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Ruminant Livestock
System Requirements
Download the .zip File
Open the File to Start
Setting Production Targets
Production Characteristics
Characteristics for Estimating
Methane Emissions Factors
Results
References
System Requirements
LAM was developed using Quattro Pro 5.0 for
Windows and Excel 5.0 for Windows. To run LAM, MS Excel 5.0 or later
is required.
Download the .zip File
The file livestock.zip should extract to LAM_101.XLS.
Open the File to Start
To use LAM, start Excel and open the LAM file.
The model has been set to only allow entry in those cells in which the
user can provide input.
Setting Production
Targets
Exhibit 1 displays the screen for setting production
targets. First, set the overall production targets for milk, meat, and
draft power (measured as the number of head of draft animals). Then,
spread the production targets into the various possible sectors using
percentages (i.e., 0.50 would be 50%). You may enter a brief name for
each sector. The following sectors may be used:
- Milk Sectors:
Four separate milk sectors may be defined, each with its own target
and characteristics. For example, separate sectors may be defined
for: peri-urban cows; rural cows; peri-urban buffalo; and rural buffalo.
- Draft Sectors: Two separate draft
sectors may be defined, each with its own target and characteristics.
For example, separate sectors may be defined for: bullocks and buffalo.
- Meat Sector:
A single meat producing sector may be defined.
The overall targets are initially spread among
the relevant sectors. For example, the milk target is spread among the
milk sectors. However, all sectors can contribute to the production
of all three products, depending on the production characteristics defined
for each.
Exhibit 1: Setting Targets
In this example, milk and meat production targets
are set, and the draft target is zero. The milk target is allocated
to a single sector: Milk_1, with the label entered by the user as Urban.
The meat target is allocated to the single meat sector. Because we have
set the total draft production target to zero, it is not necessary to
change any draft variables in the model. For example, the screen below
shows draft production as split between two sectors, but each sector
is producing 50% of zero. LAM will calculate a herd size and methane
emissions of zero for the draft sector.
Exhibit 1: Setting Targets
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Set Production Targets by Livestock Sector and Product |
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Product
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Target
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Milk Production (1000 tons/yr)
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68,000.0
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Draft Production (1000 Head)
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0.0
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Meat Production (1000 tons/yr)
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9,000.0
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Distribution of Production Targets by Sector
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(Each Row Must Equal 100%)
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Milk_1
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Milk_2
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Milk_3
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Milk_4
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Draft_1
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Draft_2
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Meat
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Total
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Sector Label (Optional) ==>
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Urban
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Rural
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Blank
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Blank
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Temp
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Tropic
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All
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Milk Production (1000 tons)
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100%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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NA
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NA
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NA
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100%
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Draft Production (1000 Head)
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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50%
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50%
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NA
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100%
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Meat Production (1000 tons)
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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100%
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100%
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Production Characteristics
Exhibit 2 displays the screen for entering the
production characteristics of each livestock sector. These characteristics
are divided into the following categories:
- Cows: Milk Production: This section
is used to define the milk production characteristics. The percent
of milk that is produced for target is the milk used to meet the milk
production target for human consumption. In this example, only cows
in the four milk sectors are listed as producing milk for humans to
meet the target. In fact, all sectors can produce milk for humans.
- Bulls: Ratio to Cows: This section
lists the number of bulls per cow for the milk and meat sectors. This
ratio is not needed for the draft sector, which is driven (in part)
by the need to produce bulls for draft power.
- Draft Power Definitions: This section
defines the animals that can be used as draft power. In this example,
95% of the adult males are usable as draft and 50% of the non-bred
adult females are usable as draft in the draft sectors only. "Wet"
(lactating) bred females and "dry" (non-lactating) bred
females may also be considered for draft use, but are set to zero
in this example. Young animals (non-adults) are not counted as draft
animals. Although this example only defines animals in the draft herd
as providing draft power, the relevant animals in all sectors can
be defined to provide draft power.
Exhibit 2: Production Characteristics
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Milk_1
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Milk_2
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Milk_3
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Milk_4
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Draft_1
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Draft_2
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Meat
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Urban
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Rural
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Blank
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Blank
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Temp
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Tropic
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All
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Cows: Milk Production
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Milk per lactation (tons)
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6.80
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6.80
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6.80
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6.80
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0.90
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0.90
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1.74
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Length of lactation (days)
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305
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305
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305
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305
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200
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200
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200
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Intercalving interval (days)
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365
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365
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365
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365
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600
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600
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365
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Percent of Cows that are Bred
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100.0%
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100.0%
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100.0%
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100.0%
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75.0%
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50.0%
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90.0%
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Percent of milk produced for target
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100.0%
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100.0%
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100.0%
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100.0%
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0.0%
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0.0%
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0.0%
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Bulls: Ratio to Cows
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Bulls per cow
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0.02
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0.02
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0.02
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0.02
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N/A
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N/A
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0.07
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Draft Power Definitions
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Pct adult males usable as draft
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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95%
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95%
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0%
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Pct non-bred females usable as daft
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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50%
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50%
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0%
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Pct "wet" females usable as daft
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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Pct "dry" females usable as daft
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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0%
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Meat Production Characteristics
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Adult Male carcass wt (1000 kg)
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0.300
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0.300
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0.300
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0.300
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0.180
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0.180
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0.300
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Adult Female carcass wt (1000 kg)
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0.250
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0.250
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0.250
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0.250
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0.150
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0.150
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0.200
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Slaughter male carcass weight (1000 kg)
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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0.300
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Slaughter female carcass weight (1000kg)
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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0.250
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Transfer Young to Meat Sector? (1=Yes)
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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NA
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Maximum Years in the Herd: Adults, Replacements, Young
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Yrs in herd -- adult males (Max = 10)
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8
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8
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8
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8
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10
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10
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8
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Yrs in herd -- adult females (Max = 10)
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5
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5
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5
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5
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10
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10
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8
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Yrs in herd -- repl males (Max = 4)
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1
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1
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1
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1
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4
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4
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1
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Yrs in herd -- repl females (Max = 4)
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1
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1
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1
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1
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4
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4
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1
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Yrs in herd -- young males (Max = 4)
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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Yrs in herd -- young females (Max = 4)
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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Yrs to slaughter for slaughterstk (Max = 4)
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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0.4
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Annual Mortality Rates
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Annual death rate -- adult males
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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Annual death rate -- adult females
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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Annual death rate -- repl males
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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Annual death rate -- repl females
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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Annual death rate -- young males
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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Annual death rate -- young females
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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5.0%
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Adult Male Cull Rate
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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2.0%
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0.0%
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0.0%
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10.0%
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Adult Female Cull Rate
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30.0%
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35.0%
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35.0%
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35.0%
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0.0%
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0.0%
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10.0%
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Annual death rate -- slaughter stock
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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1.0%
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- Meat Production Characteristics: This
section lists the carcass weights of the relevant animal types at slaughter.
Adult males and females may be slaughtered in all sectors, and young
animals grown specifically for meat production may be slaughtered in
the meat sector. The adult animals are counted toward the meat target
when they are culled and when they reach their maximum age. Animals
lost due to other causes of death are not counted toward the meat target.
In addition to the carcass weight, this section is used to indicate
if "excess" young from a given sector are "transferred"
to the meat sector for use in meeting the meat production targets. For
example, it is often the case that the dairy sector produces more male
calves than are needed in the dairy sector. These "excess calves"
may be transferred to the meat sector and grown for slaughter. Transferring
these excess young to the meat industry is indicated by a putting a
one for this input. Putting a zero for this input causes the number
of excess calves to be estimated in the dairy sector, but no additional
computations are made for them. These calves, for example, may be exported
or may be used to meet a deficiency in calves in another sector, such
as the draft sector.
- Maximum Years in the Herd: Adults, Replacements,
and Young: This section defines the ages of the three animal types.
By grouping the animals by level of development, the model can better
represent animal populations in different areas of the world, where
animals may mature at different rates. The LAM user can define the age
categories by entering the "years in herd" for each. Generally,
"young" animals may not be fully weaned and often experience
rapid growth, "replacements" are weaned animals that are not
fully mature and do not produce much draft or milk, and "adults"
are fully mature animals. In this example, the animals grow relatively
quickly, so that they are considered as "young" for one year
and "replacement" for one year. After they are replacements,
they are considered adults. The number of years it takes to grow to
slaughter weight (following being young) is also listed. In this example,
the meat animals are slaughtered at 1.4 years of age (1.0 years as young,
and 0.4 years being grown for slaughter). The LAM user will be able
to specify the methane emission characteristics for each of the age
groups on the methane characteristics sheet.
- Annual Mortality Rates: The annual mortality
rates are used to simulate the loss of animals due to reasons other
than for slaughter. Annual death rates are given for each animal type.
These rates are considered when simulating the size of the population
needed to meet the production targets. Additionally, cull rates for
male and female adults are listed. The culled animals contribute to
the meat targets, while the loss due to death from other causes does
not.
Characteristics
for Estimating Methane Emissions Factors
Exhibit 3 presents the data required to estimate
methane emissions. Most of the information needed to estimate emissions
is derived from the production characteristics, such as: milk production;
percent bred; and definition as a draft animal. Several key inputs must
be provided for each animal type in each sector. The following is required:
- Weight: The average annual weight
for the animal type is needed. This weight is a key input for estimating
emissions. It is the principal driving factor for estimating feed
intake, and is also used to estimate weight gain. Care must be taken
to ensure that the weights used in this input table are consistent
with the carcass weights used in the Production Characteristics input
table.
- Feeding Situation: The feeding situations
are defined in LAM and the IPCC/OECD Emissions Inventory Guidelines
(1994). In this example, the dairy animals are all stall fed. Other
possible values are pasture/range fed and grazing over very large
areas. These values are entered into LAM using a number code, which
is shown in Exhibit 4.
- Feed Digestibility. The feed digestibility
also has an important impact on the methane emissions estimate. Typical
values range from 50 percent for poor quality rangelands to over 75
percent for grain-fed slaughter animals. Typical values will be in
the range of 60 to 65 percent for most animal types.
- Methane Conversion Factor: The methane
conversion factor defines the portion of gross energy intake that
will be converted to methane. The IPCC/OECD Emissions Inventory Guidelines
(1994) provide "standard assumptions" to use for this factor.
A value of 6.0 percent is commonly used for most well fed animals.
Young animals, who nurse for a portion of the year, will generally
have a lower value, such as the 3.0 percent shown in the example.
These values are entered into LAM using a number code, which is shown
in Exhibit 4.
Exhibit 3: Characteristics
for Estimating Methane Emissions Factors
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Methane
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Feeding
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Feeding
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Feed
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Methane
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Methane
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Sector
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Emissions
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Weight
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Situation
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Situation
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Digest
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Conversion
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Conversion
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Sector
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Name
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Animal Type
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(kg/hd/yr)
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(kg)
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(1-3 above)
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Selected
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(%)
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(1-8 above)
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Selected
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Milk_1
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Urban
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Adult Males
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54.5
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650
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1
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Stall Fed
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60
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1
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6.0%
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Milk_1
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Urban
|
Adult Females
|
114.8
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550
|
1
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Stall Fed
|
65
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1
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6.0%
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Milk_1
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Urban
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Repl Males
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64.0
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350
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1
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Stall Fed
|
60
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1
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6.0%
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Milk_1
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Urban
|
Repl Females
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53.0
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300
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1
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Stall Fed
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60
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1
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6.0%
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Milk_1
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Urban
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Young Males
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14.5
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200
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1
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Stall Fed
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65
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6
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3.0%
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Milk_1
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Urban
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Young Females
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12.9
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200
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1
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Stall Fed
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65
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6
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3.0%
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Milk_2
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Rural
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Adult Males
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54.5
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650
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1
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Stall Fed
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60
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1
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6.0%
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Milk_2
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Rural
|
Adult Females
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114.8
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550
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1
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Stall Fed
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65
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1
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6.0%
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Milk_2
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Rural
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Repl Males
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64.0
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350
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1
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Stall Fed
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60
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1
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6.0%
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Milk_2
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Rural
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Repl Females
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53.0
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300
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1
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Stall Fed
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60
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1
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6.0%
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Milk_2
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Rural
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Young Males
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14.5
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200
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1
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Stall Fed
|
65
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6
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3.0%
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Milk_2
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Rural
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Young Females
|
12.9
|
200
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1
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Stall Fed
|
65
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6
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3.0%
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Sectors Milk_3 and Milk_4 are omitted from this
exhibit.
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Draft_1
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Temp
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Adult Males
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59.4
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400
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1
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Stall Fed
|
60
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1
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6.0%
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Draft_1
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Temp
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Adult Females
|
44.5
|
300
|
1
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Stall Fed
|
60
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1
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6.0%
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Draft_1
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Temp
|
Repl Males
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29.3
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250
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1
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Stall Fed
|
60
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1
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6.0%
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Draft_1
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Temp
|
Repl Females
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20.3
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150
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1
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Stall Fed
|
60
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1
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6.0%
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Draft_1
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Temp
|
Young Males
|
10.6
|
100
|
1
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Stall Fed
|
60
|
6
|
3.0%
|
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Draft_1
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Temp
|
Young Females
|
7.1
|
75
|
1
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Stall Fed
|
60
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6
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3.0%
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Draft_2
|
Tropic
|
Adult Males
|
59.4
|
400
|
1
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Stall Fed
|
60
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1
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6.0%
|
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Draft_2
|
Tropic
|
Adult Females
|
46.3
|
300
|
1
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Stall Fed
|
60
|
1
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6.0%
|
|
Draft_2
|
Tropic
|
Repl Males
|
29.3
|
250
|
1
|
Stall Fed
|
60
|
1
|
6.0%
|
|
Draft_2
|
Tropic
|
Repl Females
|
20.3
|
150
|
1
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Stall Fed
|
60
|
1
|
6.0%
|
|
Draft_2
|
Tropic
|
Young Males
|
10.6
|
100
|
1
|
Stall Fed
|
60
|
6
|
3.0%
|
|
Draft_2
|
Tropic
|
Young Females
|
7.1
|
75
|
1
|
Stall Fed
|
60
|
6
|
3.0%
|
|
Meat
|
All
|
Adult Males
|
63.7
|
650
|
2
|
Pasture/Range
|
60
|
1
|
6.0%
|
|
Meat
|
All
|
Adult Females
|
71.0
|
450
|
2
|
Pasture/Range
|
60
|
1
|
6.0%
|
|
Meat
|
All
|
Repl Males
|
69.3
|
330
|
2
|
Pasture/Range
|
60
|
1
|
6.0%
|
|
Meat
|
All
|
Repl Females
|
49.0
|
330
|
2
|
Pasture/Range
|
60
|
1
|
6.0%
|
|
Meat
|
All
|
Young Males
|
17.7
|
200
|
2
|
Pasture/Range
|
60
|
6
|
3.0%
|
|
Meat
|
All
|
Young Females
|
17.7
|
200
|
2
|
Pasture/Range
|
60
|
6
|
3.0%
|
|
Meat
|
All
|
Male Slaught
|
26.5
|
550
|
1
|
Stall Fed
|
75
|
5
|
3.5%
|
|
Meat
|
All
|
Female Slaught
|
22.2
|
500
|
1
|
Stall Fed
|
75
|
5
|
3.5%
|
Note: The methane emissions value is calculated in the model.
The values for "Methane Conversion Selected" can be changed
by editing the methane conversion factors table on the Methane Characteristics
page. Sectors Milk_3 and Milk_4 are omitted from this exhibit.
Exhibit 4: Feeding
Situation and Methane Conversion Number Codes
|
Summary Inputs and Coefficients
|
|
|
Feed Table: Add'l NE required to get
feed
|
|
|
1
|
Stall Fed
|
0.0%
|
|
2
|
Pasture/Range
|
17.0%
|
|
3
|
Large Areas
|
37.0%
|
|
Methane Table: Assumed methane conversion of GE
|
|
1
|
Good Quality Feed
|
6.0%
|
|
2
|
Medium Quality Feed
|
6.5%
|
|
3
|
Poor Quality Feed
|
7.0%
|
|
4
|
Very Poor Quality
|
7.5%
|
|
5
|
Feedlot
|
3.5%
|
|
6
|
Young (Nursed)
|
3.0%
|
|
7
|
Milk Fed
|
0.0%
|
|
8
|
User Defined
|
6.0%
|
The number to the left of the appropriate feeding
situation or methane conversion factor is entered into the Characteristics
for Estimating Methane Emissions Factors Table for each animal type.
If needed, additional methane conversion rates can be defined.
LAM TOC | LAM Introduction
| Using the LAM | LAM
Tutorial
|
