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XXXX,X  _@Y APPENDIXA  @NNEDOCUMENTATIONOFEMISSIONESTIMATIONMETHODOLOGIES@  LFORSOURCESOF112(c)(6)POLLUTANTS:@& & NPOLYCYCLICORGANICMATTER(POM),@ E2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN(2,3,7,8-TCDD),@E2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZOFURAN(2,3,7,8-TCDF),AND@ JPOLYCHLORINATEDBIPHENYLCOMPOUNDS(PCBs)  $  8,,XXdXXd8@Y APPENDIXA     Thisappendixcontainsemissionsestimatedocumentationfortheextractableorganicmatter(EOM)categoryofpolycyclicorganicmatter(POM),polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs),2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzopdioxin(2,3,7,8-TCDD),for2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran(2,3,7,8-TCDF),and2,3,7,8-TCDDToxicEquivalents(TEQ).Thisappendixdescribestheapproachandkeyassumptionsadoptedforeachoftheindividualcategoriesinventoried.Foreachsourcecategory,thefollowingitemsarediscussed:  "0 ` Pollutantsforwhichreasonableemissionestimatescouldbemadeforeachsource "r  category; ` (#` (#   "0 ` Nationalactivitylevelsand/oremissionsestimates;6` (#` (#   "0 ` Assumptionsonprocessesandcontrols,primarilyastheyrelatetotheoriginaltest  dataonwhichtheemissionfactorswerebased; ` (#` (#   "0 ` Emissionfactors;and` (#` (#   "0 ` Assumptionsformajor/areadeterminations.Z` (#` (# Dataandinformationsourcesthatwereusedinpreparingtheaboveitemsarereferencedineachsection.Itshouldbenotedthatthedetailedinventorydevelopmentprotocolsforpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)arepresentedinAppendixB.Boththe7-PAHand16-PAHdefinitionsofPOMarecovered.Theyarepresentedseparatelybecauseallofthedataweredevelopedanddrawnfromanotherprogram,theLocatingandEstimating(L&E)documentforPOM. A.1  MunicipalWasteCombustion  &"-   TherearethreemaintypesofmunicipalwasteincineratorsintheUnitedStates:massburn(MB),refusederivedfuel(RDF),andmodularcombustors(MOD).Massburncombustors *B&3 arethemostcommontypeofcombustor,representing54percentofallmunicipalwastecombustors(MWCs)intheUnitedStates,followedbymodularfacilities(32percent)andRDFfacilities(13percent).Dt10tD  Accordingtothe1994MaximumAchievableControlTechnologies(MACT)Studythereare158existingMWCfacilitieswithdesigncapacitiesabove38.6tons/day.Thefacilitiesdesignedtoburnlessthan38.6tons/dayaccountforlessthanonepercentofthetotalwasteflowtoMWCfacilities..~ ^ 20^ .~ ԀOfthetotalMWCcapacityintheUnitedStates,about58percentofmunicipalwasteistreatedinmassburnfacilities,29percentinRDF-firedfacilities,9percentinmodularcombustors,and4percentinotherMWCdesigns.B "r 30"r B   PollutantsAddressed  6 0  "0` (#(#EOM` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD \` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDFn` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ  ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#PCBs2"` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevel/EmissionEstimates  F&   Thenationaldioxin/furanemissionsestimatesforMWCswereobtaineddirectlyfromworkdonebyEPA'sEmissionStandardsDivision(ESD)tosupportMACTstandardsforthissourcecategory.TheestimatesarebasedondioxindatacollectedbytheEPAduringits"MWCSurvey"in1994.ThedioxinemissionsdatathatwerecollectedwerecombinedwithMWCplantdesigndata,plantannualutilizationratedata,andfluegasflowrateconversionfactorstocalculateannualdioxinemissionestimates.AlthoughESDcalculatedestimatesforthreedifferenttimeperiods(1993,1995,and2000),the1993dataarepresentedheresincethisistheclosesttimeperiodtothedesired112(c)(6)baselinedateof1990.Asummaryofthemethods h+&8 usedtodeterminetheestimatesareprovidedhere.MoredetailedinformationonthederivationoftheestimatescanbeobtainedfromReference4.  Dioxintestresultsfor1993werecompiledfromemissionsourcetestsperformedbetween1985and1993(seeTableA1).Inalimitednumberofcases,testresultsfrom1994onindividualunitswereusediftherewerenochangesinMWCunitoperationorairpollutioncontroldevice(APCD)configurationssince1993.Wheretheemissiontestdateinthetableisnotedas1985through1989,thedataweregatheredbyOAQPStodeveloptheSubpartEanewsourceperformancestandardsandSubpartCaemissionsguidelinesproposedforMWC's(December1989).Wheretheemissiontestdateisnotedas1990through1994,thedataweregatheredbyOAQPS,orsubmittedtoOAQPS,aspartofoneofthefollowingefforts:0  1.0` (#(#DatagatheredbyOAQPStodeveloptherevisednewsourceperformance H standardsandemissionguidelinesforMWC'sproposedonSeptember20,1994; ` (#` (# 0  2.0` (#(#DatasubmittedtoOAQPSinresponsetothe"MWCSurvey"ofdioxinemissions;  \ or ` (#` (# 0  3.0` (#(#Datasubmittedtothedocket(A-90-45)aspubliccommentsontherevisednew   sourceperformancestandardsandemissionguidelinesproposedonSeptember20,1994. ` (#` (#   Forfacilitieswithdioxintestdata,thefollowingcriteriawereusedtodeterminethemostrepresentativetestresultsforeachfacilityfor1993:0  "0` (#(#Forfacilitieswithmorethanonetestresult,themostrecenttestwasused.These #' resultswerechosensuchthattheywererepresentativeofplantoperationattheendof1993.ExceptionstothiswereincaseswhentwoormoretestswereconductedataMWCoverarelativelyshortperiodoftime.Then,theaverageofthesetestswasusedtorepresentthe1993emissions. ` (#` (#   .(~#, TRO'3X3' Letter'3 Letter Landscape3'T  Q=` hp x (#%'0*,.XQ8,,XXd,XXd8  @v XXX TableA1 b @ ]TestDataUsedfor1993NationalDioxinEstimatesforMWCsSr  Ԉ z  * ddd Xdd Xdd X..,yl<", L< ,L<",L<%,L<",L<",L<",L<",L<%, L<,L<5,Ll"+  ;& 2  l;Region VA2 <"0 VUnitName VA2 <"0 VState VA2 <"0 VTotalPlantCapacity VA2  "088 VNumberofUnits VA2J  "0 VCombustorType VA2J "0 VAirPollutionControlDevices VA2 "088 VUnitNumber VA2J "0 VUnitCapacity VA2J "0 VDioxin/Furans(ng/dscm@7%O2) LB/J " l   ILL                                 ,   ,Total A,!B " ATEQa A,!B " AYear SD,B " L I  LS4 2#z  2HuntsvilleRefuseFiredSteamFac. 2#z  2AL 2#z  2690 2#z  22 2#z  2MB/WW 2#z   2FFSD 2#z ! 22 2#z " 2345 2#z # 23 2#z $ 20.080 6#z % 61990 J;#z & L   LJ9 2#r' 2CommerceRefusetoEnergyFac. 2#r( 2CA 2#r) 2380 2#r* 21 2#r+ 2MB/WW 2#r, 2FFSDSNCR 2#r- 21 2#r. 2380 2#r/ 210 2#r0 2Ј 6#r1 61998 J;#r2 L   LJ9 2#j 3 2LongBeach(SERRF) 2#j 4 2CA 2#j 5 21380 2#j 6 23 2#j 7 2MW/WW 2#j 8 2FFSDSNCR 2#j 9 21 2#j : 2460 2#j ; 24 2#j < 2Ј 6#j = 61988 P?#j > L   LP9 I8)b ?|| IStanislaus(Modesto) I8)b @|| ICA I8)b A|| I800 I8)b B|| I2 I8)b C|| IMB/WW I8)b D|| IFFSDSNCR C4)b E|| C1 2#b F 2400 2#b G 232 2#b H 2Ј 6#b I 61993 @6#b J L   L@   J    J    J    J    J    J  &  J &2 2#Z K 2400 2#Z L 29 2#Z M 2Ј 6#Z N 61993 P?#Z O L   LP1 I8)R P||: IBristolRRF I8)R Q||; ICT I8)R R||< I650 I8)R S||= I2 I8)R T||> IMB/WW I8)R U||? IFFSD C4)R V||@ C1 2#R W 2325 2#R X 275 2#R Y 21.670 6#R Z 61990 @6#R [ L   L@   [    [    [    [    [    [  &  [ &2 2#J \ 2325 2#J ] 28 2#J ^ 20.140 6#J _ 61990 J;#J ` L   LJ1 2#B a 2MidConnecticutProject 2#B b 2CT 2#B c 22000 2#B d 23 2#B e 2RDF 2#B f 2FFSD 2#B g 21 2#B h 2667 2#B i 21 2#B j 2Ј 6#B k 61988 P?#B l L   LP1 I8):mSSR  IWallingfordRRF I8):nSSS  ICT I8):oSST  I420 I8):pSSU  I3 I8):qSSV  IMOD/EA I8):rSSW  IFFSD C4):sSSX  C1 2#:t 2140 2#:u 2178 2#:v 2Ј 6#:w 61991 @6#:x L   L@  x   x   x   x   x   x  & x &2 2#2y 2140 2#2z 250 2#2{ 2Ј 6#2| 61991 @6#2} L   L@  |}   |}   |}   |}   |}   |}  & |} &3 2#*~ 2140 2#* 247 2#* 2Ј 6#* 61991 J;#* L   LJ4 2#" 2DadeCo.RRF 2#" 2FL 2#" 23000 2#" 24 2#" 2RDF 2#" 2ESP 2#" 21 2#" 2750 2#" 2449 2#" 2Ј 6#" 61990 J;#" L   LJ4 2# 2HillsboroughCo.RRF 2# 2FL 2# 21200 2# 23 2# 2MB/WW 2# 2ESP 2# 21 2# 2400 2# 2178 2# 2Ј 6# 61994 P?# L   LP4 I8)SSv  IMcKayBayREF I8)SSw  IFL I8)SSx  I1000 I8)SSy  I4 I8)SSz  IMB/WW I8)SS{  IESP C4)SS|  C1 2# 2250 2# 28533 2# 2265.000 6# 61994 @6# L   L@  \   \   \   \   \   \  & \ &3 2#  2250 2#  2893 2#  221.000 6#  61994 @6#  L   L@  T   T   T   T   T   T  & T &4 2# 2250 2# 22160 2# 249.000 6# 61994 J;# L   LJ4 2# 2PascoCo.SolidWasteRRF 2# 2FL 2# 21050 2# 23 2# 2MB/WW 2# 2FFSD 2# 21 2# 2350 2# 211 2# 20.190 6# 61994 J;# L   LJ4 2# 2WheelabratorPinellasRRF 2# 2FL 2# 23000 2# 23 2# 2MB/WW 2# 2ESP 2# 23 2# 21000 2# 23400b 2# 271.800 6# 61994 P?# L   LP10 I8)|| IHonoluluResourceRecoveryVenture I8)|| IHI I8)|| I2160 I8)|| I2 I8)|| IRDF I8)|| IESPSD C4)|| C1 2# 21080 2# 210 2# 2Ј 6# 61990 @6# L   L@  4   4   4   4   4   4  ( 4 (2 4# 41080 4# 43 4# 4Ј 6# 61990 D5# L   LDЀ10 ,  ,WaipahuIncinerator ,  ,HI ,  ,600 ,  ,2 ,  ,MB/REF ,  ,ESP ,  ,1 ,  ,300 ,  ,5690 ,  ,Ј 0  01994 J;#  L   LJ5 2#! 2NorthwestWTE 2#! 2IL 2#! 21600 2#! 24 2#! 2MB/WW 2#! 2ESP 2#! 22 2#! 2400 2#! 265 2#! 2Ј 6#! 61993 TC'! L   LT5 I8) L|| IIndianapolisRRF I8) LB|| IIN I8) L|| I2362 I8) L|| I3 I8) L|| IMB/WW I8) L|| IFFSD C4) L|| C2 2# L 2787 2# L  212 2# L  20.120 6# L  61989 @6# L  L   L@                         &   &3 2# D  2787 2# D 21 2# D 20.010 6# D 61993 J;# D L   LJ1 2# < 2HaverhillLawrenceRDF 2# < 2MA 2# < 2710 2# < 21 2# < 2RDF 2# < 2ESPFSI 2# < 21 2# < 2710 2# < 2136 2# < 2Ј 6# < 61992 J;# < L   LJ1 2#4 2NorthAndoverRESCO 2#4 2MA 2#4  21500 2#4! 22 2#4" 2MB/WW 2#4# 2ESPFSI 2#4$ 21 2#4% 2750 2#4& 253 2#4' 2Ј 6#4( 61989 P?#4) L   LP1 I8),*|| ISEMASSRRF I8),+|| IMA I8),,||  I2700 I8),-||! I3 I8),.||" IRDF C4),/||# CESPSD 2#,0 21 2#,1 2900 2#,2 29 2#,3 2Ј 6#,4 61989 @6#,5 L   L@  p5   p5   p5   p5   p5  & p5 &ESPSD 2#$6 22 2#$7 2900 2#$8 212 2#$9 2Ј 6#$: 61989 J;#$; L   LJ1 2#< 2WheelabratorMillbury 2#= 2MA 2#> 21500 2#? 22 2#@ 2MB/WW 2#A 2ESPSD 2#B 22 2#C 2750 2#D 259 2#E 2Ј 6#F 61988 J;#G L   LJ3 2#H 2HartfordCo.WTEFac. 2#I 2MD 2#J 2360 2#K 24 2#L 2MOD/SA 2#M 2ESP 2#N 21 2#O 290 2#P 2300 2#Q 25.580 6#R 61993 P?#S L   LP3 I8) T22N IPulaski I8) U22O IMD I8) V22P I1500 I8) W22Q I5 I8) X22R IMB/REF I8) Y22S IESP C4) Z22$ C1 2# [ 2300 2# \ 23313 2# ] 237.000 6# ^ 61993 @6# _ L   L@  P_   P_   P_   P_   P_   P_  & P_ &2 2# ` 2300 2# a 23313 2# b 237.000 6# c 61993 @6# d L   L@  H d   H d   H d   H d   H d   H d  & H d &3 2# e 2300 2# f 25894 2# g 285.200 6# h 61993 @6# i L   L@  @ i   @ i   @ i   @ i   @ i   @ i  & @ i &4 2# j 2300 2# k 25894 2# l 285.200 6# m 61993 @6# n L   L@  8 n   8 n   8 n   8 n   8 n   8 n  & 8 n &5 2# o 2300 2# p 29045 2# q 2104.000 6# r 61993 P?# s L   LP3 I8)| tSS~% ISouthwestRRF(RESCO) I8)| uSS% IMD I8)| vSS% I2250 I8)| wSS% I3 I8)| xSS% IMB/WW I8)| ySS% IESP C4)| zSS% C1 2#| { 2750 2#| | 2142 2#| } 23.410 6#| ~ 61993 @6#|  L   L@  (    (    (    (    (    (   & (  &2 2#t  2750 2#t  2102 2#t  22.380 6#t  61993 @6#t  L   L@                         &   &3 2#l 2750 2#l 2199 2#l 2Ј 6#l 61993 J;#l L   LJ1 2#d 2GreaterPortlandRegionRRF 2#d 2ME 2#d 2500 2#d 22 2#d 2MB/WW 2#d 2ESPSD 2#d 21 2#d 2250 2#d 2173 2#d 2Ј 6#d 61987 J;#d L   LJ1 2#\ 2MaineEnergyRecovery(Biddeford) 2#\ 2ME 2#\ 2600 2#\ 22 2#\ 2RDF 2#\ 2FFSD 2#\ 21 2#\ 2300 2#\ 24 2#\ 2Ј 6#\ 61987 J;#\ L   LJ1 2#T 2PenobscotEnergyRecoveryComp. 2#T 2ME 2#T 2700 2#T 22 2#T 2RDF 2#T 2ESP 2#T 21 2#T 2350 2#T 22 2#T 2Ј 6#T 61988 J;#T L   LJ5 2#L 2CentralWayneCo.SanitationAuth. 2#L 2MI 2#L 2500 2#L 22 2#L 2RDF 2#L 2ESP 2#L 21 2#L 2250 2#L 2383 2#L 212.200 6#L 61994 L;#L L   LL5 4#D 4ClintonTownship 4#D 4MI 4#D 4600 4#D 42 4#D 4MB/REF 4#D 4ESP 4#D 41 4#D 4300 4#D 43254 4#D 455.800 6#D 61994 J9#D L   LJ5 C2)L ||( CGreaterDetroitRRF C2)L ||( CMI C2)L ||( C3300 C2)L ||( C3 C2)L ||( CRDF =.)L ||( =ESP ,L  ,1 ,L  ,1100 ,L  ,2851 ,L  ,Ј 0L  01993 @6#L  L   L@   `    `    `    `    `  (  ` (FFSD 4#D! 42 4#D! 41100 4#D! 42 4#D! 4Ј 6#D! 61994 P?#D! L   LP5 I8)L"||/ IKentCo.WTEFac. I8)L"||/ IMI I8)L"||/ I625 I8)L"||/ I2 I8)L"||/ IMB/WW I8)L"||/ IFFSD C4)L"||( C1 2#L" 2312 2#L" 25 2#L" 20.090 6#L" 61992 @6#L" L   L@                         &   &2 2# L 2312 2# L 212 2# L 20.310 6# L 61992 P?# L L   LP5 I8) D||21 IHennepinEnergyRecoveryFacility I8) D||31 IMN I8) D||41 I1200 I8) D ||51 I2 I8) D ||61 IMB/WW I8) D ||71 IFFSDSNCRCI C4)  81 C1 2# D 2600 2# D 21 2# D 20.030 6# D 61992 @6# D L   L@                         &   &2 2# < 2600 2# < 22 2# < 20.020 6# < 61992 J;# < L   LJ5 2#4 2OlmsteadWTEFacility 2#4 2MN 2#4 2200 2#4 22 2#4 2MB/WW 2#4 2ESP 2#4 21 2#4 2100 2#4  2219 2#4! 2Ј 6#4" 61994 J;#4# L   LJ5 2#,$ 2PerhamRenewableRF 2#,% 2MN 2#,& 2114 2#,' 22 2#,( 2MOD/SA 2#,) 2ESP 2#,* 21 2#,+ 257 2#,, 235 2#,- 2Ј 6#,. 61994 J;#,/ L   LJ5 2#$0 2PolkCo.SolidWasteResourceRecovery 2#$1 2MN 2#$2 280 2#$3 22 2#$4 2MOD/SA 2#$5 2ESP 2#$6 21 2#$7 240 2#$8 2269 2#$9 28.990 6#$: 61988 J;#$; L   LJ5 2#< 2PopeDouglasSolidWaste 2#= 2MN 2#> 272 2#? 22 2#@ 2MOD/SA 2#A 2ESP 2#B 22 2#C 236 2#D 2446 2#E 27.440 6#F 61989 J;#G L   LJ5 2#H 2RamseyWashington 2#I 2MN 2#J 2720 2#K 22 2#L 2RDF 2#M 2ESP 2#N 22 2#O 2360 2#P 231 2#Q 2Ј 6#R 61988 J;#S L   LJ5 2# T 2RedWingSolidWasteBoilerFacility 2# U 2MN 2# V 272 2# W 22 2# X 2MOD/EA 2# Y 2ESP 2# Z 21 2# [ 236 2# \ 2489 2# ] 213.300 6# ^ 61990 J;# _ L   LJ5 2# ` 2WesternLakeSuperiorSanit.Distr.(Duluth) 2#H b 2MN 2# c 2260 2# d 22 2# e 2RDF 2# f 2VS 2# g 22 2# h 2130 2# i 216 2# j 2Ј 6# k 61992 J;# l L   LJ5 2#@ m 2WilmarthPlant(Mankato) 2#@ n 2MN 2#@ o 2720 2#@ p 22 2#@ q 2RDF 2#@ r 2FFSD 2#@ s 21 2#@ t 2360 2#@ u 227 2#@ v 2Ј 6#@ w 61988 J;#@ x L   LJ4 2#8 y 2UniversityCityRRF 2#8 z 2NC 2#8 { 2235 2#8 | 22 2#8 } 2MB/WW 2#8 ~ 2ESP 2#8  22 2#8  2118 2#8  2579 2#8  2Ј 6#8  61994 P?#8  L   LP1 I8)0 ||J3 ISESClaremontRRF I8)0 ||K3 INH I8)0 ||L3 I200 I8)0 ||M3 I2 I8)0 ||N3 IMB/WW I8)0 ||O3 IFFDSI C4)0 ||P3 C1 2#0  2100 2#0  238 2#0  2Ј 6#0  61987 @6#0  L   L@  D    D    D    D    D    D   & D  &2 2#(  2100 2#(  232 2#(  2Ј 6#(  61987 J;#(  L   LJ2 2#  2CamdenRRF 2#  2NJ 2#  21050 2#  23 2#  2MB/WW 2#  2ESPSD 2#  21 2#  2350 2#  275 2#  2Ј 6#  61992 J;#  L   LJ2 2# 2WarrenEnergyRF 2# 2NJ 2# 2400 2# 22 2# 2MB/WW 2# 2FFSD 2# 21 2# 2200 2# 28 2# 20.180 6# 61988 P?# L   LP2 I8)x||> IAdirondackRRF I8)x||> INY I8)x||> I432 I8)x||> I2 I8)x||> IMB/WW I8)x||> IESPSD C4)x||> C1 2#x 2216 2#x 228 2#x 2Ј 6#x 61992 @6#x L   L@  $   $   $   $   $   $  ( $ (2 4#p 4216 4#p 440 4#p 4Ј 6#p 61992P?#p L   LP2 I8) L||B IBabylonRRF I8) LB||B INY I8) L||B I750 I8) L||B I2 I8) L||B IMB/WW I8) L||B IFFSD C4) L||B C1 2# L 2375 2# L  21 2# L  2Ј 6# L  61991 @6# L  L   L@                         (   (2 4# D  4375 4# D 41 4# D 4Ј 6# D 61993 H9# D L   LH2 A2) L||D ADutchessCo.RRF A2) L||D ANY A2) L||D A400 A2) L||D A2 A2) L||D AMB/RC A2) L||D AFFDSI =.) L||D =1 , L ,200 , L ,5 , L ,Ј 0 L 01989 @6# L L   L@                   &  &2 2#D 2200 2#D 218 2#D  2Ј 6#D! 61989 J;#D" L   LJ2 2#<# 2Hempstead 2#<$ 2NY 2#<% 22505 2#<& 23 2#<' 2MB/WW 2#<( 2FFSD 2#<) 22 2#<* 2835 2#<+ 21 2#<, 20.010 6#<- 61993 P?#<. L   LP2 I8)4/SS.F IHuntingtonRRF I8)40SS/F INY I8)41SS0F I750 I8)42SS1F I3 I8)43SS2F IMB I8)44SS3F IFFSDSNCR C4)45SS4F C1 2#46 2250 2#47 212 2#48 20.340 6#49 61993 @6#4: L   L@  x:   x:   x:   x:   x:   x:  & x: &2 2#,; 2250 2#,< 27 2#,= 20.170 6#,> 61993 @6#,? L   L@  p?   p?   p?   p?   p?   p?  & p? &3 2#$@ 2250 2#$A 27 2#$B 20.180 6#$C 61993 J;#$D L   LJ2 2#E 2LongBeachRRF 2#F 2NY 2#G 2200 2#H 21 2#I 2MB/WW 2#J 2ESP 2#K 21 2#L 2200 2#M 2709 2#N 213.700 6#O 61992 P?#P L   LP2 I8) Q||RJ IMacArthurWTE I8) R||SJ INY I8) S||TJ I518 I8) T||UJ I2 I8) U||VJ IMB/RC I8) V||WJ IFFDSI C4) W||XJ C1 2# X 2259 2# Y 24 2# Z 2Ј 6# [ 61993 @6# \ L   L@  X \   X \   X \   X \   X \   X \  & X \ &2 2# ] 2259 2# ^ 21 2# _ 2Ј 6# ` 61993 J;# a L   LJ2 2# b 2NiagaraFallsRDFWTE 2# c 2NY 2# d 22200 2# e 22 2# f 2RDF 2# g 2ESP 2# h 21 2# i 21100 2# j 21217 2# k 2Ј 6# l 61989 J;# m L   LJ2 2# n 2OneidaCo.ERF 2# o 2NY 2# p 2200 2# q 24 2# r 2MOD/SA 2# s 2ESP 2# t 21 2# u 250 2# v 2462 2# w 2Ј 6# x 61985 J;# y L   LJ2 2# z 2OswegoCo.WTE 2# { 2NY 2# | 2200 2# } 24 2# ~ 2MPD/SA 2#  2ESP 2#  21 2#  250 2#  2386 2#  2Ј 6#  61986 J;#  L   LJ2 2#  2WestchesterRESCO 2#  2NY 2#  22250 2#  23 2#  2MB/WW 2#  2ESP 2#  21 2#  2750 2#  2183 2#  2Ј 6#  61993 P?#  L   LP5 I8)|||M IAkronRecycleEnergySystem I8)|||M IOH I8)|||M I1000 I8)|||M I3 I8)|||M IRDF I8)|||M IESP C4)|||M C1 2#| 2333 2#| 2370c 2#| 2Ј 6#| 61994 @6#| L   L@  (   (   (   (   (   (  & ( &2 2#t 2333 2#t 2370c 2#t 2Ј 6#t 61994 J;#t L   LJ5 2#l 2CityofColumbusSWReductionFac. 2#l 2OH 2#l 22000 2#l 26 2#l 2RDF 2#l 2ESP 2#l 26 2#l 2333 2#l 212998 2#l 2Ј 6#l 61992 P?#l L   LP5 I8)dSSS IMontgomeryCo.NorthRRF I8)dSSS IOH I8)dSSS I900 I8)dSSS I3 I8)dSSS IMB/RC/REF I8)dSSS IESP C4)dSSS C1 2#d 2300 2#d 25500d 2#d 2Ј 6#d 61989 @6#d L   L@  x   x   x   x   x   x  & x &2 2#\ 2300 2#\ 25500d 2#\ 2Ј 6#\ 61989 @6#\ L   L@  p   p   p   p   p   p  ( p (3 4#T 4300 4#T 48097 4#T 4148.000 6#T 61994P?#T L   LP5 I8) LSSW IMontgomeryCo.SouthRRF I8) LBSSW IOH I8) LSSW I900 I8) LSSW I3 I8) LSSW IMB/RC/REF I8) LSSW IESP C4) LSSW C1 2# L 2300 2# L  25500d 2# L  2Ј 6# L  61989 @6# L  L   L@                         &   &2 2# D  2300 2# D 25500d 2# D 2Ј 6# D 61989 @6# D L   L@                         &   &3 2# < 2300 2# < 25500d 2# < 2Ј 6# < 61989 P?# < L   LP6 I8)4||Z IWalterB.HallRRF I8)4||Z IOK I8)4||Z I1125 I8)4||Z I3 I8)4||Z IMB/WW I8)4||Z IESP C4)4||Z C1 2#4 2375 2#4 234 2#4  2Ј 6#4! 61986 @6#4" L   L@  x"   x"   x"   x"   x"   x"  & x" &2 2#,# 2375 2#,$ 249 2#,% 2Ј 6#,& 61987 P?#,' L   LP10 I8)$(||6\ IMarionCo.WTE I8)$)||7\ IOR I8)$*||8\ I550 I8)$+||9\ I2 I8)$,||:\ IMB/WW I8)$-||;\ IFFSD C4)$.||<\ C1 2#$/ 2275 2#$0 21 2#$1 2Ј 6#$2 61991 @6#$3 L   L@  h3   h3   h3   h3   h3   h3  ( h3 (2 4#4 4275 4#5 44 4#6 4Ј 6#7 61991 H9#8 L   LH3 A2)$9**N^ ADelawareCo.RRF A2)$:**O^ APA A2)$;**P^ A2688 A2)$<**Q^ A6 A2)$=**R^ AMB/RC/WW A2)$>**S^ AFFSD =.)$?**T^ =1 ,$@ ,448 ,$A ,2 ,$B ,Ј 0$C 01992 @6#$D L   L@  hD   hD   hD   hD   hD   hD  & hD &2 2#E 2448 2#F 24 2#G 2Ј 6#H 61992 @6#I L   L@  `I   `I   `I   `I   `I   `I  & `I &3 2# J 2448 2# K 210 2# L 2Ј 6# M 61991 @6# N L   L@  X N   X N   X N   X N   X N   X N  & X N &4 2# O 2448 2# P 211 2# Q 2Ј 6# R 61992 @6# S L   L@  P S   P S   P S   P S   P S   P S  & P S &5 2# T 2448 2# U 24 2# V 2Ј 6# W 61991 @6# X L   L@  H X   H X   H X   H X   H X   H X  & H X &6 2# Y 2448 2# Z 210 2# [ 2Ј 6# \ 61991 J;# ] L   LJ3 2# ^ 2HarrisburgWTE 2# _ 2PA 2# ` 2720 2# a 22 2# b 2MB/WW 2# c 2ESP 2# d 22 2# e 2360 2# f 21156 2# g 227.400 6# h 61994 P?# i L   LP3 I8) jSSfd ILancasterCo.RRF I8) kSSgd IPA I8) lSShd I1200 I8) mSSid I3 I8) nSSjd IMB/WW I8) oSSkd IFFSD C4) pSSld C1 2# q 2400 2# r 2114 2# s 22.380 6# t 61993 @6# u L   L@  0u   0u   0u   0u   0u   0u  & 0u &2 2#|v 2400 2#|w 261 2#|x 21.470 6#|y 61993 @6#|z L   L@  (z   (z   (z   (z   (z   (z  & (z &3 2#t{ 2400 2#t| 249 2#t} 21.300 6#t~ 61993 P?#t L   LP3 I8)lSSh IYorkCo.RRCenter I8)lSSh IPA I8)lSSh I1344 I8)lSSh I3 I8)lSSh IMB/RC/WW I8)lSSh IFFSD C4)lSSh C1 2#l 2448 2#l 25 2#l 2Ј 6#l 61993 @6#l L   L@                   &  &2 2#d 2448 2#d 28 2#d 2Ј 6#d 61993 @6#d L   L@  x   x   x   x   x   x  & x &3 2#\ 2448 2#\ 28 2#\ 2Ј 6#\ 61993 J;#\ L   LJ4 2#T 2FosterWheelerCharlestonRR 2#T 2SC 2#T 2600 2#T 22 2#T 2MB/WW 2#T 2ESPSD 2#T 22 2#T 2300 2#T 244 2#T 2Ј 6#T 61990 L;#T L   LL4 4#L  4NashvilleThermalTransferCorp. 4#L  4TN 4#L  41050 4#L  43 4#L  4MB/WW 4#L  4ESP 4#L  43 4#L  4350 4#L  4143 4#L  4Ј 6#L  61994P?#L  L   LP3 I8) L||k IAlexandria/ArlingtonRRF I8) LB||k IVA I8) L||k I975 I8) L||k I3 I8) L||k IMB/WW I8) L||k IESPDSICI C4) L||k C1 2# L 2325 2# L  214e 2# L  2Ј 6# L  61987 @6# L  L   L@                         &   &3 2# D  2325 2# D 218e 2# D 2Ј 6# D 61993 J;# D L   LJ3 2# < 2Hampton(NASA)RefusefiredSteamGen. 2# < 2VA 2# < 2200 2# < 22 2# < 2MB/WW 2# < 2ESP 2# < 21 2# < 2100 2# < 2102 2# < 22.520 6# < 61992 L;# < L   LL3 4#4 4HarrisonburgRRF 4#4 4VA 4#4  4100 4#4! 42 4#4" 4MB/WW 4#4# 4ESP 4#4$ 41 4#4% 450 4#4& 48459 4#4' 4115.000 6#4( 61994 P?#4) L   <P3 I8),*::o II95EnergyRRF(Fairfax) I8),+::o IVA I8),,::o I3000 I8),-::o I4 I8),.::o IMB/WW I8),/::o IFFSD C4),0:: o C1 2#,1 2750 2#,2 29 2#,3 20.230 6#,4 61993 @6#,5 <  L@  p5   p5   p5   p5   p5   p5  & p5 &2 2#$6 2750 2#$7 26 2#$8 20.170 6#$9 61993 @6#$: L   L@  h:   h:   h:   h:   h:   h:  & h: &3 2#; 2750 2#< 28 2#= 20.200 6#> 61993 @6#? L   L@  `?   `?   `?   `?   `?   `?  & `? &4 2#@ 2750 2#A 27 2#B 20.150 6#C 61993 P?#D L   LP3 I8) E>>Ju INorfolkNavyYard I8) F>>Ku IVA I8) G>>Lu I2000 I8) H>>Mu I4 I8) I>>Nu IRDF I8) J>>Ou IESP C4) K>>Pu C1 2# L 2500 2# M 221129 2# N 2429.000 6# O 61993 @6# P L   L@  PP   PP   PP   PP   PP   PP  & PP &2 2# Q 2500 2# R 232237 2# S 2595.000 6# T 61993 @6# U L   L@  H U   H U   H U   H U   H U   H U  & H U &3 2# V 2500 2# W 242955 2# X 21500.000 6# Y 61994 @6# Z L   L@  @ Z   @ Z   @ Z   @ Z   @ Z   @ Z  & @ Z &4 2# [ 2500 2# \ 226360 2# ] 2800.000 6# ^ 61993 J;# _ L   LJ5 2# ` 2LaCrosseCo. 2# a 2WI 2# b 2400 2# c 22 2# d 2RDF/FB 2# e 2DSIEGB 2# f 21 2# g 2200 2# h 263 2# i 2Ј 6# j 61993 H7# k L   3LH5 4#| l 4St.CroixCo.WTEFac. 4#| m 4WI 4#| n 4115 4#| o 43 4#| p 4MOD/SA 4#| q 4 4#| r 41 4#| s 438 4#| t 48 4#| u 4Ј 6#| v 619883)'| w L0 3 z  3$FXX$a0 F Dioxinconcentrationsarelistedbothinunitsofng/dscmtotalmassandng/dscmTEQwherebothwereavailable.TheTEQconcentrationdatawereusedforTEQemissions lx calculationswhereTEQdatawereavailable,andwhereTEQdatawerenotavailableaconversionratioof50:1(total:TEQ)wasusedtoconvertthetotalmassdatatoTEQ. F.F. b0 F Pinellasdataareaverageofthreeseparatetestsdoneduringoneyear.\zF.F. c0 F Akrondatawerefrom1994test,andassumedtoberepresentativeofAkronpre1994.MWCSurveydiscussionindicatesthathighESPtemperaturewasreported.p{F.F. d0 F MontgomeryNorth/Southdata(exceptforUnitNo.3atNorth)areanaveragevaluedeterminedbasedonnumeroustests.|F.F. e0 F AlexandriadatainMWCsurveywerefromatestrunwithoutcarboninjection.Sincetheunithascarboninjection,anadditionalreductionof75%wasassumed.`}F.F. XXXSr   t~ ) )8,,XXd,XXd8$  TRX3'O'33' Letter'3 Letter LandscapeT  $ XFX$0  "0` (#(#Atfacilitieswithmultipleunitswherenotallunitsweretested,anaverageofthe  testresultsfromthetestedunitswasusedasarepresentativevaluefortheuntestedunits. ` (#` (#   Testresultswereobtainedforapproximately55percentofthedomesticMWC's.Fortheother45percent,asetofdefaultvalueswascreatedandusedtoestimatedioxinconcentrations.Thesetofdefaultvalueswascompiledfromtestdata,AP-42emissionfactors,andfromtheEPAdocumentEPA450/38927e"MunicipalWasteCombustorsBackgroundInformationforProposedGuidelinesforExistingFacilities"(thisdocumentpresentedtheresultsofastudyonAPCDretrofitsonMWCunits).DefaultvaluesweregeneratedforeveryMWCcombustortypeandAPCDconfigurationforwhichadefaultvaluewasneeded.TestdataavailabletoOAQPS,asofJanuary15,1995,wereorganizedintogroupsbasedonMWCcombustortypeandAPCDconfigurationsandaveraged.Theseaveragesweredesignatedasthedefaultvaluesforthecorrespondingcombustor/APCDconfigurations.Forthecombustor/APCDconfigurationswheretherewerenotestdataavailable,defaultvalueswereobtainedfromtheMWCsectioninAP-42(section2.1),orfromEPAdocumentEPA450/38927e.AsummaryofthedefaultvaluesisgiveninTableA2.  Toestimateannualemissions,acapacityfactorforeachunitisneeded.Thisfactorrepresentsthepercentageofoperationaltimeaplanthasoperatedduringoneyear.Byusingthecapacityfactorandunitcapacity,theannualthroughput(combustion)ofMSWorRDFcanbecalculated.SomefacilitiesprovideddatatoOAQPSonthetonnageofmunicipalwasteburnedinyear1993.Forthesefacilities,acapacityfactorwasestimatedbydividingthetonnageburnedinoneyearbytheunit sratedyearlycapacityandwasusedforthe1993emissionscalculation. #+ Formostunits,however,thecapacityfactorsusedweredefaultvaluestakenfromEPAdocumentEPA450/38927e.Forallunitsexceptmodular/starvedaircombustors,thedefaultcapacityfactorwas91percent(0.91).Formodular/starvedairunits,thedefaultcapacityfactorwas74percent(0.74).  +.'7 @Z XXX TableA2  @t t LDefaultDioxin/FuranEmissionLevels@55RFromMWCConfigurations <a0<   Ԉ <  *0 d {dyl<"y L< L<"L<%L<"L<"L<"L<"L<% L< L<5Ll"(#(#0, l< ,L< ,8Ll+  3   l3CombustorType A,! Z" AAPCDType A,! Z" AAverageDioxinValue(ng/dscm@7%O0 ( 2  (,totalmass) SD,  " l0   z<SMB/WW 2#   2ESP*DSI/ESPDSI/FFSD/ESPSD/FF 6#*z  622260357016 J;#*z  < z  LJRDF(allexceptFB) 2#d  2ESP*DSI/FFSD/ESPSD/FF 6#>  62401798 J;#>  L   LJRDF/FB 2#(  2DSI/EGB 6#(  663 J;#(  L  LJMB/RC/WW 2#! 2ESP*DSI/ESPDSI/FFSD/ESPSD/FF 6#:& 64001007405 J;#:+ L   LJMB/REF 2#$t, 2ESP*DSI/ESPDSI/FFSD/ESPSD/FF 6#1 65005717405 J;#6 L   0LJMOD/SA 2#7 2UncontrolledESP*DSI/ESPDSI/FFSD/ESPSD/FF 6#= 6300288988405 H7#C L 0  LHMOD/EA 4#D 4UncontrolledESP*DSI/ESPDSI/FFSD/FF 6#NI 6200468508923)'NN L0    3   !Z:!$FXX$a0:! !Z0 F Valuespresentedinthistableareaveragesofavailabledataforvariouscombustortype/APCDtypecombinations.Valueswereestimated :!O basedonacompilationoftheMWCsurveydata,backgroundinformationforthe1991and1994MWCrulemakings,publiccommentsreceivedonthe1994MWCrulemaking,andAP42(4thedition).Noneofthedatalistedprovidescreditforsupplementaldioxincontrol(polishing)byCI.TheuseofCItypicallyreducesdioxinemissionsbyanadditional75percentormore.(SeeAirDocketA-90-45,itemsVI-B-013andVI-B-014). F(#F(# *0 F ESPoperatedatlessthan440$ $> o0$> $ F.$> UF(#F(# APCD=airpollutioncontroldevice0  0h(#(#0h(#h(#MOD=modular*&z!W(#(# DSI=ductsorbentinjection0 0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#RC=rotarycombustor&"X(#(# EA=excessair0 ` 0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#RDF=refusederivedfuelf'"Y(#(# EGB=electrifiedgravelbed0 0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#REF=refractorywall(T#Z(#(# ESP=electrostaticprecipitator    h   SA=starvedair (#[ FB=fluidizedbed `     h   SD=spraydryer @)$\ FF=fabricfilter `     h   WW=waterwall ).%] MB=massburnXXX |*%^   +j&_ $ XFX$  Formanytestresultsandforalldioxindefaultconcentrations,TEQconcentrationswerenotavailable.Similartothedevelopmentofthedefaultdioxinconcentrations,adefaulttotalmasstoTEQratiowasalsodeveloped.TestresultsfromunitsforwhichtherewerebothtotalmassandTEQresultsavailablewereusedtodevelopadefaultratiooftotaldioxinconcentrationtoTEQconcentration.Thetotal:TEQratiosfromtheseunitswereaveraged,resultinginadefaultratioof50:1.ThisratiowasusedforestimatingTEQemissionsforallsourceswhereTEQtestdatawerenotavailable.  TheF0@  d @ Ԁfactorisastandardconversionfactorusedincombustioncalculationstodetermineexhaustflowratesbasedonheatinput.FulldocumentationofF0R "r d"r R Ԁfactorsisgivenin40CFR60,AppendixA,Method19.ThespecificF0 d Ԁfactorformunicipalwastecombustion,givenbyMethod19,is9,570drystandardcubicfeetoffluegaspermillionBtu(dscf/MMBtu)ofmunicipalwastecombustion.Thisflowrateisbasedon0percentexcessO0xH2HxԀinthefluegases.  AverageheatingvaluesforfuelsderivedfrommunicipalwastesaregivenintheRefuseCombustionsectionofAP42(section2.1).Forunprocessedmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW),theheatingvalueis4,500Btuperpound.ForRDF,theheatingvalueis5,500Btuperpound.TheheatingvalueforRDFishigherthangeneralMSWbecauseRDFgoesthroughsomedegreeofpreprocessingtoremovenoncombustiblematerials.  ThefirststepincalculatingannualdioxinemissionsfromMWCswastocalculatetheemissionsfromindividualunits.Thistaskwasaccomplishedwithplantspecificinformationsuchasdioxinemissionconcentration,unitsize,unitcapacityfactor,fuelheatingvalue,andtheF0$~$d~$$Ԁfactor.  Thefollowingequationwasusedtoconvertdioxinstackconcentrations(totalandTEQ)togramsperyear(g/yr)emitted:  |*%6 CLKRB>zx p @Xdddddddd@Ex d L@ (#(#        (#(#where:0  Emissions0 (#(#=0 (# (#Annualdioxinemissions(g/yr)$ t(#(# 0  0` (#(#C0 ` (#` (#=0 (# (#FlueGasDioxinConcentration(ng/dscm@7percentO0, | L2 L, |)  L (#(# 0   ` V0 (#(#=0 (# (#VolumetricFlowFactor(dscm@7percentO0T $ 2$ T /tonwastefired)$ (#(# 0   ` T0 (#(#=0 (# (#TonsofMSWburned/year(@100percentcapacityfor365   days/year) (#(# 0   ` CF0 (#(#=0 (# (#CapacityFactor(unitless)p(#(# Thevolumetricflowfactor(V)iscalculatedasfollows:     (#(#    (#(#MONRB>zx p @Xdddddddd@E x] d L @G where: (#(#             (#(#QA=zx 0 @Xdddddddd@Ex/ d g L@   |*%) PRQRB>zx p @Xdddddddd@ExdL@) (#(#                  (#(#0  ExampleCalculation 8 (#(#   Foramassburn/waterwall(nonRDF)unit,ratedat500tons/daycapacity(365,000tons/yr),withadioxinconcentrationof10ng/dscm(totalmass)@7percentO0> ^ 2^ > ,annualdioxinemissionsarecalculatedtobe: (#(#        (#(#SUTRB>zx p @Xdddddddd@ExdHL@+߰   =6.1gdioxin/yr(totalmass),or0  =6.1/50=0.12gdioxin/yr(TEQ) (#(#   Dioxin/furanemissionestimatesfrommunicipalwastecombustorsarecurrentlyunderreviewandevaluationbytheU.S.EPA.Thesevaluesaresubjecttopossiblechangeduetotheseevaluations.Ifthecurrentreviewindicatesachangeisnecessary,thisreportwillbemodifiedaccordingly.  EmissionestimatesforPCBsandEOMwerecalculatedbasedonthecombinationofemissionfactorsandactivitydatafortheamountofwasteprocessed.Thesedataarepresentedinthissection.TheESDMACTworkdidnotaddressEOMorPCBs. T,'6 & &   AssumptionsonProcessesandControlLevels     Emissions'&?ԀfromMWCsarecontrolledbyelectrostaticprecipitators(ESPs),spraydryers,andfabricfilters.AccordingtotheMACTstudy,moreESPsareusedbyMWCs(44percent)tocontrolemissionsthananyothercontroldevices.TheemissionfactorsforEOMandPCBsusedtodetermine1990nationalemissionsreflectmunicipalwastecombustorperformancewithanESPinplace.  EmissionFactors      TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisbasedonemissionstestingofaMBincinerator.6506ԀThecombustionunitswereofthestokertypeandESPcontrolswereinstalledontheunits.TheMunicipalWasteCombustionStudy,EmissionDatabaseforMunicipalWasteCombustors,providesemissiondataforPCBs.z60zԀThePCBemissionfactorwasderivedfromthreeemissiontestsataMBfacilitywithanESP., \70 \,  TableA3liststheemissionfactorsforEOMandPCBsthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateformunicipalwastecombustion.@C TABLEA3.MUNICIPALWASTECOMBUSTIONEMISSIONFACTORS F& @VFOREOMANDPCBs &  Ԉ 2' 'Җ* dd l< L< 8Ll8(#(#,( d ,( td",( t"+  7" ! ) 7Pollutant A,!b"*" AEmissionFactor A,!b"+" AUnits SD,b","   qSEOM 2##&- 20.0114 6##&. 6lb/tonofwasteburned H7##&/ q  HTotalPCBs 4#J% 0 45.5x10%j J% Ԅ60J% %j  6#J% 1 6lb/tonofwasteburned3)'J% 2 0    3  *)z$5   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     Approximately95percentofallmunicipalwasteincineratorsaremajorsourcesduetohydrogenchloride(HCl)emissions.ThisassumptionisbasedondatacontainedinReferences8and9. REFERENCESFORMUNICIPALWASTECOMBUSTION   L  ̀1.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.January1992.EconomicImpactand   PreliminaryRegulatoryImpactAnalysisforProposedMACTBasedEmissionStandardsandGuidelinesforMunicipalWasteCombustors.EPA-450/3-91-029.OfficeofAirandRadiation.p.3-9. (#(# Ѐ̀2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.January1992.EconomicImpactand \ PreliminaryRegulatoryImpactAnalysisforProposedMACTBasedEmissionStandardsandGuidelinesforMunicipalWasteCombustors.EPA-450/3-91-029.OfficeofAirandRadiation.p.3-8. (#(# ̀3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.April1989.LocatingandEstimatingAirToxics H EmissionsfromMunicipalWasteCombustors.EPA-450/2-89-006.OfficeofAirandRadiation.p.3-1. (#(# ̀4.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1996.NationalDioxinEmissionEstimates  forMunicipalWasteCombustors.EmissionStandardsDivision,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# ̀5.0  Watts,RandallR.,et.al.1992.DevelopmentofSourceTesting,Analytical,and X ! MutagenicityBioassayProceduresforEvaluatingEmissionsfromMunicipalandHospitalWasteCombustors.EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives,Volume98.pp.227-234. (#(# ̀6.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1987.MunicipalWasteCombustion $D & Study,EmissionDatabaseforMunicipalWasteCombustors.EPA-530/SW-87-021b.OfficeofAirandRadiation.p.7-76. (#(# ̀7.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1987.MunicipalWasteCombustion (#* Study,EmissionDatabaseforMunicipalWasteCombustors.EPA-530/SW-87-021b.OfficeofAirandRadiation.p.7-158. (#(#   h+&- Ѐ8.0  MemorandumtoWaltStevenson,EPA/SDB,fromDeniseFennandKrisNebel,Radian  Corporation.August20,1992.InformationontheMunicipalWasteCombustionDatabase. (#(#  ̀9.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.August1989.MunicipalWasteCombustors ` BackgroundInformationforProposedGuidelinesforExistingFacilities.EPA-450/3-89-27e.pp.6-66-6-67. (#(# ̀̀     A.2  MedicalWasteIncineration     TheResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(RCRA),1976,definesmedicalwasteas"...anysolidwastewhichisgeneratedinthediagnosis,treatment,orimmunizationofhumanbeingsoranimals,inresearchpertainingthereto,orinproductionortestingofbiologicals."Theincinerationofmedicalwasteoccursat:hospitals,laboratories,veterinaryfacilities,nursinghomesandatcommercialincinerators.(Thisdefinitiondoesnotincludebiologicalincineratorsatcrematoriesandanimalshelters.ThebiologicalincineratorsaretreatedasaseparatesourcecategoryunderSectionA.3.)Hospitalincineratorsarethemostcommontypeofmedicalincineratorandburnmorewastethanothermedicalwasteincineratortypes.B "r 10"r B   Medicalwasteincineratorsvarywidelyincapacity.Incineratorsoperatecontinuouslyorintermittently,basedonwasteloadingratesandincineratortype.  PollutantsAddressed   \ 0  "0` (#(#EOM  ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD2"` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF$` (#` (#   " ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ F& 0  "0` (#(#TotalPCBsX (` (#` (#   &  NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates  #l,   Threetypesofincineratorsareusedtoburnmedicalwastes:controlledair,excessair,androtarykiln.About95percentofthesearecontrolledair'#Ԁincinerators.'b"B'"20B'"'b"ԀUsingfacilitycapacities,itwasestimatedthatabout1.57x10t(#(#60(#t(#Ԁmetrictonsofmedicalwastewereincineratedin1990.)&%*V%30*V%)&%ԀTheseactivitydataandthesubsequentinformationoncontrolstatusandemission factorswereusedtocalculateestimatesforEOMandPCBemissions.Allestimatesfor h+&8 dioxin/furanswerebasedondirectestimatesfromEPAregulatoryprogramsasexplainedinthefollowingparagraphs.   b    Thenationaldioxin/furanemissionsestimatesformedicalwasteincinerations(MWIs)wereobtaineddirectlyfromworkdonebyEPA'sEmissionStandardsDivision(ESD)tosupportMaximumAchievableControlTechnology(MACT)standardsforthissourcecategory.Thestartingpointforthenationalestimatesisa1995inventoryofexistingMWIs,whichincludesforeachMWIthelocation,type(batchornonbatch),andthedesigncapacityoftheunit.The1995inventorywasadjustedtocreatea1990inventoryofnationalemissionsforMWIs.Asummaryofthemethodsusedtodeterminetheestimatesareprovidedhere.MoredetailedinformationonthederivationoftheestimatescanbeobtainedfromReferenceNo.4.  TheestimatesofthenationwidedioxinemissionsweredevelopedbasedonaninventoryofexistingMWI'sin1995.The1995inventorywasadjustedtocreatebotha1990inventoryandayear2002inventory.TheinformationusedtodeveloptheinventorieswastakenfromanumberofsourcesincludingalistingofMWI'spreparedbytheAmericanHospitalAssociation(AHA),stateairpermitsgatheredbyEPA,andasurveyofMWI'sinCaliforniaandNewYorkconductedbyEPAin1995.TheAHAinventorywasitselftakenfromtwosources;anEPA"LocatingandEstimating"documentandavendorlisting.Oncethisinformationwascompiled,theinventorywasreviewedandmodifiedbasedonupdatesfromstatesurveys,commercialsources,andMWIvendors.  ThecapacityofeachMWIwasprovidedintheinventory.ThecapacitiesforthecontinuousandintermittentMWI'sintheinventorywereexpressedintermsofanhourlychargingrateinpoundsperhour(lb/hr).BatchMWIcapacitieswereprovidedinpoundsperbatch(lb/batch).Therefore,batchMWI'swereevaluatedseparatelyfromthecontinuousandintermittentMWI'sandthebatchcapacitieswerenotconvertedtohourlyburningrates.t(#(#40(#t(#  Alsoincludedintheinventorywastheapplicablestateparticulatematter(PM)emissionlimitforeachMWI.TheAHAlistingofMWI'sandthestateairpermitsincludedPMlimitsfor ,(: eachMWI.WherePMlimitswerenotlisted,limitswereappliedbasedonStateregulatoryrequirementsusingthesamemethodsdescribedintheMACTflooranalysisfortheproposedstandards.PMlimitscouldbeusedtoestimatethetypeofemissioncontrolatMWI'sforwhichthecontrolwasnotidentifiedfortheMWI.  NationwideMWIemissionswerecalculatedbyfirstcalculatingMWIemissionsonaunitspecificbasisusingtheMWIinventoryandconsideringunitspecificparameters.Actualemissioncontroldatawasusedwhereavailableandwasestimatedwhennotavailable.Incalculatingemissionsandestimatingoperatingparameters,therearethreedistincttypesofMWI'sasfollows:batch,intermittent,andcontinuous.ThedifferenceinthesethreeMWItypesisinthemethodsofchargingwastetotheMWIandremovingashfromtheprimarychamberoftheMWI.ContinuousMWI's,whicharethelargestofthethreetypes,havemechanicalramfeedersandcontinuousashremovalsystems.Thesefeaturesallowtheunittooperate24hoursperdayformanydaysatatime.MostintermittentMWI'salsohavemechanicalramfeedersthatchargewasteintotheprimarychamber.However,intermittentMWI'sdonothaveanautomaticashremovalsystem,andcanonlybeoperatedforalimitednumberofhoursbeforetheunitmustbeshutdownforashremoval.InbatchMWI's,allofthewastetobeburnedisloadedintotheprimarychamberand,oncetheburningcyclebegins,noadditionalwasteisloaded.Aftertheburncycleforabatchunitiscompleteandtheunithascooleddown,theashisremovedmanually.IntheinventoryofexistingMWI'susedtoestimatethenationwidedioxinemissions,adifferentiationwasmadebetweenbatchandnonbatch(continuousandintermittent)MWI's.However,nodistinctionwasmadebetweencontinuousandintermittentMWI'sinthefinalinventory."<#l40#l"<  ThehoursofoperationwereestimatedforeachMWItypeintheinventoryinordertodeterminetheannualwasteincinerated.ThehoursofoperationweredefinedasthehoursduringwhichtheMWIcombustswaste.  ForbatchMWI's,itisestimatedthatatypicalMWIchargeswaste160timesperyear(i.e.,160batches/yr;3batchesperweek).Theamountofwasteburnedeachyearinabatchunit ,(: andtheyearlyemissionsproduceddependprimarilyontheunitcapacityandtheannualnumberofbatches.Becauseofthisrelationship,itwasunnecessarytodeterminetheactualhoursofoperationforbatchMWI's.  ForcontinuousandintermittentMWI's,operatinghourswereestimatedforthreesizecategories(500,501to1,000,and>1,000lb/hr).AllMWI'swithcapacitieslessthan500lb/hr    wereassumedtobeintermittentMWI's.ThewastecharginghoursforintermittentMWI'swithcapacitieslessthan500lb/hrwereestimatedat1,250hoursperyear(hr/yr).SincetheinventorydoesnotindicatewhetheranMWIiscontinuousorintermittent,aratioofabout3to1,intermittenttoonsitecontinuous,wasusedtoestimatethehoursofoperationforonsitecontinuousandintermittentMWI'swithcapacitiesgreaterthan500lb/hr.TheaverageoperatinghoursforcontinuousMWI'sinthe501to1,000lb/hrsizecategorywas2,916hr/yrandtheaveragecharginghoursforintermittentMWI'sinthissizecategorywas1,500hr/yr.TheweightedaverageofthecharginghoursforthecombinedcontinuousandintermittentMWI'swasdeterminedasfollows:@A A B(1,500hr/yrx0.77)+(2,916hr/yrx0.23)=1,826hr/yrLargeMWI'swithdesigncapacitiesgreaterthan1,000lb/hrwereestimatedtooperate2,174hr/yrandallcommercialMWI'swereestimatedtooperate7,776hr/yr.AsummaryofthewastecharginghoursforthecontinuousandintermittentMWI'sispresentedbelow.<l40l<* dd( d ( ( td"( ( t"( (#(#,( l< ,L<",Ll"+  7" D!' >l7MWICapacity A,!!( AChargingHours(hr/yr) A,!"*" ACapacityFactor(%) SD,"," l >  5LS<500lb/hr 2##$- 21,250 6##$. 629 J;##$/ L 5  5LJ5011,000lb/hr 2# %\ 0 21,826 6# %\ 1 633 J;# %\ 2 L 5  5LJ>1,000lb/hr 2#D&!3 22,174 6#D&!4 640 H7#D&!5 L 5  eLHAllcommercialMWI's 4#|'"6 47,776 6#|'"7 6893)'|'"8 L0 e   3NOTE:8 ` "Capacityfactor"meansratiooftonsofwasteactuallyburnedper p*%: yeardividedbythetonsofwastethatcouldbeburnedperyearhadtheunitbenoperatingatfullcapacity. ` x` x  4-(= Ї  AcapacityfactorrepresentsthepercentageofoperationaltimeaMWIhasoperatedin1year.CapacityfactorswerecalculatedforeachMWIsizecategorybasedontheratiooftheactualannualcharginghourstothemaximumannualcharginghours.ForintermittentMWI's,themaximumannualcharginghourswereestimatedtobe4,380hr/yr.Thisisbasedon12charginghoursperdayand365daysperyearbecauseintermittentMWI'smustshutdownfordailyashremoval.ThemaximumannualcharginghoursforcontinuousMWI'swereestimatedtobe8,760hr/yrbasedon24charginghoursperdayand365daysperyear.AllcommercialMWI'swereassumedtobecontinuousunits.ThemaximumannualcharginghoursforonsiteMWI'swithcapacitiesgreaterthan500lb/hrwereestimatedtobe5,475hr/yr,basedonthe3to1ratioofintermittenttoonsitecontinuousMWI'sdiscussedpreviously.ThecalculatedcapacityfactorsforeachMWIsizecategoryareshownintheboxabove.  WastechargingratesmeasuredduringemissionstestsshowtheaveragehourlychargingratestobeabouttwothirdsoftheMWIdesignratesspecifiedbyincineratormanufacturers.Therefore,wastewasassumedtobechargedattwothirdsoftheMWIdesigncapacity.Usingtheoperatinghoursperyear(ornumberofbatchesperyearforbatchunits)andthecorrectedwastechargerate(tow-thirdsofthedesignrate),theamountofwasteburnedannuallywasdeterminedforeachMWI.  Actualemissioncontroldatawasusedwhereavailableandwasestimatedwhennecessary.Whenemissioncontrolsystemtypewasunknownitwasestimatedbasedon(1)theaveragePMemissionratesforthedifferenttypesofemissioncontrolsand(2)thePMlimittowhichtheMWIissubject.Forexample,theaveragePMemissionrateforintermittentandcontinuousMWI'swith1/4-secondcombustioncontrolwasestimatedfromtestdatatobe0.30gr/dscf.Thus,anyMWIwithaPMemissionlimitgreaterthan0.30gr/dscfwasassumedtohavea1/4-secondcombustionsystem.ThePMemissionlimitrangesforalloftheemissioncontrolsareshownbelow.  (#4 * dd( l< ( L<"Ll"(#(#,<l< ,<Ll +  7"  >l7PMEmissionLimit(gr/dscfat7%O2) A,!X" AAssumedLevelofEmissionControl SD,l" l >  LSIntermittentandcontinuousMWI's0.3  h 0.16x<0.3  T 0.10x0.16  @ 0.015l7TypeofEmissionControl A,!D " ATEQFactors,lb/TEQDioxin/lbWaste A,!0 " ADioxinFactors,lbTotalDioxin/lbWaste SD,0  " l >  5LS1/4seccombustioncontrol 2#h   23.96x109 6#h   61.94x107 J;#h   L 5  5LJ1seccombustioncontrol 2#   29.09x1010 6#  64.45x108 J;#  L 5  5LJ2seccombustioncontrol 2# (  27.44x1011 6# (  63.65x109 J;# (  L 5  5LJWetscrubbers 2#`  21.01x1011 6#`  64.26x1010 J;#`  L 5  5LJDryscrubbersnocarbon 2#H  27.44x1011 6#H  63.65x1010 J;#H  L 5  5LJDryscrubberswithcarbon 2#  21.68x1012 6#  67.04x1011 H7#  L 5  eLHFabricfilter/packedbed 4# 46.81x1010 6# 63.34x1083)' L0 e   3  IncombinationwiththeMWIparametricdata,controltechnologydata,andemissionfactorsthefollowingequationwasusedtocalculatetheannualdioxinemissionsfromeachMWIintheMWIinventory:@NEmissions=(CxHxC1)xFxQ ( 0  Where: (#(# 0  0` (#(#Emissions0` (#` (#=0h(#(#Annualdioxinemissions,g/yrZ,h(#h(# 0  0` (#(#C0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#=0h(#(#MWIcapacity,lb/hr2!.h(#h(# 0  0` (#(#H0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#=0h(#(#Charginghours,hr/yr #Z0h(#h(# 0  0` (#(#C10 ` (#` (#0 (# (#=0h(#(#Ratioofwastechargingratetodesigncapacity,2:3$2 2h(#h(# 0  0` (#(#F0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#=0h(#(#Emissionfactorfortheappropriatelevelofcontrol(lb & "4 dioxin/lbwastecharged),and h(#h(# 0  0` (#(#Q0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#=0h(#(#Conversionfactorforpoundstograms,453.6grams/lb.~)$7h(#h(#   j*%8   ThenumberofMWI'sineachstateasof1990wasdeterminedbyfirststartingwiththeMWI'slistedinthe1995inventoryandthenadjustingitbyaddingMWI'sthat"shutdown"inthe1990to1995timeperiod.TheadjustmentinMWIpopulationoccurredinstatesthatadopted"stringent"MWIrulesinthe19901995timeperiodthatresultedinMWIclosurebecauseofeconomicconsiderations.  Anassessmentwasmadeofthestatesthathaveadopted"stringent"airemissionsregulationsapplicabletoMWI'sbetween1990and1995.Forthepurposeofthisstudy"stringent"regulationsarethosethatrequireallsizeofMWI'stomeetanemissionlimitoflessthan0.08grainsperdrystandardcubicfoot(gr/dscf)ofPM.APMemissionlimitoflessthan0.08gr/dscfusuallyrequirestheretrofitofanaddonairpollutioncontroldevice(APCD)which,becauseofcosts,generallyleadstoashutdownofMWI's.  ThegreatestchangeinthenationwidedioxinemissionsfromMWI'sbetween1990and1995isduetotheshutdownofMWI'sandnotfromretrofitofairpollutioncontrol.InCalifornia,NewMexico,NewYork,Oregon,Washington,Wisconsin,Florida,andSouthDakota,MWIshutdownswereexperiencedatmostfacilitiesthatwereoperatinginstatepriorto1990.Thesearereferredtohereas"regulated"states.Allotherstatesarereferredtoas"unregulated"states.The"unregulated"statesarethosethateitherhavenotimplemented"stringent"regulationsonMWI'sorthathavenotexperiencedmanyMWIshutdownssince1990.  ThenumberofMWI'sintheunregulatedstatesin1990wasassumedtobethesameasthenumberofMWI'sinthe1995inventorybecausetheunregulatedstatesareunlikelytohaveexperiencedshutdownsinthe19901995timeperiod.Fortheregulatedstates,thenumberofMWI'sthatexistedin1990wasestimatedusinginformationfromMWIvendorandstatelistingsofMWI's.  ThenextstepincalculatingemissionswastodeterminetheamountofwasteburnedinMWI'sin1990foreachstate.Fortheunregulatedstates,theamountofwasteburnedin1990 ,(: wasassumedtobethesameasthecurrentamountofwasteburnedin1995,whichwasobtaineddirectlyfromtheinventory.Ineachoftheregulatedstates,theratioofthe1990numberofMWI'stothe1995numberofMWI'swasappliedtothecurrenttotalwasteburnedtoobtainthe1990totalwasteburned.ForregulatedstateswithnoMWI'sinthe1995inventory,the1990amountofwasteburnedwasapproximatedusingtheamountofwasteburnedfromunregulatedstateswiththesamenumberof1990MWI's.IncaseswheretherewerenounregulatedstateswiththesamenumberofMWI's,theamountofwasteburnedinaregulatedstatenotappearingintheinventorywasapproximatedbysummingthewasteburnedfromseveralunregulatedstates,thattogetherhavethesamenumberof1990MWI'sastheregulatedstate.  40    Dioxinemissionfactorswereappliedtothe1990totalwasteburnedineachregulatedstatetoobtainthe1990emissions.Thetotalmassdioxinemissionfactorusedforthisestimatewas2.56x108lbdioxin/lbwastecombusted,whichisaweightedemissionfactorthataccounts H forcontinuous,intermittent,andbatchMWI'sofallsizes.Thisemissionfactorwasdevelopedbydividingthedioxinemittedyearlyfromeachuncontrolled(i.e.,nogasscrubbersystem)MWIinthecurrentinventorybythetotalwasteburnedyearlyineachuncontrolledMWI.Similarly,theTEQemissionfactorthataccountsforallsizesandtypesofuncontrolledMWI'susedtoestimatethe1990TEQemissionswas5.33x1010lbTEQdioxin/lbwastecombusted. 2" Uncontrolledemissionfactorswereusedtopredictthe1990dioxinemissionsbecauseMWI'sthathaveshutdownduetoregulationsarelikelytohavebeenuncontrolled.F40F  Thesumofthe1990emissionsintheunregulatedstateswasaddedtothesumofthe1990emissionsfromtheregulatedstatestoobtainthenationwide1990dioxinemissionsestimateof600grams(1.32lb).Thisestimateisbasedon3,400facilitiesinoperationand1.73milliontonsofwasteincinerated.%!%0!30%0!%!ԀAlso,TEQemissionsareestimatedtobe0.33lbin1995.'b"B'"40B'"'b"Ԁ& b   'b*  *V%6   AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels      ` Medicalwasteincineratorshaveprimarilybeenoperatedwithoutadd-onpollutioncontroldevices;only2percentcurrentlyutilizeemissioncontrols.&20&ԀTheEOMandPCBemissionfactorsusedtodevelopnationalemissionswillbebasedonemissionsdatafromuncontrolledincinerators.&    EmissionFactors  ^    TableA5liststhePCBandEOMemissionfactorsthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimatesformedicalwasteincineration.Theemission'^factorforPCBisforuncontrolledmedicalwasteincineratorsandwasobtainedfromtheAP-42chapteronMedicalWasteIncineration.hH50HhԀTheEOMemissionfactorrepresentsanuncontrolledmedicalwasteincineratorandwascalculatedfromtestdataintheHealthEffectsandResearchLaboratory(HERL)study., \60 \,@%%C TABLEA.5.MEDICALWASTEINCINERATIONEMISSIONFACTORS    @VFOREOMANDPCBs   ! * dd( l< ( ( L<"( ( Ll"( (#(#,( d ,( td",( t"+  7" # 7Pollutant A,!<$" AEmissionFactor A,!<%" AUnits SD,<&"   qSEOM 2#' 21.78x10Ԅ20 6#( 6lb/tonofwasteburned H7#) q  HTotalPCB 4#$!t* 44.65x10 D$!tԄ50$!t D 6#$!t+ 6lb/tonofwasteburned3)'$!t, 0    3  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  $h.   Althoughmostmedicalwasteincineratorsareoperatedwithoutadd-onairpollutioncontroldevices,mostaretoosmalltobemajorsources.Hydrogenchloride(HCl)isoneofthepollutantsemittedinlargequantitiesfrommedicalwasteincinerators.p)$)$70)$p)$ԀAveragefacilitycapacities*"&+R&10+R&*"&ԀandanHClemissionfactorforacontrolledairincineratorwithoutadd-onpollutioncontrols4,'d,'20d,'4,'Ԁwereusedtoestimatethatapproximately85percentofmedicalwasteincineratorsare d,': areasources.Theremaining15percentareestimatedtobemajorsourcessincethesefacilitieshavethepotentialtoemit10tonsperyearofHCl. REFERENCESFORMEDICALWASTEINCINERATION  & 1.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.July1994.MedicalWasteIncinerators    BackgroundInformationforProposedStandardsandGuidelines:IndustryProfileReportforNewandExistingFacilities.EPA453/R94042a. (#(# 2.0  EmissionFactorDocumentationforAP-42Section2.6,MedicalWasteIncineration. J  July1993.p.2.6-1. (#(# 3.0  TelephoneconversationbetweenRickCopeland(U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency) ^  andJackJohnson(EasternResearchGroup,Inc.)January7,1997. (#(# 4.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1996.NationalDioxinEmissionsfrom " MedicalWasteIncinerators.DocketNo.A-91-61,ItemIV-A-007.EmissionStandardsDivision.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# 5.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.LocatingandEstimatingAirEmissions  fromSourcesofDioxinsandFurans.DraftReport.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# 6.0  EmissionFactorDocumentationforAP-42Section2.6,MedicalWasteIncineration. 2 July1993.p.2.6-12. (#(# 7.0  Watts,RandallR.,et.al.1992.DevelopmentofSourceTesting,Analytical,and F MutagenicityBioassayProceduresforEvaluatingEmissionsfromMunicipalandHospitalWasteCombustors.EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives,Volume98.pp.227-234. (#(#   ""  A.3  OtherBiologicalWasteIncineration     Thissourcecategoryincludestheburningofbiologicalwastefromcrematoriesandanimalshelters.Mostcrematoriesoperateasbatchincinerators,andanimalsheltershaveintermittentincinerators. X8 108  X0  PollutantsAddressed  L (#(# 0  "0` (#(#EOM ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8TCDD"r ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8TCDF ` (#` (#   " ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 6 0  "0` (#(#TotalPCBsH` (#` (#    NationalActivityLevel/EmissionsEstimates   \   Thereareapproximately395humancrematoriesand1,700animalshelterswithcremationdevicesintheUnitedStates.R2102RԀUsingmodelfacilityinformationandtypicalchargingratesdevelopedasbackgroundinformationformedicalwasteincineratorstandardsandguidelines,itwasdeterminedthattheseincineratorsburnapproximately107,000metrictonsofbiologicalwasteperyear.( xX 20X ( x   AssumptionsonProcessesandControlLevels  #l,   Likemedicalincinerators,crematories,andanimalsheltersareassumedtooperateprimarilywithoutaddonpollutioncontroldevices.Theemissionfactorsusedtodevelopnationalemissionswillbebasedonemissionsdatafromuncontrolledmedicalwasteincinerators.  *V%6 & &     EmissionFactors     TableA6liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelop'&thenationalemissionsestimatesforotherbiologicalincineration.TheemissionfactorforPCBisforuncontrolledmedicalwasteincineratorsandwasobtainedfromtheAP-42chapteronMedicalWasteIncineration.j  30 j ԀTheEOMemissionfactorrepresentsanuncontrolledmedicalwasteincineratorandwascalculatedfromtestdataintheHERLstudy.  L40 L ԀTheemissionfactorfor2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQwasestimatedbasedoninformationpresentedinareportbytheEPA'sOfficeofHealthandExposureAssessment.  50  @G TABLEA6.OTHERBIOLOGICALWASTEINCINERATION   @VEMISSIONFACTORS  p * dd( d ( ( td"( ( t"( (#(#,( d ,( td",( t"+  7" H 7Pollutant A,!@" AEmissionFactor A,!@" AUnits SD,@"   qSEOM 2#d 21.78x104dԄ20d4 6#d 6lb/tonofwasteburned J;#d q  qJTotalPCB 2#( 24.65x10(Ԅ50( 6#( 6lb/ton H7#(  q  H2,3,7,8TCDDTEQ 4#L! 42.72x10lLԄ60Ll 6#L" 6lb/ton3)'L# 0    3  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  @%     Itwasassumedforpurposeofthisanalysisthat100percentofbiologicalincineratorsareareasources. REFERENCESFOROTHERBIOLOGICALWASTEINCINERATION  *$z/ 1.0  MidwestResearchInstitute.July,1994.MedicalWasteIncineratorsBackground &>"2 InformationforProposedStandardsandGuidelines:EnvironmentalImpactsReportforNewandExistingFacilities. (#(# &  2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1996.MercuryStudyReporttoCongress, *%6 VolumeII:AnInventoryofAnthropogenicMercuryEmissionsintheUnitedStates.SABReviewDraft.EPA-452/R-96-001b.OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandardsandOfficeofResearchandDevelopment,Research'*#TrianglePark,NorthCarolina.b-(9(#(# Ї3.0  EmissionFactorDocumentationforAP-42Section2.6,MedicalWasteIncineration.  July1993.p.2.6-12. (#(# 4.0  Watts,RandallR.,et.al.1992.DevelopmentofSourceTesting,Analytical,and t MutagenicityBioassayProceduresforEvaluatingEmissionsfromMunicipalandHospitalWasteCombustors.EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives,Volume98.pp.227-234. (#(# 5.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1994.EstimatingExposurestoDioxin  ` LikeCompounds,VolumeII:Properties,Sources,Occurrence,andBackgroundExposures.ExternalReviewDraft.EPA-600/6-88-005Cb.OfficeofHealthandEnvironmentalAssessment,Washington,DC. (#(#      A.4  SewageSludgeIncineration     PollutantsAddressed  t 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD8 ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF  ` (#` (#   " ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ  L  0  "0` (#(#CDD^ ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#CDF ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#TotalPCBs"r ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevel/EmissionEstimates  6     In1990,therewereanestimated174operatingsewagesludgeincineratorsintheUnitedStates., \10 \,ԀIn1995,only143facilitieswereoperating.Morethan80percentofthefacilitiesin1990weremultiplehearthincinerators.>n20n>ԀIn1992,approximately8.65x10>n50n>Ԁmetrictonsofdrysewagesludgewereincinerated. 10   AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  $   Multiplehearthsewagesludgeincineratoremissionsareusuallycontrolledbyaventuriscrubberoranimpingementtrayscrubber.!! 30! !  EmissionFactors  ~$.   Theemissionfactorsfordioxinandfuranemissionsareforamultiplehearthincineratorwithanimpingementtrayscrubberinplace.t(#(#40(#t(#ԀAsnotedinthetextofthisreport,theEPAiscurrentlyreviewingthedioxin/furanemissionestimatesforthissourcecategory;theseestimates aresubjecttopossiblerevision. h+&8 ThePCBemissionfactorisbasedonsourcemeasurementsconductedatfivemultiplehearth incineratorscontrolledwithwetscrubbers.2b50b2ԀTableA7liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforsewagesludgeincineration.@C TABLEA7.SEWAGESLUDGEINCINERATIONEMISSIONFACTORS    @TFORPCBsANDTCDDTEQ     * dd( d ( ( td"( ( t"( (#(#,( d ,( td",( t"+  7" ^  7Pollutant A,!V " AEmissionFactor A,!V " AUnits SD,V "   qS2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2#z  25.57x10J z Ԅ80z J  6#z  6lb/tondrysludge H7#z  q  HTotalPCBs 4#>  41.08x10 > Ԅ50>   6#>  6lb/tondrysludge3)'>  0    3  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  X   Itisassumedthatallsewagesludgeincineratorsareareasourceslocatedinurbanareas.Thisassumptiontakesintoaccounttheotheremissionsthatcanoccuratwastetreatmentfacilitiessuchashazardousairpollutants(HAPs)fromaerationbasins,andmetals,chlorine,andchloroformemissionsfromincineration.EmissionestimatesdevelopedforatypicalsewagesludgeincineratorusingconservativeassumptionsfoundthatHAPemissionsarefarbelow25tonsperyear.&  REFERENCESFORSEWAGESLUDGEINCINERATION  !+ 1'!8.0  FederalRegister.February19,1993.StandardsfortheUseorDisposalofSewage $. Sludge;FinalRules.F.R.58:92489404. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.July1993.EmissionFactorDocumentationfor R'"1 AP-42Chapter2.5SewageSludgeIncineration.p.2.5-1. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.July1993.EmissionFactorDocumentationfor *f%4 AP-42Chapter2.5SewageSludgeIncineration.p.2.5-4. (#(#   +>'6 4.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.July1993.EmissionFactorDocumentationfor   AP-42Chapter2.5SewageSludgeIncineration.p.2.5-13-2.5-17. (#(# 5.0  ORTECHInternational.March1990.MOEToxicChemicalEmissionInventoryfor t OntarioandEasternNorthAmerica.PreparedforAirResourcesBranch,OntarioMinistryoftheEnvironment.DraftReportNo.P.89-50-5429/06.p.173. (#(#   $ t  A.5  HazardousWasteIncineration     Hazardouswasteincinerationoccursaton-sitehazardouswasteincinerators,commercialhazardouswasteincinerators,mobilehazardouswasteincinerators,andsomeboilersandindustrialfurnaces(BIFs).Forthepurposesofthis112(c)(6)inventory,onlyemissionsestimatesfordedicatedhazardouswasteincineratorsareprovided.ThebulkofthedatausedtodeterminenationalestimateswasobtainedfromEPAOfficeofSolidWaste(OSW)effortsonMACTregulatoryprogramsfordedicatedhazardouswasteincinerators..~ ^ 10^ .~ ԀOSWwasunabletoprovideinformationfordevelopmentofanationalestimateforBIFs;therefore,theestimatesandsupportingdatashownheredonotincludeBIFs.  PollutantsAddressed  6 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF \` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQn` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#TotalPCBs  ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevel/EmissionEstimates  $   Differentactivitylevelswillbeusedtoestimatedioxin/furanandPCBnationalemissions.Theactivitydatafordioxins/furanswasderivedfromtotalquantitiesofincinerablehazardouswastegenerated.ThePCBactivitylevelwasderivedfromdataontheamountofPCBcontaminatedwastegeneratedandeventuallyburnedfordisposal.  In1992,approximately249millionmetrictonsofhazardouswasteweregenerated.'b"B'"20B'"'b"ԀDempseyandOppelt,1993,estimatethatofthetotalamountofhazardouswastegenerated,1.3millionmetrictonswereburnedindedicatedhazardouswastefacilities.)&%*V%30*V%)&%ԀDedicated hazardouswastefacilitiesaredesignedexpresslytoburnanddestroywastes,whereasBIFsare h+&8 not.Theysimplyburnhazardouswastescontainingsomeheatingvalueasasupplementalfuel.Wastedestructionisachievedasaresultofthehightemperaturecombustionprocess.   Nationalestimatesfor2,3,7,8-TCDDand2,3,7,8-TCDFweredeterminedusingliteraturedataonemissionfactorsandpublisheddataontheamountofhazardouswastedestroyedindedicatedincinerators.Thenationalestimatefor2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQwasobtainedfromEPA/OSWandrepresentsavaluedeterminedasapartoftheMACTregulatorydevelopmentprogram.TheTEQestimatewasbasedonfacilitydatacontainedinOSW'sincineratordatabase.Reportedemissionsweredirectlyavailableforsomesites.Incaseswhereadirectvaluewasnotavailableforafacility,emissionswereestimatedbyextrapolatingdatafromunknownfacilitiestosimilarfacilitiesbasedonflowrates,wasteloads,wastecharacterization,etc.Thedirectemissionsinformationinthedatabasewasusedtothegreatestextentpossibletoderiveestimatesforallotherfacilities.Individualfacilityemissionrates,factors,andactivitydatawerenotprovidedbyOSWforthepurposesofthisinventorydocument.  EPA'sOfficeofPollutionPreventionandToxicSubstances,OperationsBranch,usedPCBdisposaldatatoestimatethat3.4x10 80 ԁkilogramsofPCBsweredisposedofbetween1990and1994.R2402RԀAssumingequalquantitiesweredisposedeachyear,the1990activitylevelis6.8x10d70dԀkilogramsPCBs.Ofthistotal,37percentwereassumedtohavebeendisposedofusingincineration.AllPCBsincineratedin1990wereassumedtohavebeendestroyedtoalevelof99.9999percent,whichisthemoststringentdestructionlevelrequiredbyhazardouswaste-burningregulations.!! 50! !  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  ~$.   Oppelt,1987providesatablethatshowsthedifferenttypesofhazardouswasteincineratorcontroldevicesandtheirdistributionamongincinerators.t(#(#60(#t(#ԀApproximately35percentofallhazardouswasteincineratorscontrolemissionswithaVenturiscrubber.Othercontrolsemployedincludepackedtowerscrubbers,liquidquenchers,ionizingwetscrubbers,wetscrubbers,wetESPs,andothernon-specifiedscrubbers.Theemissionfactorsusedtodevelop ,(: nationalemissionsarerepresentativeofanincineratorwithaVenturiscrubber/packedcolumnscrubbercontrolconfigurationinplace.  EmissionFactors  &   TableA8liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforhazardouswasteincineration.Emissionfactorsreportedinthe1996draftDioxin/FuranL&EdocumentforhazardouswasteincineratorswillbeusedtoestimatenationalemissionsofTCDD/TCDFforthisinventory.  70  ԀThefactorsweredevelopedfromtestingperformedattheEPA'sIncinerationResearchFacilitydesignedtoevaluatePCBdestructionandremovalefficiency.ThewastefeedduringtestingwasPCB-contaminatedsediments.Thetestincineratorwasequippedwithaventuriscrubberfollowedbyapackedcolumnscrubber.@B TABLEA8.HAZARDOUSWASTEINCINERATIONEMISSIONFACTORS   \ * dd( d ( ( td"( ( t"( (#(#,( d ,( td",( t"+  7" 4 7Pollutant A,!" AEmissionFactor A,! " AUnits SD,!"   qS2,3,7,8-TCDD 2#P" 28.42x10 PԄ110P  6#P# 6kg/Mgwaste J;#P$ q  qJ2,3,7,8-TCDF 2#t% 29.54x10DtԄ90tD 6#t& 6kg/Mgwaste H7#t' q  HTotalPCBs 4#8( 41.0x108Ԅ308 6#8) 6kg/MgPCBincinerated3)'8* 0    3  HazardouswasteincineratorsareassumedtodestroyPCBsanddioxinsandfuranstoalevelof99.9999percent.Thisanalysisassumesthatthisdestructionrequirementismetbyincinerationfacilities,whichcorrespondswithaPCBemissionfactorof0.001g/kgtotalPCBincinerated.& &   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  <)$7   B'&<)'ZasedondatacollectedbyEPA/OSWduringMACTregulatorydevelopmentworkforthesesources,amajor/areasplitof100/0isassumed. b-(= Ї REFERENCESFORHAZARDOUSWASTEINCINERATION   1.0  MemorandumfromRizeq,G.,EERCorp.toF.Behan,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection  Agency,OfficeofSolidWaste.April3,1997.NationalEmissionsEstimateforHazardousWasteIncinerators. (#(# 2.0  Oppelt,E.T.1987.IncinerationofHazardousWaste.ACriticalReview.JAPCA. 8  37(5):558-586.p.559. (#(# 3.0  Dempsey,C.R.andOppelt,E.T.1993.IncinerationofHazardousWaste:ACritical  L  ReviewUpdate.AirandWaste.43:2573. (#(# 4.0  MemorandumfromBaney,Tony,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Officeof   Prevention,Pesticides,andToxicSubstancestoLaurelDriver,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards.November21,1996.PCBproductionandemissionsdate. (#(# 5.0  CodeofFederalRegulations.Part40,SubpartH,Section266.104.GovernmentPrinting \ Office.Washington,DC.July1994. (#(# 6.0  Oppelt,E.T.1987.IncinerationofHazardousWaste.ACriticalReview.JAPCA.  p 37(5):558-586.p.565. (#(# 7.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.LocatingandEstimatingAirEmissions 4 fromSourcesofDioxinsandFurans.DraftReport.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(#     A.6  PortlandCementManufacturing     PollutantsAddressed  t 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8TCDDTEQ8 ` (#` (#    NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    ThenationalemissionestimatesforthePortlandcementsourcecategoryweretakendirectlyfromestimatespreparedbyEPAtosupportthePortlandCementManufacturingIndustryNESHAPstandardsprogram.Theprogramdevelopedseparateestimatesforcementkilnsdependingonwhetherthekilndidordidnotburnhazardouswasteasasupplementalfuel.ThedetailsoftheestimationprocessandthedatausedtodevelopnationalestimatescanbefoundinReferences1,2and3.Asummaryoftheproceduresandinputdatausedisreportedhere.  NonHazardousWaste(NHW)Kilns  n   Emissionswereonlyestimatedonthebasisofadioxin/furanTEQ.AverageTEQemissionfactorsweredeterminedfromactualtestdataforexistingfacilitiesofvaryingtypes,design,andcontrolconfigurations.AnaverageTEQemissionfactorof0.20ng/drystandardcubicmeter(dscm)offlowwasdeterminedandusedforthenationalemissionscalculation.( xX 10X ( xԀThenationalkilnclinkerproductionvalueusedinthecalculationwas67.6milliontonsofclinkerproducedperyearfromNHWkilns.Additionalkeyvariablesusedintheestimationwere66,225dscfofflow/tondryfeedmaterialand1.65tonsdryfeed/tonofclinkerproduced.ThevaluesforthesevariablescamefromtheTechnicalBackgroundDocumentforthestandard.The equationusedtocalculatethenationalemissionsestimatewas:'b"B'"20B'"'b" B'"2  (#(#             (#(#QA=zx 0 @Xdddddddd@Ex ddL@  Thisequationisequivalenttoanemissionfactorof1.36x109lb/ton. ^    HazardousWaste(HW)Kilns  "r    Nationalemissionestimatesfor2,3,7,8TCDDTEQandmercuryfromPortlandcementkilnsburninghazardouswastesweredeterminedfromEPA/OSWandrepresentvaluesestimatedbythemandthecementkilnindustryasapartoftheMACTregulatorydevelopmentprogramforthissourcecategory., \3,40 \,ԀTheTEQestimatewasbasedonfacilitydatacontainedinOSW'scementkilndatabase.Reportedemissionsweredirectlyavailableforsomesites.Incaseswhereadirectvaluewasnotavailableforafacility,emissionswereestimatedbyextrapolatingdatafromknownfacilitiestosimilarfacilitiesbasedonflowrates,wasteloads,wastecharacterization,etc.Thedirectemissionsinformationinthedatabasewasusedtothegreatestextentpossibletoderiveestimatesforalltheotherfacilities.Individuallyfacilityemissionrates,factors,andactivitydatawerenotprovidedbyOSWforthepurposesofthisinventorydocument.1990nationalemissionsfromcementkilnsburninghazardouswasteare:  2,3,7,8TCDDTEQemissions=0.95pounds  mercuryemissions=2.75tonsEPA'sOfficeofSolidWastehasalsogeneratedestimatesofTEQandmercuryemissionsfor1997thatreflectimprovementsinemissionscontrolandchangesintheindustry(e.g.,plant closures,processchanges,etc.).The1997estimateforTEQemissionsis0.029lb/yr.8+&h+&50h+&8+&ԀThe1997 h+&8 mercuryemissionsareestimatedtobe1.66tons/yr.60ԀBothestimatesindicatesignificantreductionsfrom1990levels. & &    Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  &   The'&qԀnumberofPortlandcementfacilitiesintheU.S.thataremajorsourcesisnotreadilyavailable.However,fromrecentMACTanalysis,itisestimatedthat100percentofcementfacilitiescombustinghazardouswastearemajorsources,andofthecementfacilitiesnotusinghazardouswastefuels,80percentaremajorsourcesand20percentarearea.0@   REFERENCESFORPORTLANDCEMENT   1.0  MemorandumfromE.Heath,ResearchTriangleInstitutetoJ.Wood,U.S.Environmental R ProtectionAgency.November14,1996."EmissionCalculationsforPreamble." (#(# 2.0  MemorandumfromE.Heath,ResearchTriangleInstitutetoJ.Wood,U.SEnvironmental  ProtectionAgency.March18,1996."Dioxin/FuranToxicEquivalentEmissionsfromCementKilnsthatdonotBurnHazardousWaste." (#(# 3.0  MemorandumfromG.Rizeq,EERCorporationtoF.Behan,U.SEnvironmental v ProtectionAgency.April7,1997."NationalEmissionsEstimateforTEQandMercury." (#(# 4.0  LetterfromCampbell,C.S.,CementKilnRecyclingCoalitiontoU.S.Environmental :! ProtectionAgency,DocketNo.A9705.July21,1997. (#(# 5.0  MemorandumfromF.Behan,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencytoD.Byrne,U.S.  N$ EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.December1,1997."RevisedNationalEmissionsEstimatesforDioxinandFuransfromHazardousWasteCombustors." (#(# 6.0  MemorandumfromF.Behan,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencytoD.Byrne,U.S. $( ProtectionAgency.November26,1997."RevisedNationalEmissionsEstimatesforMercuryfromHazardousWasteCombustors." (#(#   r'"+  A.7  ScrapTireIncineration     Scraptiresareincineratedforenergyrecoveryanddisposalpurposes.Tiresarecombustedattiretoenergyfacilities,cementkilns,tiremanufacturingfacilities,andassupplementalfuelinboilers,especiallyinthepulpandpaperindustry.  PollutantsAddressed   L  0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF"r ` (#` (#   " ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ h    0  "0` (#(#TotalPCBs6` (#` (#     NationalActivityLevel/EmissionEstimates     In1990,25.9millionofthe242milliontiresdiscardedintheUnitedStateswereconvertedtoenergy. 10 ԀTheEPA'sOfficeofSolidWasteestimatesthatapproximately5.51x10 50 tons/yroftiresareincineratedeachyear.R2202R  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  F&   TheModestotiretoenergyfacilityusesaspraydryerandfluegasdesulfurizationfollowedbyafabricfiltertocontrolemissions."<#l30#l"<ԀTheemissionfactorsusedtoestimatenationalemissionsweredevelopedfromemissiontestingatthisfacility.& &   EmissionFactors  B'"2   '&B'TableA9liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforwastetireincineration.AllemissionfactorswerederivedfromsourcetestingattheModestofacility.Weareassumingthatotherfacilitiesburningwastetires ,(: haveemissionssimilartothoseoccurringattheModestofacility.TheemissionfactorsfortotalCDD/FandTCDDTEQwereobtainedfromthedocument"EstimatingExposuretoDioxinlikeCompounds."Dt30tDԀTheratiosofCDDandCDFtototalCDD/F,andTCDDandTCDFtoTEQwereusedtodeveloptheCDD,CDF,TCDD,andTCDFemissionfactors.&40&@))D TABLEA9.SCRAPTIREINCINERATIONEMISSIONFACTORS     * dd( d ( ( td"( ( t"( (#(#,( d ,( td",( t"+  7" r   7Pollutant A,!j " AEmissionFactor A,!j " AUnits SD,j "   qS2,3,7,8-TCDD 2#  22.16x10^  Ԅ110 ^  6#  6lb/tonoftires J;#  q  qJ2,3,7,8-TCDF 2#R  25.42x10" R Ԅ110R "  6#R  6lb/tonoftires J;#R  q  qJ2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2#v  21.08x10F v Ԅ90v F  6#v  6lb/tonoftires J;#v  q  qJCDD 2#: 26.50x10 :Ԅ90:  6#: 6lb/tonoftires J;#: q  qJCDF 2#^ 22.14x10.~^Ԅ80^.~ 6#^ 6lb/tonoftires H7#^ q  HTotalPCBs 4#" 43.78x10"Ԅ60" 6#"  6lb/tonoftires3)'"! 0    3  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  $   Allscraptireincinerationfacilitiesareassumedtobemajorsources.Mostfacilitiesthatburntiresutilizeotherprocesseswhichgeneratetoxicemissions. REFERENCESFORSCRAPTIREINCINERATION  !. 1.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.September1991.MarketsforScrapTires. `$1 EPA/530-SW-90-074A.OfficeofSolidWasteandEmergencyResponse.p.8. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.October1991.SummaryofMarketsforScrap $'t"4 Tires.OfficeofSolidWasteandEmergencyResponse.EPA/530SW90074B. (#(# &  3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1994.EstimatingExposurestoDioxin )8%7 LikeCompounds,VolumeII:Properties,Sources,Occurrence,andBackgroundExposures.ExternalReviewDraft.EPA-600/6-88-005Cb.Officeof')HealthandEnvironmentalAssessment,Washington,DC.pp.3-70-3-71.,':(#(# Ї4.0  RadianCorporation.April1988.ModestoEnergyCompanyWasteTiretoEnergy  Facility,Westley,CAFinalEmissionTestReport.ReportNo.243-047-20. (#(#     A.8  ElectricUtilityCoalCombustion   0  PollutantsAddressed t(#(#   "0 ` EOM8 ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8TCDD  ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8TCDF L ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8TCDDTEQ^ ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates  "r    Thenationalactivitylevelforelectricutilitycoalcombustionbycoaltypeforthebaseyear1990is:  "0 ` 772,552,000tonsofbituminouscoalburned, \10 \, \` (#` (#   "0 ` 1,031,000tonsofanthracitecoalburned>n10n>n` (#` (#   ThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEnergyInformationAdministration(EIA)Stateenergyconsumptiondatabase.TheEOMemissionfactordatawerenotavailableforboilersburninganthracite;however,anthracitecoaluseaccountsforlessthan1percentofthecoalburnedintheutilitysector.( xX 20X ( xԀTheactivitylevelforbituminouscoalincludeslignitecoalaswell.Basedon1989coalproductionestimates,approximately9percentofthetotalbituminouscoalburnedisactuallylignitecoal."<#l20#l"<ԀThispercentagewasusedtodeveloptheweightedemission-factorforEOMprovidedbelow.  TheemissionestimateforEOMwasderivedasdescribedhere.Thenationalestimatesfor2,3,7,8-TCDD,2,3,7,8-TCDF,and2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQcamedirectlyfromEPA'sinprogressworktoprepareaCleanAirActmandatedReporttoCongressontoxicsfromtheutilityindustry.8+&h+&3,40h+&8+&  h+&8   AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels     Therearefourbasictypesofcoal-firedutilityboilersforwhichEOMemissionfactorsareavailable:pulverizeddrybottom,pulverizedwetbottom,cyclone,andstoker.Ofthese,themostprevalentboilertypeispulverizeddrybottom,whichrepresentsapproximately76percentofthetotalcoalfueluse.j  50 j ԀPulverizedwetbottomdesignsaccountforabout11percent,whilecycloneboilersmakeupapproximately12percentofthecoaluse.  L50 L ԀStokers,whichhavebeenphasedoutoftheutilitysectorduetotheirinefficiency,accountforonly1percentoftheutilitysectorcoaluse.  50  ԀThesepercentageswereusedtodeveloptheweightedEOMemissionfactorprovidedbelow.  Theemissionstestdata,fromwhichtheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisdeveloped,isbasedontestingof26coal-firedboilers.Ofthese26,17hadESPcontroldevicesand4hadmulticlonecontroldevices.Theremainderhadamixofmechanicalprecipitators,wetscrubbers,andbaghouses.Therefore,allthetestsiteshadsomelevelofpollutioncontroldevicesinstalledandtheEOMemissionfactorwasdevelopedfromfluegassamplestakendownstreamofthecontroldevices.  EmissionFactors  $   TheEOMemissionfactorsthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalEOMemissionsestimateforelectricutilitycoalcombustionis0.10lbEOM/shorttonofcoalburned.TheemissionfactorisbasedonteststudiesconductedbyEPAinitEmissionsAssessmentof #l, ConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems,N$~$60~$N$Ԁandtheapplicationofweightingfactorsfor ~$. designtypeandcoaltypeasdescribedabove.TheoriginalemissionfactorfromthoseteststudieswereinunitsofngperJouleofthermalinput.Forthisinventory,athermalconversionfactorof20.935x10t(#(#60(#t(#ԁBtupershorttonofcoalwastocalculatetheEOMemissionfactorlistedabove.)&%*V%70*V%)&%   ,(: @? TABLEA10.ELECTRICUTILITYCOALCOMBUSTIONEMISSIONFACTORS   * dd( d ( ( td"( ( t"( (#(#,( d ,( td",( t"+  7"  7Pollutant A,!0" AEmissionFactor A,!0" AUnits Q@,0"   QEOM VE ?0.10?V0.10 XE: ?0.10 ? Xlb/toncoalburned3)' 0    3  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions   ^    Thecategoryofelectricutilitycoalcombustionisassumedtobestrictlyamajorsource,withallcoal-firedutilityboilersemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.ThisassumptionisbasedontheconsiderationofotherHAPemissionsfromthesetypesofboilers,specificallyhydrochloricacid(HCl)andhydrofluoricacid(HF).DocumentedemissionfactorsforHClandHFintheEPA'sPISCESDatabase,*zZ80Z*zԀacompilationofemissionstestdataonelectricutilitypowerplants,indicatesthatmostcoalfiredboilersinthissectorwouldbemajorsources.Furtherevaluationoftheemissionfactordatainthisdatabasewillbenecessarytoconfirmthisassumption.Also,basedonthetotalestimatednumberofcoalfiredboilers(1,076)andapreliminaryestimateofnationalEOMemissions(38,628tons/year),theaverageEOMemissionsperboilerwouldbe35tons/year,whichwouldclassifytheseboilersasmajorsourcesbasedonEOMemissionsalone. REFERENCESFORELECTRICUTILITYCOALCOMBUSTION  j' 1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy ."~* MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39-344. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1993.CompilationofAirPollutantEmission $B - Factors,VolumeI:StationaryPointandAreaSources,Section1-1.BituminousCoalCombustion,AP-42SectionsUnderReview.p.2-2. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.StudyofHazardousAirPollutant (#1 EmissionsforElectricUtilitySteamGeneratingUnitsInterimFinalReport.EPA-453/R60013a.OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(#   R,'5 4.0  MemorandumfromJ.Turner,ResearchTriangleInstitutetoC.French,U.S.   EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.August24,1997."RevisedProcessParametersforNationalBoilerDioxinModelingBasedonEmissionFactorsfromAugust18,1997UtilityBoilerReporttoCongress." (#(# 5.0  RadianCorporation.1989.EstimatingAirToxicEmissionsfromCoalandOil L  CombustionSources.EPA-450/2-89-001.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.3-76. (#(# 6.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary  L  CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.36-37. (#(# 7.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy   MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.477. (#(# 8.0  RadianCorporation.1992.EvaluationofEmissionsInformationinthePISCES \ Database.FinalReport.PreparedforUtilityAirRegulatoryGroup.Austin,Texas.pp.2-3-2-10. (#(#      A.9  ElectricUtilityResidualFuelOilCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` EOM8 ` (#` (#   "0 ` PCB  ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD L ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF^ ` (#` (#   " ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ     NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates      Thenationalactivitylevelforelectricutilityresidualfueloilcombustionforthebaseyear1990is181,232,000barrelsresidualfueloilburned.z10zԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.EmissionfactorswillbeusedtoestimateemissionsassociatedwiththenationalandStatelevelactivitydata.ThenationalactivitylevelforPCBsis304,470poundsofPCBsburnedperyearbytheelectricutilityindustryassociatedwithPCBcontaminatedresidualoilcombustion.Forthepurposeofthisinventory,itisassumedthat10percentoftheresidualoilburnedbyutilitiesiscontaminatedwithPCBs.Forconservativeestimationpurposes,theconcentrationofPCBsintheresidualoilisassumedtobe50ppm,sincePCBsatthisorlowerconcentrationscanbeburnedforenergyrecoverypurposes(40CFR279).ThecorrespondingnationalactivitylevelforPCBsis304,470poundsofPCBsburned.  TheemissionestimatesforEOMandPCBswerederivedasdescribedhere.Thenationalestimatesfor2,3,7,8-TCDD,2,3,7,8-TCDF,and2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQcamedirectlyfromEPA'sinprogressworktoprepareaCleanAirActmandatedReporttoCongressontoxicsfromtheutilityindustry(seeReference2).  h+&8   AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels     TheEPAstudyDt30tDԀonwhichtheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisbasedincludedemissionstestsatfourtangentially-firedandeightwall-firedboilers;emissionfactorsforEOMwerethesameforbothboilerdesigns. X8 408  XԀFiveoftheboilerscontainednoemissioncontroldevices,threehadESPs,threeusedoff-stoichiometricfiringandonecontainedacycloneseparator.Therefore,theEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowrepresentsamixofbothcontrolledanduncontrolledboilers.ThePCBemissionfactorof1lb/10.~ ^ 60^ .~ ԀPCBburnedisbasedonanassumeddestructionefficiencyof99.9999percent(i.e.,1partbyweightinamillion).  EmissionFactors      TableA11liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforelectricutilityresidualfuelcombustion.TheEOMemissionfactorrepresentsanaverageofthe12boilerstestedintheEPAstudyreferencedabove.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPAstudy(0.4ng/Jouleofthermalinput)wasconvertedtotheunitsshowninTableA11usingthethermalconversionfactorof6.287x10 60 ԁBtuperbarrelofresidualoil.R2502RԀAnemissionfactorforPCBswasderivedfromtheassumptionthatallboilersattain99.9999percentdestructionefficiencyfortoxicorganics,asrequiredinthemoststringentBIFhazardouswastedestructionrules.F60F& , @rrC TABLEA11.ELECTRICUTILITYRESIDUALFUELCOMBUSTION ! * @VEMISSIONFACTORS  "+ * dd( d ( ( td"( ( t"( (#(#,D d ,, td, t +  7" ~$- 7Pollutant A,!&%v ." AEmissionFactor A,!&%v /" AUnits SD,&%v 0"   ZSEOM TE&!1 q= ףp@5.86q= ףp@T5.86 aNC&!2U q= ףp@5.86 q= ףp@ alb/10j&!&!30&!j&!Ԁbarrelsofresidualfueloilconsumed L;,'"4 Z  qL',!PCB SB(J$5  ?1?S1 ^K@(J$6U  ?1 ? ^lb/10($(J$60(J$($ԀlbPCBburned<20(J$7 q   <  +'9 & &    Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     The'&+Ԁcategoryofelectricutilityresidualfuelcombustionisassumedtocontainasignificantnumberofmajorsources.Thisassumptionisbasedontheobservation,drawnfromDOEutilityreportingdatafor1990, X8 708  XԀthatmostoftheboilersinthissectorareratedatathermalinputcapacityofgreaterthan500MMBtu/hourandthatthereistypicallymorethanoneboilerlocatedatapowerplantfacility.Consideringtheemissionfactorsforbenzene,nickel,andPOM,whicharedocumented.~ ^ 80^ .~ Ԁforthesetypesofboilers,andtheobservationjuststated,anapportionmentof50percentmajorsourcesand50percentareasourcesweremadeforthiscategory. REFERENCESFORELECTRICUTILITYRESIDUALFUELCOMBUSTION  6 1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy  MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39-344. (#(# 2.0  MemorandumfromJimTurner,ResearchTriangleInstitutetoChuckFrench,U.S.  EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.August24,1997."RevisedProcessParametersforUtilityBoilerDioxinModelingBasedonEmissionFactorsfromAugust19,1997UtilityBoilerReporttoCongress." (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.1987.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustion n  Systems,VolumeIII:ExternalCombustionSourcesforElectricityGeneration.IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.160. (#(# 4.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary  $ CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.38. (#(# 5.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy ~$( MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.479. (#(# 6.0  CodeofFederalRegulations.Part40,SubpartH,Section266.104.GovernmentPrinting B'"+ Office.Washington,DC.July1994. (#(# 7.0  U.S.DepartmentofEnergy.1990.FormEIA-767ReportingDatafor1990.Information *V%. ContainedonFileLabeled"Int90ut2.dat")ontheEPACHIEFBulletinBoard.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(#  ,(1 8.0  RadianCorporation.1992.EvaluationofEmissionsInformationinthePISCES  Database.FinalReport.PreparedforUtilityAirRegulatoryGroup.Austin,Texas.p.2-11. (#(#   L   A.10  ElectricUtilityNaturalGasCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` EOM8 ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforindustrialnaturalgasfiredboilersforthebaseyear1990is2,787x10B "r 90"r B ԁcubicfeetnaturalgasburned.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.EmissionswillbeestimatedusingtheStatelevelactivitydataandtheEOMemissionfactorprovidedbelow.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels     TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisbasedontestresultsfromtheEPA'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems,VolumeIII:External    CombustionSourcesforElectricityGeneration.R2202RԀEmissionstestingwasconductedoneight 2" naturalgasfiredutilityboilersaspartofthatstudy.Threeoftheboilersweretangentiallyfired,whiletheremainingfivewerewallfireddesigns.Therewerenopollutioncontroldevicesonsixoftheboilerstested;onlytwoofthewall-firedboilersusedoverfireairforNO0 X xX  Ԁcontrol.  EmissionFactors  #l,   TheemissionfactorforEOMthatwasusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimatefornaturalgasfiredutilityboilersis720.42lbEOM/10'b"B'"90B'"'b"Ԁcubicfeetofnaturalgasconsumed.ThisEOMemissionfactorrepresentsanaverageofthetestresultst(#(#30(#t(#ԀfortheeightboilersintheEPAstudyreferencedabove.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPAstudy(0.3ng/Jouleofthermalinput)wasconvertedtotheemissionfactorshownaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof1.03x10,',(30,(,'ԁBtupercubicfootofnaturalgas.,',(40,(,' ,(: Ї  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     Thiscategorywasassumedtoconsistof100percentareasources.EPAmadethisassumptionbasedonemissionsdatagatheredandestimatedduringitsworkfortheUtilityBoilerReporttoCongress. X8 508  X̀ REFERENCESFORELECTRICUTILITYNATURALGASCOMBUSTION   L  1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy   MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39-344. (#(# 2.0  Shih,C.C.1987.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustion   Systems,VolumeIII:ExternalCombustionSourcesforElectricityGeneration.IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.160. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary 4 CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.38. (#(# 4.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy 4 MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.471. (#(# 5.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.StudyofHazardousAirPollutant  EmissionsfromElectricUtilitySteamGeneratingUnitsInterimFinalReport.EPA-453/R96013a.OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(#   0"#  A.11  IndustrialCoalCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t   " ` EOM 8    NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforindustrialcoalcombustionbycoaltypeforthebaseyear1990is:  "0 ` 114,815,000tonsofbituminousandlignitecoalburned61066` (#` (#   "0 ` 390,000tonsofanthracitecoalburnedhH10HhH` (#` (#   ThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.TheEOMemissionfactordatawerenotavailableforindustrialboilersburninganthracitecoalandnoemissionswillbeestimatedforanthracitecoalcombustion;however,anthracitecoalaccountsforlessthan1percentofthecoalburnedinthissector.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  F&   TherearethreetypesofindustrialboilersforwhichanEOMemissionfactorisavailable:pulverizeddrybottom,pulverizedwetbottom,andstokers.Totalcoaluseintheindustrialsectoramongtheseboilertypesisapproximately45percentpulverizeddrybottom,45percentstoker,and10percentpulverizedwetbottom.%!%0!20%0!%!ԀThesepercentageswereusedtoderivetheweightedEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelow.OftheeighttestsitesfromwhichtheEOMemissionsdatawerecollected,threecontainedESPcontroldevicesandtheremainingfivehadmulticlonecontroldevices.TheEOMemissionfactorbelow,therefore,representsacontrolledemissionfactorbasedonemissionsamplestakeninthefluegasdownstreamofthecontroldevice.8+&h+&30h+&8+& ,(:   EmissionFactors     TheemissionfactorforEOMthatwasusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforindustrialcoal-firedboilersis0.042lbEOM/shorttonofcoalconsumed.ThisemissionfactorisbasedonteststudiesconductedbyEPAinit'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventional 8  StationaryCombustionSystems,j  40 j Ԁandtheapplicationoftheweightingfactorsforboilerdesign    typedescribedabove.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPAstudies(0.8ng/Jouleofthermalinput)wasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof22.444x10  60  ԁBtupershorttonofbituminous/lignitecoal.  50    Major/AreaSourceAssumptions      Thecategoryofindustrialcoal-firedboilersisassumedtobea70percentmajor/30percentareasource,with70percentofcoal-firedindustrialboilersemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.Thisassumptionisbasedonthefactthatmanyoftheseboilersareco-locatedatmanufacturingfacilitiesthataremajorsourcesbecauseoftheirmanufacturingprocess. REFERENCESFORINDUSTRIALCOALCOMBUSTION  $ 1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy X ' MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39-344. (#(# 2.0  RadianCorporation.1989.EstimatingAirToxicEmissionsfromCoalandOil #l* CombustionSources.EPA-450/2-89-001.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.3-76. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary &". CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.50-51. (#(#   |*%2 4.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary  CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.50-51. (#(# 5.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy L  MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.475. 8 (#(#  A.12  IndustrialDistillateFuelCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t   " ` EOM 8    NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforindustrialdistillatefuel-firedboilersforthebaseyear1990is39,000,000barrelsdistillatefuelburned.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.Theactivitylevellabeledas"Industrial"intheEIAconsumptiondatabaseincludesdistillatefuelconsumedinstationaryinternalcombustionturbinesandengines,andinnon-roadvehiclesandequipment,aswellasexternalcombustionboilers.Inordertoavoiddoublecountingthisactivitylevel,164millionbarrelsweresubtractedfromthetotalreportedconsumption(203millionbarrels),toaccountfordistillatefueluseassociatedwiththeseothersourcecategories.TheFuelOilandKerosene n Sales1990annualreport, 20 ԀalsocompiledbyEIA,wasusedtocalculatetheamountofdiesel    associatedwiththeseothercategories,sincetheyarenotreportedseparatelyintheEIAconsumptiondatabase.EmissionfactorswillbeusedtoestimateemissionsassociatedwiththenationalandStatelevelactivitydata.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  ! *   TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisbasedonemissionstestdatafromtheEPA'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems,VolumeV:Industrial %0!0 CombustionSources.'b"B'"30B'"'b"ԀEmissionstestingwasconductedonthreedistillatefuelfiredwatertube B'"2 typeboilers.Alloftheboilerstestedcontainednopollutioncontroldevices.  *V%6 & &    EmissionFactors     The'&PԀemissionfactorforEOMthatwasusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforindustrialdistillatefuel-firedboilersis20.37lbEOM/10&30&Ԁbarrelsofdistillatefueloilconsumed.ThisisanuncontrolledemissionfactorforEOM,basedonanaverageofthetestresultsj  40 j ԀforthethreeboilersthatwerepartoftheEPAstudyreferencedabove.TheemissionfactordevelopedaspartoftheEPAstudy(1.5ng/Jouleofthermalinput)wasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof5.825x10.~ ^ 60^ .~ ԁBtuperbarrelofdistillatefueloil.  50    Major/AreaSourceAssumptions      Thecategoryofindustrialdistillatefuel-firedboilersisassumedtobea70percentmajor/30percentareasource,with70percentofdistillatefuel-firedindustrialboilersemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.Thisassumptionisbasedonthefactthatmanyoftheseboilersareco-locatedatmanufacturingfacilitiesthataremajorsourcesbecauseoftheirmanufacturingprocess.& L  REFERENCESFORINDUSTRIALDISTILLATEFUELCOMBUSTION  $ 1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy X ' MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39-344. (#(# 2.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1991.FuelOilandKeroseneSales1990.Officeof #l* OilandGas,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.9. (#(# 'L3.0  Surprenant,N.F.,etal.1980.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary %0!- CombustionSystems,VolumeV:IndustrialCombustionSources.GCA-TR-79-62-G.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.81. (#(# 4.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary |*%2 CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.50.@-(5(#(# Ї5.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy  MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.478. (#(#   `  A.13  IndustrialResidualFuelOilCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t   " ` EOM 8    " ` PCB      NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates  ^    Thenationalactivitylevelforindustrialresidualfuel-firedboilersforthebaseyear1990is65,931,000barrelsresidualfuelburned.T  10 T ԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.EmissionfactorswillbeusedtoestimateemissionsassociatedwiththenationalandStatelevelactivitydata.ThenationalactivitylevelforPCBsis110,764poundsofPCBsburned.Forthepurposeofthisinventory,itisassumedthat10percentoftheresidualoilburnedbyindustrialboilersiscontaminatedwithPCBs.Forconservativeestimationpurposes,theconcentrationofPCBsintheresidualoilisassumedtobe50ppm,sincePCBsatthisorlowerconcentrationscanbeburnedforenergyrecoverypurposes(40CFR279).  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  F&   TheEPAtestdataonwhichtheEOMemissionfactorisbasedincludedfiveresidualfuel-firedboilers,threeofwhichwerewatertubedesignsandtwothatweredrumlessserpentinedesigns.Onlyoneofthewatertubeboilershadamulticlonepollutioncontroldevice.Allotherboilersinthetestdatahadnocontrols.%!%0!20%0!%!  B'"2 & &   EmissionFactors     '&TableA12liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforindustrialresidualfuel-firedboilers.TheEOMemissionfactorrepresentsanaverageofthetestresults X8 308  XԀforthefiveboilerstestedintheEPAstudyreferencedabove.TheEOMemissionfactordevelopedaspartoftheEPAstudy(0.2ng/Jouleofthermalinput)wasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof6.287x10.~ ^ 60^ .~ ԁBtuperbarrelofresidualfueloil..~ ^ 40^ .~ ԀAnemissionfactorforPCBswasderivedfromtheassumptionthatallboilersandindustrialfurnacesattain99.9999percentdestructionefficiencyforPCBs.@F TABLEA12.INDUSTRIALRESIDUALFUELCOMBUSTION 6 @VEMISSIONFACTORS  " * ddD d D , td,  t  (#(#,@ d ,@ td, t +  7"  7Pollutant A,!R" AEmissionFactor A,!R" AUnits SD,R"   ZSEOM 2# 22.93 ?,!U ?lb/1030ԁbarrelsofresidualfueloilconsumed Q@, " Z  QPCB 4#&v! 41 ?,!&v"U ?lb/10F&v60&vFԀlbPCBburned<20&v#" 0    <  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  V'   Thecategoryofindustrialresidualfuel-firedboilersisassumedtobea70percentmajor/30percentareasource,with70percentofresidualfuel-firedindustrialboilersemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.Thisassumptionisbasedonthefactthatmanyoftheseboilersareco-locatedatmanufacturingfacilitiesthataremajorsourcesbecauseoftheirmanufacturingprocess.  ($5  REFERENCESFORINDUSTRIALRESIDUALFUELCOMBUSTION   1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy t MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39-344. (#(# 2.0  Surprenant,N.F.,et.al.1980.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary 8  CombustionSystems,VolumeV:IndustrialCombustionSources.GCR-TR-79-62-G.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.81. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary $  CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.50. (#(# 4.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy p MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.479. (#(#    p  A.140  IndustrialNaturalGasCombustion (#(# 0   PollutantsAddressed t(#(# 0  "0` (#(#EOM8 ` (#` (#    NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforindustrialnaturalgas-firedboilersforthebaseyear1990is7,732x10B "r 90"r B ԁcubicfeetnaturalgasburned.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.Fromthetotalreportedconsumptionfortheindustrialsector(8204x106906ԁcubicfeet),472x106906ԁcubicfeetweresubtractedtoaccountfornaturalgasuseassociatedwithstationaryinternalcombustionturbines(seeSectionA.33foradiscussiononthederivationofnaturalgasconsumptionforthatcategory).  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  n   TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisbasedontestresultsfromtheEPA'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems,VolumeV:Industrial $ CombustionSources.F20FԀEmissionstestingwasconductedon10naturalgas-firedboilersaspartof F& thatstudy.Sevenoftheboilerswerewatertubedesigns,twowerefiretubes,andonewasapackagedscotchtypeboiler.Therewerenopollutioncontroldevicesonanyoftheboilerstested.  EmissionFactors  %0!0   TheemissionfactorforEOMthatwasusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforindustrialnaturalgasfiredboilersis240.14lbEOM/10)&%*V%90*V%)&%ԁcubicfeetofnaturalgas  *V%6 consumed.ThisEOMemissionfactorrepresentsuncontrolledconditionsandisanaverageofthetestresults2b30b2Ԁforthe10boilersintheEPAstudyreferencedabove.TheemissionfactordevelopedaspartoftheEPAstudy(0.1ng/Jouleofthermalinput)wasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof1.03x10&30&ԁBtupercubicfootofnaturalgas. X8 408  X   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions   L    Thecategoryofindustrialnaturalgas-firedboilersisassumedtobea70percentmajor/30percentareasource,with70percentofnaturalgas-firedindustrialboilersemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.Thisassumptionisbasedonthefactthatmanyoftheseboilersareco-locatedatmanufacturingfacilitiesthataremajorsourcesbecauseoftheirmanufacturingprocess. REFERENCESFORINDUSTRIALNATURALGASCOMBUSTION   \ 1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy   MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39344. (#(# 2.0  Surprenant,N.F.1987.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustion " Systems,VolumeV:IndustrialCombustionSources.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.80. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary 0"' CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.50. (#(# 4.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy &", MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.471. (#(#   |*%0  A.150  IndustrialWoodCombustion (#(# 0   PollutantsAddressed t(#(# 0  "0` (#(#EOM8 ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ  ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates  ^    Thenationalactivitylevelforindustrialwoodcombustionforthebaseyear1990is4.09x107tonsdrywoodburned.Thisfigurewasdeterminedusingacombinationofdatafrom   References1and2.InformationfromtheU.S.DOE/EIAindicatedthat1,562trillionBtuofenergyfromwoodconsumedintheindustrialsector.Thisamountincluded1,232trillionBtufromthecombustionofspentliquorsfromthepulpandpaperindustry.Subtractingthisamountleavesawoodconsumptionfigurefornonpulpandpapersourcesof330trillionBtu/yr.Theindustryalsoindicatedthroughwrittencommentsthatthepulpandpaperindustryconsumed378trillionBtu/yrinwoodandotherhoggedfuel.Thetotalwoodfuelconsumptionlevelwasthen708trillionBtu.Thiswasconvertedtoawoodtonnagebasisusingtheconversionfactorof8,650Btu/lbofwood.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  X (   Industrialwood-firedboilersaregenerallylocatedatfacilitieswhichproducewoodandbarkwasteproducts,includingpulpandpapermills,lumbermills,furnitureplants,andplywoodmills.Therearevariousboilerfiringconfigurationsusedinindustrialwoodcombustion.ThreeofthemostcommonwoodfiredboilertypesinusearetheDutchoven,thefuelcellandthespreaderstoker.ThefourmostcommonPMemissioncontroltechnologiesinusearemechanicalcollectors(multicyclone),wetscrubbers,ESPsandfabricfilters.)&%*V%30*V%)&%ԀThedioxin/furanemissionfactorsusedinthisinventoryrepresenttheaverageofthetwofollowingprocess,control,andfueltypescenariosforwhichtestdatawasavailable: ,(: Ї  "0 ` A3-cellDutchovenfiringamixtureofbark,saltladenhoggedwood,sawdust,  andplanershavingscontrolledbyamulticycloneandabaghouse;and ` (#` (#   "0 ` Aquad-cellboilerfiringcoarsewoodwasteandsawdustcontrolledbya t multicyclone. ` (#` (# TheEOMemissionfactorisbasedonanaverageoftheEPAemissionstestsdoneforfivestokertypeboilers.Threeoftheseboilershadnopollutioncontroldevices.Theothertwohadscrubbertypecontrols.  8 4  EmissionFactors  |    TableA13liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforindustrialwood-firedboilers.@B TABLEA13.INDUSTRIALWOODCOMBUSTIONEMISSIONFACTORS  f * dd@ d @ @ td@ t (#(#,@ d ,td ,l t +  7" > 7Pollutant A,!6" AEmissionFactor A,!6" AUnits SD,6"   qSEOM 2#Z 22.16 ?,!Z " ?lb/shorttonofdrywoodburned SD,Z!" q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2#" 22.48x10Ԅ90 ?,!#" ?lb/shorttonofdrywoodburned SD,$" q  qS2,3,7,8TCDD 2#B% 27.34x10bBԄ110Bb ?,!B&" ?lb/shorttonofdrywoodburned Q@,B'" q  Q2,3,7,8TCDF 4#( 41.05x10Ԅ100 ?,!)" ?lb/shorttonofdrywoodburned<20*" 0    <  Thedioxin/furanemissionfactorswerederivedfromU.S.facilitytestreports.f##50#f#ԀTheTEQfactorwasobtainedfromrecenttestdataresultssuppliedbythepulpandpaperindustry.$ $H 60$H $ ԀTheprocess,fuelandcontrolconfigurationsofbothunitstestedaredescribedabove.TheEOMemissionfactorisbasedontheaverageofthetests'"' #70' #'"Ԁconductedonemissionsamplesfromthefluegasforthefivewoodfiredstokerboilersdescribedabove.Theemissionfactorfromthesetests(54ng/Jouleofthermalinput)wasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof17.2x10+'+2'60+2'+'ԁBtuperovendriedshorttonofwood.+'+2'80+2'+' D-(; & &   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     '&FThecategoryofindustrialwood-firedboilersisassumedtobea80percentmajor/20percentareasource,with80percentofwood-firedindustrialboilersemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.Thehigherpercentageofmajorsourcesisduetotheco-locationofmanyoftheseboilersatpulpandpaperfacilitieswhicharelikelytobemajorsources. REFERENCESFORINDUSTRIALWOODCOMBUSTION    1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1991.EstimateofU.S.BiofuelsConsumption   1990.Washington,DC.U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OfficeofCoal,Nuclear,Electric,andAlternativeFuels.DOE/EIA-0548(90). (#(# 2.0  AmericanForestandPaperAssociation.1996.StatisticsDataThrough1995,Paper, 4 Paperbound,andWoodPulp.Washington,D.C. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.October1992.EmissionFactorDocumentation H forAP-42,Section1.6-WoodWasteCombustioninBoilers.DraftReport.TechnicalSupportDivision,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# 4.0  Surprenant,N.F.,et.al.1980.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary  CombustionSystems,VolumeV:IndustrialCombustionSources.GCR-TR-79-62-G.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.82. (#(# 5.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.CompilationofAirPollutantEmissionFactors, 0"$ 5thEdition,AP42,VolumeI:StationaryPointandAreaSources,Section16.,WoodWasteCombustionBoilers.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.1995. (#(# 6.0  Someshwar,A.V.SummaryofMillTestReportsonWoodResidueCombustion,Black %0!( LiquorCombustion,andKraftMillSludgeBurning.NCASIFiles,Confidential.Gainesville,Florida:NationalCouncilofthePaperIndustryforAirandStreamImprovement,Inc.,1995. (#(# 7.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary |*%- CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.51.@-(0(#(# Ї8.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1991.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy  MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.28. (#(#   t  A.160  Commercial/InstitutionalCoalCombustion (#(# 0   PollutantsAddressed t(#(# 0  "0` (#(#EOM8 ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforcommercial/institutionalcoalcombustionbycoaltypeforthebaseyear1990is:0  "0` (#(#3,575,000tonsbituminousandlignitecoalburned61066` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#493,000tonsanthracitecoalburnedhH10HhH` (#` (# ThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  2"   TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisbasedonemissiontestsconductedbytheEPAaspartofit'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems, X ( VolumeIV:Commercial/InstitutionalCombustionSources.!! 20! !ԀAspartofthisstudy,two ! * bituminouspulverizeddrybottomboilers,threebituminousstokers,andthreeanthracitestokerswereselectedfortesting.Oneofthebituminouspulverizeddrybottomboilershadamulticlone/scrubberpollutioncontroldevice,andtwoofthebituminousstokershadmechanicalprecipitators.Theremainingboilersinthetesthadnocontroldevices.Inordertocalculateasingleweightedemissionfactoraspresentedbelow,thefollowingpercentagesofcoalusebyboilerdesigninthecommercialsectorwereused:85percentstokerand15percentpulverizeddrybottom.8+&h+&30h+&8+&ԀInaddition,thestokerfractionwasweightedbytherelativeconsumptionofbituminousandanthracitecoal;approximately88percentbituminousand12percentanthracite. ,(: Ї  EmissionFactors     TheemissionfactorsforEOMthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforcommercial/institutionalcoalcombustionis1.35lbEOM/shorttonofcoalconsumed.ThisEOMemissionfactor X8 408  XԀisacompositeemissionfactorthatrepresentsalltheboilerdesignsandfueltypesdescribedabove.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPA'steststudy(25.2ng/Jouleofthermalinput)wasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof22.98x10.~ ^ 60^ .~ ԁBtupershorttonofcoalconsumed..~ ^ 50^ .~   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  "r    Thecategoryofcommercial/institutionalcoalcombustionisassumedtobea20percentmajor/80percentareasource,with20percentofallcoal-firedcommercial/institutionalfacilitiesemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs. REFERENCESFORCOMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONALCOALCOMBUSTION     1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy # MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39344. (#(# 2.0  Surprenant,N.F.,et.al.1980.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary X & CombustionSystems,VolumeIV:Commercial/InstitutionalCombustionSources.GCR-TR-79-62-G.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.51-52. (#(# 3.0  RadianCorporation.1989.EstimatingAirToxicEmissionsfromCoalandOil $D + CombustionSources.EPA-450/2-89-001.PreparedforU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.3-76. (#(# 4.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary (#/ CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.46-47. (#(#   T,'3 5.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy   MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.465and473. (#(#   L   A.17  Commercial/InstitutionalDistillateFuelCombustion   0   PollutantsAddressed t(#(# 0  "0` (#(#EOM8 ` (#` (#    NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforcommercial/institutionaldistillatefuelcombustionbycoaltypeforthebaseyear1990is83,605,000barrelsdistillatefuelburned.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.   AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  H   TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowwasdevelopedfromemissionstestdatacollectedbytheEPAaspartofit'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary n CombustionSystems. 20 ԀEmissionstestingwasconductedatthreedistillatefuelfiredboilersin    thatstudy.Twooftheseboilerswereofthewatertubedesign,whilethethirdwasapackagedcastirontype.Therewerenocontroldevicesonanyofthethreeboilersthatweretested.  EmissionFactors  X (   TheemissionfactorsforEOMthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforcommercial/institutionaldistillatefuelcombustionis23.09lbEOM/1000barrelsofdistillatefuelconsumed.ThisEOMemissionfactorrepresentsanaveragefactorforthethreeboilersthataredescribedaboveandrepresentsuncontrolledconditions.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPA'sstudy(1.7ng/Jouleofthermalinput)t(#(#30(#t(#Ԁ&  wasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedabovebyusingthethermalconversionfactorof5.825x10)&%*V%60*V%)&%ԁBtuperbarrelofdistillatefuel.)&%*V%40*V%)&%'(l  *V%6   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     Thecategoryofcommercial/institutionaldistillatefuelcombustionisassumedtobea20percentmajor/80percentareasource,with20percentofalldistillate-firedcommercial/institutionalfacilitiesemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs. REFERENCESFORCOMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONALDISTILLATEFUEL ^  COMBUSTION  J  1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy ^  MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39344. (#(# 2.0  Surprenant,N.F.,et.al.1980.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary " CombustionSystems,VolumeIV:Commercial/InstitutionalCombustionSources.GCR-TR-79-62-G.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.54. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata,et.al.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventional n StationaryCombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.46-47. (#(# 4.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy  Z MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.478. (#(#   2!  A.180  Commercial/InstitutionalResidualFuelOilCombustion (#(# 0   PollutantsAddressed t(#(# 0  "0` (#(#EOM8 ` (#` (#    NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforcommercial/institutionalresidualfuelcombustionforthebaseyear1990is59,551,000barrelsresidualfuelburned.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  H   TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowwasdevelopedfromemissionstestdatacollectedbyEPAaspartofit'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustion n Sources. 20 ԀEmissionstestingwasconductedatfiveresidualfuel-firedboilersinthatstudy.Four    oftheseboilerswereofthewatertubedesign,whilethefifthwasapackagedfiretubedesign.Therewerenocontroldevicespresentonanyoftheboilersthatweretested.  EmissionFactors  X (   TheemissionfactorsforEOMthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforcommercial/institutionalresidualfuelcombustionis11.73lbEOM/1000barrelsofresidualfuelconsumed.ThisEOMemissionfactorrepresentsanaveragefactorforthefiveboilerstested,asdescribedabove,andrepresentsuncontrolledconditions.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPA'sstudy(0.8ng/Jouleofthermalinput)t(#(#30(#t(#Ԁwasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedabovebyusingthethermalconversionfactorof6.287x10)&%*V%60*V%)&%ԁBtuperbarrelofresidualfuel.)&%*V%40*V%)&%  *V%6 & &   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     The'&{Ԁcategoryofcommercial/institutionalresidualfuelcombustionisassumedtobea20percentmajor/80percentareasource,with20percentofallresidualoil-firedcommercial/institutionalfacilitiesemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs. REFERENCESFORCOMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONALRESIDUALFUEL ^  COMBUSTION  J  1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy ^  MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39344. (#(# 2.0  Surprenant,N.F.,et.al.1980.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary " CombustionSystems,VolumeIV:Commercial/InstitutionalCombustionSources.GCR-TR-79-62-G.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.54. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary n CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.46-47. (#(# 4.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy  Z MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.479. F (#(#  A.190  Commercial/InstitutionalNaturalGasCombustion (#(#    PollutantsAddressed  t 0  "0` (#(#EOM8 ` (#` (#    NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforcommercial/institutionalnaturalgascombustionforthebaseyear1990is2,677x10B "r 90"r B ԁcubicfeetnaturalgasburned.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  H   TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowwasdevelopedfromemissionstestdatacollectedbytheEPAaspartofit'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary n CombustionSources. 20 ԀEmissionstestingwasconductedatfivenaturalgas-firedboilersinthat    study.Allfiveoftheboilerswereofthepackagedwatertubedesign.Therewerenocontroldevicespresentonanyoftheboilers.  EmissionFactors  X (   TheEOMemissionfactorthatwasusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforcommercial/institutionalnaturalgascombustionis1440.85lbEOM/10N$~$90~$N$ԁcubicfeetofnaturalgasconsumed.ThisEOMemissionfactorrepresentsanaveragefactorforthefiveboilerstested,asdescribedabove,andrepresentsuncontrolledconditions.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPA'sstudy(0.6ng/Jouleofthermalinput)t(#(#30(#t(#Ԁwasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof1.03x10)&%*V%30*V%)&%ԁBtupercubicfootofnaturalgas.)&%*V%40*V%)&%  *V%6   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     Thecategoryofcommercial/institutionalnaturalgascombustionisassumedtobea20percentmajor/80percentareasource,with20percentofallcoal-firedcommercial/institutionalfacilitiesemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs. REFERENCESFORCOMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONALNATURALGAS ^  COMBUSTION  J  1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy ^  MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39344. (#(# 2.0  Surprenant,N.F.,et.al.1980.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary " CombustionSystems,VolumeIV:Commercial/InstitutionalCombustionSources.GCA-TR-79-62-G.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.53. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary n CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.46-47. (#(# 4.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy  Z MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.471. (#(#   "$  A.200  Commercial/InstitutionalWoodCombustion (#(# 0   PollutantsAddressed t(#(# 0  "0` (#(#EOM8 ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforcommercial/institutionalwoodcombustionforthebaseyear1990is1.7x10B "r 60"r B ԁshorttonsovendriedwoodburned.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelisbasedona1986NonresidentialBuildingsEnergyConsumptionSurveyconductedbyEIAandreportedinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.Commercialsectorwoodconsumptionisnotnormallyreportedinthatdatabasebecausetherearenoaccuratedatasourcestoprovidereliableestimates.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  n   Woodfiredboilersmakeuponly2percentoftheoverallfuelconsumptioninthecommercial/institutionalsector;petroleum(distillateandresidualfueloil)andnaturalgasaccountforapproximately96percentofthefueluseinthissectorforexternalcombustion.F20F  TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisbasedontestresultsfromtheEPA'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems,VolumeIV: #l, Commercial/InstitutionalCombustionSources.N$~$20~$N$ԀEmissionstestingwasconductedonone ~$. underfeed,woodstokertypeboileraspartofthatstudy.Therewerenopollutioncontroldevicesontheboilertested.  B'"2   EmissionFactors     TheemissionfactorforEOMthatwasusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforcommercial/institutionalwoodfiredboilersis2.29lbEOM/shorttonofdrywoodburned.ThisEOMemissionfactorrepresentsuncontrolledconditions.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPA'sstudy(57ng/Jouleofthermalinput)j  30 j Ԁwasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof17.2x10  L60 L ԁBtuperovendriedshorttonofwood.  L40 L   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions      Thecategoryofcommercial/institutionalwood-firedboilersisassumedtobe20percentmajor/80percentareasources,with20percentofwood-firedindustrialboilersemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs. REFERENCESFORCOMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONALWOODCOMBUSTION   \ 1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1991.EstimateofU.S.BiofuelsConsumption   1990.DOE/EIA-0548(90).U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OfficeofCoal,Nuclear,Electric,andAlternativeFuels,Washington,DC.p.6. (#(# 2.0  Surprenant,N.F.,et.al.1980.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary # CombustionSystems,VolumeIV:Commercial/InstitutionalCombustionSources.GCA-TR-79-62-G.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.2and55. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary #l( CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.47. (#(# 4.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1991.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy '#- MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.28. (#.(#(#  A.21  ResidentialCoalCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDD8 ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDF  ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ L ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDD^ ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDF ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates      Thenationalactivitylevelforresidentialcoalcombustionbycoaltypeforthebaseyear1990is:  "0 ` 1,929,000tonsbituminousandlignitecoalburned>n10n>n` (#` (#   "0 ` 732,000tonsanthracitecoalburned 10   ` (#` (# ThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  ! *   Emissionsfromresidentialcoalcombustionareassumedtobeuncontrolled.  EmissionFactors  B'"2   TableA14liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforresidentialcoalcombustion. ,(: @B TABLEA14.RESIDENTIALCOALCOMBUSTIONEMISSIONFACTORS   * dd@ d @ td l t l (#(#,<d ,<t"+  7"  z7Pollutant A,!l" AEmissionFactor 0 (lb/tonCoalBurned) ]H,l" z  q] AnthraciteCoal VG/ " q  qV2,3,7,8-TCDD 6# T 63.20x10 $ TԄ90 T $ J;# T  q  qJ2,3,7,8-TCDF 6#x   68.39x10H x Ԅ80x H  J;#x   q  qJ2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 6# <  61.2x10 < Ԅ70 <  J;# <  q  qJCDD 6#`  65.73x100 ` Ԅ70` 0  J;#`  q  qJCDF 6#$  61.83x10 $ Ԅ60$   T?#$  q  qT BituminousCoal VG/H " q  qV2,3,7,8-TCDD 6#  64.79x10 Ԅ90  J;#  q  qJ2,3,7,8-TCDF 6#0 61.26x10P0Ԅ700P J;#0 q  qJ2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 6# 61.97x10tԄ70t J;# q  qJCDD 6#h 68.67x108hԄ70h8 H7#h q  HCDF 6# 62.82x10\Ԅ60\3)' 0   3  Thedioxin/furanemissionfactorsarebasedondioxin/furanconcentrationsinsootsamplescollectedfrom7coalfurnacesandAP-42particulateemissionfactors.202,3,7,8-TCDD/TCDFisomerspecificemissionfactorsandhomologuetotalswereusedincalculating2,3,7,8-TCDDtoxicequivalencyundertheU.S.EPA1986scheme.b!!30!b!& &   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  V$)   '&V$_Thecategoryofresidentialcoalcombustionisassumedtobestrictlyanareasource,withnosinglecoal-firedfurnaceemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.  ,'5  REFERENCESFORRESIDENTIALCOALCOMBUSTION   1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy t MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.LocatingandEstimatingAirEmissions 8  fromSourcesofDioxinsandFurans.DraftReport.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1986.InterimProceduresforEstimatingRisks  8  AssociatedwithExposurestoMixturesofPolychlorinatedDibenzo-p-dioxinsand-Dibenzofurans(CDDsandCDFs).EPA-625/3-87-012.Washington,DC.59pp. (#(#      A.22  ResidentialDistillateFuelCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` EOM8 ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDD  ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDF L ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ^ ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDD ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDF"r ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates  6   Thenationalactivitylevelforresidentialdistillatefuelcombustionforthebaseyear1990is143,755,000barrelsdistillatefuelburned., \10 \,ԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  2"   Emissionsfromthesefurnaceswerealluncontrolled.TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisbasedonemissionstestdatafromtheEPA'sEmissionsAssessmentof X ( ConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems,VolumeI:Gas-andOil-firedResidentialHeatingSources."<#l20#l"<ԀEmissionstestingwasconductedforseven,conventionalhighpressuredesigned #l, residentialfurnaces.Fiveofthesewereoftheforcedairvariety,andtheothertwowereforcedhotwaterdesigns.& &   EmissionFactors  (#4   '&(mTableA15liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforresidentialdistillatefuelcombustion. ,(: Ї@DDE TABLEA15.RESIDENTIALDISTILLATEFUELCOMBUSTION  @VEMISSIONFACTORS   *r   d d<d <<t"<(#(#r,( d ,( td ,( t +  7" t 7Pollutant A,!l" AEmissionFactor A,!l" AUnits SD,l"   qSEOM 2#  220.37 ?,! " ?lb/10`  30 ` Ԁbarrels SD,  " q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDD 2# T  21.96x10 $ TԄ80 T $ ?,! T " ?lb/10 $ T30 T $Ԁbarrels SD, T " q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDF 2#x   21.86x10H x Ԅ80x H  ?,!x " ?lb/10H x 30x H Ԁbarrels SD,x " q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2# <  25.26x10 < Ԅ80 <  ?,! < " ?lb/10 < 30 < Ԁbarrels SD, < " q  qSCDD 2#`  21.47x100 ` Ԅ70` 0  ?,!` " ?lb/100 ` 30` 0 Ԁbarrels Q@,` " q  QCDF 4#$  44.91x10 $ Ԅ70$   ?,!$ " ?lb/10 $ 30$  Ԁbarrels<20$ " 0    <  TheEOMemissionfactorrepresentsanaveragefactorforthefivefurnacesthatweretestedintheEPA'sstudyreferencedabove.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPAstudy(1.5ng/Jouleofthermalinput)Hx30xHԀwasconvertedtotheEOMemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof5.825x10*60*ԁBtuperbarrelofdistillatefuel.*40*  Thedioxin/furanemissionfactorsarebasedondioxin/furanconcentrationsinsootsamplesfrom21distillatefuel-firedfurnacesusedincentralheatingandAP-42particulateemissionfactors.2b50b2Ԁ2,3,7,8-TCDD/TCDFisomerspecificemissionfactorsandhomologuetotalswereusedincalculating2,3,7,8-TCDDtoxicequivalencyundertheU.S.EPA1986scheme.60  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  "0   Thecategoryofresidentialdistillatefuelcombustionisassumedtobestrictlyanareasource,withnosingledistillatefuel-firedfurnaceemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.  *$&<  REFERENCESFORRESIDENTIALDISTILLATEFUELCOMBUSTION   1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy t MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39344. (#(# 2.0  Surprenant,N.F.,et.al.1979.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary 8  CombustionSystems,VolumeI:Gas-andOil-firedResidentialHeatingSources.EPA-600/7-79-029b.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.37. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary $  CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.31. (#(# 4.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy p MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.478. (#(# & ` 5.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.LocatingandEstimatingAirEmissions 4 fromSourcesofDioxinsandFurans.DraftReport.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# 6.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1986.InterimProceduresforEstimatingRisks 4 AssociatedwithExposurestoMixturesofPolychlorinatedDibenzo-p-dioxinsand-Dibenzofurans(CDDsandCDFs).EPA-625/3-87-012.Washington,DC.59pp. (#(# '`4    A.230  ResidentialNaturalGasCombustion (#(# 0   PollutantsAddressed t(#(# 0  "0` (#(#EOM8 ` (#` (#    NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Thenationalactivitylevelforresidentialnaturalgascombustionforthebaseyear1990is4,313x10B "r 90"r B ԁcubicfeetnaturalgasburned.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelisreportedbyStateinthereferencedEIAStateenergyconsumptiondatabase.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  H   TheEOMemissionfactorpresentedbelowisbasedonemissionstestdatafromtheEPA'sEmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems,VolumeI:Gas-and n Oil-firedResidentialHeatingSources. 20 ԀEmissionstestingwasconductedforsixnatural    gas-fired,conventionalforcedairheatingfurnaces.Therewerenoemissioncontroldevicesonthesefurnacesandnoneareassumedtobepresentforthisinventory.   EmissionFactors  X (   TheemissionfactorforEOMthatwasusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforresidentialnaturalgascombustionis1921.13lbEOM/10N$~$90~$N$ԁcubicfeetofnaturalgasconsumed.ThisemissionfactorrepresentsanaverageofthetestresultsforthesixfurnacesthatwerepartoftheEPAstudyreferencedabove.TheemissionfactorfromtheEPAstudy(0.8ng/Jouleofthermalinput)t(#(#30(#t(#Ԁwasconvertedtotheemissionfactorpresentedaboveusingthethermalconversionfactorof1.03x10)&%*V%30*V%)&%ԁBtupercubicfootofnaturalgas.)&%*V%40*V%)&%  *V%6   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     Thecategoryofresidentialnaturalgascombustionisassumedtobestrictlyanareasource,withnosinglenaturalgas-firedresidentialfurnaceemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs. REFERENCESFORRESIDENTIALNATURALGASCOMBUSTION   L  1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy   MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.pp.39-344. (#(# 2.0  Surprenant,N.F.,et.al.1979.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary   CombustionSystems,VolumeI:Gas-andOil-firedResidentialHeatingSources.EPA-600/7-79-029b.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.37. (#(# 3.0  Shih,C.C.andA.M.Takata.1981.EmissionsAssessmentofConventionalStationary  p CombustionSystems:SummaryReport.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.31. (#(# 4.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.1992.StateEnergyDataReport.OfficeofEnergy   MarketsandEndUse,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC.p.471. (#(#   X !  A.24  ResidentialWoodCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t 0  "0` (#(#EOM8 ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDD  ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDF L ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ^ ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDD ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDF"r ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevel  6   29.1millioncords(33.8milliontons)ofwoodwerecombustedinresidentialwoodcombustorsin1990., \1,20 \,ԀThenationwidepercentageofwoodconsumptionis28percentforfireplacesand72percentforwoodstoves.>n20n>ԀOfthe72percentcombustedinwoodstoves,nomorethanfivepercentiscombustedincatalyticandnoncatalyticstoves. 30 ԀForcalculationalpurposes,itisassumedtheremaining95percent(ofthe72percent)iscombustedinconventionalwoodstoves.  EOMEmissionsEstimate  X (   TheEOMemissionfactorsforwoodstovesweredevelopedfromemissionsdataresultingfrom12testsonaconventionalwoodstoveandtwotestsonacatalyticwoodstove.N$~$40~$N$ԀAfactorwasdevelopedforconventionalwoodstovesfromtheconventionalwoodstoveemissionsdata.Also,afactorwasdevelopedfromthecatalyticwoodstoveemissionsdataandwasusedtoestimateemissionsforcatalyticandnoncatalyticwoodstoves.  EOMemissionsdataforfireplaceswerenotavailable.TodevelopanEOMemissionfactorforfireplaces,theratiooftheEOMfactortothe16-PAHemissionfactorforconventional ,(: woodstoveswascalculatedandappliedtothe16-PAHemissionfactorforfireplaces.Thedevelopmentof16-PAHemissionfactorsisdescribedinAppendixB.AnnualEOMemissionsforconventionalwoodstoves=33.8milliontons*72%*95%*19.61lb/ton=453,257,725lbAnnualEOMemissionsforcatalytic/noncatalyticwoodstoves=33.8milliontons*72%*5%*7.41lb/ton=9,019,949lbAnnualEOMemissionsforfireplaces=33.8milliontons*28%*(19.61/0.718)*0.037lb/ton=9,483,939lbAnnualEOMemissionsforresidentialwoodcombustion=471,761,612lb=235,881tonsEOMemissionsfactorforresidentialwoodcombustion=471,761,612lb/33,800,000tons=13.96lb/tons  Dioxin/FuranEmissionsEstimate  $   Thedioxin/furanfactorsusedtoestimateemissionsfromresidentialwoodcombustionareweightedemissionfactorsthatrepresentfireplaceandwoodstoveuse.Dioxin/furanemissionestimatesattributedtoresidentialwoodcombustionwerebasedonamethodologydevelopedbyEPA'sOfficeofHealthExposureandAssessment.N$~$50~$N$ԀUsingtworecentstudies(conductedinSwitzerlandandDenmark)thatreporteddirectmeasurementofCDD/CDFemissionsfromwoodstoves,anaverageemissionfactorof2x10'b"B'"Ԅ90B'"'b"ԀlbTEQ/ton(1ngTEQ/kg)wasderived.Annual2,3,7,8TCDDemissions=33.8milliontons*2.55x1011lb/ton=8,62x104lb=4.31x107tons h+&8  ,(: Annual2,3,7,8TCDFemissions=33.8milliontons*8.9x1010lb/ton=3.01x102lb=1.50x105lb b Annual2,3,7,8TCDDTEQemissions=33.8milliontons*2.0*109lb/ton=6.76x102lb=3.38x105tons   8     `    Major/AreaSourceAssumptions   L    Thecategoryofresidentialwoodconsumptionisassumedtobestrictlyanareasource,withnosinglewoodstoveorfireplaceemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs. REFERENCESFORRESIDENTIALWOODCOMBUSTION  H 1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.February,1993.HouseholdEnergyConsumption  \ andExpenditures1990.DOE/EIA0321(90). (#(# 2.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.February1993.HouseholdEnergyConsumption   andExpenditures1990,Supplement:Regional.OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse.DOE/EIA-0321(90/S).pp.30,115,205,and297. (#(# 3.0  LetterandattachmentsfromDavidMenotti,Shaw,Potts,andTrowbridge,toAnnePope, " U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Commentstothedraft112(c)(6)emissionsinventoryreport.November27,1996. (#(# 4.0  Steeber,Raymond,S.1991.ComparisonofEmissionsandOrganicFingerprintsfrom 0"& CombustionofOilandWood.Presentationat84thAnnualMeetingandExhibitionofAirandWasteManagementAssociation.Vancouver,BritishColumbia.91-136.2. (#(# 5.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1994.EstimatingExposurestoDioxin %0!* LikeCompounds,VolumeII:Properties,Sources,Occurrence,andBackgroundExposures.ExternalReviewDraft.EPA-600/6-88-005Cb.OfficeofHealthandEnvironmentalAssessment,Washington,DC.pp.31433146. (#-(#(#  A.25  IronFoundries     PollutantsAddressed  t 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD8 ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF  ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ L ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevel/EmissionEstimates      Thenationalactivitylevelforironfoundriesforthebaseyear1990is6,187,878tonsofironcasting.6106ԀThenationalactivitylevelestimateisforironcastingsproducedbycupolas.6106ԀEmissionfactorswillbeusedtoestimateemissionsassociatedwiththenationalactivitydata.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels   \   TheemissionfactorsusedtoestimateemissionsfromcupolaironfoundrieswerederivedfromoneCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)AB-2588facilitytestreport.R2202RԀThetestreportquantifiedemissionsfromabatchoperatedcupolafurnacechargedwithpigiron,scrapiron,steelscrap,coke,andlimestone.Emissioncontroldevicesinoperationduringthetestwereanoil-firedafterburnerandabaghouse.& &    EmissionFactors  #l,   TableA17liststheemissionfactors'&#foreachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforironfoundries.Thedioxin/furanemissionfactorswerederivedfromoneCARBAB-2588facilitytestreport.2Fullyspeciateddioxin/furanprofileswere (#4 availabletocalculate2,3,7,8-TCDDtoxicequivalencyundertheU.S.EPA1989scheme.)&%*V%30*V%)&%  *V%6 @S S I TABLEA17.IRONFOUNDRYEMISSIONFACTORS   *   dd( d ( ( td ( ( t (  (#(#,( d ,( td ,( t +  7"  7Pollutant A,!0" AEmissionFactor A,!0" AUnits SD,0"   qS2,3,7,8-TCDD 2# 22.47x10tԄ100t ?,!" ?lb/tonproduct SD," q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDF 2# h  27.92x10 8 hԄ90 h 8 ?,! h " ?lb/tonproduct H7, h " q  qH2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 4#   43.68x10\  Ԅ90 \  ?,!  " ?lb/tonproduct<20 " 0 q   <  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  l    Ironfoundriesareassumedtobemajorsources,withallfacilitiesemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.&   REFERENCESFORIRONANDSTEELFOUNDRIES  V 1'VL.0  LetterandattachmentsfromMosher,G.E.,AmericanFoundrymen'sSociety,Inc.toU.S. j EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,DocketNo.A9705.August5,1997. (#(# 2.0  EmissionsMeasurementsofaCupolaBaghouseforAB-2588Toxics.December1990. .! ConfidentialReportNo.ERC-61.CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,Sacramento,California. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1989.InterimProceduresforEstimatingRisks % AssociatedwithExposurestoMixturesofChlorinatedDibenzo-p-dioxinsand-Dibenzofurans(CDDsandCDFs)and1989Update.EPA-625/3-84-016.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofHealthandEnvironmentalAssessment,Washington,DC.98pp. >#)(#(#  A.260  SecondaryCopperSmelters (#(#   PollutantsAddressed  t 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD8 ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ  ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevel/EmissionEstimates  ^    Theactivitydataforsecondarycoppersmeltersforthebaseyear1990isavailableonlyonanationallevel.Testdatawereavailablefor2,3,7,8-TCDDforoneU.S.facility,anditwasnotpossibletodevelopanemissionfactorfromthetestdata.The2,3,7,8-TCDDand2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQnationalemissionestimatesthereforerepresentonlyonefacility.hH10HhԀ  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels   \   TheemissionfactorsthatwereusedinthepasttoestimateemissionsfromsecondarycoppersmelterswerederivedfromtestdatafromoneU.S.facility,anditwasdeterminedthatthefacilityisnotrepresentativeoftheindustry.d1,20dԀTheunittestedwasabatch-fedcupolatypeblastfurnacecontrolledbygas-firedafterburnersandafabricfilter.Thefacilityisnotrepresentativeoftheindustrybecauseatthetimeoftestingwireburningratherthanchoppingwasusedtoremoveinsulation.!! 10! !Ԁ&    EmissionFactors  ~$.   Emissionfactorswerenotusedtoestimateemissionsfromthissource.2,3,7,8-TCDD emissionsdatawereusedtocalculatethe2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQvalues.t(#(#30(#t(#Ԁ'~$ (#4 &     Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     Thecategoryofsecondarycoppersmeltingisassumedtobea45percentmajor/55percentareasource,with45percentofall'Nsecondarycoppersmeltersemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.ThesplitisbasedonindustryobservationsmadebyEPAduringtheMACTstandardsdevelopmentprocess. REFERENCESFORSECONDARYCOPPERSMELTERS  ^  1.0  ResearchTriangleInstitute.1994.PreliminarySourceAssessmentfortheSecondary "r  CopperSmeltingIndustry.PreparedfortheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1987.NationalDioxinStudyTier4 " CombustionSources.FinalTestReportSite10SecondaryCopperRecoveryCupolaFurnaceMETA.EPA450/487014s.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1986.InterimProceduresforEstimatingRisks  AssociatedwithExposurestoMixturesofPolychlorinatedDibenzo-p-dioxinsandDibenzofurans(CDDsandCDFs).EPA-625/3-87-012.Washington,DC.59pp. (#(#   n  A.27  SecondaryLeadSmelters     Secondaryleadsmeltinginvolvestherecoveryofleadfromscrapautomobilebatteries.0  PollutantsAddressed 8 (#(# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD L ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF^ ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#CDD"r ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#CDF ` (#` (# 0  NationalEmissions/ActivityLevels H(#(#   Thenationalactivitylevelforsecondaryleadsmeltersforthebaseyear1990is948,000tonsleadproduced.>n10n>ԀNationalemissionestimatesweremadeusingemissionfactorsandfacilityspecificprocess,controltechnology,andproductiondatacompiledundertheSecondaryLeadSmeltingNESHAPprogram.TheNESHAPestimatesfordioxins/furansemissionsareasfollows:  "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDD1.95x10( xX Ԅ30X ( xԁlb/yrX (` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDF1.20x10"P0"Ԅ200""Pԁlb/yr0"*` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ8.49x10#($XԄ30$X#(ԁlb/yr$X,` (#` (#   "0 ` TotalCDD1.27x10%!%0!Ԅ10%0!%!ԁlb/yr%0!.` (#` (#   "0 ` TotalCDF2.50x10'"'#Ԅ10'#'"ԁlb/yr'#0` (#` (#   )$2 & &    AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels     '&Z TherearethreeprincipalfurnacetypesinoperationatsecondaryleadsmeltingfacilitiesintheU.S.,theblastfurnace,therotaryfurnaceandthereverberatoryfurnace.Emissioncontroltechnologiesusedincludebaghousesorabaghousewithascrubber.  EmissionFactors   L    TableA19liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforsecondaryleadsmelters.Thedioxin/furanemissionfactorswerederivedfromindustrytestreportsofthreefacilitiesrepresentingthethreeprincipalfurnacetypesinuse.62,3,406ԀControlled(baghouseandscrubber)anduncontrolled(baghouseonly)emissionfactorsforeachfurnacetypewereinputintotheNESHAPindustrydatabasetoestimateStatelevelemissions.Fullyspeciateddioxin/furanprofileswereavailabletocalculate2,3,7,8-TCDDtoxicequivalency., \50 \,Ԁ  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions       Thecategoryofsecondaryleadsmeltingisassumedtobea52percentmajor/48percentareasource,with52percentofallsecondaryleadsmeltersemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.( xX 60X ( xԀThissplitisbasedonindustryobservationsmadebyEPAduringtheMACTstandardsdevelopmentprocess @} } H TABLEA19.SECONDARYLEADSMELTINGEMISSION ~$. @ OFACTORS(LB/TONLEADPRODUCED)  j% / * dd( d ( ( td ( ( t (  (#(#,( d ,( td ,( t +  7" B'"1 7Pollutant A,!':#2" ABaghouseOutlet A,!':#3" AScrubberOutlet ]H,':#4"   q] RotaryFurnace VG/^)$5" q  qV2,3,7,8-TCDD 2#*"&6 23.16x10*%*"&Ԅ100*"&*% ?,!*"&7" ?3.96x10*%*"&Ԅ100*"&*% SD,*"&8" q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDF 2#F,'9 22.00x10,f'F,'Ԅ90F,',f' ?,!F,':" ?2.00x10,f'F,'Ԅ90F,',f' SD,F,';" q  qS c  i    2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2#h  2 1.42x108 Xh Ԅ90h 8 X ?,!h " ?1.21x108 Xh Ԅ100h 8 X SD,h " q  qSTotalCDD 2#  21.49x10  Ԅ80   ?,! " ?1.85x10  Ԅ90   SD, " q  qSTotalCDF 2#P p 25.16x10 @P pԄ80P p @ ?,!P p" ?5.16x10 @P pԄ80P p @ ]H,P p " q  q] BlastFurnace VG/  " q  qV2,3,7,8-TCDD 2#8X  24.46x10(8XԄ908X( ?,!8X " ?5.38x10(8XԄ1008X( SD,8X " q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDF 2# 21.85x10|Ԅ80| ?,!" ?1.97x10|Ԅ90| SD," q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2# @  21.76x10 @ Ԅ80 @   ?,! @ " ?1.68x10 @ Ԅ90 @   SD, @ " q  qSTotalCDD 2#  22.94x10d  Ԅ70 d  ?,! " ?2.26x10d  Ԅ80 d  SD, " q  qSTotalCDF 2#(  25.10x10 ( Ԅ70(   ?,!( " ?4.74x10 ( Ԅ80(   ]H,( " q  q] Blast/ReverbFurnace VG/| " q  qV2,3,7,8-TCDD 2# 21.48x10Ԅ100 ?,!" ?1.75x10Ԅ100 SD," q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDF 2#d 28.34x104TdԄ90d4T ?,!d" ?2.88x104TdԄ90d4T SD,d " q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2#! 22.68x10Ԅ90 ?,!"" ?8.14x10Ԅ100 SD,#" q  qSTotalCDD 2#Ll$ 21.12x10<LlԄ80Ll< ?,!Ll%" ?1.42x10<LlԄ80Ll< Q@,Ll&" q  QTotalCDF 4#' 47.66x10Ԅ80 ?,!(" ?3.16x10Ԅ80<20)" 0    <&   REFERENCESFORSECONDARYLEADSMELTERS  !- 1'!=.0  Larrabee,D.A.Lead.1991.In:U.S.IndustrialOutlook1991.U.S.Departmentof d$0 Commerce,InternationalTradeAdministration,Washington,DC. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1992.DraftEmissionTestReport.HAP ('H3 EmissionTestingonSelectedSourcesataSecondaryLeadSmelter.TejasResources,Inc.PreparedbyRoyF.Weston,Inc.ContractNo.68-D1-0104. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1993.DraftEmissionTestReport.HAP *!7 EmissionTestingonSelectedSourcesataSecondaryLeadSmelter.SchuylkillMetalsCorporation.PreparedbyRoyF.Weston,Inc.ContractNo.68-D1-0104.,#9(#(# d  4.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1993.DraftEmissionTestReport.HAP  EmissionTestingonSelectedSourcesataSecondaryLeadSmelter.EastPennManufacturingCompany.PreparedbyRoyF.Weston,Inc.ContractNo.68-D1-0104. (#(# 5.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1989.InterimProceduresforEstimatingRisks L  AssociatedwithExposurestoMixturesofChlorinatedDibenzo-p-dioxinsandDibenzofurans(CDDsandCDFs)and1989Update.EPA-625/3-84-016.OfficeofHealthandEnvironmentalAssessment,Washington,DC.98pp. (#(# 6.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1995.SecondaryLeadSmeltingBackground  8  InformationDocumentforPromulgatedStandards.EPA453/R95008b.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(#      A.28  PrimaryAluminumProduction     PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` EOM8 ` (#` (#   EmissionEstimates   L    TheannualemissionsestimatewasdevelopedfromdatapresentedinthebackgrounddocumentationforthedevelopmentofthePrimaryAluminumIndustryMACT.B "r 10"r B ԀThedocumentpresentsbaselineemissionsestimateswhicharerepresentativeof1990emissions.T  20 T Ԁ  Thebaselineemissionestimatesarebasedonmodelprocesses.Dataprovidedfromindustryinformationcollectionrequestswereusedtodevelopmodelprocessesthatrepresentthemajorproductionprocessesintheindustry(aluminumproduction,pasteproduction,andanodebaking),andtheannualproductionratesandemissionfactorsforeachprocess.Thealuminumproductionprocesswasdividedintothefourdifferenttypesofpotlinesusedintheindustry:centerworkedprebake;sideworkedprebake;horizontalstudSoderberg;and,verticalstudSoderberg.EOMemissionsfortheindividualprocesseswereestimatedusingtheappropriateactivitydataandemissionfactors.Theindividualestimatesweresummedtoobtainanoverallestimateforprimaryaluminumproduction.Theactivitydata,emissionfactor,andemissionsestimateforeachprocessarepresentedinthefollowingtable.  1990emissionswillbereducedby50percentaftertheprimaryaluminumindustryMACTisimplemented.& b   'b(K    (#4         *V%6   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions     Thecategoryofprimaryaluminumproductionisassumedtobe45percentmajorsources,and55percentareasources.ThissplitisbasedonindustryobservationsmadebyEPAduringtheMACTstandardsdevelopmentprocess.* dd( d ( ( td ( ( t ( (#(#, l< ,L<E,+L<e,_Lle+  7"  L  Zx7Process A,!t  " AActivityData A,!t " AEmissionFactor A,!t " AEOMEmissions(tons) UB,` " x Z  AXUAluminiumProductiona  M>&  X A  XMCWPB 2#H  23,124,500tonsaluminumproduced ;,!4  ;1.38lb/tonaluminumproduced ?,!4  ?2,161 J;#H  X   XJSWPB 2#(x 2500,000tonsaluminumproduced ;,!d ;0.30lb/tonaluminumproduced ?,!d ?75 J;#(x X   XJHSS 2#X 2447,000tonsaluminumproduced ;,!D! ;3.74lb/tonaluminumproduced ?,!D# ?835 J;#X$ X   XJVSS 2#% 2435,000tonsaluminumproduced ;,!t' ;0.47lb/tonproduced ?,!( ?103 J;#) X   *XJAnodeBakeFurnaces 2#* 22,032,000tonsanodeproduced ;,!, ;0.55lb/tonanodeproduced ?,!. ?555 J;#/ X *  *XJPasteProduction 2#80 22,722,720tonspasteproduced ;,!$2 ;0.11lb/tonpasteproduced ?,!$4 ?147 L;#85 X *  qXLTotalEOMEmissions(tons) h 9&h6 93,8763)'h7 X0 q   3$FXX$a0 F CWPB=Centerworkedprebake p8F(#F(# Ѐ0 F SWPB=Sideworkedprebake !\9F(#F(# Ѐ0 F VSS=VerticalStudSoderberg!H:F(#F(# Ѐ0 F HSS=HorizontalStudSoderberg "4;F(#F(# $ XFX$ REFERENCESFORPRIMARYALUMINUMPRODUCTION   1.0  PrimaryAluminumIndustry:TechnicalSupportDocumentforProposalMACT t Standards.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.July1996. (#(# 2.0  DataprovidedbySteveFruh,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,toJackJohnson, $ t EasternResearchGroup,Inc.on1990emissionsfromthePrimaryAluminumIndustry.January7,1996. (#(#      A.29  SecondaryAluminumProduction      PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ8 ` (#` (#   EmissionEstimates  L     Anational2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQemissionsestimateforsecondaryaluminumproductionwasdevelopedfromdataprovidedbyTheAluminumAssociationtotheU.S.EPA.B "r 1,20"r B ԀDatathatcouldbeusedtodevelopmassemissionsestimatesofdioxins/furanswerenotavailable.  Theemissionsestimateisbasedonmodelprocessesthatrepresentthemainprocessesandemissioncontrolsusedbythesecondaryaluminumindustry.Anannual2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQemissionratewasdevelopedforeachprocess/controlconfiguration,basedon8,760hoursofoperationperyear.Inaddition,autilizationfactor(thepercentoftimethattheprocessisactuallyinoperation)wasdevelopedforeachconfigurationandthenumberofprocessunitsforeachconfigurationwereidentified.ToestimateactualannualTEQemissionsfromaprocess/control,theTEQemissionrate(lb/yr)wasmultipliedbytheutilizationfactor(percentorfraction)andthenumberofprocessunitsinoperation.ThedatausedtodeveloptheemissionsestimatesarepresentedinTableA20.  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  "+   Thecategoryofsecondaryaluminumsmeltingisassumedtobea45percentmajor/55percentareasource,with45percentofallsecondaryaluminumdelaqueringfurnaceslocatedatfacilitiesemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.ThissplitisbasedonindustryobservationsmadebyEPAduringtheMACTstandardsdevelopmentprocess.  T,'9 * d d l<  L<E+L<e+_Lle_(#(#,_l< ,?L<E,L<e,pL<e,L<%,LlU+  7"  Cx7Process A,!(x" AControls A,!(x" ATEQEmissionRate(lb/yr)a A,!P" AUtilizationFactorb A,!d" ANumberofUnits A,!d " ATEQ (x  Emissions(lbs)c SD,P " x C  1HSScrapDryers 2#D  2Afterburner ;,!D ;0.013 2#D 20.8 2#D 219 6#D 60.1976 J;#D H 1  *XJScrapDryers 2#  2Afterburner/Baghouse ;,!t  ;0.0059 2#  20.8 2#  25 6#  60.0236 J;#  X *  AXJDelacqueringUnits 2#  2Afterburner ;,!  ;0.00015 2#  20.8 2#  221 6#  60.0025 J;#  X A  AXJFoundrySidewells 2# L  2Baghouse ;,! L! ;0.00051 2# L" 20.7 2# L# 241 6# L$ 60.0145 J;# L% X A  AXJFoundrySidewells 2#@ & 2Uncontrolled ;,!@ ' ;0.00425 2#@ ( 20.7 2#@ ) 239 6#@ * 60.1161 J;#@ + X A  AXJNonfoundrySidewells 2# , 2Uncontrolled ;,! - ;0.000056 2# . 20.8 2# / 28 6# 0 60.00036 J;# 1 X A  *XJOtherReverberatoryFurnaces 2# 3 2Uncontrolled ;,! 4 ;0.000056 2# 5 20.8 2# 6 2564 6# 7 60.0253 L;# 8 X *  qXLTotalEmissions 9&H9 90.383)'H: X0 q   3$FXX$a0 F Emissionratebasedon8,760hours/yearofoperation.P;F(#F(# b0 F Percentoftimeprocessisactuallyoperating.<<F(#F(# c0 F Emissionrate(lb/yr)*Utilizationfactor(unitless)*Numberofunits.(=F(#F(#  $ XFX$REFERENCESFORSECONDARYALUMINUMSMELTERS  @ 1.0  MemorandumfromBobStrieter,TheAluminumAssociation,toJuanSantiago,U.S. `C EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.AnnualDioxinEmissionsforSecondaryAluminumProduction.May17,1996. (#(# 2.0  MemorandumfromJuanSantiago,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,toJack  `G Johnson,EasternResearchGroup,Inc.NewDioxin/FuranEmissionsDataReceivedfromTheAluminumAssociation.January22,1997. (#(#   #K  A.300  DrumandBarrelReclamation/Incineration (#(#   PollutantsAddressed  t 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD8 ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF  ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ L ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#CDD^ ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#CDF ` (#` (#    NationalActivityLevel/EmissionEstimates      Thenationalactivitylevelfordrumandbarrelreclamation/incinerationforthebaseyear1990is4,600,000drums(55-gallon)burned.z10zԀNationalemissionestimatesweremadeusingemissionfactorsandthereportedtotalnumberofdrumsthermallyreclaimed.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels       Theemissionfactorsusedtoestimateemissionsfromdrumandbarrelreclamation/incinerationwerederivedfromtestdatafromoneU.S.facilityoperatingatunnelfurnacecontrolledbyahightemperatureafterburner.  EmissionFactors  #l,   TableA21liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimatefordrumandbarrelreclamation/incineration.'b"B'"20B'"'b"ԀThedioxin/furanemissionfactorswerederivedfromonefacilitytestreportconductedundertheTier4NationalDioxinSurvey.2,3,7,8-TCDD/TCDFisomerspecificemission&  factorsandhomologuetotalswereusedincalculating2,3,7,8-TCDDtoxicequivalencyundertheU.S.EPA1986scheme.8+&h+&30h+&8+&Ԁ'* ,(: @eeB TABLEA21.DRUMANDBARRELRECLAMATIONEMISSIONFACTORS   * d d_l< _?L<E?L<epL<epL<%LlU(#(#,( d ,( td ,( t +  7"  7Pollutant A,!0" AEmissionFactor A,!0" AUnits SD,0"   qS2,3,7,8-TCDD 2# 24.61x10tԄ90t ?,!" ?lb/10t30tԁdrum SD," q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDF 2# h  28.05x10 8 hԄ80 h 8 ?,! h " ?lb/10 8 h30 h 8ԁdrum SD, h " q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2#   21.09x10\  Ԅ70 \  ?,!  " ?lb/10\  30 \ ԁdrum SD, " q  qSCDD 2# P 24.48x10  PԄ70 P  ?,! P" ?lb/10  P30 P ԁdrum Q@, P" q  QCDF 4#t  42.43x10D t Ԅ60t D  ?,!t " ?lb/10D t 30t D ԁdrum<20t " 0    <  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  T    Thecategoryofdrumandbarrelreclamation/incinerationisassumedtobestrictlyanareasource,withnodrumandbarrelreclamation/incinerationfacilitiesemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.&   REFERENCESFORDRUMANDBARRELRECLAMATION/INCINERATION  # 1'[.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1994.EstimatingExposurestoDioxin d& LikeCompounds,VolumeII:Properties,Sources,Occurrence,andBackgroundExposures.ExternalReviewDraft.EPA-600/6-88-005Cb.OfficeofHealthandEnvironmentalAssessment,Washington,DC.p.3-69. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.LocatingandEstimatingAirEmissions "P+ fromSourcesofDioxinsandFurans.DraftReport.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# &  3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1986.InterimProceduresforEstimatingRisks %!/ AssociatedwithExposurestoMixturesofPolychlorinatedDibenzo-p-dioxinsandDibenzofurans(CDDsandCDFs).EPA-625/3-87-012.Washington,DC.'%e59pp. (#(#   L*%4  A.31  CokeOvens     PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` EOM8 ` (#` (#   NationalActivity/EmissionLevels   L    The1990nationalactivitylevelforthecokeproductioncategoryasreportedbyEIAis28.9milliontonsofcokeproduced.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelrepresentscokeproductionfromfurnacecokeplants(25.2milliontonsofcokeproducedperyear)andmerchantcokeplants(3.7tonsofcokeproducedperyear).Furnaceplantsareownedbyoraffiliatedwithiron-andsteelproducingcompaniesthatproducecokeprimarilyforconsumptionintheirownblastfurnaces.Merchantplantsproducecokeforsaleontheopenmarket,sellingmostoftheirproducttofirmsengagedinblastfurnace,foundry,andnonferrousoperations.  AssumptionsonProcessesandControlLevels       Theemissionfactorpresentedbelowrepresentsemissionsfromchargingoperations,leakingdoors,charginglids,andovenofftakes,allofwhichareemissionpointsassociatedwiththecokingprocess.ThereareotherpotentialEOMemissionpointswithinacokeovenbyproductplant(e.g.,quenching,tardecantingandstorage,andpushingoperations),buttherewasnotsuitableemissionfactordataavailabletoestimateemissionsfromthesepoints.  Theemissionsfromeachofthepointsconsideredinthisinventoryarefugitiveemissionsandarehighlydependentonthemaintenanceofthecokeovensandworkerpractice.Theemissionratesfordoorsaredependentonhowwellthesealsaroundthedoorsaremaintained.Theratesofemissionsforlidsandofftakesaredependentonworkerpracticeinapplyingsealants aroundthegaps,thesizeofthegaps,andpressurefluctuationsaroundthecokeoven.Charging h+&8 emissionratesareafunctionofthetimeoverwhichthecoalisloadedintotheoven,thepressurefluctuationsaroundtheoven,andthegapsizearoundthechargingports.   Theemissionfactorusedinthisreportreflectsanaveragebetweenwell-controlledandpoorlycontrolledcokeovens.TheEPAreport X8 208  XԀfromwhichthisemissionfactorwasdevelopedcreatedasetofthreemodelcokeovenbatteriesrepresentingcokeovensthatproducefoundrycoke,oldercokeovensproducingblastfurnacecokebuiltbefore1972,andnewercokeovensproducingblastfurnacecokebuiltbetween1972and1987(Model1,Model2,andModel3,respectively).Associatedoperatingparameterssuchaschargingrate,percentleakingdoors,percentleakinglids,andcycletimeswerebuiltintothemodels.Thedatabaseonwhichthemodelswerebuiltincluded528observationsat15cokeovenbatteries.  EmissionFactors  H   TheemissionfactorforEOMthatwasusedinthisinventoryis0.047lbEOM/tonofcokeproduced.ThisEOMfactorrepresentstopsideemissionsfromcokeovensasdescribedabove.Thisemissionfactorrepresentsemissionsassociatedwithchargingoperations,doorleaks,leaksfromcharginglids,andfromovenofftakes.Asdescribedabove,thisemissionfactorrepresentsanaveragebetweenawellcontrolledandpoorlycontrolledcokeoven.  TheEOMemissionfactorwasdevelopedfromfourseparateemissionfactorspresentedintheEPA'scokeovensdocument.!! 30! !ԀThefouremissionfactors(oneforeachofthefouremissionpointsincludedinthisinventory)werepresentedinthatdocumentasemissionratesofbenzenesolubleorganics(BSO)foreachofthethreemodelcokeovenbatteriesthatwerecreated.Thoughnotchemicallyidentical,forthepurposesofthisstudy,theBSOdoesnotincludetheverypolarmaterial,butdoesincludemostofthePOMfractionofthesample.BSOisconsideredequivalenttoEOM.AsingleweightedEOMemissionfactorwasdevelopedbyaddingallfouremissionfactorstogetherwithinamodelbatteryandthenweightingthesingle modelbatteryemissionfactorsbasedonthepercentageofnationalcokeovencapacities h+&8 associatedwitheachmodel.40ԀThesepercentagesare:54percentModel3,39percentModel2,and7percentforModel1.   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  &   Thecategoryofcokeovenproductionisassumedtoconsistentirelyofmajorsources,witheachfacilitytypicallyemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.Thisisareasonableassumptionconsideringthatthemajorityofthecokeproductionfacilitiesareassociatedwithironandsteelproducingplantsandthat"cokeovenemissions"areidentifiedasaspecificHAPontheCAAAlistofHAPs. REFERENCESFORCOKEOVENS  6 1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.CokePlantReport-Quarterly.FormEIA-5.Coke  andBreezeProductionatCokePlants.1990YearEndEstimate. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.April1987.CokeOvenEmissionsfrom n Wet-CoalChargedBy-productCokeOvenBatteriesBackgroundInformationforProposedStandards.EPA-450/3-85-028a.OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.6-1to6-9. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.April1987.CokeOvenEmissionsfrom  Z! Wet-CoalChargedBy-productCokeOvenBatteriesBackgroundInformationforProposedStandards.EPA-450/3-85-028a.OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.7-12. (#(# 4.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June22,1993.Personalcommunication "& betweenJoeMangino,Radian,andMarvinBranscome,ResearchTriangleInstitute.CokeCapacities. ~$((#(#  A.32  OnroadMobileSources     PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDD8 ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDF  ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ L ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDD^ ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDF ` (#` (#   "0 ` EOM"r ` (#` (#   a"0 `  POM(7-PAH,16-PAH) ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels  H   TheFederalHighwayAdministration's(FHWA)estimated1990nationalactivitylevelforonroadmobilesourcesis2,147x10>n90n>ԁvehiclemilesoftravel(VMT).>n10n>ԀThisnationalactivitylevelestimatewasdevelopedfromthe1990annualHighwayPerformanceMonitoringSystem(HPMS)reportsfromeachStateinthenation;theHPMSreportsarethestandardizedformatforreportingvehicleactivitylevelsexpressedasVMTtotheFHWA.TheVMTestimatesaccountfortravelbypassengercars,trucks,andmotorcyclesonallurbanandruralroadwayswithineachState.  AssumptionsonProcessesandControlLevels  #l,   Theemissionfactorsdevelopedforthiscategoryreflectthelevelofpollutioncontrolandthefueltypeforthevehiclesfromwhichtheemissionswereoriginallysampled.  TheEOMemissionfactorrepresentsacomposite,weightedemissionfactor:theemissionratesfromalightdutygasolinepoweredvehiclewithcatalyst,threedieselpoweredpassengervehicles,andtwoheavydutydieselvehicles(truckandbus)werecombinedusingthe ,(: weightingfractionsbasedonthelatestVMTmixdistributionforthesevehiclesascalculatedinEPA'sMOBILE5amodel.2b2,3,40b2ԀUnleadedfuelwasusedinthelightdutygasolinepoweredvehicle;thedieselvehiclesusedNo.2dieselfuel.Thevehicleswereoperatedundersimulateddrivingconditionsonachassisdynamometer.  The7PAHand16PAHemissionswereestimatedbasedonguidancereceivedfromEPA'sOfficeofMobileSources(OMS).  L50 L ԀTheOMSguidancedirectedthatemissionsshouldbeestimatedbyspeciatingaMOBILE5modeltotalorganicgases(TOG)outputtoproduceabenzo(a)pyrene(BaP)emissionfactor.TheBaPfactorwasthenspeciatedtoproduce7-PAHand16-PAHemissionfactors.Thisprocesswasperformedseparatelyforareaswhichhaveinspection/maintenance(I/M)programsandthosethatdonot.Theemissionfactorsforeachareawerethencombinedtoproducetotalfleetemissionfactors,whichwereinturnappliedto1990nationalVMTdatatoestimatenationalemissions.ThedatausedbyOMStoproducethefactorsandnationalemissionsareshowninTableA-22a.  Separatedioxin/furanemissionfactorswerederivedforunleadedgasolinepoweredvehicles,(0.36pgTEQ/km,foranationalannualemissionrangeof0.4to4.1gTEQ/yr),leadedgasolinepoweredvehicles(rangeof1.1to108pgTEQ/km,foranationalannualemissionrangeof0.2to19gTEQ)anddieselpoweredvehicles.(0.5ngTEQ/km,foranationalannualemissionrangeof27to270gTEQ/yr).F70FԀ  TheVMTmixdistributioninMOBILE5arepresentsthenationalaveragedistributionofVMTamongsteightgasolineanddieselvehicleclasses.ThecombinedfractionforgasolinevehiclesintheMOBILE5adistributionis94percent;fordieselvehiclesitis6percent.AccordingtoEIA,leadedgasolineaccountedforonly1.5percentoftotalgasolinesuppliesin1992.'b"B'"80B'"'b"ԀSincethereareseparateEOMemissionfactorsforlightdutyandheavydutydieselvehicles,thespecificMOBILE5adistributionsof5percentheavydutydieseland1percentlight-dutyрdieselvehiclesareusedinadditiontothegasolinevehiclefractiontocalculateaweightedemissionfactorforEOM.Q=` hp x (#%'0*,.XQ>?A  ,(: #q>q?qAq#C@e n   @> TABLEA22a.ONROADVEHICLE7PAHAND16PAHEMISSIONESTIMATES   *HIdd( d ( ( td ( ( t ( (#(#,,,9,X",_,,,X,9,,",+  XXXJU/ 1"  (1#/JU#Areasw/noI/M ;,!" ;TOGEFa  (g/mile) ;,!N" ;THC/TOGConversionFactorsb ;,!<" ;THCEF(g/mile) ;,!N " ;VMTmixa ;,!N " ;WeightedTHCEF(g/mile) ;,!<" ;B(a)P/THCRatioc N (ug/g) ;,!<" ;B(a)PEF(ug/mile) ;,!N" ;SpeciationFactord N 7PAH/B(a)P ;,!<" ;7PAHEF(ug/mile) ;,!N" ;SpeciationFactord N 16PAH/B(a)P ?,!<" ?16PAHEF(ug/mile) N?,<" (   (N ;,!  ;A ;,!!" ;B ;,!"" ;C(A*B) ;,!P $" ;D ;,!%" ;E ;,!&" ;F ;,!'" ;G(E*F) ;,!P )" ;H ;,!*" ;I ;,!+" ;J ?,!," ?K(G*J) N?'P ." 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'h" dddQ dDO1 'i"Dddd ddddЀ dDO1 'j"Dddd dddd dDO1 'k"Dddd dddd dDO1 'l"Dddd dddd #XXXdF#XXX7PAH dDO1 'm"Dddd dddd #XXX4N#XXXJU/ dDO1 'n"Dddd dddd #JX1X/JUN#JU/1XJX#/JUO#16PAH dDO1 'o"Dddd dddd #XXXO#XXX R?1 'p"Dddd R VG, 'q" 1  (V 9/!!r3 9 9/!!s" 9 ND9!!t" ddN \DG+!u3Ddd dd\ #XXX|P#XXXNationalEmissionEstimate #XXXR#XXXJU/ ~Di.!vDdd ,A@34.35dd,A@~ #JX1X/JUR#JU/1XJX#/JUS#JU/34.35 {DfN!w" ,A@34.35 ,A@Ddd dd{ {Df+!x"Ddd QR@75.93ddQR@{75.93 {DfN!y" QR@75.93 QR@Ddd dd{ #JX1X/JUS#JU/1XJX#/JUT# L9+!z"Ddd L VG,!{" (  ( V 9/!e"|3 9 9/!e"}" 9 ND9!e"~" ddN \DG+e""Ddd dd\(tons/year) [DF.e""Ddd dd[ XDC+e""Ddd ddX XDC+e""Ddd ddX XDC+e""Ddd ddX XDC+e""Ddd ddX L9+e""Ddd L XG,e"" (  (X @/!4#3 @ @/!4#" @ @/!4#" @ @/!4#" @ @/!4#" @ @/!4#" @ @/!4#" @ @/!4#" @ @/!4#" @ @/!4#" @ B/!4#" B#XXXU#<204#" (  <SXXX*XFXX*a0 F Reference6. %\ F(#F(# b0 F Reference9. `  %"!F(#F(# c0 F Reference5. `  &!F(#F(# d0 F Reference10. `  ^'"F(#F(# e0 F ThefleetEFforallareasisacompositeweightingbaseonpercentageoftotalfueluse(32%forareaswithno $(t# I/Mand68%forareaswithI/M) F(#F(# f0 F Reference1.#XXXST]# #)%F(#F(#0 #@- XXXFX- EmissionFactors     TableA22bliststheemissionfactorsforEOManddioxins/furansthatwillbeusedintheinventory.WeightedEOMemissionfactorswerecalculatedbasedonthedistributionofvehicletypesdescribedabove.OnecompositeEOMemissionfactorwillbeusedtorepresentafleetwideaverageemissionfactor.Itshouldbenotedthatthisemissionfactorisderivedfromalimitednumberofoldervehicles,whichisnotrepresentativeofthecurrentvehiclefleet.&  @E TABLEA22b.ONROADMOBILESOURCEEMISSIONFACTORS    'c*0)* d !d99X"X__XX99"HI(#(#0, d ,td ,( t +  7"   7Pollutant A,!,|" AEmissionFactor A,!,|" AUnits SD,,|"   qS7PAH 2# 23.201x105 ?,!" ?lb/thousandvehiclemiles SD," q  qS16PAH 2#d 27.074x105 ?,!d" ?lb/thousandvehiclemiles SD,d" q  qSEOM 2# 25.20x102 ?,!" ?lb/thousandvehiclemiles SD, " q  qS2,3,7,8TCDD 2#L! 23.60x1012 ?,!L"" ?lb/thousandvehiclemiles SD,L#" q  qS2,3,7,8TCDF 2#p$ 25.65x1011 ?,!p%" ?lb/thousandvehiclemiles Q@,p&" q  Q2,3,7,8TCDDTEQ 4#4' 48.85x1011 ?,!4(" ?lb/thousandvehiclemiles<204)" 0    <  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  -   Thecategoryofonroadmobilesourceisassumedtobeentirelyanareasourcecategorysincethereisnosinglepointsourceemissionsassociatedwiththiscategory.  &!7 &  REFERENCESFORONROADMOBILESOURCES   1.'n0  U.S.DepartmentofTransportation.HighwayStatistics1990.FederalHighway t Administration.FHWA-PL-91-003. (#(# 2.0  Albert,RoyE.,et.al.1983.ComparativePotencyMethodforCancerRiskAssessment: 8  ApplicationtoDieselParticulateEmissions.RiskAnalysis,Volume3,No.2.p.105. (#(# 3.0  Lewtas,Joellen.1989.CarcinogensandMutagensintheEnvironment.Chapter4,  L  CombustionEmissions:CharacterizationandComparisonofTheirMutagenicandCarcinogenicActivity,VolumeV.p.68. (#(# 4.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.March26,1993.MOBILE5aEmissionFactor   Model.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofMobileSources.AnnArbor,Michigan. (#(# 5.0  MemorandumfromPamBrodowicz,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Officeof \ MobileSources(OMS)toEricGinsburgandDavidMobley,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards."DeterminingPOM/PAHEmissionFactorsforMobileSources."December19,1996. (#(# 6.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1993.MotorVehicleRelatedAirToxicsStudy. H EPA420R93005.OfficeofMobileSources.AnnArbor,Michigan. (#(# 7.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1994.EstimatingExposurestoDioxin   LikeCompounds,VolumeII:Properties,Sources,Occurrence,andBackgroundExposures.ExternalReviewDraft.EPA-600/6-88-005Cb.OfficeofHealthandEnvironmentalAssessment,Washington,DC.pp.31343142. (#(# 8.0  EnergyInformationAgency.1993.MonthlyEnergyReview-January1993. X  DOE/EIA-0035(93/01).U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,Washington,DC. (#(# 9.0  EMailfromRichCook,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofMobile $X# Sources,toRichardBillings,EasternResearchGroup,Inc."TOG/THCconversionfactors."January1997. (#(# 10.0  EMailfromRichCook,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofMobile '#' Sources,toRichardBillings,EasternResearchGroup,Inc."FYIMinorErrorinPAHEstimates."March21,1997. )$)(#(#  A.33  Non-roadMotorVehiclesandEquipmentOther     PollutantsAddressed  t   AnemissionestimateforEOMwillbeincludedintheinventoryfornon-roadmobilesources.  NationalActivityLevels  ^    Theestimated1990nationalactivitylevelfornon-roadmobilesourcesis5.98x10T  90 T ԁgallonsofdieselfuel.T  10 T ԀThisnationalactivitylevelestimatewasdevelopedfromtheEPAOfficeofMobileSources'(OMS)1990annualestimatesofnon-roadsourceactivityreportedforozonenonattainmentareas.Thenationalactivitylevelpresentedaboverepresentsthetwoequipmentclasscategoriesofagriculturalandconstructiondieselpoweredequipment.Inordertodevelopanationalactivitylevelestimateforthesecategories,theEPAestimatesfor24ozonenonattainmentareaswereextrapolatedtothenationwidelevelusingapopulationadjustmentfactor.ThisisthestandardproceduredescribedinEPAguidance 20 Ԁforthedevelopmentofnon-roadmobilesourceinventoriesforthe1990StateImplementationPlans(SIPs).  AssumptionsonProcessesandControlLevels  X (   TheactivitylevelscalculatedfortheEPAnon-roadinventoriesforthe24ozonenonattainmentareasreflectnationalaverageuseparametersforsuchparametersasequipmenttype,horsepowerrating,andthehoursofusagethroughouttheyear.Seasonaladjustmentfactorswereusedinderivingtheseactivitylevels;forexample,activityfortheagriculturalequipmentcategoryisnotassumedtobeconsistentthroughouttheyear,butratherishigherduringthespring,summer,andfallrelativetothewinter.Theannualactivitylevelisthesumofalltheseasonalactivitylevels. ,(:   Alltheactivitylevelsarefordieselpoweredenginesineachoftheequipmentclasses.Theagriculturalequipmentclassincludesequipmentsuchastractors,combines,tillers,andbalers;theconstructionequipmentcategoryincludesequipmentsuchaspavers,rollers,dozers,andloaders.Whiletherearegasolinepowerednon-roadequipmentwithintheseclasses,thesearenotpartofthiscurrentinventoryduetothelackofsuitableemissionfactordata.However,approximately70percentofthefuelconsumedbyagriculturalequipmentand85percentofthefuelconsumedbyconstructionequipmentisdiesel.  L30 L   TheEOMemissionfactorisbasedonemissionsampling  40  ԀoftheexhaustofaheavydutydieselenginefromaCaterpillartractor.Itshouldbenotedthatthisemissionfactorwhichisforagriculturalandconstructionequipmentisbasedonasingleenginetestwhichlimittheaccuracyoftheemissionestimates.  EmissionFactors     TheEOMemissionfactorthatwasusedintheinventoryis8.4x10>nԄ30n>ԁlbEOM/gallonofdieselfuelconsumed.Thisemissionfactorwasdevelopedfromtheemissionfactorlistedforsolubleorganicfraction(SOF)foraCaterpillar320Bengine.R2402RԀTheemissionfactorforSOFinthatstudythatwasreportedinunitsofmgpermile(475mgSOF/mile).Forthepurposeofthisinventory,itwasassumedthatdieselenginetestedhadfuelefficiencyrateof8milespergallonofdieselfuelconsumed.Thistranslatesintoanemissionfactorof3.8g,or8.4x10( xX Ԅ30X ( xԁlb,SOFpergallonofdieselfuelconsumed.TheSOFisequivalenttoEOM.!! 50! !  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  ~$.   Thecategoryofnon-roadmobilesourcesisassumedtobeentirelyanareasourcecategorysincethereisnosinglepointofemissionsassociatedwiththiscategorythatresultsinemissionsgreaterthan10tonsperyearofoneHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs. ,(:  REFERENCESFORNON-ROADMOBILEVEHICLESANDEQUIPMENTOTHER   1.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.November1991.Non-roadEngineandVehicle t EmissionStudy(associatedspreadsheetemissionsdataupdatedandrevisedinOctober1992).21A-2001.OfficeofAirandRadiation,Washington,DC. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1992.ProceduresforEmissionInventory $ t Preparation,VolumeIV:MobileSources.EPA-450/4-81-026d(revised).OfficeofMobileSources,AnneArbor,Michigan.pp.98-115. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.July1989.ProceduresforEmissionInventory $  Preparation,VolumeIV:MobileSources.EPA-450/4-81-026d(revised).OfficeofMobileSources,AnneArbor,Michigan.pp.3-3and3-5. (#(# 4.0  Zweidinger,RoyB.1982.EmissionFactorsfromDieselandGasolinePowered   Vehicles:CorrelationwiththeAmesTest.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,MobileSourceEmissionsResearchBranch,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.90-92. (#(# 5.0  PersonalcommunicationbetweenJoeMangino,Radian,andJoellenLewtas,  p U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,HealthEffectsResearchLaboratory.August4,1993.EOMEmissionFactorsforDieselEngines. (#(#      A.34  TurbinesandEnginesDistillateOilInternalCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t   " ` EOM 8    NationalActivityLevels   L    Thenationalactivitylevelfordistillatefueloilconsumptionforstationaryinternalcombustioninthebaseyear1990is56,224,000barrelsofdistillatefueloil.B "r 10"r B ԀThenationalactivitylevelreportedfordistillatefuelincludespetroleumproductsknownasNo.1,No.2,andNo.4fueloilsandNo.1,No.2,andNo.4dieselfuels.Thesefuelsareconsumedindiesel-fueledenginesandturbines.ThenationalestimateofdistillatefuelconsumptionforstationaryinternalcombustionsourcesprovidedaboverepresentsthenationalestimateofdistillatefuelconsumptionasreportedbyEIA,excludingthedieselfuelconsumptionassociatedwithexternalcombustionsources(i.e.,residentialfurnaces,commercialandindustrialboilers)andtransportationsources(i.e.,onroadandnon-roadmobilesources).SalesdatareportedbytheEIAinits1990annualofFuelOilandKeroseneSalesR2202RԀwereusedtodividethedistillatefuel 2" consumptionamongstthestationaryinternal,external,andtransportationsources.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  X (   TheenginesandturbinesthatwerepartoftheEPA'semissionssamplingprogram"<#l30#l"<Ԁfromwhichtheemissionfactorsusedinthisinventoryweredevelopedarealluncontrolledsources.Therefore,therearenoassumptionsregardingcontrollevelsforthissourcecategory,andthefinalemissionestimatesreflectuncontrolledemissionrates.  B'"2   EmissionFactors     TheemissionfactorforEOMfromdistillateoil-firedenginesandturbinesthatwasusedinthisinventoryis130.2lbEOM/10&30&ԁbarrelsofdistillatefuelconsumed.TheemissionfactordatawerecompiledfromtheEPA'semissionssamplingprogramforinternalcombustionsources(5.4ng/Jouleofthermalinputforturbinesand34ng/Jouleofthermalinputforengines).j  30 j ԀTheEOMfactorpresentedhereisaweightedemissionfactorwhichrepresentsbothengineandturbineuse.TheengineandturbineweightingfactorswerebasedontherelativedistillatefuelconsumptionofthesetwotypesofinternalcombustionsourcesasreportedintheEPA'sEnvironmentalAssessmentofStationaryInternalCombustionSystems.B "r 40"r B ԀBasedon "r  1985nationwidedistillateconsumptionestimatesreportedinthisassessment,therelativeconsumptionforstationaryinternalcombustionsourcesis85percentturbinesand15percentengines.Turbinestypicallyaredesignedtoproducelargeramountsofenergythanenginesandthereforeareexpectedtoaccountforalargerproportionofthedistillateconsumptionforthiscategory.& &   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions       T'&hecategoryofdistillatefueledstationaryinternalcombustionsourcesisassumedtoconsistof70percentmajorsourcesand30percentareasources.Whilemostsingleenginesorturbinesdonotemitmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs,theseunitsareoftenco-locatedatindustrialfacilitiesandelectricutilityplantsthataremajorsources.The70percentmajor/30percentareasplitwasmadeconsideringthatthemajorityoftheturbinesareassociatedwithpowergeneratingplantsthatareprimarilyclassifiedasmajorsources(seeSectionsA.6throughA.8),andassumingthatapproximately50percentoftheindustrialsectorconsistsofmajorsources.  *V%6  REFERENCESFORTURBINESANDENGINESDISTILLATEOILINTERNAL  COMBUSTION   1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.May1992.StateEnergyDataReport,Consumption ` Estimates1960-1990.DOE/EIA-0214(90).OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,Washington,DC.pp.22,478. (#(# 2.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.October1991.FuelOilandKeroseneSales1990.  ` DOE/EIA-0535(90).OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,Washington,DC.p.9. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.EmissionsAssessmentofConventional $  StationaryCombustionSystems,VolumeII.IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.143-146. (#(# 4.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.September1991.EmissionsAssessmentof   ConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems:SummaryReport.PB82-109414.IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.34. (#(#   4  A.35  TurbinesNaturalGasInternalCombustion     PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` EOM8 ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels   L    Thenationalactivitylevelfornaturalgasfiredturbineswithinthestationaryinternalcombustionsourcecategoryinthebaseyear1990is562x10B "r 90"r B ԁcubicfeetofnaturalgas.B "r 10"r B ԀThisnationalactivitylevelincludesnaturalgasconsumedbygasfiredturbinesintheindustrialandelectricutilitysectorsandisderivedfromthetotalnationalconsumptionofnaturalgasasreportedbyEIAfor1990.BasedoninformationfromtheEPA'sEnvironmentalAssessmentof H StationaryInternalCombustionSystemsz20zԀapproximately3percentofthetotalnationalnatural  gasconsumptionin1985wasassociatedwithgas-firedturbines;thispercentagewasusedtocalculatethefractionofthe1990naturalgasconsumptionforgasfiredturbines.  AssumptionsonProcessesandControlLevels  2"   Theturbinesthatwerepartoftheemissionssamplingprogramfromwhichtheemissionfactorsusedinthisinventoryweredevelopedarealluncontrolledsources.Therefore,therearenoassumptionsregardingcontrollevelsforthissourcecategory,andthefinalemissionestimatesreflectuncontrolledemissionrates.  Emissionfactordatawereavailablefortwotypesofturbines;industrialandelectricutility.Inordertodevelopaweightedemissionfactorforthiscategory,the1985relativeconsumptionofnaturalgasforindustrialandelectricutilityturbinesfromtheEPA'sEnvironmentalAssessmentofStationaryInternalCombustionSystems)&%*V%30*V%)&%Ԁwasused.Basedonthis *V%6 consumptiondata,approximately84percentofnaturalgasconsumptionforgasfiredturbinesoccursintheindustrialsector,while16percentoccursintheelectricutilitysector.These ,(: percentagesreflectthegeneraltendencyfortheelectricutilityindustrytousegasturbinesprimarilyforpeakingpowerthancontinuouspower.Thesepercentageswereusedtoderivetheweightedemissionfactorpresentedbelow.  EmissionFactors  8    TheemissionfactorforEOMthatwasusedfornaturalgasfiredturbinesintheinventoryis2.63x10.~ ^ Ԅ30^ .~ ԁlbEOM/10.~ ^ 30^ .~ ԁcubicfeetofnaturalgasconsumed.TheEOMfactorisaweightedemissionfactorbasedontherelativeindustrialandelectricalutilitysectorusedescribedabove.TheemissionfactorsfromtheEPA'sassessmentofthiscategory(2.30ng/Jouleofthermalinputforelectricutilityturbinesand0.86ng/Jouleofthermalinputforindustrialturbines)T  40 T ԀwereconvertedtounitsoflbEOMper106306ԁcubicfeetofnaturalgasconsumedbyusingthethermalconversionfactorof1.03x10hH30HhԁBtupercubicfootofnaturalgas.hH50Hh  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions   \   Thecategoryofnaturalgasfiredstationaryinternalcombustionsourcesisassumedtoconsistof60percentmajorsourcesand40percentareasources.Whilenosingleturbineemitsmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs,theseunitsareco-locatedatindustrialfacilitiesandelectricutilityplantsthataremajorsources.Assumingthat50percentoftheindustrialsectorconsistsofmajorsourcesand100percentoftheelectricutilitiesaremajorsources,thenbasedontherelativeconsumptionofnaturalgasforthesetwosectorsasdescribedabove,theestimateof60percentmajorsourcesand40percentareasourceswasderived.  ~$.  REFERENCESFORTURBINESNATURALGASINTERNALCOMBUSTION   1.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.May1992.StateEnergyDataReport,Consumption t Estimates1960-1990.DOE/EIA-0214(90).OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,Washington,DC.p.22. (#(# 2.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.February1979.EmissionsAssessmentof $ t ConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems,VolumeII:InternalCombustionSources.EPA-600/7-79-029C.IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.143-146. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.February1979.EmissionsAssessmentof   ConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems,VolumeII:InternalCombustionSources.EPA-600/7-79-029C.IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.pp.143-146. (#(# 4.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.September1991.EmissionsAssessmentof \ ConventionalStationaryCombustionSystems:SummaryReport.PB82-109414.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina.p.33. (#(# 5.0  EnergyInformationAdministration.May1992.StateEnergyDataReport,Consumption H Estimates1960-1990.DOE/EIA-0214(90).OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,Washington,DC.p.471. (#(#     A.360  PulpandPaperKraftRecoveryBoilers (#(#   IntheKraftpulpingprocess,recoveryboilersareusedtorecoverchemicalsusedtodigestwoodchips.Blackliquor,orspentcookingliquor,isreducedtoapproximately65percentsolidsinmultipleeffectevaporatorsandthencombustedtorecoverchemicalsandheatvalue.  PollutantsAddressed   L  0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF"r ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#CDD6` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#CDFH` (#` (#    NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   \   Thenationalactivitylevelforpulpandpaperindustryblackliquorcombustionforthebaseyear1990is31,080,000tonsblackliquorsolidsburned.R2102RԀEmissionfactorswillbeusedtoestimateemissionsassociatedwiththenationalactivitydata.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  X (   Pulpmillsarerequiredtocontrolparticulateemissionsfromrecoveryboilersaccordingtostandardsin40CFR60.MostcommonlyESPsareemployed,withfewunitsequippedwithscrubbers.Theprocessconfigurationsandcontrolequipmentatthesixmillswhosedatawereusedtoderivetheaverage2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQemissionfactorusedforthisinventorywere:  "0 ` 3millswithnondirectcontactevaporator(NDCE)furnacewithESP;*V%6` (#` (#   "0 ` 1millwithNDCEfurnacewithESPandscrubber;+.'8` (#` (#  ,(9   "0 ` 1millwithdirectcontactevaporator(DCE)furnacewithESPandscrubber;and` (#` (#   "0 ` 1millwithDCEfurnacewithwetbottomESP.` (#` (#   EmissionFactors  L    Theemissionfactorfor2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ,ascalculatedfromdatacollectedbytheNationalCouncilofthePaperIndustryforAirandStreamImprovement(NCASI),ispresentedinTableA23forthepulpandpaperindustryblackliquorcombustion. $ 20$  @D TABLEA23.BLACKLIQUORCOMBUSTIONEMISSIONFACTOR    *+, dd d td ( t ( )*(#(#,( d ,( td ,( t +  7" p 7Pollutant A,!h" AEmissionFactor A,!h" AUnits Q@,h"   Q2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 4# 42.2x10\Ԅ110\ ?,!" ?lb/tonblackliquorsolids<20" 0    <  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  l   Thecategoryofpulpandpaperindustryblackliquorcombustionisassumedtobestrictlyamajorsource,withallKraftpulpandpapermillsemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.  !(  REFERENCESFORPULPANDPAPERKRAFTRECOVERYBOILERS   1.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1992.1990CensusofPulp,Paperand t PaperboardManufacturingFacilities.Responseto308Questionnaire.PartA:TechnicalInformation.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofWater,Washington,DC. (#(# 2.0  Someshwar,A.V.January23,1995.SummaryResultsofMillTestReportsinNCASI $ t File,Confidential.NationalCouncilofthePaperIndustryforAirandStreamImprovement.Gainesville,Florida. (#(#   $   A.370  Pentachlorophenol(PCP)WoodTreatment (#(#   PollutantsAddressed  t   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDD8 ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDF  ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ L ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDD^ ` (#` (#   "0 ` CDF ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates      ThenationalactivitylevelforPCPwoodtreatmentforthebaseyear1988is21.6millionpoundsPCPusedinwoodtreatmentoperations.z10zԀItisassumedthat1988activitylevelsaccuratelyrepresent1990levels.Andioxin/furanemissionsinventoryconductedonthechlorophenolwoodtreatmentindustryinCaliforniawillbeusedtodevelopemissionfactorsandestimatenationalemissionsassociatedwiththenationalactivitylevel. 20   AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  $   Pressuretreatmentprocessesaccountforgreaterthan95percentoftheexistingU.S.woodtreatmentfacilities.!! 10! !ԀInPCPpressuretreatment,emissionsofdioxin/furanmayoccurbyoneormoreofthreemechanisms,inwhichPCPispotentiallyemitted.Thesemechanismsare:  "0 ` Emissionwithsteamwhenopeningthetreatmentcylinder;B'"2` (#` (#   "0 ` Evaporativelossesfromhotwoodsurfaces;and)j$4` (#` (#   "0 ` Fugitiveemissionsfrompipesandfittings.*&*B&30*B&*&*B&6` (#` (#  T,'8 Calculatedemissionratesfromthethreepotentialdioxin/furanemissionmechanismswereincludedinnationalemissionsestimate.  EmissionFactors  &   TableA24liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforPCPwoodtreatment.Thedioxin/furanemissionfactorswerederivedusingreportedaverageemissionsoffivepressuretreatmentfacilitiesinCaliforniaandtheiraverageassociatedPCPconsumption.  30  ԀTheemissionsdatausedinfactordevelopmentwerederivedusingknownconcentrationsofdioxin/furanspeciesinPCPandcalculatedfugitiveemissionrates.Homologuetotalswereusedincalculating2,3,7,8-TCDDtoxicequivalencyundertheU.S.EPA1986scheme.6406ԀItwasassumedthatbecauseno2,3,7,8-tetracongenercontaminationwasdetectedincommercialPCPafterdilutionandmixturewithco-solvents,hH30Hh2,3,7,8-TCDDwouldnotbeemittedtotheatmospherefromthePCPwoodtreatmentprocess.z30z  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  n   ThecategoryofPCPwoodtreatmentisassumedtobeanareasource,withnosinglePCPwoodtreatmentfacilityemittingmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.@E TABLEA24.PENTACHLOROPHENOL(PCP)WOODTREATMENT #l, @VEMISSIONFACTORS  $X- *-. dd( d ( ( td ( ( t ( +,(#(#,( l< ,( L< ,( Ll +  7" %0!/ 7Pollutant A,!&!0" AEmissionFactor A,!&!1" AUnits SD,&!2"   qS2,3,7,8-TCDD 2#'L#3 2ND ?,!'L#4" ?--- SD,'L#5" q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDF 2#p)$6 2NA ?,!p)$7" ?--- SD,p)$8" q  qS2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2#*4&9 27.06x10*&*4&Ԅ60*4&*& ?,!*4&:" ?lb/tonPCP SD,*4&;" q  qS/CDD 2#X,'< 21.93x10(,x'X,'Ԅ30X,'(,x' ?,!X,'=" ?lb/tonPCP Q@,X,'>" q  Q/ /0B  /  CDF 4#h  4 1.46x108 Xh Ԅ40h 8 X ?,!h " ?lb/tonPCP<20h " 0    <NDNondetect.NANotavailable. REFERENCESFORPENTACHLOROPHENOL(PCP)WOODTREATMENT    1.0  AmericanWoodPreservers'Association.Proceedings:Eighty-SixthAnnualMeeting.   April30-31andMay1-2,1990.Nashville,TN. (#(# 2.0  CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.May15,1987.InventoryofChlorophenolUseinthe   ForestProductsIndustryandInvestigationofRelatedEmissionsofChlorinatedDibenzodioxinsandDibenzofurans.FinalReport.Sacramento,CA. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.LocatingandEstimatingAirEmissions 0P fromSourcesofDioxinsandFurans.DraftReport.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# 14.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1986.InterimProceduresforEstimatingRisks  AssociatedwithExposurestoMixturesofPolychlorinatedDibenzo-p-dioxinsandDibenzofurans(CDDsandCDFs).EPA-625/3-87-012.Washington,DC.59pp. (#(#   ! 10    A.380  CarbonReactivationFurnaces (#(#   PollutantsAddressed  t 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD8 ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDF  ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ L ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#CDD^ ` (#` (# 0  "0` (#(#CDF ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates      Thenationalactivitylevelforactivatedcarbonconsumptioninwaterandwastewatertreatmentforthebaseyear1990is71,900tonsactivatedcarbonconsumedinwaterandwastewatertreatmentoperations., \10 \,ԀItisassumedthatallactivatedcarbonusedinwaterandwastewatertreatmentoperationsisregenerated.Emissionfactorswillbeusedtoestimateemissionsassociatedwiththenationallevelactivitydata.  AssumptionsonProcessandControlLevels  $   SevencarbonreactivationfurnacetypesareinoperationintheU.S.Ofthese,themultiplehearthfurnaceisthemostprevalent,withover100unitsinoperation.Theothers,inorderofdescendingnumberofunits,includedirectandindirectfiredrotarykilns,verticaltube-typefurnaces,fluidizedbedfurnaces,andverticalandhorizontalinfraredfurnaces.N$~$20~$N$ԀEmissioncontroldevicestypicallyusedareafterburnersandwaterscrubbers.%!%0!30%0!%!ԀThetestreportsthatwillbeusedintheinventoryrepresentthefollowingprocessconfigurations:  "0 ` Amultiplehearthfurnacereactivatingcarbonusedforindustrialwastewater *V%6 treatment,controlledbyanafterburner,asodiumcarbonatespraycooler,andabaghouse;+&+.'30+.'+&Ԁand +.'8` (#` (#   "0 ` Afurnaceofunknownconfigurationreactivatingcarbonusedformunicipal  [PubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorks(POTW's)]wastewatertreatmentcontrolledbyanafterburnerandascrubber.X40X ` (#` (#   EmissionFactors  `   TableA25liststheemissionfactorsforeachpollutantthatwereusedtodevelopthenationalemissionsestimateforcarbonreactivationfurnaces.Thedioxin/furanemissionfactorswerederivedbyaweightedaverageofemissionfactorsfromtheabovereferencedtestreports.Theweightedemissionfactorsreflectthefollowingassumptions:50percentofthetotalamountofactivatedcarbonthermallyreactivatedisfromindustrialusesandoccursinlargemultiple-hearthorsimilarfurnacetypes(test1above);50percentofthetotalisusedformunicipalwastewater/potablewatertreatmentapplicationsandisreactivatedbyaprocessessimilartothattestedinreport2above.2,3,7,8-TCDD/TCDFisomerspecificemissionfactorsandhomologuetotalswereusedincalculating2,3,7,8-TCDDtoxicequivalencyundertheU.S.EPA1986scheme.f50f  Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  Z   Thecategoryofcarbonreactivationfurnacesisassumedtobea75percentarea/25percentmajorsource,with75percentofU.S.carbonreactivationcapacitylocatedatprimarycarbonproductionfacilitiesorchemicalplantswhichemitmorethan10tonsperyearofasingleHAPor25tonsperyearofacombinationofHAPs.Atrendtowardson-sitereactivationforindustriessuchasPOTW'shasbeenreported.v""10"v"񜛜@B TABLEA25.CARBONREACTIVATIONFURNACEEMISSIONFACTORS  $X, *23 dd( l< ( ( L< ( ( Ll ( -.(#(#,( d ,( td ,( t +  7" %0!. Ul7Pollutant A,!L&!/" AEmissionFactor A,!L&!0" AUnits N?,L&!1" l U  LN2,3,7,8-TCDD 2#'"2 22.10x10T'"'"Ԅ100'"T'" ?,!'"3" ?lb/toncarbonreactivated N?''"4" L  5LN2,3,7,8-TCDF 2#( $5 21.36x10(#( $Ԅ90( $(# ?,!( $6" ?lb/toncarbonreactivated SD,( $7" L 5  5LS2,3,7,8-TCDDTEQ 2#)D%8 23.46x10)%)D%Ԅ90)D%)% ?,!)D%9" ?lb/toncarbonreactivated SD,)D%:" L 5  5LSCDD 2#,+|&; 24.64x10*L&,+|&Ԅ80,+|&*L& ?,!,+|&<" ?lb/toncarbonreactivated Q@,,+|&=" L 5  eLQCDF 4#d,'> 44.76x104,'d,'Ԅ80d,'4,' ?,!d,'?" ?lb/toncarbonreactivated<20d,'@" L0 e   <Ї    REFERENCESFORCARBONREACTIVATIONFURNACES   1.0  Humer,C.June8,1992.ActivatedCarbonPlantStartsforAmericanNorit.Chemical ` MarketingReporter.p.2. (#(# 2.0  Byers,W.D.1991.Charcoal/ActivatedCarbon.AirPollutionEngineeringManual,A.J. $ t BuonicoreandW.J.Davis,eds.,vanNostrandReinhold,NewYork,NewYork.pp.413-416. (#(# 3.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.LocatingandEstimatingAirEmissions $  fromSourcesofDioxinsandFurans.DraftReport.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. (#(# 4.0  EmissionsMeasurementsatWastewaterTreatmentPlantsforAB-2588Toxics.   April29-May8,1991.ConfidentialReportNo.23.CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,Sacramento,California. (#(# 5.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1986.InterimProceduresforEstimatingRisks 4 AssociatedwithExposurestoMixturesofPolychlorinatedDibenzo-p-dioxinsandDibenzofurans(CDDsandCDFs).EPA-625/3-87-012.Washington,DC.59pp. (#(#      A.390  WildfiresandPrescribedBurning (#(#    PollutantsAddressed  t   " ` 2,3,7,8TCDDTEQ 8     NationalActivityLevels/EmissionEstimates   L    Dioxin/furanemissionestimatesattributedtoforestfireswerebasedonamethodologydevelopedbyEPA'sOfficeofHealthExposureandAssessment,whichissummarizedinthissection.T  10 T ԀAnaverageof5.1millionacresofbiomassareburnedinwildfireseachyearintheU.S.,basedon40yearsofUSDAForestServicedata.In1989,5.1millionacreswereburnedasaresultofprescribedburning.Biomassconsumptionrateswereestimatedat10.4tons/acreforwildfires,and8.2tons/acreforprescribedfires.Fromtheseestimates,thenationalactivitylevelforwildfireswasestimatedat53milliontonsofbiomassconsumedandforprescribedfireswasestimatedat42milliontons,foratotalof95milliontons.  Applyingtheemissionfactordevelopedforcombustioninawoodstove[whichis2.0x109lbTEQ/tonbiomassburnedasdescribedinSectionA.24],annualTEQemissionsfrom $ forestfireswereestimatedat0.19lb(86g),withprojectedrangefrom0.06lb(27g)to0.6lb(270g)TEQ/yr.   AssumptionsandControlLevels  #l,   Nocontrolsareusedtoreduceemissionsfromforestfires.& &   Major/AreaSourceAssumptions  (#4   '&(Forestfiresareassumedtobeexclusivelyanareasource. ,(:  REFERENCESFORWILDFIRESANDPRESCRIBEDBURNING   1.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.June1994.EstimatingExposurestoDioxin t LikeCompounds,VolumeII:Properties,Sources,Occurrence,andBackgroundExposures.ExternalReviewDraft.EPA-600/6-88-005Cb.OfficeofHealthandEnvironmentalAssessment,Washington,DC.pp.3156-3165. (#(#    `  A.40  Landfills     PollutantsAddressed  t 0  "0` (#(#2,3,7,8-TCDD8 ` (#` (#   "0 ` 2,3,7,8-TCDF  ` (#` (#   NationalActivityLevel/EmissionEstimates  ^    Approximately67percentofsolidwastegeneratedintheUnitedStatesislandfilled,16percentisincinerated,and17percentisrecycledorcomposted.Therewereanestimated5,345activeMSWlandfillsintheUnitedStatesin1992.In1990,activelandfillswerereceivinganestimated130milliontons(118millionMg)ofwasteannually,with55to60percentreportedashouseholdwasteand35to45percentreportedascommercialwaste.z10z  AssumptionsonProcessesandControlLevels  n   DatawereobtainedfromonetestreportingCDD/CDFemissionsfromalandfillequippedwithwastegasflares.Althoughthiscontroltechniquedoesnotrecoverenergy,itisfrequentlyusedtocontrolemissionsoflandfillgas.EmissionfactorsdevelopedfromthisdataarepresentedinTableA26.( xX 10X ( x@' ' K TABLEA26.LANDFILLSEMISSIONFACTORS  #l, *45 dd( d ( ( td ( ( t ( 23(#(#,( d ,( td",( t"+  7" $D . 7Pollutant A,!% /" AEmissionFactor A,!% 0" AUnits SD,% 1"   qS2,3,7,8-TCDD 2#'`"2 22.3x10&0"'`"Ԅ120'`"&0" 6#'`"3 6lb/MMBtu H7#'`"4 q  H2,3,7,8-TCDF 4#(#5 41.76x10T(#(#Ԅ90(#T(# 6#(#6 6lb/MMBtu3)'(#7 0    3  )$7 &    REFERENCESFORLANDFILLS   1'}&.0  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.LocatingandEstimatingAirEmissions t fromSourcesofDioxinsandFurans.DraftReport.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina. 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