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Ð|@ ! .ø@ " @ " "@ "@ " ":@ "ffffffæ? "š™™™™™@ "@ " <”@ " $ûA # @ # #@ #@ # #:@ #ffffffæ? #š™™™™™@ #@ # `–@ # ŒA $ @ $ $@ $@ $ $:@ $ffffffæ? $š™™™™™@ $@ $ Äš@ $ <ÔA %"@ % % @ %@ % %:@ %ffffffæ? %š™™™™™@ %@ % Zú@ % ^Ï0A &"@ & & @ &@ & &:@ &ffffffæ? &š™™™™™@ &@ & €ÁÕ@ & ¨Á A '"@ ' ' @ '@ ' ':@ 'ffffffæ? 'š™™™™™@ '@ ' Ú &A '  `A ("@ ( ( @ (@ ( (:@ (ffffffæ? (š™™™™™@ (@ ( X¼@ ( ÄÊ@ )"@ ) ) @ )@ ) ):@ )ffffffæ? )š™™™™™@ )@ ) è­A ) hÇ9A * * @ÆISA * ¨œœ‰A + + +  + :Ú@Table_A  \Ñ\RØ'3 Letter Landscape\Ñ÷ÿdÿÿÿdûÿX Xd çÝ ƒÜØâ"ÝÓ  ÓÓB.ÿÿ°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓQ=ÿÿ°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.ÿÿ°XQÓà@} } } A àB„Ú  Ú66Ú  ÚXX'16XXß'ãXXW'PAHXXE'AnnualXXé' EmissionsXX{ '=XX… '0XXé '.XX+ '034XX¯ 'lbXXK '/XX '100XX'lbsXXS'åXX#'7XX‡'.XXÉ'20XX‘'EXX'âXX‡'06XX§'lbsXXé'=XXó'2XXW'.XX™'45XXa'EXXß'âXXW'03XXw'lbsXXéI=XXóI1XXWI.XX™I22XX¹Itons †func€{€stackalign€{Ì{16„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì0.034~lb/100~lbs€~*~Ì7.20E+06~lbs€~\=&~Ì2.45E+03~lbs€~#~€~\=&~€Ì1.22€~€tonsÌ}}$ÿÿ35;AGMU]c3I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)*+ ÿÿ?u{‡•£EPA.STYEPA Style with TOC markingI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a),-./012 ÿÿ=KQW]cksyRadianRadianI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)  ÿÿCƒ‰•›£«±Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|JÎ «)ô\  `<Tms Rmn 12ptRmn-8 25inOne!XXtô\  PŽoGXP+ó¸_ 0CG TimesBoldScalablenOne!XXzó¸_ pì^7ûX*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalableblenOne!XXwϾ¦ P쉊7ûXP'ô\  `<Tms Rmn 10ptRmn-8 25inOne!ôô\ô\  PŽgGôP(µ°ä$¡¡Ó€ÓÑ°°ÑÑ °ÑÓo[ÿÿX°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓÓ  ÓÑ  уLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 Å Æ Ç DÈ DÉ Ê DË Ì DÍ Î D3kR$ÔÔ3   Ÿfunc€{€stackalign€{Ð  Ð{7„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì{3.72E„03~lb/ton}€~*~Ì3.86E+07€~€tons€~~&\=~Ì143,592€~€lbs€~#~~~&\=~€Ì71.8€~€tonsÌ}}XX'7XX{'ãXXó'PAHXXá'AnnualXX…' EmissionsXX '=XX! '3XX… '.XXÇ '72XX 'EXX 'ãXX… '03XX¥ 'lbXXA'/XXƒ'tonXXÛ'åXX«'3XX'.XXQ'86XX'EXX—'âXX'07XX/'tonsXX-'=XX7'143XXc',XX¥'592XX)'lbsXX-I=XX7I71XXÿI.XXAI8XXýItons ¡func€{€stackalign€{Ð  Ð{16„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì{2.79E„02~lb/ton}€~*~Ì3.86E+07€~€tons€~&\=~Ì1,076,940€~€lbs€~#~~&\=~€Ì538.5€~€tonsÌ}}XX'16XXß'ãXXW'PAHXXE'AnnualXXé' EmissionsXX{ '=XX… '2XXé '.XX+ '79XXó 'EXXq 'ãXXé '02XX 'lbXX¥'/XXç'tonXX?'åXX'3XXs'.XXµ'86XX}'EXXû'âXXs'07XX“'tonsXX9'=XXC'1XX§',XXé'076XX',XXW'940XXÛ'lbsXX9I=XXCI538XXoI.XX±I5XXmItons šfunc€{€stackalign€{Ð  Ð{16„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì0.34~lb/1000~lbs€~*~Ì2.40E+07~lbs€~\=&~Ì8.16E+03~lbs€~#~€~\=&~€Ì4.08€~€tonsÌ}}XX'16XXß'ãXXW'PAHXXE'AnnualXXé' EmissionsXX{ '=XX… '0XXé '.XX+ '34XXK 'lbXXç '/XX) '1000XX'lbsXXS'åXX#'2XX‡'.XXÉ'40XX‘'EXX'âXX‡'07XX§'lbsXXé'=XXó'8XXW'.XX™'16XXa'EXXß'âXXW'03XXw'lbsXXéI=XXóI4XXWI.XX™I08XX¹Itons šfunc€{€stackalign€{Ð  Ð{16„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì0.34~lb/1000~lbs€~*~Ì3.84E+07~lbs€~\=&~Ì1.31E+04~lbs€~#~€~\=&~€Ì6.53€~€tonsÌ}}XX'16XXß'ãXXW'PAHXXE'AnnualXXé' EmissionsXX{ '=XX… '0XXé '.XX+ '34XXK 'lbXXç '/XX) '1000XX'lbsXXS'åXX#'3XX‡'.XXÉ'84XX‘'EXX'âXX‡'07XX§'lbsXXé'=XXó'1XXW'.XX™'31XXa'EXXß'âXXW'04XXw'lbsXXéI=XXóI6XXWI.XX™I53XX¹Itonsõÿÿÿÿd(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularÔTABLE A_GžE›&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKbbbb'ÿÿdxd( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó%ä2¼A`ArialTable_A(ÿÿ$••ò òÚ  ÚÚ  Úó óGÙEAýÿ<< cÿÿ(u2Øâ$¢¢Ý ƒŠÙÑ!ÝÓ  ÓÓB.ÿÿ°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓÑ  ÑÝ  Ý šÝ ƒqžt'ÝÓ€ÓÓo[ÿÿX°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÓQ=ÿÿ°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.ÿÿœXQÓß…€Ú€O?;z| ú‚ pÀ  €@@@EÂBú‚ê‚úzŠ…ßÝ ƒŠ°ä!ÝÓ€ÓÑ°°ÑÑ °ÑÓo[ÿÿX°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€{Xß[XX#XÔÑ„ ÑÓ€ÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌò òÌà@ŽŽ?ìàAPPENDIX€BˆÌÌà@ll&ìàDOCUMENTATION€OF€7-PAH€AND€16-PAH€NATIONAL€EMISSION€ESTIMATESˆÌó óÐ  H˜ ÐÓ€ÓØØÑ€DÑÑ7€C_ CXXdêdÈ7ÑB.1à0  àRESIDENTIAL€WOOD€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  à7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€were€developed€for€conventional€woodstoves,Ð 8 ˆ Ðcatalytic/noncatalytic€woodstoves,€and€fireplaces.€€Emission€factors€for€conventionalÏwoodstoves€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€provided€in€AP-42Ï(U.S.€EPA,€1995a).€€AP-42€also€provided€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€catalyticÏand€for€noncatalytic€woodstoves.€€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€factors€were€developed€for€the€twoÏtypes,€and€then€averaged€together€to€obtain€factors€representing€catalytic/noncatalyticÏwoodstoves.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€for€fireplaces€were€developed€form€individualÏPAH€emissions€data€from€two€emissions€tests.€€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€factors€wereÏdeveloped€for€a€fireplace€burning€seasoned€oak€wood€(Hall€and€DeAngelis,€1980)€and€forÏa€fireplace€burning€green€pine€wood€(Hall€and€DeAngelis,€1980).€€The€7-PAH€andÏ16-PAH€factors€from€the€two€tests€were€averaged€together€to€obtain€factors€representingÏwood€combustion€in€fireplaces.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€for€conventional€woodstoves€are€0.044€andÐ öF& Ð0.718lb/ton,€respectively.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€for€catalytic/noncatalytic€woodstoves€are€0.048Ïand€0.627lb/ton,€respectively.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€for€fireplaces€are€0.007€and€0.037lb/ton,Ïrespectively.Ð (#(# ÐÐ  *V%6 ÐB.1à0  àRESIDENTIAL€WOOD€COMBUSTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€national€7-PAH€emissions€estimates€includes€benz(a)anthracene,€benzo(a)pyrene,Ïbenzo(b)fluoranthene,€benzo(k)fluoranthene,€chrysene,€dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏindeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€national€16-PAH€emissions€estimates€include€benz(a)anthracene,€benzo(a)pyrene,Ïbenzo(b)fluoranthene,€benzo(k)fluoranthene,€chrysene,€dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Ïindeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene,€acenaphthene,€acenaphthylene,€anthracene,€benzo(ghi)perylene,Ïfluoranthene,€fluorene,€naphthalene,€phenanthrene,€and€pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  à29.1million€cords€(33.8million€tons)€of€wood€combusted€in€residential€wood€combustionÐ æ6 Ðin€1990€(U.S.€DOE,€1993a;€(U.S.€DOE,€1993b).€€The€average€nationwide€percentage€ofÏwood€consumption€is€28€percent€for€fireplaces€and€72percent€for€woodstoves€€(U.S.ÏDOE,€1993b).€€Of€the€72percent€combusted€in€woodstoves,€no€more€than€five€percent€isÏcombusted€in€catalytic€and€noncatalytic€stoves€(Menotti,€1996).€€For€calculationalÏpurposes,€it€is€assumed€the€remaining€95percent€(of€the€72percent)€is€combusted€inÏconventional€woodstoves.€€Ð (#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# ÐòòCalculationóóÐ öF& ÐÌ1.à0  à7„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€conventional€woodstoves€=к! *(#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€72%€*€95%€*€0.044€lb/ton€=€1,017,245€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à7„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€catalytic€and€noncatalytic€woodstoves€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€72%€*€5%€*€0.0475€lb/ton€=€57,798€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à7„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€fireplaces€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€28%€*€0.0072€lb/ton€=€68,141€lbÐ (#(# ÐÐ Ê,(: ÐB.1à0  àRESIDENTIAL€WOOD€COMBUSTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  à7„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€residential€wood€combustion€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à1,017,245€lb€+€57,798€lb€+€68,141€lb€=€1,143,184€lb€=€572€tonsÐ (#(# Ðà0  à7„PAH€emission€factor€for€residential€wood€combustion€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à1,143,184€lb/33,800,000€tons€=€0.034€lb/tonÐ (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  à16„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€conventional€woodstoves€=Ð^® (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€72%€*€95%€*€0.718€lb/ton€=€16,599,586€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à16„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€catalytic€and€noncatalytic€woodstoves€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€72%€*€5%€*€0.6265€lb/ton€=€762,325€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à16„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€fireplaces€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€28%€*€0.0367€lb/ton€=€347,329€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à16„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€residential€wood€combustion€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à16,599,586€lb€+€762,325€lb€+€347,329€lb€=€17,709,240€lb€=€8,855€tons€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à16„PAH€emission€factor€for€residential€wood€combustion€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à17,709,204€lb/33,800,000€tons€=€0.524€lb/ton€Ð X ¨((#(# ÐB.2à0  àRESIDENTIAL€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€0.0373lb/1E+12Btu€(1.6E-08g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.37lb/1E+12Btu€(1.02E-06g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€natural€gas-fired€hot€airÏfurnace,€wall€space€heater,€and€shell€boiler€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.ÏEPA,€1997).€€It€was€assumed€that€1cubic€foot€of€natural€gas€produces€1,000Btu.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(a)pyrene.Ð„Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€residential€natural€gas€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€was€4.3E+15BtuÐ n¾ Ð(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ ”ä$ ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€0.0373lb/1E+12Btu€*€4.3E+15Btuà0 È à=€160.4lbÐX ¨(È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à=€0.0802tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€2.37lb/1E+12Btu€*€4.3E+15Btu€à0 È à=€1.02E+04lbÐ~$Î.È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à=€5.1tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÌÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.3à0  àRESIDENTIAL€DISTILLATE€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.63E-04lb/1000gallons€(6.75E-08Mg/kL)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€6.97E-03lb/1000gallons€(8.35E-07Mg/kL).€These€factorsÏwere€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€distillate€(No.2)€oil-firedÏfurnaces€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benz(a)anthracene€and€Benzo(a)pyrene.€€TheÐ "r  Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€6.04E+09gallons€of€distillate€fuel€were€consumed€for€residential€heating€use€inÐ ªú Ðthe€UnitedStates€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€ÌÓ! °ØX›XÿÿœX!Óà  à5.63E-04lb/1000gal€*€6.04E+09gallonsà0  à=€3,400lbÐöF&(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€1.70tonsÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=Ìà  à6.97E-03lb/1000gal€*€6.04E+09€gallonsà0  à=€4.21E+04lbÐ~$Î.(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€21.0€tonsÐ (#(# ÐÐ  B'’"2 ÐB.4à0  àRESIDENTIAL€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factors€for€7-PAH€were€0.0335lb/ton€(0.0168kg/Mg)€for€bituminous€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðlignite€coal€and€1.41E-04lb/ton€(7.05E-05kg/Mg)€for€anthracite€coal.€€The€emissionÏfactors€for€16-PAH€were€0.108lb/ton€(0.054kg/Mg)€for€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€andÏ6.18E-04lb/ton€(3.09E-04kg/Mg)€for€anthracite€coal.€€These€factors€were€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€residential€coal€stoves,€and€residential€coalÏboilers€and€furnaces€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð æ6 ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€1.9million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€and€732,000tons€of€anthraciteÐ ”ä$ Ðcoal€were€consumed€in€the€UnitedStates€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ º! * ÐÌ7-PAH€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€=€Ìà  à0.0335lb/ton€*€1.9million€tonsà0 À à=€6.37E+04lbÐà%0!0À(#À(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à=€31.8tonsÐ À(#À(# Ð7-PAH€anthracite€coal€=Ìà  à1.41E-04lb/ton€*€732,000tonsà0 À à=€103lbÐ*V%6À(#À(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à=€0.0516tonsÐ h+¸&8À(#À(# ÐB.4à0  àRESIDENTIAL€COAL€COMBUSTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€=€Ìà  à0.108lb/ton€*€1.9million€tonÔ””Ô=€2.05E+05lbÐ Ö& ÐÔP P Ô=€102.6tonsÌ16-PAH€anthracite€coal€=Ìà  à6.18E-04lb/ton€*€732,000tonsÔ  Ô=€452lbÐ ü L  ÐÔP P Ô=€0.226tonsÌÐ  À  ÐÓ€ÓB.5à0  àUTILITY€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# Ðà0  àUTILITY€OIL€COMBUSTIONÐ (#(# Ðà0  àUTILITY€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTIONÓ€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€EstimateóóÐ L œ ÐÌ1.à0  à7-PAH€and€16-PAH€national€emissions€estimates€for€1990€were€obtained€directly€from€aÐ  `  ÐU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€study€report€on€HAP€emissions€from€electricÏutility€steam€generating€units€(U.S.€EPA,€1996a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòUtility€Coal€CombustionÐ ˜è  ÐÌóó1.à0  àThe€7-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€0.21€tons/yr.€€These€data€include€the€followingÐ \¬ ÐPAH:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,ÏChrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€7.55€tons/year.€€These€data€include€theÐ ä4 Ðfollowing€PAH:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,ÏBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,ÏAcenaphthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,ÏPhenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòUtility€Residual€Oil€CombustionÐ 0"€* ÐÌóó1.à0  àThe€7-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€0.05€tons/yr.€€These€data€include€the€followingÐ ô$D . ÐPAH:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð V&¦!0(#(# ÐÓ€ÓB.5à0  àUTILITY€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# Ðà0  àUTILITY€OIL€COMBUSTIONÐ (#(# Ðà0  àUTILITY€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTION€(Continued)Ó€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€0.57€tons/year.€€These€data€include€theÐ L œ Ðfollowing€PAH:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenaphthylene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòUtility€Natural€Gas€CombustionÐ 6†  ÐÌóó1.à0  àThere€were€no€7-PAH€compounds€listed€in€the€U.S.€EPA€study€report,€therefore,€nationalÐ úJ Ðemissions€were€not€estimated.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€0.69€tons/year.€€These€data€include€theÐ  p Ðfollowing€PAH:€€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÐ  ä4 ÐB.6à0  àINDUSTRIAL€WOOD/WOOD€RESIDUE€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.90E-05lb/ton€(2.95E-05kg/Mg)€and€the€16-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðemission€factor€was€3.36E-03lb/ton€(1.68E-03kg/Mg).€€These€factors€were€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€industrial€wood€waste€boilers€as€reported€inÏthe€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð "r  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€4.09E+07million€tons€of€oven-dried€wood€were€burned€for€industrial€use€in€theÐ Ð   ÐUnitedStates€(EIA,€1991;€American€Forest€and€Paper€Association,€1996).€€SeeÏAppendixA,€SectionA.15€for€more€details€on€the€derivation€of€this€volume.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€5.90E-05lb/ton€*€4.09E+07€tons€à0 È à=€2.41E+03lbÐ#l,È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à=€1.21tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€3.36E-03lb/ton€*€4.09E+07tonsà0 È à=€1.38E+05lbÐB'’"2È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à=€68.8tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÐ  *V%6 ÐB.7à0  àINDUSTRIAL€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€5.56E-06€lb/MMCF€(8.91E-08g/kL).€€This€factor€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€natural€gas-fired€boilers€asÏreported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Acenapthylene,€Fluoranthene,€Naphthalene,Ð æ6 ÐPhenanthrene€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€7,732billion€cubic€feet€of€natural€gas€were€consumed€for€industrial€use€in€theÐ  \ ÐUnitedStates€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€ÌÓ-°ØXˆXDp’X°ØX›X-Óà  à5.56E-06lb/MMCF*€7,732billion€cubic€feetà0 D à=€43.0lbÐX ¨(D(#D(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#à=€0.0215tonsÐ D(#D(# ÐÐ  #l, ÐB.8à0  àINDUSTRIAL€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.36E-05lb/ton€(2.68E-05kg/Mg)€and€the€16-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðemission€factor€was€2.72E-03lb/ton€(1.36E-03kg/Mg).€€These€factors€was€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€pulverized€bituminous€wet€and€dry-bottomÏand€bituminous€stoker€industrial€coal-fired€boilers.€€An€average€factor€was€calculatedÏusing€the€factors€from€these€two€types€of€boilers€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,Ð „Ô  ÐDibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,ÏDibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,ÏAnthracene,€Benzo(ghi)€Perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,Ïand€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€115million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€and€390,000tons€of€anthraciteÐ ”ä$ Ðcoal€for€a€total€of€115.39million€tons€of€coal€consumed€in€the€UnitedStates€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ º! * ÐÌÓ9°ØXˆXDƒ, X°ØXˆXDp’X9Ó7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€5.36E-05€lb/ton€*€115.39million€tons€à0 È à=€6,180lbÐ~$Î.È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€3.09tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€2.72E-03lb/ton€*€115.39million€tonsà0 È à=€3.14E+05lbФ(ô#4È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€157tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÐ  h+¸&8 ÐB.9à0  àINDUSTRIAL€RESIDUAL€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€1.60E-07lb/MMBtu€(6.88E-08g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.15E-04lb/MMBtu€(9.25E-05g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€No.6€oil-fired€industrial€boilerÏas€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).€€It€was€assumed€that€1gallonÏof€residual€oil€produces€150,000Btu.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Chrysene€and€Benzo(b)fluoranthene.Ð„Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Chrysene,€Benzo(b)Fluoranthene,€Acenapthylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€industrial€residual€oil€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€was€4.16E+08MMBtuÐ n¾ Ð(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ ”ä$ ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€1.60E-07lb/MMBtu€*€4.16E+08MMBtu€à0  à=€66.6lbÐX ¨( (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#à=€0.0333tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€2.15E-04lb/MMBtu€*€4.16E+08MMBtu€à0  à=€8.94E+04lbÐ~$Î. (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#à=€44.7tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÌÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.10à0  àINDUSTRIAL€WASTE€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€4.53E-03lb/1,000gallons€(5.43E-04€kg/kL)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.0265lb/1,000gallons€(1.44E-03€kg/kL).€These€factorsÏwere€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€waste€oil€combustion€inÏspace€heaters€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð "r  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€for€bituminous€coal€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,ÏBenzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€590million€gallons€of€industrial€waste€oil€was€consumed€in€the€UnitedStatesÐ 2‚" Ð(U.S.€EPA,1993a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=Ìà  à4.53E-03lb/1,000gallon€*€590million€gallonsà0 D à=€2,670lbÐ~$Î.D(#D(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#à=€1.34tonsÐ D(#D(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€Ìà  à0.0265lb/1,000gallons€*€590million€gallons€à0 D à=€1.56E+04lbÐ*V%6D(#D(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#à=€7.82tonsÐ h+¸&8D(#D(# ÐB.11à0  àINDUSTRIAL€DISTILLATE€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.96E-09lb/MMBtu€(2.56E-09g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€5.00E-05lb/MMBtu(2.15E-05g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€No.2€oil-fired€boiler€with€noÏcontrol€device€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene.Ð"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Fluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€andÏPyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€industrial€distillate€oil€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€was€2.46E+08MMBtuÐ  \ Ð(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=Ìà  à5.96E-09lb/MMBtu€*€2.46E+08€MMBtuà0  à=€1.47lbÐX ¨((#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€7.33E-04tonsÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€Ìà  à5.00E-05lb/MMBtu€*€2.46E+08MMBtuà0  à=€1.23E+04lbÐà%0!0(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€6.15€tonsÐ (#(# ÐÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.12à0  àCOMMERCIAL€WOOD/WOOD€RESIDUE€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€7.43E-05lb/MMBtu€(3.19E-05g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.63E-03lb/MMBtu€(1.13E-03g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€wood€waste-firedÏcommercial/institutional€boilers€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.ÏEPA,1997).€It€was€assumed€that€1lb€of€dry€wood€produces€8,000Btu.€Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,€Benz(a)anthracene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b+k)fluoranthene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,ÏBenzo(b+k)fluoranthene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,ÏFluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€Pyrene,€Acenapthylene,€and€Anthracene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€commercial€wood/wood€residue€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€wasÐ 2‚" Ð2.72E+07MMBtu€(EIA,1991).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€7.43E-05lb/MMBtu€*€2.72E+07MMBtu€à0  à=€2,020lbÐ#l, (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#à=€1.01tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€2.63E-03lb/MMBtu€*€2.72E+07MMBtuà0  à=€7.15E+04lbÐB'’"2 (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#à=€35.8€tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÐ  *V%6 ÐB.13à0  àCOMMERCIAL€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ€à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€16-PAH€was€2.54E-05lb/MMCF€(4.07E-07g/kL).€€This€factorÐ ^®  Ðwas€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€natural€gas€fired€commercialÏboilers€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Fluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€andÐ æ6 ÐPyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€2,677billion€cubic€feet€of€natural€gas€were€consumed€for€commercial€use€in€theÐ  \ ÐUnitedStates€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌÓB° ØXˆXDƒ, ¶xX°ØXˆXDƒ, XBÓ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€2.54E-05lb/MMCF*€2,677billion€cubic€feetà0 ¶ à=€68.0lbÐöF&¶(#¶(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0¶ (# (#à=€0.034tonsÐ ¶(#¶(# ÐÐ  º! * ÐB.14à0  àCOMMERCIAL€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€0.0200lb/ton€(0.0100kg/Mg)€for€bituminous€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðlignite€coal;€there€was€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€anthracite€coalÏcombustion.€€The€16-PAH€emission€factors€were€0.0771lb/ton€(0.0386kg/Mg)€forÏbituminous€and€lignite€coal€and€0.137lb/ton€(0.0684kg/Mg)€for€anthracite€coal.€€TheseÏfactors€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€commercial€coalÏbituminous€stoker€boilers€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,€andÐ æ6 ÐDibenz(a,h)anthracene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,ÏDibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,Ïand€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€3.6million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€and€493,000tons€of€anthraciteÐ ”ä$ Ðcommercial€coal€were€consumed€in€the€UnitedStates€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ º! * ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=ÌÓE°ØXˆXD…,¶xX° ØXˆXDƒ, ¶xXEÓà  à0.0200lb/ton*€3.6million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€coalà0 ô à=€7.2E+04lbÐà%0!0ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€36tonsÐ ô(#ô(# Ð16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=Ìà  à0.0771lb/ton*€3.6million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€coalà0 ô à=€2.78E+05lbÐ*V%6ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€139tonsÐ h+¸&8ô(#ô(# ÐB.14à0  àCOMMERCIAL€COAL€COMBUSTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=Ìà  à0.137lb/ton*€493,000tons€of€anthracite€coal€à0 D àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€6.74E+04lbÐÖ&ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€33.7tonsÐ 8 ˆô(#ô(# ÐB.15à0  àCOMMERCIAL€DISTILLATE€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.96E-09lb/MMBtu€(2.56E-09g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€5.00E-05lb/MMBtu(2.15E-05g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€No.2€oil-fired€boiler€with€noÏcontrol€device€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene.Ð"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€for€bituminous€coal€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏFluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€commercial€distillate€oil€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€wasÐ  \ Ð5.27E+08MMBtu€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=Ìà  à5.96E-09lb/MMBtu€*€5.27E+08€MMBtuà0  à=€3.14lbÐX ¨((#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€1.57E-03tonÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€Ìà  à5.00E-05lb/MMBtu€*€5.27E+08MMBtuà0  à=€2.6E+04lbÐà%0!0(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€13.2tonsÐ (#(# ÐÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.16à0  àCOMMERCIAL€RESIDUAL€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€1.60E-07lb/MMBtu€(6.88E-08g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.14E-04lb/MMBtu(9.20E-05g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€No.6€oil-fired€industrial€boilerÏwith€no€control€device€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(b)fluoranthene€and€Chrysene.Ð"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Acenapthylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€commercial€residual€oil€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€was€3.75E+08MMBtuÐ  \ Ð(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=Ìà  à1.60E-07lb/MMBtu€*€3.75E+08€MMBtuà0  à=€60.0lbÐX ¨((#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€0.0300tonsÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€Ìà  à2.14E-04lb/MMBtu€*€3.75E+08MMBtuà0  à=€8.025E+04lbÐà%0!0(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€40.1€tonsÐ (#(# ÐÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.17à0  àÓ€ÓDIESEL-FIRED€STATIONARY€INTERNAL€COMBUSTION€ENGINES€-Ð ° ÐRECIPROCATINGÓ€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ `° ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€3.36E-06lb/MMBtu€(1.44E-06g/MJ)€andÐ $ t  Ðthe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.89E-04lb/MMBtu€(8.13E-05g/MJ).€€These€factorsÏwere€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€industrial,€commercial,€andÏinstitutional€engines€and€industrial€large€bore€engines€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&EÏdocument€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð pÀ ÐBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,ÏAcenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,ÏNaphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€distillate€oil€(diesel€fuel)€consumption€in€stationary€reciprocating€IC€engines€inÐ €Ð% Ðthe€United€States€was€5.31E+07MMBtu€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ ¦"ö+ ÐÌ߉€IKJQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°j%x§d²ß°j%x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±â߉€IMLQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°.(x§d:ß°.(x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ .(~#3°±°± ÐB.18à0  àÓ€ÓNATURAL€GAS-FIRED€STATIONARY€INTERNAL€COMBUSTION€ENGINES€-Ð ° ÐRECIPROCATINGÓ€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ `° ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€2.75E-03lb/MMCF€(0.044kg/MMmòò3óó)€andÐ $ t  Ðthe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.127lb/MMCF€(2.03kg/MMmòò3óó).€€These€factors€wereÐ † Ö  Ðdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€two-cycle€lean€burn€andÏfour-cycle€rich€burn€internal€combustion€engines€with€no€control€devices€as€reported€inÏthe€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð pÀ ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€750billion€cubic€feet€of€natural€gas€were€consumed€in€stationary€reciprocatingÐ â2' ÐIC€engines€in€the€United€States€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ $X- ÐÌ߉€IONQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°Ì&x§dß°Ì&x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±â߉€IQPQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°)x§dJß°)x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ )à$5°±°± ÐB.19à0  àDIESEL-FIRED€INTERNAL€COMBUSTION€ENGINES€-€GAS€TURBINESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.03E-07lb/MMBtu€(4.43E-08g/MJ).€€This€factor€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€electric€generation€diesel-firedÏgas€turbines€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Anthracene,€Fluorene,€and€Phenanthrene.Ðæ6(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€distillate€oil€(diesel€fuel)€consumption€in€gas€turbines€in€the€United€States€wasÐ ªú Ð3.01E+08MMBtu€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌ߉€ISRQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°”xSdì‹°”xS‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌÐ  #l, ÐÓ€ÓB.20à0  àNATURAL€GAS-FIRED€STATIONARY€INTERNAL€COMBUSTION€ENGINES€-Ð ° ÐGAS€TURBINESÓ€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ `° ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ $ t  Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€4.90E-05lb/MMBtu€(2.11E-05g/MJ).€€This€factor€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€electric€generation€naturalÏgas-fired€gas€turbines€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Naphthalene.ÐÒ"(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€natural€gas€consumption€in€gas€turbines€in€the€United€States€wasÐ –æ Ð5.62E+08MMBtu€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ ¼ ! ÐÌ߉€IUTQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°€xSdˆ‹°€xS‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌÐ  $X- ÐB.21à0  àMUNICIPAL€WASTE€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€was€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€the€emissions€testÐ 8 ˆ Ðdata€used€to€develop€emission€factors€show€that€none€of€the€7-PAH€were€detected€in€anyÏtest€run€at€any€facility€(U.S.€EPA,€1997;€Zannes,€1996).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€is€6.07E-06lb/ton€and€includes€only€naphthalene.€€TheÐ À  Ðemissions€test€data€used€to€develop€the€emission€factors€show€that€none€of€the€otherÏ16-PAH€were€detected€in€any€test€run€at€any€facility€(U.S.€EPA,€1997;€Zannes,€1996).Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1991,€3.24E+07tons€of€municipal€waste€were€incinerated€in€the€UnitedStates€(U.S.Ð H˜ ÐEPA,€1992a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ n¾ ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€6.06E-06lb/ton€*€3.24E+07tonsà0 œ à=€197lbÐ2‚"œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€0.099tonsÐ ”ä$œ(#œ(# ÐB.22à0  àSEWAGE€SLUDGE€INCINERATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€1.82E-05lb/ton€(9.11E-06kg/Mg)€and€the€16-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðemission€factor€was€3.44E-03lb/ton€(1.72E-03kg/Mg).€€These€factors€was€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€multihearth€sewage€sludge€incineratorÏwith€a€wet€scrubber€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð "r  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,ÏAcenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,ÏNaphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€9.53E+05tons€of€sewage€sludge€were€incinerated€in€the€UnitedStatesÐ 2‚" Ð(U.S.EPA,1994a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€1.82E-05€lb/ton€*€9.53E+05tonà0 œ à=€17.4lbÐ#l,œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€8.67E-03tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€3.44E-03lb/ton€*€9.53E+05tonà0 œ à=€3.28E+03lbÐB'’"2œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€1.64tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÐ  *V%6 ÐB.23à0  àMEDICAL€WASTE€INCINERATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€9.22E-04lb/ton€(4.61E-04kg/Mg).€€This€factor€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€medical€waste,€multi-chamberedÏand€single€chambered€incinerators€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S€EPA,Ï1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Naphthalene.ÐH˜(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€1.73E+06€tons€of€medical€waste€were€incinerated€in€the€UnitedStatesÐ  \ Ð(Copeland,€1997).€Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€9.22E-04lb/ton€*€1.73E+06tonsà0 œ à=€1,595lbsÐöF&œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€0.798tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÐ  º! * ÐB.24à0  àHAZARDOUS€WASTE€INCINERATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€2.91E-05€lb/ton€(1.46E-05€kg/Mg)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.44E-04€lb/ton€(1.22E-04€kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€a€liquid€injection€incineratorÏfor€mixed€liquid€industrial€waste€as€they€are€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.SÏEPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,ÏFluorene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1992,€approximately€249€million€metric€tons€of€hazardous€waste€were€generated.€€It€isÐ öF& Ðestimated€that€of€the€total€amount€of€hazardous€waste€incinerated,€1.3€million€tons€wereÏburned€in€dedicated€hazardous€waste€facilities.€€(Dempsey€and€Oppelt,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌ€€òòCalculationóóÐ ~$Î. ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€1.3E+06€metric€tons€*€1.1€ton/metric€ton€*€2.91E„05€lb/tonÌÔààÔ=€42€lbsÌÔààÔ=€0.021€tonsÌÌÐ  Ê,(: ÐB.24à0  àHAZARDOUS€WASTE€INCINERATION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€1.3E+06€metric€tons€*€1.1€ton/metric€ton€*€2.44E„04€lb/tonÌÔààÔ=€349€lbÌÔààÔ=€0.17€tonsÌÐ  š ê  ÐB.25à0  àDRUM€AND€BARREL€RECLAMATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€5.53E-07lb/1,000barrelsÐ 8 ˆ Ð(2.5E-10Mg/1,000barrels)€and€the€16-PAH€emission€factor€wasÏ3.56E-05lb/1,000barrels€(1.61E-08Mg/1,000barrels).€€These€factors€were€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€55-gallon€drum€recycling€furnace€asÏreported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€andÐ „Ô  ÐChrysene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,ÏChrysene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,ÏNaphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1994,€4.60E+06€55-gallon€drums€were€reclaimed€in€the€United€StatesÐ 2‚" Ð(U.S.EPA,1994a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ߉€IWVQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°#xSd$‹°#xS‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±â߉€IYXQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°Ì&xSd‹°Ì&xS‰ß°Ð Ê,(: ÐB.26à0  àSCRAP€TIRE€INCINERATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€1.68E-03€lb/million€tires€(0.762g/millionÐ 8 ˆ Ðtires)€and€the€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.40€lb/million€tires€(181g/million€tires).€ÏThese€factors€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€factors€from€scrap€tireÏincinerators€(U.S€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(b)fluorantheneÐ"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€Acenaphthene,€Anthracene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€25.9million€scrap€tires€were€burned€in€the€United€States€(U.S.€EPA,€1991b).Ð \(#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€1.68E-03€lb/million€tires€*€25.9€million€tiresà0  à=€0.0435€lbsДä$ (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#àà0 ô(#ô(#à=€2.17E-05€tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€0.40€lb/million€tires€*€25.9million€tires€à0 ô àà0 ô(#ô(#à=€10.4€lbsк! * (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#àà0 ô(#ô(#à=€5.18E-03€tonsÐ #l, (# (# ÐB.27à0  àLANDFILL€FLARESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€3.08E-08lb/MMBtu€(1.32E-11g/kJ)€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.30E-05lb/MMBtu€(5.56E-09g/kJ).€€These€factorsÏwere€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€a€solid€waste€landfillÏwaste€gas€flare€with€an€afterburner€control€device€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€documentÏ(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,ÏAcenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,ÏNaphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1994,€landfill€waste€gas€consumed€in€flares€in€the€United€States€was€6.85E+07MMBtuÐ ”ä$ Ð(Berenyi,€1994).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationsóóÐ º! * ÐÌ߉€I[ZQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°~$x§dìß°~$x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌ߉€I]\QA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°¤(x§dˆß°¤(x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ ¤(ô#4°±°± ÐB.28à0  àPRIMARY€ALUMINUM€PRODUCTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àOverall€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€were€developed€from€the€backgroundÐ 8 ˆ Ðinformation€used€to€develop€MACT€standards€that€is€presented€in€the€Technical€SupportÏDocument€(U.S.€EPA,€1996b).€€Overall€emission€factors€were€developed€for€theÏindividual€emission€factors€for€six€processes€involved€in€producing€primary€aluminum:€ÏHorizontal€stud€Soderberg€cells;€vertical€Soderberg€cells;€pre„bake€cells,€casting;€pasteÏproduction€and,€anode€bake€furnaces€(Fruh,€1997).€€In€the€reduction€process,€66€percent€ofÏproduction€is€in€pre„bake€cells,€21percent€of€production€is€in€horizontal€Soderberg€cells,Ïand€13percent€of€production€is€in€vertical€Soderberg€cells.€€The€emission€factors€for€eachÏoperation€were€weighted€according€to€the€respective€production€percent.€€Half€of€allÏprimary€aluminum€produced€goes€through€the€casting€process.€€Emission€factors€for€pasteÏplants€and€anode€bake€furnaces,€which€are€given€in€lb/ton€of€paste,€were€converted€toÏlb/ton€aluminum€by€multiplying€by€0.5€(typical€carbon€usage€is€0.5lb/lb€aluminum)€andÏwere€multiplied€by€0.66because€only€pre„bake€plants€have€anode€bake€furnaces.€€TheÏestimates€for€the€individual€processes€for€1990€were€derived€based€on€the€percent€of€theÏcapacity€that€was€uncontrolled,€the€percent€controlled€by€various€devices,€and€theÏappropriate€emission€factors€for€each.€€The€overall€factor€is€the€sum€of€the€weightedÏindividual€factors.€€The€individual€and€overall€factors€are€shown€below€in€theÏcalculations.€€The€1990€emissions€estimates€will€be€reduced€by€50percent€after€theÏprimary€aluminum€industry€MACT€is€implemented.€Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð à%0!0 ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌÐ  h+¸&8 ÐB.28à0  àPRIMARY€ALUMINUM€PRODUCTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,ÏDibenz(a,h)anthracene,Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,ÏAnthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,ÏandPyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€4.41E+06€tons€of€primary€aluminum€were€produced€in€the€United€StatesÐ À  Ð(Plunkert€and€Sehnke,€1990).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ æ6 ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Horizontal€Stud€Soderberg€CellsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.058€lb/ton€*€0.21à0  à=€0.012€lb/tonÐ \(#(# Ð16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.59€lb/ton€*€0.21à0  à=€0.12€lb/tonÐn¾(#(# ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Vertical€Soderberg€CellsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.12€lb/ton€*€0.13à0 À àà0À(#À(#à=€0.016€lb/tonДä$(#(# Ð16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.49€lb/ton€*€0.13à0  à=€0.064€lb/tonÐöF&(#(# ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Vertical€Pre-bake€CellsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.0013€lb/ton€*€0.66à0  à=€0.00086€lb/tonÐ#l,(#(# Ð16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.0073€lb/ton€*€0.66à0  à=€0.0048€lb/tonÐ~$Î.(#(# ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Casting€OperationsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€3.64E-04€lb/ton€*€0.50à0  à=€0.000182€lb/tonФ(ô#4(#(# Ð16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€1.30E-02€lb/ton€*€0.50à0  à=€0.0069€lb/tonÐ*V%6(#(# ÐÌÐ  Ê,(: ÐB.28à0  àPRIMARY€ALUMINUM€PRODUCTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Paste€ProductionÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€3.7E-03€lb/ton€paste€*€0.5€ton€paste/ton€Al€=€0.0019€lb/tonÌ16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.029€lb/ton€paste€*€0.5€ton€paste/ton€Al€=€0.015€lb/tonÌÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Anode€Bake€FurnacesÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.10€lb/ton€anode€*€0.5€ton€anode/ton€Al€*€0.66€=€0.033€lb/tonÌ16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.27€lb/ton€anode€*€0.5€ton€anode/ton€Al€*€0.66€=€0.089€lb/tonÌÌOverall€Emission€FactorsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€(0.012)€+€(0.016)€+€(0.00086)€+€(0.000182)€+€(0.0019)€+€(0.033)Ï=0.064€lb/tonÌÌ16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€(0.12)€+€(0.064)€+€(0.0048)€+€(0.0069)€+€(0.015)€+€(0.089)€=0.30Ïlb/tonÌÌòòTotal€Annual€EmissionsóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€0.064€*€4.41E+06€tonà0  à=€282,240€lbsÐöF&(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€141tonsÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€0.30€*€4.41E+06€tonà0  à=€1,323,000€lbsÐ#l,(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€662€tonsÐ ~$Î.(#(# ÐB.29à0  àFERROALLOY€MANUFACTURINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€were€developed€by€EPA€from€the€individualÐ 8 ˆ ÐPAH€emissions€from€open€EAFs€producing€silicon€metal,€ferrosilicon,€silicomanganese,Ïferromanganese,€calcium€carbide,€and€ferrochrome.€€PAH€emissions€from€covered€andÏsemi„covered€furnaces€were€not€quantified€and€are€assumed€to€be€negligible€because€allÏcovered€and€semi„covered€furnaces€have€flares€(Chin,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene€for€open€furnaces.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Acenaphthene,€Acenaphthylene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,ÏChrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Phenanthrene,€Naphthalene,€and€Pyrene€forÏopen€furnaces.€€€Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àUncontrolled€emission€factors€were€developed€based€on€fuel€consumption€of€wood,€coal,Ð X ¨( Ðand€coke€(Chin,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ4.à0  àThe€uncontrolled€emission€factors€were€converted€to€controlled€emission€factorsÐ ~$Î. Ðassuming€99€percent€control€of€organics€(Chin,€1997).Ð à%0!0(#(# ÐB.29à0  àFERROALLOY€MANUFACTURING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ5.à0  àThe€resulting€controlled€emission€factors€are:ÐtÄ(#(# ÐÌà  àòò7-PAHóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  à0.000824€lbs/ton€wood€consumedÌà  à0.002324€lbs/ton€coal€consumedÌà  à0.000232€lbs/ton€coke€consumedÌÌà  àòò16-PAHóóÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  à0.001752€lbs/ton€wood€consumedÌà  à0.005035€lbs/ton€coal€consumedÌà  à0.000503€lbs/ton€coke€consumedÌÌ6.à0  àThe€controlled€emission€factors€were€then€multiplied€by€estimated€fuel€consumption€forÐ Ð   Ðeach€ferroalloy€manufacturing€facility€in€the€U.S.€with€an€open€furnace.€€FuelÏconsumption€estimates€were€developed€based€on€annual€production€levels€(Chin,1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7„PAH€Annual€Emissions€Open€EAFsÌÌà  à0.000824€lb/ton€wood€consumed€*€207,513€tons€wood€=€170.99€lbsÌà  à0.002324€lb/ton€coal€consumed€*€141,836€tons€coal€=€316.63€lbs.Ìà  à0.000232€lb/ton€coke€consumed€*€89,390€tons€coke€=€20.74€lbs.Ð  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.29à0  àFERROALLOY€MANUFACTURING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ16€PAH€Annual€Emissions€Open€EAFsÌÌà  à0.001752€lb/ton€wood€consumed€*€207,513€tons€wood€=€363.56€lbs€Ìà  à0.005035€lb/ton€coal€consumed€*€141,836€tons€coal€=€714.14€lbsÌà  à0.000503€lb/ton€coke€consumed€*€89,390€tons€coke€=€44.96€lbsÌÌòòTotal€Annual€EmissionóóÐ À  ÐÌ7-PAH€=€170.99€lbs€+€316.63€lbs€+€20.74€lbs€ðð€2000€=€0.25€tons€Ì16-PAH€=€363.56€lbs€+€714.14€lbs€+€44.96€lbs€ðð€2000€=€0.56€tons€Ð  æ6 ÐB.30à0  àIRON€FOUNDRIESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€2.07E-05lb/ton€(1.04E-05kg/Mg)€and€16-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðemission€factor€was€6.21E-05lb/ton€(3.10E-05kg/Mg).€€These€factors€were€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€two€testing€programs€at€a€gray€ironÏfoundry€using€a€cupola€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð "r  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€6,187,878million€tons€of€iron€castings€that€were€cupola-melted€were€producedÐ ”ä$ Ðin€the€UnitedStates€(Mosher,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ º! * ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€2.07E-05lb/ton€*€6,187,878million€tonsà0 ô à=€128lbÐ~$Î.ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€0.06tonsÐ ô(#ô(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€6.21E-05lb/ton€*€6,187,878milliontons€=€384lbÌÔÐÐÐ  Ô=€0.19tonsÐ  *V%6 ÐB.31à0  àSECONDARY€LEAD€SMELTINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€calculation€of€national€emissions€for€the€secondary€lead€category€was€based€on€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðmost€recent€emission€factor€test€data€for€POM€species€that€could€be€determined€and€theÏproduction€levels€of€lead€by€furnace€type.€€Much€of€the€information€for€these€estimatesÏwas€obtained€from€the€EPA€staff€involved€with€the€development€of€the€MACT€standardÏfor€this€source€category.€€Production€data€were€provided€by€the€MACT€staff€for€threeÏbreakdowns€of€furnace€type.€€These€are€as€follows.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àBlast€Furnaces:à  àà h àà À à273,396€Mg/yr€productionÐ æ6 Ðà  àBlast/Reverb€Furnaces:à h àà À à613,902€Mg/yr€productionÐ H˜ Ðà  àReverb€and€Rotary€Furnaces:à h àà À à305,176€Mg/yr€productionÐ ªú Ðà  àTOTAL:à ¸ àà  àà h àà À à1,192,474€Mg/yrÐ  \ ÐÌà0  àPOM€emission€factors€were€not€available€for€each€of€these€furnace€types;€therefore,Ïassumptions€had€to€be€made€that€resulted€in€combining€some€furnace€types€together€inÏorder€to€calculate€emissions.€€Based€on€input€from€the€MACT€team,€the€production€dataÏfor€the€Blast/Reverb€and€the€Reverb€and€Rotary€were€combined€together€and€applied€toÏthe€emission€factors€that€were€available€for€rotary€furnaces.€€The€production€breakdowns,Ïby€furnace€type,€that€were€used€to€calculate€national€emissions€are€as€follows.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àBlast€Furnaces:à  àà h àà À àà  à273,396€Mg/yrÐ ~$Î. Ðà  àBlast/Reverb€and€Rotary€Furnaces:à À àà  à919,078€Mg/yrÐ à%0!0 Ðà  àTOTAL:à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à1,192,474€Mg/yrÐ B'’"2 ÐÌà0  àBased€on€these€data€and€emission€factor€information,€national€7-PAH€estimates€wereÏcalculated.€€The€national€estimate€for€16-PAH€was€provided€directly€from€the€EPA€Ð (#(# ÐÐ Ê,(: ÐB.31à0  àSECONDARY€LEAD€SMELTING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àMACT€development€program€for€secondary€lead€smelting.€€Specific€details€on€how€theÏ16-PAH€estimate€was€derived€were€not€available.€€The€EPA€MACT€program€groupÏwould€need€to€be€contacted€to€obtain€these€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€emission€factors€were€determined€for€7-PAH€by€furnace€grouping.€€Each€grouping€isÐ ü L  Ðexplained€below.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòà  àBlast€FurnacesóóÐ "r  ÐÌà  àa.à0 ` à7-PAH€Factor:€The€available€test€data€had€no€results€for€any€of€the€speciesÐ æ6 Ðidentified€as€being€in€the€7-PAH€group;€therefore,€there€is€no€7-PAH€factor€forÏblast€furnaces.€€Consequently,€there€is€no€national€emission€estimate€for€thisÏsource€as€well.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àòòRotary€and€Blast/Reverb€FurnacesÐ Ð   ÐÌà  àóóa.à0 ` à7-PAH€Factor:€€The€available€test€data€from€the€MACT€program€only€containedÐ ”ä$ Ðdata€for€one€specie€in€the€list€of€7-PAH.€€This€specie€was€chrysene.€€TheÏuncontrolled€chrysene€emission€factor€that€was€developed€from€the€data€was:Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà ` à0.00183lb/ton€(0.000917kg/Mg),€UncontrolledÌÌà  àà0 ` àThe€same€rationale€and€approach€described€above€in€terms€of€reflecting€controlledÏMACT€levels€for€national€emissions€was€applied€here€as€well.€€The€MACT€teamÏindicated€that€for€these€sources€a€control€of€approximately€98percent€would€beÏachieved.€€The€uncontrolled€chrysene€factor€was€adjusted€accordingly€as€follows.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà0 ` à(0.00183lb/ton)€x€(0.02)€=€0.000037lb/ton€(0.000018kg/Mg)ÐÊ,(:` (#` (# ÐB.31à0  àSECONDARY€LEAD€SMELTING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThis€factor€was€used€to€calculate€national€emissions.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌ1.à  à7-PAH€Emissions:Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àòòBlast€FurnacesóóÐ À  ÐÌà0  àAs€discussed€above,€due€to€a€lack€of€data,€there€is€no€national€estimate€for€blast€furnacesÏfor€the€7-PAH€group.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àòòRotary€and€Blast/ReverbóóÐ ªú ÐÌÓ€Óà0  à(919,078€Mg/yr€production)€x€(0.000018kg/Mg)€=€0.017€Mg/yr€(represents€onlyÏchrysene)Ó€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  à16-PAH€Emissions:Ðn#(#(# ÐÌà  àThe€16-PAH€emissions€estimate€provided€by€the€EPA€MACT€program€for€secondary€leadÏsmelting€is€69.9€tons€of€emissions€in€1990.€€The€16-PAH€figure€included€the€PAH€species€ofÏnaphthalene,€pyrene,€and€chrysene€(Cavendar,€1997).€€No€breakdown€by€furnace€type€wasÏprovided.Ð  $X- ÐB.32à0  àPETROLEUM€REFINERY:€ALL€PROCESSESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€used€for€catalytic€cracking€units€for€the€7-PAH€group€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ð1.66E-05lb/barrel€(7.53E-06kg/barrel)€and€the€16-PAH€emission€factor€wasÏ3.16E-04lb/barrel€(1.43E-04kg/barrel).€€These€factors€were€developed€from€theÏindividual€PAH€emission€factors€for€two€types€of€catalytic€cracking€units€(U.S.€EPA,Ï1997).€€Fluid€catalytic€cracking€units€make€up€90percent€of€the€cracking€units.€ÏMoving-bed€catalytic€cracking€units€make€up€the€remaining€10percent.€€The€emissionÏfactors€were€developed€using€a€weighted€average€based€on€the€percentage€each€type€ofÏcracking€unit€contributes€to€the€total€production.€Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene.Ъú(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1991,€1.98E+09€barrels€of€oil€were€chargedto€catalytic€cracking€units€in€the€UnitedÐ ”ä$ ÐStates€(Oil€and€Gas€Journal,€1991).Ð (#(# ÐÌ4.à0  àFor€emissions€sources€other€than€catalytic€cracking,€a€naphthalene€estimate€was€providedÐ º! * Ðby€the€EPA€MACT€rule€development€program.€€The€MACT€program€compiled€anÏemissions€estimate€for€16„PAH€(naphthalene€only)€for€all€refinery€processes€other€thanÏcatalytic€cracking€of€783€tons€(Durham,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.32à0  àPETROLEUM€REFINERY:€ALL€PROCESSES€(Continued)а(#(# ÐòòÌCalculationóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ߉€IdcQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°8 x§dÔß°8 x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌ߉€IfeQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°^x§dàß°^x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌCombining€the€naphthalene€and€16€PAH€values€provides€a€total€16„PAH€estimate€of:ÌÌà0  à16€PAH:à ¸ à313€+€783€=€1,096€tons/yrÐH˜(#(# ÐÐ  ªú ÐB.33à0  àASPHALT€ROOFING€MANUFACTURINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€1.10E-04lb/ton€(5.50E-05kg/Mg)€for€feltÐ 8 ˆ Ðsaturation.€€There€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€for€asphalt€blowing€because€none€of€theÏ7-PAH€were€reported€in€the€available€test€data.€€The€16-PAH€emission€factors€wereÏ5.10E-03lb/ton€(2.55E-03kg/Mg)€for€asphalt€blowing€and€3.17E-04lb/tonÏ(1.58E-04kg/Mg)€for€felt€saturation.€€The€overall€7-PAH€emission€factor€wasÏ1.10E-04lb/ton€(5.50E-05kg/Mg)€and€the€overall€16-PAH€emission€factor€wasÏ2.86E-03lb/ton€(1.93E-03kg/Mg)€(U.S.€EPA,€1980).Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThese€factors€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€twoÏprocesses€involved€in€producing€asphalt€roofing:€€asphalt€blowing€and€felt€saturation.€ÏHalf€of€the€weight€of€asphalt€roofing€products€is€blown€asphalt.€€The€overall€emissionÏfactors€were€calculated€by€summing€the€total€emissions€from€asphalt€blowing€and€feltÏsaturation€and€dividing€by€the€total€asphalt€roofing€produced.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€and€Chrysene.€€Ð”ä$(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Chrysene,€Anthracene,ÏFluoranthene,€and€Phenanthrene.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€3.05E+07€tons€of€asphalt€roofing€was€produced€in€the€United€States€(AsphaltÐ ~$Î. ÐRoofing€Manufacturers€Association,€1994).€€Ð (#(# ÐÌÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.33à0  àASPHALT€ROOFING€MANUFACTURING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ tÄ ÐÌAsphalt€BlowingÌÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€5.10E-03€lb/ton€*€1.52E+07€tonsà0 œ à=€7.75E+04€lbÐü L œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€38.8€tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌFelt€SaturationÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€1.1E-04€lb/ton€*€3.05E+07€tonsà0 œ à=€3360€lbÐ„Ô œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€1.68€tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€3.17E-04€lb/ton€*€3.05E+07€tonsà0 œ à=€9,670€lbЪúœ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€4.83€tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌòòTotal€EmissionsóóÐ Ð   Ð7-PAH€Total€Annual€Emission€1.68€tons€+€0€tons€à0  àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€1.68€tonsÐ2‚"œ(#œ(# Ð16-PAH€Total€Annual€Emission€4.83€+€38.8€tons€à0  àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€43.6€tonsДä$œ(#œ(# Ðà  àÐ  öF& ÐB.34à0  àASPHALT€HOT-MIX€PRODUCTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€3.90E-07lb/ton€(1.95E-07€kg/Mg)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.82E-04lb/ton€(9.10E-05kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€natural€gas-€or€propane-firedÏdryers,€oil-fired€dryers,€natural€gas-fired€dryer€with€fabric€filter€and€oil-fired€dryer€withÏfabric€filter€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€4.80E+08tons€of€hot-mix€asphalt€were€produced€in€the€United€States€(NAPA,Ð öF& Ð1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ #l, ÐÌ߉€IhgQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°à%x§dÆß°à%x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌ߉€IjiQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°*x§d ß°*x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ *V%6°±°± ÐB.35à0  àCOKE€OVENS:€€CHARGING,€DOOR,€AND€TOPSIDE€LEAKSа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€is€3.72E-03lb/ton€(1.86E-03€kg/Mg)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€is€2.79E-02€lb/ton€(1.39E-02kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€controlled€oven€charging,€ovenÏdoor,€lid€leaks,€and€offtake€leaks€as€reported€in€EPA's€AP-42€document€(U.S.EPA,Ï1995b).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€3.86E+07tons€of€coal€were€charged€to€coke€ovens€in€the€United€States€(EIA,Ð öF& Ð1990).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ #l, ÐÌߊ€I‘RB>zx p €@Xdd@E°à%x§d‚ß°à%x§Šßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âߊ€I’“RB>zx p €@Xdd@E°¤(x§d4ß°¤(x§Šßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ ¤(ô#4°±°± ÐB.36à0  àCOKE€OVENS:€€PUSHING,€QUENCHING,€AND€BATTERY€STACKSа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factors€for€the€7-PAH€group€and€the€16-PAH€group€were€derived€from€dataÐ 8 ˆ Ðreported€in€the€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€Locating€and€EstimatingÏDocument€for€POM€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).€€The€factors€used€in€the€112(c)(6)€analysis€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€uncontrolled€oven€pushing,€ovenÏunderfiring,€and€quenching.€€The€individual€PAH€data€were€obtained€from€various€sourceÏtest€reports€for€these€sources.€€Most€all€of€the€data€dated€back€to€the€1980's€and€lateÏ1970's.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àBecause€of€the€scarcity€of€data€for€these€sources€types,€the€available€factors€wereÐ H˜ Ðcombined€together€and€reported€as€one€factor€applicable€to€the€group€of€sources€as€aÏwhole.€€The€factors€used€to€estimate€emissions€for€pushing,€quenching,€and€battery€stacksÏare:Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àà ` à7-PAH:€3.093E„03€lb/ton€(1.55E„03kg/Mg)€of€coal€chargedÌà  àà ` à16-PAH:€0.053€lb/ton€(0.026€kg/Mg)€of€coal€chargedÌÌà0  àThese€factors€were€multiplied€by€the€national€activity€data€for€1990€to€obtain€nationalÏuncontrolled€emissions.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð ~$Î. ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Diben(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Ð (#(# ÐÐ Ê,(: ÐB.36à  àCOKE€OVENS:€€PUSHING,€QUENCHING,€AND€BATTERY€STACKS€(Continued)Ð ° ÐÌà0  àIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenaphthylene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ4.à0  àThe€uncontrolled€emission€rate€was€adjusted€for€controls€in€place€by€using€an€overallÐ š ê  Ðcontrol€efficiency€derived€from€available€data.€€The€control€efficiency€figure€was€derivedÏby€averaging€data€from€Trenholm€and€Beck,€1978€and€EPA's€AP-42€document.€€TheÏAP-42€data€were€obtained€from€the€May,€1995€draft€section€on€coke€ovens€which€EPAÏfelt€was€the€most€recent€and€reliable€data€available.€€Control€efficiencies€for€theseÏoperations€were€back€calculated€from€the€uncontrolled€and€controlled€emission€factorsÏreported€in€AP-42.€€Based€on€the€engineering€judgements€of€EPA€specialists€on€cokeÏovens,€a€conservative€control€efficiency€value€was€averaged€from€the€AP-42€data€toÏreflect€the€fact€that€the€entire€category€is€not€well€controlled€for€these€sources.€€TheÏaverage€control€efficiency€value€for€these€source€types€that€was€derived€and€used€for€thisÏanalysis€is€49.5percent€control.Ð (#(# ÐÌ5.à0  àIn€1990,€3.86E+07€tons€of€coal€were€charged€to€coke€ovens€in€the€United€States€(EIA,Ð 2‚" Ð1990).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌà  àA.à ` à7„PAH€National€Emissions€(Uncontrolled)Ð #l, ÐÌà  àà ` à=€0.00309€lb/ton€*€3.86E+07€tons/yrà0  à=€119,274€lbÐà%0!0(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€59.6€tons/yrÐ (#(# ÐÌà  àà ` à7„PAH€National€Emissions€(Controlled)ÌÌà  àà ` à=€59.6€tons/yr€*€(1„0.495)€=€30.1€tons/yrÐ Ê,(: ЇB.36à  àCOKE€OVENS:€€PUSHING,€QUENCHING,€AND€BATTERY€STACKS€(Continued)Ð ° ÐÌà  àB.à ` à16„PAH€National€Emissions€(Uncontrolled)Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àà ` à=€0.053€lb/ton€*€3.86E+07€tons/yrà0  à=€2,045,800€lbsÐ8 ˆ(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€1,022.9€tons/yrÐ (#(# ÐÌà  àà ` à16„PAH€National€Emissions€(Controlled)ÌÌà  àà ` à=€1,022.9€tons/yr€*€(1„0.495)€=€516.6€tons/yrÌÌÐ  æ6 ÐB.37à0  àPORTLAND€CEMENT€MANUFACTURINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factors€used€to€estimate€annual€emissions€for€hazardous€waste€(HW)€kilnsÐ 8 ˆ Ðand€non„hazardous€(NHW)€waste€kilns€were€developed€from€data€presented€in€the€POMÏLocating€and€Estimating€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).€€These€data€include€emissions€ofÏindividual€PAHs€from€HW€and€NHW€kilns.€€The€individual€emissions€were€summed€toÏdevelop€7„PAH€and€16„PAH€emission€factors€and€all€factors€for€HW€kilns€were€averagedÏto€produce€overall€averages€for€HW€kilns.€€The€same€procedure€was€used€for€NHW€kilns.€Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€activity€data€used€to€estimate€annual€emissions€from€NHW€kilns€were€obtained€from€Ð æ6 Ðdata€and€analyses€developed€as€a€part€of€the€MACT€development€programs€for€PortlandÏCement€Kilns€(Heath,€1996a),€(Heath,€1996b).€€These€memorandums€presented€nationalÏbaseline€emission€calculations€for€dioxins/furan€from€HW€and€NHW€ki