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1996 CWNS Report to Congress
Assessment of Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities, Correction of Combined Sewer Overflows, and management of Storm Water and Nonpoint Source Pollution in the United States
Table of Contents
- Executive Summary
- Introduction
- What Is the Clean Water Needs Survey?
- How Is the CWNS Used?
- What Are the Objectives of the 1996 CWNS?
- What Is the Scope of the CWNS?
- What Is a “Need”?
- What Are the Eligible Clean Water Needs Categories?
- What Is the Priority of a Need?
- What Time Period Is Covered?
- What Needs Were Reported and Documented?
- What Needs Were Modeled?
- What Is the Scale of the Sanitary Sewer Overflow Needs?
- What Is the Relationship to the Drinking Water Needs Survey?
- Key Results
- What Are the Clean Water Needs Survey?
- How Have the Needs Changed?
- How Are the Needs Distributed?
- What Are the Needs for Small Communities?
- What Are the Separate State Estimates?
- What Is the Status of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure?
- Documentation of Needs
- What Is the Purpose of Documenting Needs?
- What Levels of Documentation Were Accepted for Needs Justification?
- What Were the Redocumentation Requirements?
- How Did Documentation Requirements Differ for Small Communities?
- How Were Needs Estimated if Supporting Documents Did Not Contain Cost Data?
- How Were the CSO Needs Calculated?
- How Were On-site Reviews Used in Support of the CWNS?
- What Was the Connection Between Documentation and the Separate State Estimates?
- Modeling of Storm Water Needs
- Why Were the Phase I Storm Water Program Needs Modeled?
- What Are the Phase I SW Program Requirements?
- What Are the Goals for SW in the 1996 CWNS?
- What Is the Modeled Estimate for the 1996 Phase I SW Program Needs?
- What Cost Estimating Methodology Was Used?
- What Are the Limitations of the SW Cost Modeling?
- Modeling of Nonpoint Source Needs
- Why Were Nonpoint Source Needs Modeled?
- What Is NPS Pollution?
- What Are the Goals for NPS in the 1996 CWNS?
- What Are Eligible NPS Needs?
- What Is Included or Excluded from the Modeled NPS Estimates?
- What Is the Modeled Estimate for NPS Control Needs?
- How Were Cropland, Pasture land, and Rang eland Modeled?
- How Were Confined Animal Facilities Modeled?
- How Was Silviculture Modeled?
- What Are the Limitations of NPS Control Modeling?
- Watershed-Based Needs Accounting
- How Can Watershed-Based Needs Accounting Enhance Water Quality-Based Planning?
- Wisconsin: Yahara-Monona Watershed
- Vermont: LaPlatte River Watershed
- Tennessee: Richland Creek Watershed
- What Can Be Concluded from These Case Studies?
- Concluding Remarks
- Glossary
- Acronyms
Appendices
These Appendices provide detailed information on costs, operational treatment facilities, and documentation criteria.
- A - Summary of 1996 CWNS Cost Estimates A-1 presents cost data by State from the 1996 CWNS
- B - Summary of 1992 CWNS Cost Estimates B-1 contains cost data by State from the 1992 CWNS
- C - Summary of 1996 Technical Information C-1 contains selected technical data from the 1996 CWNS
- D - Summary of 1996 CWNS Documentation Types D-1 contains a summary of acceptable documentation for the 1996 CWNS