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A. a.(1)(a) i) a)S9:;($0 ($0 0 (($0 0 0  A_ekqwDocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)jo4Tech InitInitialize Technical StyleS >   1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 S  CuyTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1x?Ou2PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paper @  A(   3,XX3X  3X,XX3,3X,XX3X,  3X,XX3X,3X,XX3X,  3X,XX3X,3X,XX3X,  3X,XX3X,3X,XX3X,XX?B'*dE*??B'*dE*?HH1HH2HH3HH4HH5HH6HH7HH8HH910111213141516171819202122232425262728  .+('2$ T!   47(DCDSpecsXXXWD* `*Times New RomanTTW   X   A7(Px @h0X "A   E   #DDXd#* `*Times New RomanTT13- \x0Level 22nd Order, Flush left, CG 14pt, Uppercase, Bold_G(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT_   A7(Px @h0X "A_G(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT_(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT0Level 55th Order, Flush left, CG 12pt, U/L case, Bold, ItalicXXXmI**0 @Times New RomanBold ItalicTTmXXXmI**0 @Times New RomanBold ItalicTTm**0 @Times New RomanBold ItalicTT0Level 77th Order, Tab, Tab, CG 12pt, U/L case, Bold, ItalicXXXmI**0 @Times New RomanBold ItalicTTm..` ..` XXXmI**0 @Times New RomanBold ItalicTTm0Level 66th Order, Tab, CG 12pt, U/L case, Bold, ItalicXXXmI**0 @Times New RomanBold ItalicTTm..XXXmI**0 @Times New RomanBold ItalicTTmx0Level 11st Order, Centered, CG 18pt, Uppercase, Bold@.._G(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT_   _G(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT_\x0Level 44th Order, Flush left, CG 12pt, Upper/lowercase, BoldXXX_G(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT_   A7(Px @h0X "AXXX_G(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT_\x0Level 33rd Order, Flush left, CG 12pt, Upper/Lower, Bold_G(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT_   A7(Px @h0X "A_G(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT_@(&FMFront Matter    X   #d##<4  pl!#@..CONTENTS0<..<04..40 .. 0 .. 0p..p0l..l0!..!Page#<4  pl!#PREFACE ..  .. p..pl..l!..!iiiTABLES4..4 ..  .. p..pl..l!..!viiABSTRACT ..  .. p..pl..l!..!viiiAUTHORS,CONTRIBUTORS,ANDREVIEWERSl..l!..!ix#<  <l #0.header <LX",ORD-1ORD 1st Level Heading  SECTION  JV4ORD StyleORD Format    #d# ` N%,ORD-33rd Order Header    ..N #,ORD-44th Order Header   Ԅ..N,ORD-55th Order Header..X!8second posisecond position8..T0header1bold,1st position t0CPartIACompendium, Part IA:, Method IO-1  Y[\^'XX'  Z'   3,XX3X  3X,XX3,3X,XX3X,  3X,XX3X,3X,XX3X,  3X,XX3X,3X,XX3X,  3X,XX3X,3X,XX3X,  3X,XX3X,3X,XX3X,  3X,XX3X,3X,XX3X,  3X,XX3X,DX/\XX3X, MethodIO1HH<(#PartI:HiVol   ?B' mxdEox?('2$ T!    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X/&24Technical Document Style.. 23  Ԁ. 6n4MACNormal            _UX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<_      #d#  XXXC4D4A`ArialTTCS $tiL(S   .  ,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 &Xd& US            _UX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<_      #Xd#  XXXC4D4A`ArialTTC .  ,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 &Xd& US 4D4A`ArialTT$579=AEIMO25tiL(4$`Diamond`0..I6LEVEL 5[1]Using 1-5 levels for paragraph numbering  @..  23  .0  '6LEVEL 5[2]Using 1-5 levels for paragraph numbering  23  Ԁ  *6LEVEL 5[3]Using 1-5 levels for paragraph numbering  23  Ԁ  Ԁ06LEVEL 5[4]Using 1-5 levels for paragraph numbering..23  Ԁ.16LEVEL 5[5]Using 1-5 levels for paragraph numbering..23  ..6LEVEL 5[6]Using 1-5 levels for paragraph numbering23  6LEVEL 5[7]Using 1-5 levels for paragraph numbering23  6LEVEL 5[8]Using 1-5 levels for paragraph numbering23  +,-./012 ?u{EPA.STYEPA Style with TOC markingI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)#$%&'()* CMRIREPORTMRI Report with Level 1 flushed leftI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) !" Cw}complevelCompendium auto numberingI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) CRight ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|x)`=}PIP(`&iPJ&P<6X9`("Courier 10cpiXx6X@;X@* `*Times New RomanTTXXw P7XP(_ 2Times New RomanBoldTT_ G**0 @Times New RomanBold ItalicTTXXx*0 7X( T$   d EeDD eD@1d (9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular T!   73s3XXdXXd7  X iXX3X 2/24/98   @uu% FACTSHEET   @: :  UTILITYAIRTOXICSREPORTTOCONGRESS  `  TODAY'SACTION...  8  0  TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)istodayissuingareporttoCongressonair  ` toxicsemissionsfromtheutilityindustry.Airtoxics,whicharealsoknownashazardousairpollutants,X iXXX iarepollutantswhichareknownorsuspectedtocausecancerorother  8  serioushealtheffectssuchasbirthdefectsorreproductiveeffects.#X iXXX i#$ (#(# 0  ThereporttoCongresswasdevelopedoverseveralyearswithextensiveinputandpeer   reviewfromoutsidescientificexpertsandmajorstakeholders,includingindustryrepresentatives,Stateandlocalagencies,andotherFederalagencies. (#(# X iXXX i0  Thereportdoesnotmakearegulatorydeterminationregardingutilities.EPAplansto \ makeadeterminationatalaterdateastowhetherregulationofairtoxicsemissionsfromutilitiesisappropriateandnecessarytoensuretheprotectionofpublichealth.ThisdeterminationisrequiredbytheCleanAirActandacourtorder. (#(# #X iXXX i# WHATARETHEMAINCOMPONENTSOFEPA'SUTILITYREPORT? 4  0  UndertheCleanAirAct,EPAisrequiredtoconductastudyofthepublichealthimpacts   ofemissionsofairtoxicsfromutilitiesthatburnfossilfuel.Emissionsfromutilitiesinclude67airtoxics,includingarsenic,nickel,chromium,radionuclides,andmercury. (#(# X iXXX i#X iXXX i=#  Thereportevaluatesthoseutilitiesthatburncoal,oilorgastogenerateelectricityandare l   greaterthan25megawatts(whichisasmallunit)insize.X iXXX i0  Thereportincludes:(1)adescriptionoftheutilityindustry;(2)ananalysisofairtoxics 0"  emissionsdatafromcoal,oilandgasfiredutilityplants;(3)anassessmentofriskstopublichealthfromexposuretoairtoxicsemissionsthroughinhalation;(4)anassessmentofpotentialriskstothepublichealthfromexposureto4specificairtoxics(radionuclides,mercury,arsenic,anddioxins)throughotherindirectmeansofexposure(e.g.,foodingestion,dermalabsorption,etc.);#X iXXX iL #X iXXX i(5)ageneralassessmentofthefateandtransportof &"% mercurythroughenvironmentalmedia;#X iXXX i #X iXXX iԀand(6)adiscussionofalternativecontrol '#& strategies.#X iXXX iO #(#'(#(# X iXXX i0  #X iXXX i #Thestudywasbasedprimarilyontwoscenarios:(1)1990baseyearemissions,whenthe |*%)  AmendmentstotheCleanAirActwerepassed,and(2)2010emissions,torepresent h+&* emissionsremainingafterregulationsandotherrequirementsundertheCleanAirAct(e.g.,acidrainprogram)areimplemented. (#(#  X iXXX i0  #X iXXX i#X iXXX iAirtoxicsemissionestimateswerebasedonanevaluationofemissionstestdatafrom52 t boilers(Autilityplantcouldhavemorethanoneboiler).Thetestingprogramwasdesignedtotestawiderangeofplanttypeswithavarietyofcontrolscenarios.#X iXXX i+#L (#(#  WHATARETHEMAINCONCLUSIONSOFEPA'SUTILITYAIRTOXICSREPORT?   `   ThekeyfindingsofthereporttoCongressinclude: AirToxicsEmissionsofConcern    0  Thereportindicatesthat,althoughuncertaintiesintheanalysisexist,onbalance,mercury   X iXXX ifromcoalfiredutilities#X iXXX i#Ԁisthehazardousairpollutantofgreatestpotentialpublichealth   concern. (#(# 0  Thereportidentifiesthreeotherairtoxicsforwhichtherearesomepotentialconcerns H anduncertaintiesthatmayneedfurtherstudy:X iXXX idioxins,arsenic,andnickel.#X iXXX i#4(#(#  X iXXX iRiskAssessment 0  \ (# (# Thereportevaluatestherisktopublichealthfromairtoxicsemissionsfromutilitiesthrough:1)routesofexposureotherthaninhalation(e.g.foodingestion,dermalabsorption,etc.#X iXXX i!#X iXXX i),and2)   breathingthepollutants(i.e.inhalationexposure).Thekeyfindingsofthesetwoanalysesareincludedbelow:#X iXXX i~#     `    1)AssessmentofExposurePathwaysOtherthanInhalation:   X iXXX i  0 ` Noninhalationexposures(e.g.,foodconsumptionandwateringestion)#X iXXX i#X iXXX iԀmaybe X  moreimportantthaninhalationexposures#X iXXX i#X iXXX iԀforairtoxicsthatarepersistent,and D! bioaccumulative.#X iXXX i#0" ` (#` (# X iXXX i  0 ` Thereportassessedtheimpactonpublichealthduetononinhalationexposures $X" forradionuclides,mercury,arsenic,anddioxins. ` (#` (# #X iXXX i#X iXXX i  0 ` Theassessmentdeterminedthatexposuresduetononinhalationroutesarebyfar &"% themostimportantrouteofexposureformercuryanddioxins.Forarsenicandradionuclides,bothinhalationandingestionappeartobeequallyimportantexposureroutes.#X iXXX i#)$(` (#` (#   |*%) X iXXX i  0 ` #X iXXX i#However,thereareuncertaintiesandlimitationsinthedataandtheanalysis,  therefore,furtherevaluationisneededtomorefullycharacterizethepublichealthimpactsofthesepollutantemissionsfromutilities. ` (#` (#  X iXXX i  2)InhalationExposureAssessment:  ` #X iXXX i#X iXXX i  0 ` #X iXXX i#X iXXX iThemodelingassessmentsuggeststhatasubstantialfractionoftheutility 8  emissionsaredispersedwellbeyondthelocalareaduetothenatureoftheemissions(mostlyfineparticulatesubstances)andtheheightofthetallstacks.#X iXXX i#X iXXX i `` (#` (# #X iXXX i)#X iXXX i  0 ` #X iXXX i#X iXXX iMostoftheriskassessmentfocusedoninhalationexposuresincethisisexpected  8  tobethemainrouteofexposureformanyofthe67airtoxicsemittedbyutilities. ` (#` (# #X iXXX i#X iXXX i  #X iXXX i #X iXXX i0 ` #X iXXX iO!#X iXXX iForthemajorityofutilityplants,thecancerriskfrominhalationexposureis   estimatedtobelessthan1inamillion#X iXXX i!#X iXXX i(#X iXXX il"#X iXXX iArisklevelof1inamillionimpliesthat   oneperson,outofonemillionequallyexposedpeople,wouldcontractcanceroveralifetimeasaresultofexposure.Thisonecancercasewouldbeinadditiontothosecancercasesthatwouldnormallyoccurinanunexposedpopulationofonemillionpeople.)Afewplantsmayhaveslightlygreaterrisks.#X iXXX i"#X iXXX iH` (#` (#   0 ` Basedontheoverallassessment[consideringlocalandregional(longerrange)  p dispersionofthehazardousairpollutants],nomorethantwocancercasesperyearareestimatedtooccurintheU.S.duetoinhalationexposuretohazardousairpollutantemissionsfromallutilities(coal,oil,andgasfired). ` (#` (#   0 ` #X iXXX ib$#X iXXX iFurtherresearchandevaluationmaybeneededtomorecomprehensivelyassess   theinhalationcancerririsks.#X iXXX iv&#` (#` (#  Mercury:   0  TheresultsoftheinvestigationindicatethatX iXXX imercuryfromcoalfiredutilitiesistheair X  pollutantofgreatestpotentialconcernto#X iXXX i'#publichealthfromutilities.D!(#(# 0  CoalfiredutilitiesareestimatedtoemitaboutonethirdX iXXX i(52tons)ofU.S.anthropogenic #l! (manmade)mercuryemissions#X iXXX i,)#Ԁperyear.$X"(#(# X iXXX i#X iXXX i)#X iXXX i0  Basedontheriskassessmentfindings,ingestionofcontaminatedfishisthemost %0!$ importantrouteofexposuretomercury.#X iXXX i/*#X iXXX i&"%(#(# 0  Themodelingassessment,inconjunctionwithavailablescientificdata,providesevidence (#' foraplausiblelinkbetweenemissionsofmercuryfromutilitiesandthemethylmercuryfoundinsoil,water,air,andfish.#X iXXX i +#|*%)(#(#  T,'+ ЇX iXXX i#X iXXX i,#0  Consequently,mercuryemissionsfromcoalfiredutilitiesmaycontributetothepotential  exposurestomercurythroughconsumptionofcontaminatedfish. (#(# X iXXX i#X iXXX i-#0  Thereremainuncertainties,however,abouttheextentofimpactsdirectlyattributableto t mercuryemissionsfromutilities. (#(#  AlternativeControlStrategies:  8  0  Therearenumerouspotentialalternativecontroltechnologiesandstrategiesforairtoxics  ` control,butthefeasibilityandeffectivenessofpotentialcontroltechnologiesvaries.Thevariouscontrolstrategiesneedtobeexaminedfurtherfortechnicalandeconomicconsiderations. (#(# 0  EPAhasnotbeenabletoidentifyanycurrentlydemonstrated,feasible,andcommercially   availabletechnologyforreducingvariouschemicalformsofmercuryemissionsfromcoalfiredutilities. (#(#  BackgroundInformation : \ X iXXX i0  Inthe1990CleanAirActAmendments,theCongressrestructuredthenationalregulatory 8 programtocontrolairtoxics.However,concernedthatutilitiesemitairtoxics,butawarethatutilitieswerealreadyrequiredtocontrolemissionsthatcauseacidrainandotherpollutantsunderotherrequirementsintheCleanAirAct,theCongressrequestedthatEPAstudyairtoxicsemissionsfromutilitiesanddeterminewhetheradditionalcontrolsareneeded.#X iXXX i~1#$(#(# X iXXX i#X iXXX i3#0  Thereportincludedaprojectionofemissionsintheyear2010torepresentemissions  remainingafterregulationsandotherrequirementsundertheCleanAirActareimplemented.Thisassessmentincludedestimatesofimpactsduetoprojectedtrendsinfuelchoices,implementationoftheacidrainprogram,andprojectedincreasesinelectricenergydemands. (#(# X iXXX i#X iXXX i5#0  BasedonEPAsassessmentofthesefutureemissionstrends,emissionsofairtoxicsfrom 4"  coalfiredutilitiesareprojectedtoincreaseby10to30percentbytheyear2010.Overthatsameperiod,emissionsfromoilfiredutilitiesarepredictedtodecreaseby40percent. (#(# X iXXX i#X iXXX iW7#  However,otherpotentialactionsthatwerenotincorporatedintothe2010projections & "% 0  (e.g.,electricindustryrestructuring,newozoneandparticulatematterstandards,andglobalclimatechangeabatementactivities)mayaffecttheseairtoxicsemissionestimates.X iXXX iEPAplanstofurtherinvestigatetheoveralleffectonmercuryemissionsasa )$( resultoftheseactions. (#(# #X iXXX i8# X iXXX i#X iXXX i9#FORMOREINFORMATION...  X,'+ ЇX iXXX iu0  Interestedpartiescandownloadtheexecutivesummary,thisfactsheetandtheUtilityAir  ToxicsReportfromEPA'swebsiteontheInternetunderrecentactions  atthefollowingaddress:  (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg.htmlairlinks).TheexecutivesummaryandreportarealsoavailablethroughEPAsAirandRadiationDocketandInformationCenter(DocketNumberA9255)bycalling(202)2607548or7549orFAX(202)2604000(areasonablefeemaybechargedforcopying).#X iXXX i::#Fortechnicalquestionsaboutthereport,contactBillMaxwellor P  ChuckFrenchofEPA'sOfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandardsat(919)5415430or(919)5410467,respectively.X iXXX i( x(#(# u#X iXXX i=#X iXXX i0  FurtherinformationaboutEPAsapproachtoaddressingmercuryemissionsfromelectric  P  utilitiesisdescribedinthe MercuryEmissionsandElectricUtilitiesfactsheetatthefollowingaddress:(http://www.epa.gov/airlinks).#X iXXX i>#X iXXX i( (#(# u#X iXXX i?#X iXXX i  FormoreinformationonmercuryandEPAsrecent,ongoing,andplannedactionsto   0  reducemercurypollution,visitthefollowingInternetaddress:(http://www.epa.gov/oar/merwhite.html#X iXXX i?#X iXXX i) (#(# u0  EPAsOfficeofAirandRadiationshomepageontheInternetcontainsawiderangeof ` informationontheairtoxicsprogram,aswellasmanyotherairpollutionprogramsandissues.TheOfficeofAirandRadiationshomepageaddressis:(http://www.epa.gov/oar/).#X iXXX iA#$t(#(#