treatment. Those with normal blood pressure reported on average a 12% anxiety reduction, while those with abnormal blood pressure reported on average a 14.5% anxiety reduction (Raglin et al 1987; n=30 males, Wisconsin).
[3] When running outdoors as opposed to running inside, male amateur triathletes reported a 37% average reduction in anxiety (Harte et al 1995; n=10 males, Australia).
[4] Significant reductions in anxiety were observed for older adults who participated in exercise as compared to those who participated in little or no exercise (Netz et al 2005; n=36 studies, meta-analysis ).
[5] Across 10 green exercise case studies, participants reported a roughly 5% reduction in feelings of tension-anxiety following physical activity (Pretty et al 2007; n=263, UK)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Cognitive Function" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="COGNITIVE FUNCTION / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Participating in physical activity, including walking, has a positive effect on cognitive functioning in both children and adults." labelText2="[1] A national study found that long-term regular physical activity is associated with significantly better cognitive function and less cognitive decline in older women. Women who did the most physical activity were at a 20% lower risk of cognitive impairment (Weuve et al 2004; n=18,766, USA).
[2] School aged children who participated in a 12 week classroom-based physical activity program showed more than 8% improvement in on-task behavior during academic instruction (Mahar et al 2006; n=243 children, North Carolina).
[3] The results of a meta-analysis showed that executive processes (those that control other cognitive processes) in older adults are significantly improved after exercise (Colcombe &amp; Kramer 2003; n=18 studies).
[4] Older adults at risk for Alzheimer's Disease experienced improved cognitive function following an 18 month physical activity program (Lautenschlager et al 2008; n=138, Australia)."  letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Confusion" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="CONFUSION / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Participating in physical activity can reduce feelings of confusion." labelText2="[1] Across 10 green exercise case studies, participants reported reduced feelings of confusion by almost 5% after the physical activity (Pretty et al 2005; n=263, UK).
[2] Across 36 studies investigating the linkage between physical activity and well-being in older adults, there was a significant reduction in confusion for those who participated in exercise as compared to those who participated in little or no exercise (Netz et al 2005; n=36 studies, meta-analysis)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Aggression" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="AGGRESSION / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Study participants reported reduced feelings of anger/hostility by almost 4% after participating in physical activity (Pretty et al 2005, n=263, UK)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Mortality" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MORTALITY / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="It is well established that increased physical activity is associated with lower mortality rates/risk. A few examples of this connection are provided here." labelText2="[1] In a study of men aged 25-74, those whose energy output in walking, climbing stairs, and playing sports totaled 2000 or more kilocalories per week had a 28 percent lower death rate (from all causes) than less active men (Paffenbarger et al 1986; n=12,936 men aged 25-74; USA).
[2] Men who live in the greenest urban wards in the UK have had a 5% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and 11% lower risk of respiratory disease mortality than men in the least green wards. No association was found for females. The authors propose the most likely mechanism for this finding is physical activity, where women are underrepresented in parks and green spaces and may not participate in the same levels of activity as men (Richardson and Mitchell 2010; n= 28.6 million adults, UK)"  letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Self-Esteem" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="SELF-ESTEEM / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Participating in physical activity can improve self-esteem." labelText2="  [1] Study participants reported an almost 9% improvement in self-esteem after physical activity (Pretty et al 2005; n=263, UK).
  [2] Older adults who participated in exercise experienced a significant increase in self-esteem (Netz et al 2005; n=36 studies, meta-analysis).
  [3] In a multi-study analysis, researchers found that acute short-term exposures to green exercise improved both self-esteem (effect size=0.46) and mood (effect size=0.54). This improvement increased with the presence of water and was true regardless of duration or intensity of exercise (Barton and Pretty 2010; n=1252, UK).
  [4] Researchers found that self-esteem scores improved more following exercise when compared to spending time in social activities. Out of the three study groups, those in the green exercise group had the greatest improvement in self-esteem (2.6 out of 40) (Barton et al 2012, n=53, UK). " letterSymbol="+" />


       	<affectsPerson toID="ADHD" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ADHD / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Children with ADD/ADHD experience significant reductions in symptoms following exercise in green environments." labelText2="[1] Children with ADHD function 10% better after activities in green settings, when compared to activities indoors and activities in the built outdoor environment (Faber Taylor et al 2001; n=96, USA).
[2] Children with ADHD who play in a green setting experience a significantly larger reduction of symptoms after the activity versus those that play indoors or in a built outdoor environment (Kuo &amp; Faber Taylor 2004; n=452, USA)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Longevity" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="LONGEVITY / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Increased physical activity could increase longevity in elderly individuals."   labelText2="[1] The probability of five year survival of senior citizens studied increased from 56% when space for taking a stroll near the residence was not available to 74% when enough space was available.  Also, the five year survival increased from 66% when participants had very few parks and tree lined streets near the residence to 74% when there were plenty of both (Takano et al 2002; n=3144, Tokyo).
[2] Using life table analysis, the authors found that moderate and high physical activity levels led to 1.3 and 3.7 years more in total life expectancy and 1.1 and 3.2 more years lived without cardiovascular disease, respectively, for men aged 50 years or older compared with those who maintained a low physical activity level. For women, the differences were 1.5 and 3.5 years in total life expectancy and 1.3 and 3.3 more years lived free of cardiovascular disease, respectively (Franco et al. 2005; n=5209; Framingham, Massachusetts). " letterSymbol="+" />
    	<affectsPerson toID="Low Birth Weight" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="LOW BIRTH WEIGHT / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Greater canopy cover and higher levels of greenness near a mother's home could reduce the risk of low birth weight in newborn babies." labelText2="[1] Increasing canopy cover near a mother's home by 10% can have a marginal decrease on small for gestational age births, lowering them by 1.42 per 1,000 births. Potential causal mechanisms for this finding include increased physical activity, stress reduction as a result of contact with green space, and improved social contacts - all of which have been proven to affect infant birth weight (Donovan et al 2011; n=5696, Oregon).
[2] The authors found that higher levels of greenness near maternal residences were associated with higher birth weight and infant head circumference. The observed effect was stronger among participants with low/moderate education levels. Potential mechanisms proposed by the author include decreased personal exposure to air pollution and increased physical activity (Dadvand et al., 2012; n=2,393; Spain)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Stress" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="STRESS / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Exercising in green spaces can reduce feelings of stress." labelText2=" [1] Study participants reported an 87% stress recovery ratio following their visit to a forest or park. Those who practiced sports while at the green space experienced greater reductions in stress than those who relaxed or walked (Hansmann et al 2007, n=164, Switzerland).
[2] Of study respondents, those who frequently used green areas were rarely among the most stressed quarter of the study respondents (Nielsen and Hansen 2007; n=1200, Denmark)." letterSymbol="+" /> -->
        <affectsPerson toID="Happiness" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HAPPINESS / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="In a multi-study analysis, researchers found that acute short-term exposures to green exercise improve both self-esteem (effect size=0.46) and mood (effect size=0.54). This improvement increases with the presence of water and is true regardless of duration or intensity of exercise (Barton &amp; Pretty 2010; n=1252, UK)."  letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Mental Health" fromID="cid-cia-Recreation &amp; Physical Activity" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MENTAL HEALTH / RECREATION &amp; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY" titleText2="Evidence" labelText="Those who reported the highest degree of neighborhood greenness had almost twice the odds of being in the better mental health category, compared with those who perceived little greenness in their neighborhood (OR=1.60). Recreational walking, as evidenced when added to the model, may be the mediator for this relationship (Sugiyama et al 2008; n=1845, Australia)." letterSymbol="+" />


        <affectsPerson toID="Anxiety" fromID="cid-cia-Heat Mitigation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ANXIETY / HEAT HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="The number of anxiety and stress-related disorders often increases during extreme heat events." labelText2="[1] The study found a 9.7% increase in hospital admissions for stress-related disorders, such as anxiety and panic disorder, during heat waves (temperatures above 26.7 degrees Celsius) (Hansen et al 2008; n=1.16 million, Adelaide, Australia)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Heat Stroke" fromID="cid-cia-Heat Mitigation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HEAT STROKE / HEAT HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Heat stroke incidence increases significantly during heat waves." labelText2="[1] During a July 1980 heat wave in Missouri, incidence rates for heat stroke (per 100,000) were 26.5 for St. Louis and 17.6 for Kansas City compared to no heat stroke cases in July of the previous year. Heat stroke rates were 10 to 12x higher for people 65 or older than those younger than 65 (Jones et al 1982).
[2] During a Chicago heat wave in 1995, there were 11% more hospital admissions than average, of which 59% were for treatment of dehydration, heat stroke and heat exhaustion (Semenza et al 1999)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Hospital Admissions" fromID="cid-cia-Heat Mitigation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS / HEAT HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Hospital admissions for heat-related illnesses such as dehydration, heat stroke and heat exhaustion increase significantly during heat wave events. These heat-related illnesses are often more pronounced in urban areas when comapred to rural areas." labelText2="[1] During a Chicago heat wave in 1995, there were 11% more hospital admissions than average, of which 59% were for treatment of dehydration, heat stroke and heat exhaustion (Semenza et al 1999).
[2] During a 1980 heat wave event in Missouri, about 1 in every 1,000 residents of St. Louis and Kansas City were hospitalized for, or died of, a heat-related illness (Jones et al 1982).
[3] An excess of 16,166 emergency department visits and 1,182 hospital admissions were reported for the state of California during a 2006 heat wave (Knowlton et al 2009).
[4] Compared to non-heat wave periods, there was a 17.4% increase in hospital admissions for dementia and a > 2 fold increase in hospital admissions for senility during heat waves (temperatures above 26.7 degrees Celsius) (Hansen et al 2008; n=1.16 million, Adelaide, Australia). " letterSymbol="+"/>
	<affectsPerson toID="Mental Health" fromID="cid-cia-Heat Mitigation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MENTAL HEALTH / HEAT HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Mental illness can be a risk factor for heat-related morbidity and mortality. During heat waves, hospital admissions have been shown to increase for patients with various mental disorders. " labelText2="[1] Compared to non-heat wave periods, there was a 17.4% increase in hospital admissions for dementia and a > 2 fold increase in hospital admissions for senility during heat waves (temperatures above 26.7 degrees Celsius) (Hansen et al 2008; n=1.16 million, Adelaide, Australia).
[2] Individuals who are socially isolated, including those who suffer from mental illness, may be particularly vulnerable to heat wave events (Reid et al 2009; n=39,794 census tracts, USA)."  letterSymbol="+" />
	<affectsPerson toID="Mortality" fromID="cid-cia-Heat Mitigation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MORTALITY / HEAT HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="During heat waves there are increases in the number of deaths, especially among elderly people, who are particularly vulnerable to heat events." labelText2="[1] During a 1995 summer heat wave event in Chicago, there were 514 heat-related deaths and 696 excess deaths during the month of July (Whitman et al. 1997).
[2] During an August heat wave event in 2003, an excess of 15,000 deaths were reported in France. Risk factors for death included population vulnerability (the elderly and infirm) and environmental factors such as living in an urban area (Vandentorren et al 2006). 
[3] In the Netherlands, mortality was found to be is 1.76% higher for each degrees Celsius increase in temperature over the preceding month on the day of the increase (Kunst et al 1993).
[4] There was a 240% increase in deaths (in the 64-74 age group) associated with mental and behavioral disorders during heat waves (temperatures above 26.7 degrees Celsius) (Hansen et al., 2008). 
[5] When comparing a heat wave from 1998 to a similar heat wave in 2003, it was found that mortality was strongly related to the duration of the heat wave. Though the heat waves were very similar, low mortality rates were observed in 2003 which can be explained by increased use of air conditioning and a 16.1% increase in urban green area (Tan et al 2007; Shanghai)." letterSymbol="+" />

		<affectsPerson toID="ADHD" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ADHD / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Several studies suggest spending time/exercising in green settings versus other environments has a positive effect on children with ADHD. Children were able to function better overall, direct their attention, and perform concentration tasks more quickly following outdoor activities in green settings." labelText2="[1] Children with ADD had milder symptoms and better attentional functioning after activities in green settings, when compared to activities indoors and activities in the built outdoor environment (Faber Taylor et al., 2001; n=96, USA).
[2] Children with ADHD who play in a green setting experience a significantly larger reduction of symptoms after the activity versus those that play indoors or in a built outdoor environment (Kuo and Faber Taylor, 2004; n=452, USA).
[3] Children with ADHD perform concentration tasks significantly quicker (.26-.98 seconds quicker) in a wooded environment when compared to a town setting (van den Berg et al 2011; n=12, Netherlands).
[4] Children with ADHD concentrated significantly better after a walk in the park than after a walk in an urban, downtown environment or in a suburban neighborhood (Faber Taylor &amp; Kuo 2009; n=17, USA)." letterSymbol="+" />
                <affectsPerson toID="Anxiety" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ANXIETY / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Studies suggest that viewing natural landscapes, even through photos, can decrease feelings of anxiety. Additionally, spending time in green space and exercising outdoors can significantly reduce anxiety; this effect is increased by the presence of water." labelText2="[1] Running outdoors can reduce anxiety by nearly 38% (Harte et al., 1995; n=10, Australia).
[2] Compared with scores after walking outdoors, walking indoors was associated with higher scores of anxiety (1 pt on 6 pt scale) for post-menopausal women (Teas et al., 2007; n=19, South Carolina).  
[3] Viewing pictures of urban landscapes increased anxiety slightly, while viewing pictures of nature with water present significantly decreased anxiety (Ulrich 1981; n=18, Sweden)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="High Blood Pressure" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Exercising in green environments or viewing natural scenes can reduce blood pressure."  labelText2="[1] Participants who viewed pictures of pleasant rural scenes while exercising experienced an almost 9% reduction in mean arterial blood pressure while those who exercised without viewing nature saw a less than 2% reduction (Pretty et al 2005; n=100 [20/group], UK).
[2] Those who sat in a room with a tree view had reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) while the DBP of those with a windowless view increased. Additionally, walking in a natural environment showed reductions in blood pressure while walking in an urban area increased blood pressure (Hartig et al 2003; n=112, California)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Confusion" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="CONFUSION / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Exercising/walking outdoors or while viewing outdoor scenes can reduce feelings of confusion by up to 8%." labelText2="[1] Walking outdoors reduced confusion by nearly 8% (Peacock et al 2007; n=20, UK).
[2] People who exercised while viewing urban scenes reported reduced feelings of confusion by 5% following the activity (Pretty et al 2005; n=100, UK)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Depression" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="DEPRESSION / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText=" Exercising or participating in activities outdoors can reduce feelings of depression, sometimes significantly. In the case of running outdoors, an almost 85% reduction has been observed." labelText2="[1] After running outdoors, subjects reported feeling significantly less depressed - an 85% reduction (Harte et al. 1995; n=10, Australia).
[2] Taking a walk outdoors reduced depression by 6%, while walking indoors had little effect (Peacock et al 2007; n=20, UK).
[3] People who took part in green exercises reported reduced feelings of depression by 2% after the activity (Pretty et al 2005; n=263, UK)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Fatigue" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="FATIGUE / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Walking or running outdoors can significantly reduce fatigue and increase vitality." labelText2="[1] Taking a walk outdoors reduced fatigue (nearly 15%) and increased feelings of vigor (3%), while walking indoors had only half the same effect for fatigue and decreased feelings of vigor (Peacock et al. 2007; n=20, UK).
[2] Participants reported significantly increased energy after walking outdoors (condition effect 21.99) while exercising and viewing nature through virtual reality had little effect (Plante et al 2006; n=112, US).
[3] Running outdoors reduced fatigue by 26%, while subjects felt more fatigued after running indoors (Harte et al 1995; n=10, Australia).
[4] Those who walked on a natural path experienced significantly increased vitality, while those who walked indoors showed no change in vitality over time (Ryan et al 2010; n=80, Canada).
[5] Two hours of walking in the forest improved sleep characteristics, impacting actual sleep time, immobile minutes, self-rated depth of sleep, and sleep quality. Mean actual sleep time increased on the night after forest walking was 419.8 (+ or - 128.7) minutes compared to 365.9 (+ or - 89.4) minutes the night before (Morita et al 2011; n=71, Japan)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Happiness" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HAPPINESS / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Viewing photos of natural settings and/or walking outdoors are associated with higher levels of positive feelings. Those who live in greener areas have reported higher levels of happiness."  labelText2="[1] Compared with scores after walking outdoors, walking indoors was associated with lower scores for feelings of being pleased (0.8 point lower on a 6 point scale) and lower scores for feelings of delight (0.9 point lower on a 6 point scale) for post-menopausal women (Teas et al 2007; n=19, South Carolina).
[2] Study participants who were shown various photos of urban or natural settings following the viewing of a stressful video reported improved positive feelings after viewing the natural settings (Ulrich 1991; n=120, Delaware).
[3] College students who spent time in a natural environment versus an urban environment or in passive relaxation reported higher overall happiness (Hartig et al 1991; n=34, California). 
[4] In a study comparing two neighborhoods with varying levels of green space, those in the greener neighborhood reported higher levels of satisfaction and happiness (Herzele and de Vries 2011; n=190, Belgium). 
[5] Walking in a rural setting had a positive effect on mood, including stress and happiness; this effect was larger for those individuals in the poor health group (Roe and Aspinall 2011 n=123, UK)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Aggression" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="AGGRESSION / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE " titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Walking outdoors or being exposed to a natural setting reduces feelings of aggression, anger and hostility." labelText2="[1] Those individuals who had higher levels of nearby nature reported fewer acts of aggression and violence against others. Nearby nature was related to lower scores on multiple indices of aggression against partners and one index of aggression against children (Kuo et al 2001; n=145, Chicago).
[2] People who took part in green exercise reported reduced feelings of anger and hostility by 4% after the activity (Pretty et al 2005; n=263, UK).
[3] Taking a walk outdoors can reduce feelings of anger by nearly 8% (Peacock et al 2007; n=20, UK).
[4] Running outdoors can reduce feelings of hostility by 80% (Harte et al 1995; n=10 males, Australia).
[5] Exposure to a natural setting reduces feelings of aggression by 1.95 points on a 5-point scale, while exposure to an urban setting reduces aggression by .82 point on a 5-point scale (Ulrich et al 1991; n=120, Delaware)." letterSymbol="+" />
	<affectsPerson toID="Longevity" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="LONGEVITY / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="For elderly citizens, the probability of survival over a five year study period increased with availability of green space for walking, nearby parks and tree-lined streets. Additionally, despite an observed association between mortality and income deprivation, those poor individuals who live in greener areas may have a reduced mortality risk." labelText2="[1] The probability of five year survival of senior citizens increased from 56% when space for taking a stroll near the residence was not available to 74% when enough space was available.  Also, the five year survival increased from 66% when participants had very few parks and tree lined streets near the residence to 74% when there were plenty of both (Takano et al 2002; n=3144, Tokyo).
[2] Populations that are exposed to the greenest environments also have the lowest levels of health inequality related to income deprivation. Thus, despite the evidence of increased mortality risk associated with income deprivation, the authors found that this risk was decreased for those who live in greener areas.  The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for all-cause mortality for the most income deprived quartile compared with the least deprived was 1.93 (95% CI 1.86-2.01) in the least green areas, whereas it was 1.43 (1.34-1.53) in the most green (Mitchell and Popham 2008; n=4.8 million +, England)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Self-Esteem" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="SELF-ESTEEM / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Exercising and walking outdoors can significantly improve self-esteem." labelText2="[1] Taking a walk outdoors improved self-esteem by 25% (Peacock et al 2007; n=20, UK).
[2] People who took part in green exercise reported a 9% improvement in self-esteem after the activity (Pretty et al 2005; n=263, UK).
[3] In a multi-study analysis, researchers found that acute short-term exposures to green exercise improved both self-esteem (effect size=0.46) and mood (effect size=0.54). This improvement was true for all green environments and increased with the presence of water, regardless of duration or intensity of exercise (Barton and Pretty 2010; n=1252, UK).
[4] After viewing different outdoor scenes and exercising, participants experienced positive changes in self-esteem (Pretty et al 2005; n=100, UK)." letterSymbol="+" />
	<affectsPerson toID="Social Relations" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="SOCIAL RELATIONS / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="In urban public housing developments in Chicago, access to nearby common green spaces and the greenness of those areas is linked to increased social ties and neighborly activities among residents. Outdoor environments are also important for social inclusion in children." labelText2="[1] With every unit increase of greenness in common space, residents of an urban public housing community saw a 1/3 unit increase in neighborhood social ties.  With every unit increase of use of common space, there was a 1/5 unit increase in neighborhood social ties (Kuo et al 1998, n=145, Chicago).
[2] The presence of trees was significantly associated with the presence of people in outdoor public spaces in an urban housing community.  The mean number of people in areas with no trees was 1.32 and the mean number of people in areas with trees was 237% higher at 4.45 (Coley et al 1997; observational, Chicago).
[3] Spending time in outdoor environments was found to be important for social inclusion in children - 43% of survey respondents mentioned outdoor environments (parks, playgrounds) as places to make friends and spend time (Seeland et al 2009; n=437, Switzerland)." letterSymbol="+" />


    <affectsPerson toID="Cognitive Function" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="COGNITIVE FUNCTION / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Spending time in, or being exposed to, green outdoor environments has been shown to improve cognitive performance and increase cognitive restoration and concentration tasks. Being in these green environments increases recovery from mental fatigue and also a person's ability to direct attention." labelText2="[1] Attentional functioning scores were significantly higher for those urban public housing residents who lived in the green condition versus the barren living condition. The scores differed by more than one third of a standard deviation (Kuo and Sullivan 2001; n= 145, Chicago).
[2] A view of nature from a high school cafeteria window was found to be positively associated with student academic achievement (three measures). Cafeteria views explain 4 - 12% of variance. Researchers also found that landscapes composed of primarily trees and shrubs and larger classroom windows were also positively associated with student performance (Matsuoka, 2010; n=101 schools, Michigan).
[3] Two experiments showed that walking in nature or viewing pictures of nature improved directed-attention abilities (Berman et al 2008; n=38, Michigan).
[4] Children with ADHD performed concentration tasks significantly quicker (0.26 - 0.98 seconds quicker) in rural outdoor environments when compared to urban outdoor environments (Van den Berg et al 2011; n=12, Netherlands).
[5] Those students who had all or mostly natural views from their dorm windows were better able to direct attention than those with views of the built environment. Directed attention was measured using the SDMT and NCPC tests, on which the natural view group scored better than those with the built view (SDMT: 68.96 vs 62.26; NCPC: 62.35% vs 35.87%). This suggests that a natural view from one's dwelling can help with directed attention and cognitive functioning (Tennessen and Cimprich, 1995; n=72, New York).
[6] Attentional capacity was measured pre- and post- move in children who moved from their home to a generally more natural environment. Change in naturalness of the home was found to be a statistically significant predictor of post move attentional capacity with the naturalness change score explaining an additional 19% of the variance in post-move attentional capacity (Wells 2000; n=17, US).
[7] A better window view (a more interesting view including vegetation, view of human activity, size of view area) was found to be positively and significantly associated with better student learning, as evidenced by student performance scores (Heschong et al. 2003; n=500 schools, Fresno, CA).
[8] College students who spent time in a natural environment versus an urban environment or in passive relaxation had greater recovery from mental fatigue, were happier overall, and had lower aggression scores (Hartig et al 1991; n= 65, Sweden).
[9] Near-home nature (view from window) has a positive impact on overall self discipline (concentration, impulse inhibition, delay of gratification) for girls but not for boys. For girls, greenness of view accounted for approximately 1/8 of the variance in concentration scores (measured using four task tests for directed attention) (Faber Taylor et al., 2002; n=169, Chicago)
[10] Natural outdoor settings were observed to increase cognitive restoration and decrease symptoms in children with ADHD (Kuo and Faber Taylor 2004; n=452, USA)." letterSymbol="+"/>

        <affectsPerson toID="Healing" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HEALING / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Having a view of trees from a hospital window decreased patient hospital recovery time and the amount of strong pain medications needed. Additionally, spending time in a forest was found to increase cancer-fighting proteins and natural killer cell activity." labelText2="[1] Patients recovering from surgery who had a window view had an average hospital stay of 7.96 days compared to 8.70 days for patients with a brick wall window view.  Those with a natural view also needed significantly fewer doses of painkillers and received less negative notes from nurses (Ulrich et al 1984; n=46, Pennsylvania).
[2] Spending 3 days/ 2nights in the forest significantly increased Natural Killer (NK) cell activity and numbers. These NK cells kill tumor or virus-infected cells and may aid in fighting cancer. This effect was found to last more than 30 days following the trip and may result from phytoncides being released from trees (Li et al 2010; n=12, Japan).
[3] An unobstructed window view of nature was found to promote improvements in self-reported health during a rehabilitation program. Heart patients who had a blocked view  showed the least improvement. For men, having a blocked window view had a negative effect on mental health during the rehabilitation period. For lung patients, those with a panoramic view showed the greatest improvement in the earliest rehabilitation stage (Raanaas et al 2012; n=278, Norway)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Low Birth Weight" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="LOW BIRTH WEIGHT / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Greater canopy cover and higher levels of greenness near a mother's home could reduce the risk of low birth weight in newborn babies." labelText2="[1] Increasing canopy cover near a mother's home by 10% can have a marginal decrease on small for gestational age births, lowering them by 1.42 per 1,000 births. Potential causal mechanisms for this finding include increased physical activity, stress reduction as a result of contact with green space, and improved social contacts - all of which have been proven to affect infant birth weight (Donovan et al 2011; n=5696, Oregon).
[2] After assessing effect modification based on the level of maternal education, researchers detected an increase in birth weight among the lowest education group (n=164) who had higher surrounding greenness or lived close to a major green space, but found no other associations (Dadvand et al 2012, n=8246, Barcelona)." letterSymbol="+" />
    <affectsPerson toID="Stress" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="STRESS / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Spending time in green spaces and having green space nearby are associated with decreased levels of stress. Some studies have found decreased cortisol levels as the mechanism for this stress reduction." labelText2="[1] Exposure to a natural setting reduced feelings of anxiety by 1.46 points on a 5-point scale, while exposure to an urban setting reduced anxiety by .77 point on a 5-point scale (Ulrich et al., 1991).
[2] A study conducted to compare crimes and health associated with the greening of vacant lots found that vacant lot greening significantly reduced gun assaults citywide and self-reported reductions in stress levels in sections of the city (Branas et al 2011; Philadelphia).
[3] People who visited wilderness areas reported substantial reductions in stress and tension, as well as mental rejuvenation (Cole and Hall 2010; n= 531 Western USA).
[4] When comparing time spent in urban environments vs forest, study participants had reduced salivary cortisol levels and a stimulated parasympathetic nervous system while in the forest environment. This means that participants were less stressed and more physiologically relaxed in the forest environment (Lee et al 2011; n=12, Japan).
[5] People who live in greener areas experienced less noise-annoyance from traffic than those in less green areas and also exhibited less stress-related psychological symptoms that are associated with noise annoyance (Gidlof-Gunnarsson and Ohrstrom 2007; n=500, Sweden).
[6] Individuals in both nature experience groups (natural views and presence within natural landscapes) showed decreased stress and improved mood (Hartig et al 2003; n=112, California).
[7] People who visit green spaces more often report lower levels of stress (includes fatigue and irritation). Additionally, those who reported wishing to be outdoors in green spaces more often suffer from higher levels of stress (Grahn and Stigsdotter 2003; n= 953, Sweden).
[8] Researchers found a relationship with objective markers of stress as measured by levels and patterns of cortisol secretion. The also found a significant positive correlation between the diurnal decline in cortisol across the day and percentage of green space and that self-reported stress decreased with more green space (Ward Thompson et al 2012 in press; n=25, UK).
[9] Nearby nature was found to buffer the effects of stressful live events on children�s psychological distress (Rutter scale). Thus, areas with high nature showed less impact of stressful life events on the children sampled (Wells and Evans, 2003; n=337, New York).
[10] Individuals who have private gardens say that these gardens allow them to connect with nature, relieve stress, and interact with others (Freeman et al. 2012; n=55, New Zealand) .
[11] The results showed significant relationships between physical and visual access to workplace greenery, and a positive workplace attitude for both men and women. This relationship was also found for decreased levels of stress in men but not in women (Lottrup et al 2012; n=439, Sweden)." letterSymbol="+" /> -->
     <affectsPerson toID="Mental Health" fromID="cid-cia-Engagement with Nature" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MENTAL HEALTH / AESTHETICS &amp; ENGAGEMENT WITH NATURE" titleText2="Evidence" labelText="[1] Those who reported the highest degree of neighborhood greenness had almost twice the odds of being in the better mental health category, compared with those who perceived little greenness in their neighborhood (OR=1.60). Recreational walking, as evidenced when added to the model, may be the mediator for this relationship (Sugiyama et al 2008; n=1845, Australia).
[2] Those respondents who were dissatisfied with their access to green open spaces were 69% more likely to be in the lowest quartile for Mental Health (as measured across domains) (Guite et al. 2006; n=1012, London). " letterSymbol="+" />

		<affectsPerson toID="Mental Health" fromID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MENTAL HEALTH / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Disasters such as hurricanes and floods can have a significant effect on the mental health of those affected, including increasing stress, anxiety, and mental illnesses." labelText2=" [1] While investigating the health effects associated with flooded households, researchers found that 48% of adults in flooded households experienced moderate to severe psychological problems in the nine months following the flood, compared to only 12% of adults in non-flooded households (Reacher et al 2004; n=467, Lewes, England).
[2] Of those surveyed after Hurricane Katrina (2005), 11.3% of respondents reported serious mental illness, as compared to 6.1% in a survey that took place  two years before. In the same population, 19.9% reported mild - moderate mental illness after Katrina, compared to 9.7% before (Kessler et al 2006, n=826 - 1043 adults; Louisiana, Mississippi and other Katrina-affected areas).
[3] Among a population of survivors from the Great Midwestern Floods of 1993, there was a pre-disaster prevalence of PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder) of 11.8% and a post-disaster prevalence of 24.2%.  Panic disorder was present in 9% of those with post-disaster PTSD, while present in only 1% of those who did not suffer from post-disaster PTSD.  Generalized anxiety was present in 12% of those with post-disaster PTSD, while present in only 2% of those who did not suffer from post disaster PTSD (North et al 2007; n=162, St. Louis )." letterSymbol="+"/>
		<affectsPerson toID="Asthma" fromID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ASTHMA / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Dampness and mold in the home are associated with reported asthma symptoms in people with and without pre-exisiting conditions. Thus, events such as flooding that increase dampness/mold in the home may increase asthma symptoms." labelText2="[1] In determining the association between the respiratory health of young children and home dampness and molds, researchers determined that the odds of asthma for children were increased 29% when dampness and/or mold were present in the home (Dales et al 1991; n=13,495, Canada).
[2] Those individuals with pre-exisiting asthma who were interviewed from flooded households reported more cases of worsening asthma (48%) than those interviewed from non-flooded households (25%) (Reacher et al 2004; n=467, Southern England)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Bronchitis" fromID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="BRONCHITIS / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="In determining the association between the respiratory health of young children and home dampness and molds, researchers determined that the odds of bronchitis for children were increased 14% when dampness and/or mold were present in the home (Dales et al 1991; n=13,495, Canada)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Cancer" fromID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="CANCER / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="While investigating the connection between floods resulting from Hurricane Agnes (1972) and incidences of certain cancers, researchers found that from 1974-1977 the difference in rates of Leukemia &amp; Lymphoma between the four-county area most affected by the flood and the remainder of upstate New York was significant. The rate in the four county areas was 32/100,000 while the rate in the rest of upstate New York was 24.4/100,000 (Janerich et al 1981; n=10 million, Western and Upstate New York)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Gastrointestinal Illness" fromID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="The incidence of gastrointestinal illnesses, such as gastroenteritis and diarrhea, has been shown to increase during and following flood events." labelText2="[1] While investigating the association of gastrointestinal illness and contact with flood water, researchers determined that during flooding, incidence was 29% higher than normal. This effect was more pronounced among people with potential sensitivity such as children, seniors, and those with a chronic gastrointestinal condition (Wade et al 2004; n=1100, Midwestern US).
[2] Out of people interviewed who live in an area that was recently flooded, 23% of those whose homes were actually flooded experienced gastroenteritis while only 10% of those in non-flooded homes experienced the same symptoms (Reacher et al 2004; n=467, Lewes, England). 
[3] Diarrhea was the most commonly treated illness (34.7% of cases) during the devastating 1988 floods in Bangladesh. Dysentery, intestinal worms, as well as watery and mucoid diarrhea were also commonly treated (Siddique et al 1991; n=46,740, Bangladesh)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Hospital Admissions" fromID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Severe weather events, such as hurricanes and floods, are associated with increased hospital admissions in the affected population." labelText2="[1] In the 12 months following the Bristol Floods of 1968, there were 23 hospital admissions among the 209 households affected, compared to only 3 hospital admissions in those same households in the 12 months prior to flooding. No significant difference was found in the non-flooded homes (Bennet 1970; n=770, Bristol, England).
[2] Following Hurricane Katrina, Houston emergency departments received 8,427 hospital visits from Katrina evacuees (Mortensen and Dreyfuss 2008; n=875,750, Houston, Texas)."  letterSymbol="+" />
     	<affectsPerson toID="Mortality" fromID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MORTALITY / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -"  labelText="In the 12 months following the Bristol Floods of 1968, there were 87 deaths among the 209 households affected, compared to 58 deaths in those same households in the 12 months prior to flooding - a rise of 50%. No significant difference was found in the non-flooded homes (Bennet 1970; n=770, Bristol, England).
[2] A total of 1,185 deaths were associated with 32 flash floods that occurred between 1969 - 1981 in the United States. This came out to be an average of 37 deaths per flash flood event (French et al 1983; n=1,185, USA)." letterSymbol="+" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Miscarriage" fromID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MISCARRIAGE / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="While investigating the connection between floods resulting from Hurricane Agnes (1972) and incidences of spontaneous abortions, researchers found that in the year after the flood (1973), there was a significant increase in the number of spontaneous abortions in the four-county region affected by the flood when compared to the rest of upstate New York. There were 60.9 spontaneous abortions per 1000 live births in the four-county region and 54.4 per 1000 live births in the rest of upstate New York (Janerich et al 1981; n=10 million+, New York)." letterSymbol="+"/>
        <affectsPerson toID="Respiratory Symptoms" fromID="cid-cia-Water Regulation" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS / WATER HAZARD MITIGATION" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Respiratory symptoms and illnesses may increase during or following extreme weather events such as floods. Dampness or mold in the home is associated with negative respiratory symptoms. Because extreme events can cause homes to become damp, and often occur during the warm seasons under prime mold conditions, they may increase respiratory symptoms." labelText2="[1] Respiratory tract infections accounted for 17.4% of treatment visits for displaced persons during the devastating 1988 flooding in Bangladesh (Siddique et al 1991; n=46,740, Bangladesh).
[2] In a study to determine the association between the respiratory health of young children and dampness/molds in their homes, researchers found that upper respiratory symptoms were prevalent in 59% of the children who had dampness/mold in their home, compared to 46.8% of children who did not (Dales et al 1991; n=13,495, Canada)." letterSymbol="+" />

		<affectsPerson toID="ADHD" fromID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="ADHD / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="A pilot study was conducted to determine the effect of Manganese (Mn) levels in water on hyperactive behaviors in children exposed. Children who received water from a well with higher Mn concentrations (610 ug/L vs 160 ug/L) also had higher Hair Manganese (MnH) concentrations. MnH was significantly and directly associated with oppositional (defiance) and hyperactivity behaviors- two predictors of ADHD risk (Bouchard et al 2007; n=46, Quebec)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Cancer" fromID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="CANCER / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Contaminated water has been linked to increased cancer risk in affected populations. Known contaminants include chromium, wastewater effluent and nitrate, which have been associated with multiple cancer types." labelText2="[1] Stomach cancer mortality in regions with Chromium contaminated water was 82% more likely in comparison with the regions without contaminated water. Lung cancer mortality was 15% more likely in regions with contaminated water (Beaumont et al 2008; Liaoning Province, China).
[2] Among a cohort of older women, those with higher than average nitrate levels in their public water supply and longer consumption  periods were at an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Women with exposure exceeding 5 mg/L for longer than 5 years were 160% more likely to have thyroid cancer than those who were exposed less than one year (Ward et al 2010; n=21,977, Iowa).
[3] A study of breast cancer cases revealed that latent and extended exposure to wastewater effluent increases the odds of breast cancer in women.  When women experienced 20 years of exposure, they were 90% more likely to have breast cancer than those that were never exposed  (Gallagher et al 2010; n=638, Cape Cod)." letterSymbol="+" />
                <affectsPerson toID="Gastrointestinal Illness" fromID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Drinking water contaminated with Copper has been linked to gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps." labelText2="[1] The risk of gastrointestinal symptoms increased with Copper exposure levels in drinking water. Risk was 53% higher for women with a concentration of 4 mg/L and 90% higher for men with a concentration of 6 mg/L (Araya et al 2004; n=1,365 adults, Chile).
[2] When looking at the relationship between gastrointestinal illness and copper exposure in drinking water, symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal cramps were reported as a result of elevated copper levels in drinking water. Findings suggest that drinking water containing copper levels above 1.3 mg/l may be a common cause for gastrointestinal upsets (Knobeloch et al 1994; 5 case studies, Wisconsin)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Kidney Damage" fromID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="KIDNEY DAMAGE / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="A study was conducted to assess the dose-response relationship between Cadmium dose and renal tubular damage in a population of people environmentally or occupationally exposed to low concentrations of Cadmium. The study showed that the prevalence of tubular proteinuria (early kidney damage) ranged from 5% among unexposed people to 50% in the most exposed group (Jarup et al 2000; n=1,021, Sweden)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Low Birth Weight" fromID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="LOW BIRTH WEIGHT / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Atrazine is an herbicide with a seasonal pattern of peak contamination in drinking water from May to September. There was a 37% increased risk of small gestational age in births where the third trimester overlapped whole or in part with the May-September period, compared with those in which the third trimester occurred entirely from October to April. If the entire third trimester took place from May to September there was a 54% increased risk of small gestational age (Villaneuva et al 2005; n=3,510 births, France)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Mortality" fromID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="MORTALITY / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Among a population in Greece where an aquifer was contaminated with Chromium, observed deaths were 98 times what were expected for that region based on age and gender (Linos et al 2011; n=131,000, Viotia, Greece )." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Preterm Birth" fromID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="PRETERM BIRTH / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Researchers found that significant decreases in gestational duration are associated with in-utero organophosphate pesticide exposure, especially increased exposure in the latter part of pregnancy. For every log10 unit increase in pesticide exposure there was a 0.41 week (2.9 days) decrease in gestation (Eskenazi et al 2004; n=601 low income, Latina women, California)." letterSymbol="+" />
		<affectsPerson toID="Thyroid Dysfunction" fromID="cid-cia-Water Filtration" color="0x85CDE4" lineSize="4.2" titleText="THYROID DYSFUNCTION / CLEAN WATER" titleText2="- Evidence -" labelText="Nitrate, a chemical that has numerous health effects including inhibiting iodine accumulation in the thyroid gland, is commonly found in groundwater aquifers and thus in drinking water supplies. This study compared 26 pregnant women in a village with high (93 mg/L) nitrate concentrations in the drinking water to 22 pregnant women in a village with low (8 mg/L) nitrate concentrations. Women living in the high-nitrate village were 429% more likely to have thyroid dysfunction than those in the low-concentration village, thus demonstrating that high nitrate levels are a risk factor for thyroid dysfunction (Gatseva et al 2008; n=48 pregnant women, Bulgaria)." letterSymbol="+" />

        <!-- Under Construction! (invisible bars) -->
                
        <affectsPerson toID="Migraine" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Fatigue" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Healing" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Miscarriage" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Thyroid Dysfunction" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Kidney Damage" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="COPD" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Social Relations" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Preterm Birth" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Heat Stroke" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Cardiovascular Diseases" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Birth Outcomes" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />
        <affectsPerson toID="Arthritis" fromID="Under Construction" color="0xFFC200" lineSize="4" />

    </Relations>

	<Bibliography>
		 <location url="bibliography.html" /> 
	</Bibliography>

</RelationViewerData>