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 ƒ   ! ÝÝ    ÝÓ     ÓÖ  €       ÿÿ ÖÖ €       ÿÿ ÖòòÔ €  X  X  X X   ÔÔ     €    ÔÓH  4    X °  `	 ¸  h À  p È   x Ð  (# €%°   œXH ÓÑ     ÑEnvironmental€Protection€AgencyÐ   	 d      ÐÔ   €    € ÔRULESÌÔ      €   ÔAir€pollutants,€hazardous;€national€emmission€standards:€Perchlorethylene€emissions€from€dryÏcleaning€facilities,€49354ÌóóVol.€58€No.€182€Wednesday,€September€22,€1993€p€49354€(Rule)€€€€€€€€€€€1/3432€€Ð   	 
°   ÐÌENVIRONMENTAL€PROTECTION€AGENCYÌÌ€40€CFR€Parts€963€ÌÌ[AD-FRL-4732-9]€ÌRIN€2060-AC27€ÌNational€Emission€Standards€for€Hazardous€Air€Pollutants€for€Source€Categories:€PerchloroethyleneÏDry€Cleaning€Facilities€ÌAGENCY:€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€ÌACTION:€Final€rule.€ÌSUMMARY:€National€emission€standards€for€hazardous€air€pollutants€(NESHAP)€forÏperchloroethylene€(PCE)€dry€cleaning€facilities€were€proposed€in€the€Federal€Register€on€DecemberÏ9,€1991€(56€FR€64382).€A€notice€of€availability€of€new€information€on€control€of€PCE€emissionsÏduring€clothing€transfer€at€dry€cleaning€facilities€that€use€transfer€dry€cleaning€machines€was€publishedÏon€October€1,€1992€(57€FR€45363).€This€action€promulgates€national€emission€standards€for€PCE€dryÏcleaning€facilities.€These€standards€implement€section€112€of€the€Clean€Air€Act€(Act)€and€are€basedÏon€the€Administrator's€determination€that€PCE€is€a€hazardous€air€pollutant€(HAP)€and€that€emissions,Ïambient€concentrations,€bioaccumulation,€or€deposition€of€PCE€are€known€to€cause€or€mayÏreasonably€be€anticipated€to€cause€adverse€effects€to€human€health€or€the€environment.€Ì€€€The€intended€effect€of€this€NESHAP€is€to€require€all€new€and€existing€major€source€dry€cleaningÏfacilities€(emitting€or€with€the€potential€to€emit€greater€than€9.1€megagrams€(Mg)€[10€tons]€per€yearÏof€PCE)€to€control€emissions€to€the€level€of€the€maximum€achievable€control€technology€(MACT),Ïas€specified€in€section€112€of€the€Act.€ÌÌ€€€The€intended€effect€of€this€NESHAP€is€also€to€require€all€new€and€existing€area€source€dry€cleaningÏfacilities€(emitting€or€with€the€potential€to€emit€9.1€Mg€[10€tons]€per€year€or€less€of€PCE)€to€controlÏPCE€emissions€to€the€level€achieved€by€generally€available€control€technologies€(GACT)€orÏmanagement€practices.€ÌÌEFFECTIVE€DATE:€September€22,€1993.ÌÌ€€€Judicial€Review.€Under€section€307(b)(1)€of€the€Act,€judicial€review€of€the€actions€taken€by€thisÏnotice€is€available€only€by€filing€a€petition€for€review€in€the€U.S.€Court€of€Appeals€for€the€District€ofÏColumbia€Circuit€within€60€days€of€today's€publication€of€this€rule.€Under€section€307(b)(2)€of€theÏAct,€the€requirements€that€are€the€subject€of€today's€notice€may€not€be€challenged€later€in€civil€orÏcriminal€proceedings€brought€by€the€EPA€to€enforce€these€requirements.€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   ÐADDRESSES:€Background€Information€Document.€The€background€information€document€(BID)Ïfor€the€promulgated€standards€may€be€obtained€from€the€U.S.€EPA€Library€(MD-35),€ResearchÏTriangle€Park,€North€Carolina€27711,€telephone€number€(919)€541-2777.€Please€refer€to€ð ðDryÏCleaning€Facilities-Background€Information€for€Promulgated€Standards,ðð€EPA-450/3-91-020b.€TheÏBID€contains:€(1)€A€summary€of€the€public€comments€made€on€the€proposed€NESHAP€and€the€noticeÏof€availability€of€new€information€and€the€Administrator's€response€to€the€comments;€(2)€a€summaryÏof€the€changes€made€to€the€NESHAP€since€proposal;€and€(3)€the€final€Environmental€ImpactÏStatement,€which€summarizes€the€impacts€of€the€standards.€Ì€€€Docket.€Docket€No.€A-88-11,€containing€information€considered€by€the€EPA€in€development€ofÏthe€promulgated€standards,€is€available€for€public€inspection€between€8:30€a.m.€and€3:30€p.m.,ÏMonday€through€Friday,€excluding€Federal€holidays,€at€the€EPA's€Air€Docket€(LE-131),€WatersideÏMall,€room€M1500,€1st€Floor,€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency,€401€M€Street€SW.,ÏWashington,€DC€20460.€A€reasonable€fee€may€be€charged€for€copying.€ÌÌ€€€Public€Meeting.€As€discussed€in€more€detail€at€the€end€of€this€preamble,€in€order€to€gain€additionalÏunderstanding€of€indoor€air€pollution,€ground€water€contamination€and€solid€waste€generationÏresulting€from€dry€cleaning€facilities,€the€EPA€will€convene€a€public€meeting€at€a€place€and€time€toÏbe€announced.€Information€also€will€be€sought€on€the€environmental€impacts€associated€with€theÏoperation€of€wastewater€evaporators.€The€objective€of€this€public€meeting€will€be€to€gatherÏinformation€on€the€magnitude€of€these€problems,€as€well€as€potential€solutions€to€these€problems.€ÌÌ€€€Individuals€wishing€to€find€out€the€date€and€location€of€the€meeting€or€to€speak€at€this€publicÏmeeting€should€contact€Ms.€Julia€Stevens€at€(919)€541-5578€by€October€22,€1993.€IndividualsÏwishing€to€submit€written€comments€in€lieu€of€attending€this€public€meeting€should€forward€theirÏcomments€by€November€22,€1993€to:€Mr.€Bruce€Jordan,€Director;€Emission€Standards€DivisionÏ(MD-13);€Environmental€Protection€Agency;€Research€Triangle€Park,€NC€27711.€ÌFOR€FURTHER€INFORMATION€CONTACT:€For€information€concerning€the€standards,€contactÏMr.€George€Smith€at€(919)€541-1549€or€Mr.€Fred€Porter€at€(919)€541-5251,€Standards€DevelopmentÏBranch,€Emission€Standards€Division€(MD-13),€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency,€ResearchÏTriangle€Park,€North€Carolina€27711.€ÌÌSUPPLEMENTARY€INFORMATION:€The€following€outline€is€provided€to€aid€in€reading€theÏpreamble€to€the€final€rule.€ÌÌI.€Background€ÌÌ€€€A.€List€of€Categories€and€Subcategories€ÌÌ€€€B.€Source€of€Authority€for€National€Emission€Standards€for€Hazardous€Air€Pollutants€ÌÌ€€€C.€Criteria€for€Development€of€National€Emission€Standards€for€Hazardous€Air€Pollutants€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€D.€Categorization/Subcategorization:€Determining€Maximum€Achievable€Control€TechnologyÏð ðFloorsðð€for€NESHAPÌÌ€€€E.€Historical€Development€of€the€Standards€ÌÌII.€Summary€ÌÌ€€€A.€Summary€of€Promulgated€Standards€ÌÌ€€€B.€Selection€of€Basis€of€Standards€for€New€and€Existing€Sources-Selection€of€MACT€or€GACT€ÌÌ€€€C.€Selection€of€Format€for€the€Final€Rule€ÌÌ€€€D.€Summary€of€Changes€Since€Proposal€ÌÌ€€€E.€Potential€to€Emit€ÌÌIII.€Summary€of€Environmental,€Energy,€and€Economic€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€A.€Affected€Facilities€ÌÌ€€€B.€Air€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€C.€Water,€Solid€Waste,€Noise,€and€Radiation€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€D.€Energy€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€E.€Cost€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€F.€Economic€Impacts€ÌÌIV.€Public€Participation€ÌÌV.€Significant€Comments€and€Changes€to€the€Proposed€Standards€ÌÌ€€€A.€Regulatory€Approach€ÌÌ€€€B.€Emission€Control€ÌÌ€€€C.€Monitoring€and€Equivalency€ÌÌ€€€D.€Other€Issues€and€Follow-up€to€Today's€Action€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡ÌÌVI.€Administrative€Requirements€ÌÌ€€€A.€Docket€ÌÌ€€€B.€Paperwork€Reduction€Act€ÌÌ€€€C.€Executive€Order€12291€ÌÌ€€€D.€Regulatory€Flexibility€Act€ÌÌ€€€E.€Miscellaneous€ÌÌI.€Background€ÌÌA.€List€of€Categories€and€Subcategories€ÌÌ€€€The€Act€requires,€under€section€112,€that€the€EPA€evaluate€and€control€emissions€of€HAP's.€TheÏcontrol€of€HAP's€is€achieved€through€promulgation€of€emission€standards€under€sections€112(d)€andÏ112(f)€for€categories€of€sources€that€emit€HAP's.€Section€112(c)(3)€directs€the€Administrator€to€listÏeach€category€or€subcategory€of€area€sources€which€the€Administrator€finds€ð ðpresents€a€threat€ofÏadverse€effects€to€human€health€or€the€environment.ðð€Section€112(c)(3)€also€directs€the€AdministratorÏto€list€within€5€years€ð ðsufficient€categories€or€subcategories€of€area€sources€to€ensure€that€areaÏsources€representing€90€percent€of€the€area€source€emissions€of€the€30€HAP's€that€present€the€greatestÏthreat€to€public€health€in€the€largest€number€of€urban€areas€are€subject€to€regulation.ðð€SectionÏ112(c)(1)€directed€the€EPA€to€publish€an€initial€list€of€major€sources€which€emitted€one€or€more€ofÏthe€listed€189€HAP's.€As€described€in€the€proposal,€(56€FR€64382,€64383€(December€9,€1991)),€theÏEPA€identified€5€categories€of€major€or€area€sources€of€dry€cleaners€for€regulation.€These€sourceÏcategories€were€included€in€the€initial€section€112(c)(1)€list€published€on€July€16,€1992,€(57€FRÏ31576)€as€follows:€Source€Category€and€Subcategory€Industrial€(major)-Dry-to-dry€machines;ÏTransfer€machines.ÌÌCommercial€(major)-Transfer€machines.ÌÌCommercial€(area)-Dry-to-dry€machines;€Transfer€machines.ÌÌ€€€All€sources€in€the€industrial€category€are€major€sources.€The€industrial€category€has€two€basic€typesÏof€machines:€Dry-to-dry€and€transfer.€A€major€source€includes€any€source€that€emits€or€has€theÏpotential€to€emit,€considering€controls,€in€the€aggregate,€9.1€Mg/yr€(10€tpy)€of€any€HAP€(sectionÏ112(a)(1)€of€the€Act).€The€EPA€proposed€that€the€industrial€source€category€and€those€major€sourcesÏunder€the€commercial€source€category€be€regulated€under€MACT.€The€EPA€also€proposed€that€theÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðcommercial€source€category,€which€includes€area€sources,€be€listed€under€section€112(c)(3)€forÏregulation€under€GACT.€ÌÌB.€Source€of€Authority€for€National€Emission€Standards€for€Hazardous€Air€Pollutants€Development€ÌÌ€€€Title€III€of€the€Act€was€enacted€to€help€reduce€the€increasing€amount€of€nationwide€air€toxicsÏemissions.€Under€title€III,€section€112€was€amended€to€give€the€EPA€the€authority€to€establishÏnational€standards€to€reduce€air€toxics€from€sources€that€emit€one€or€more€HAP.€Section€112(b)Ïcontains€a€list€of€HAP's,€which€are€the€specific€air€toxics€to€be€regulated€by€NESHAP.€Section€112(c)Ïdirects€the€EPA€to€use€this€pollutant€list€to€develop€and€publish€a€list€of€source€categories€for€whichÏa€NESHAP€will€be€developed.€The€EPA€must€list€all€known€categories€and€subcategories€of€ð ðmajorÏsourcesðð€(defined€above)€which€emit€one€or€more€of€the€listed€HAP's.€Area€source€categories€selectedÏby€the€EPA€for€NESHAP€development€will€be€based€on€the€Administrator's€judgment€that€the€sourcesÏin€a€category,€individually€or€in€aggregate,€pose€a€ð ðthreat€of€adverse€effects€to€health€and€theÏenvironment.ðð€As€noted€above,€the€initial€section€112(c)(1)€list€of€source€categories€was€publishedÏon€July€16,€1992€(57€FR€31576)€and€listed€5€source€categories€of€dry€cleaners€(three€major€and€twoÏarea).€ÌÌC.€Criteria€for€Development€of€National€Emission€Standards€for€Hazardous€Air€Pollutants€ÌÌ€€€The€NESHAP€are€to€be€developed€to€control€HAP€emissions€from€both€new€and€existing€sourcesÏaccording€to€the€statutory€directives€set€out€in€section€112.€The€statute€requires€the€standards€toÏreflect€the€maximum€degree€of€reduction€in€emissions€of€HAP's€that€is€achievable€for€new€or€existingÏsources.€The€NESHAP€must€reflect€consideration€of€the€cost€of€achieving€the€emission€reduction,€andÏany€nonair€quality€health€and€environmental€impacts,€and€energy€requirements€for€control€levels€moreÏstringent€than€the€MACT€floors€(described€below).€The€emission€reduction€may€be€accomplishedÏthrough€application€of€measures,€processes,€methods,€systems€or€techniques€including,€but€not€limitedÏto,€measures€which:ÌÌ€€€1.€Reduce€the€volume€of,€or€eliminate€emissions€of,€such€pollutants€through€process€changes,Ïsubstitution€of€materials€or€other€modifications,€ÌÌ€€€2.€Enclose€systems€or€processes€to€eliminate€emissions,€ÌÌ€€€3.€Collect,€capture€or€treat€such€pollutants€when€released€from€a€process,€stack,€storage€or€fugitiveÏemissions€point,€ÌÌ€€€4.€Are€design,€equipment,€work€practice,€or€operational€standards€(including€requirements€forÏoperator€training€or€certification)€as€provided€in€subsection€(h),€or€ÌÌ€€€5.€Are€a€combination€of€the€above€(section€112(d)(2)).€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€To€develop€a€NESHAP,€the€EPA€collects€information€about€the€industry,€including€information€onÏemission€source€characteristics,€control€technologies,€data€from€HAP€emission€tests€at€well-controlledÏfacilities,€and€information€on€the€costs€and€other€energy€and€environmental€impacts€of€emissionÏcontrol€techniques.€The€EPA€uses€this€information€to€analyze€possible€regulatory€approaches.€ÌÌ€€€Although€NESHAP€are€normally€structured€in€terms€of€numerical€emission€limits,€alternativeÏapproaches€are€sometimes€necessary.€In€some€cases,€physically€measuring€emissions€from€a€sourceÏmay€be€impossible€or€at€least€impracticable€due€to€technological€and€economic€limitations.€SectionÏ112(h)€authorizes€the€Administrator€to€promulgate€a€design,€equipment,€work€practice,€or€operationalÏstandard,€or€combination€thereof,€in€those€cases€where€it€is€not€feasible€to€prescribe€or€enforce€anÏemissions€standard.€ÌÌ€€€Section€112(h)(2)€provides€that,€ð ðthe€phrase€`not€feasible€to€prescribe€or€enforce€an€emissionÏstandard'€means€any€situation€in€which€the€Administrator€determines€that€ð ðthe€application€ofÏmeasurement€methodology€to€a€particular€class€of€sources€is€not€practicable€due€to€technological€andÏeconomic€limitations.ðð€As€described€below,€the€Administrator€has€determined€that€it€is€impracticableÏto€prescribe€an€emission€standard€for€the€sources€subject€to€this€rule.€Accordingly,€this€final€rule€isÏbeing€issued€as€a€section€112(h)€standard.€ÌÌD.€Categorization/Subcategorization:€Determining€Maximum€Achievable€Control€TechnologyÏð ðFloorsðð€for€NESHAP€ÌÌ€€€The€Act€directs€the€Administrator€to€list€categories€and€subcategories€of€major€sources€and€areaÏsources€which€emit€one€or€more€of€the€HAP's€listed€in€section€112(b)€(section€112(c)€of€the€Act).€TheÏAdministrator€shall€list€all€major€sources€which€emit€HAP's.€The€Administrator€shall€list€those€areaÏsource€categories€and€subcategories€which€she€finds€present€a€threat€of€adverse€effects€to€humanÏhealth€or€the€environment€warranting€regulation.€Once€the€EPA€has€identified€the€specific€sourceÏcategories€or€subcategories€of€major€sources€and€area€sources€that€it€intends€to€regulate€under€sectionÏ112,€it€must€set€MACT€standards€for€each€and€must€set€such€standards€at€a€level€at€least€as€stringentÏas€the€ð ðfloor,ðð€unless€it€regulates€area€sources€under€section€112(d)(5)€as€described€below.€CongressÏprovided€certain€very€specific€directives€to€guide€the€EPA€in€the€process€of€determining€the€regulatoryÏfloor.€ÌÌ€€€Congress€specified€that€the€EPA€shall€establish€standards€which€require€ð ðthe€maximum€degree€ofÏreduction€in€emissions€of€the€hazardous€air€pollutants€*€*€*€that€the€Administrator,€taking€intoÏconsideration€the€cost€of€achieving€such€emission€reduction,€and€any€nonair€quality€health€andÏenvironmental€impacts€and€energy€requirements,€determines€is€achievable€*€*€*ðð€(section€112(d)(2)Ïof€the€Act)€In€addition,€Congress€limited€the€EPA's€discretion€by€establishing€a€minimum€baseline€orÏð ðfloorðð€for€standards.€For€new€sources,€the€standards€for€a€source€category€or€subcategory€ð ðshall€notÏbe€less€stringent€than€the€emission€control€that€is€achieved€in€practice€by€the€best€controlled€similarÏsource,€as€determined€by€the€Administratorðð€(section€112(d)(3)€of€the€Act).€Congress€provided€thatÏexisting€source€standards€could€be€less€stringent€than€new€source€standards€but€could€be€no€lessÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðstringent€than€the€average€emission€limitation€achieved€by€the€best€performing€12€percent€of€theÏexisting€sources€(excluding€certain€sources)€for€categories€and€subcategories€with€30€or€more€sourcesÏor€the€best€performing€5€sources€for€categories€or€subcategories€with€fewer€than€30€sources€(sectionÏ112(d)(3)€of€the€Act).ÌÌ€€€Once€the€floor€has€been€determined€for€new€or€existing€sources€for€a€category€or€subcategory,€theÏAdministrator€must€set€MACT€standards€that€are€no€less€stringent€than€the€floor.€Such€standards€mustÏthen€be€met€by€all€sources€within€the€category€or€subcategory.€However,€in€establishing€the€standards,Ïthe€Administrator€may€distinguish€among€classes,€types,€and€sizes€of€sources€within€a€category€orÏsubcategory€(section€112(d)(1)€of€the€Act).€Thus,€for€example,€the€Administrator€could€establish€twoÏclasses€of€sources€within€a€category€or€subcategory€based€on€size€and€establish€a€different€emissionÏstandard€for€each€class,€provided€both€standards€are€at€least€as€stringent€as€the€MACT€floor.ÌÌ€€€In€addition,€the€Act€provides€the€Administrator€further€flexibility€to€regulate€area€sources.€SectionÏ112(d)(5)€provides€that€in€lieu€of€establishing€MACT€standards€under€section€112(d),€theÏAdministrator€may€promulgate€standards€which€provide€for€the€use€of€ð ðgenerally€available€controlÏtechnologies€or€management€practices.ðð€Area€source€standards€promulgated€under€this€authorityÏ(GACT€standards)€would€not€be€subject€to€the€MACT€ð ðfloorsðð€described€above.€Moreover,€forÏsource€categories€subject€to€standards€promulgated€under€section€112(d)(5),€the€EPA€is€not€requiredÏto€conduct€a€residual€risk€analysis€under€section€112(f).€ÌÌ€€€At€the€end€of€the€data€gathering€and€analysis,€the€EPA€must€decide€whether€it€is€more€appropriateÏto€follow€the€MACT€or€the€GACT€approach€for€regulating€an€area€source€category.€As€statedÏpreviously,€MACT€is€required€for€major€sources.€If€all€or€some€portion€of€the€sources€emits€less€thanÏ9.1€Mg/yr€(10€tpy)€of€any€one€HAP€(or€less€than€22.7€Mg/yr€(25€tpy)€of€total€HAP's),€then€it€may€beÏappropriate€to€define€subcategories€within€the€source€category€and€apply€a€combinationÏMACT/GACT€approach,€MACT€for€major€sources€and€GACT€for€area€sources.€In€other€cases,€itÏmay€be€appropriate€to€regulate€both€major€and€area€sources€in€a€source€category€under€MACT.€ÌÌ€€€The€next€step€in€establishing€a€MACT€or€GACT€standard€is€the€investigation€of€regulatoryÏalternatives.€With€MACT€standards,€only€alternatives€at€least€as€stringent€as€the€floor€may€beÏconsidered.€Information€about€the€industry€is€analyzed€to€develop€model€plant€populations€forÏprojecting€national€impacts,€including€HAP€emission€reduction€levels,€costs,€energy,€and€secondaryÏimpacts.€Several€regulatory€alternative€levels€(which€may€be€different€levels€of€emissions€control€orÏdifferent€levels€of€applicability€or€both)€are€then€evaluated€to€determine€the€most€plausible€regulatoryÏalternative€to€reflect€the€appropriate€MACT€or€GACT€level.€ÌÌ€€€The€regulatory€alternatives€for€new€versus€existing€sources€may€be€different,€and€separateÏregulatory€decisions€must€be€made€for€new€and€existing€sources.€For€both€source€types,€the€selectedÏalternative€may€be€more€stringent€than€the€MACT€floor.€However,€the€control€level€selected€must€beÏtechnically€achievable.€In€selecting€a€regulatory€alternative€to€represent€MACT€or€GACT,€the€EPAÏconsiders€the€achievable€reduction€in€emissions€of€HAP's€(and€possibly€other€pollutants€that€areÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðco-controlled),€the€cost€and€economic€impacts,€energy€impacts,€and€other€environmental€impacts.€TheÏobjective€is€to€achieve€the€maximum€degree€of€emission€reduction€without€unreasonable€economicÏor€other€impacts.€Ì€€€The€selected€regulatory€alternative€is€then€translated€into€a€proposed€regulation.€The€regulationÏimplementing€the€MACT€or€GACT€decision€typically€includes€sections€of€applicability,€standards,€testÏmethods€and€compliance€demonstration,€monitoring,€reporting,€and€recordkeeping.€The€preamble€toÏthe€proposed€regulation€provides€an€explanation€of€the€rationale€for€the€decision.€The€public€is€invitedÏto€comment€on€the€proposed€regulation€during€the€public€comment€period.€Based€on€an€evaluationÏof€these€comments,€the€EPA€reaches€a€final€decision€and€promulgates€the€NESHAP.€ÌÌE.€Historical€Development€of€the€StandardsÌ€Ì€€€On€November€25,€1980€(45€FR€78174),€the€EPA€proposed€new€source€performance€standardsÏ(NSPS)€to€limit€emissions€of€volatile€organic€compounds€(VOC's)€from€new,€modified,€andÏreconstructed€PCE€dry€cleaners€under€the€authority€of€section€111€of€the€Act.€On€December€26,€1985Ï(50€FR€52880),€the€EPA€published€a€Notice€of€Intent€to€List€PCE€as€a€potentially€toxic€air€pollutantÏto€be€regulated€under€section€112€of€the€Act€and€solicited€information€on€the€potential€carcinogenicityÏof€PCE.€Perchloroethylene€is€the€predominant€solvent€used€in€dry€cleaning.€It€has€chemical€andÏphysical€properties€which€make€it€the€most€desirable€solvent€available€for€the€dry€cleaning€of€fabrics.ÏInformation€was€also€requested€on€applicable€emission€control€equipment€and€the€associated€level€ofÏcontrol€achievable.ÌÌ€€€Subsequent€to€the€EPA's€issuance€of€the€1980€proposed€rule€and€to€the€EPA's€Notice€of€Intent€toÏList€and€possible€regulation€of€PCE€emissions€from€dry€cleaners€under€section€112,€a€private€citizensÏgroup€from€Oregon,€Francis€P.€Cook,€et€al.,€brought€suit€against€the€Administrator€of€the€EPA€toÏcompel€him€to€issue€a€final€rule€regulating€emissions€from€PCE€dry€cleaners€under€the€authority€ofÏsection€111€of€the€Act.€The€EPA€and€plaintiffs€negotiated€a€settlement€of€the€lawsuit€whereby€theÏEPA€agreed€to€enter€into€a€Consent€Decree.€The€U.€S.€District€Court€for€the€District€of€OregonÏentered€the€Consent€Decree€on€March€16,€1990,€(Cook€v.€Reilly,€No.€89-630€7E€(D.€Ore)).€In€theÏConsent€Decree,€the€EPA€Administrator€agreed€to€sign€proposed€NESHAP€for€PCE€dry€cleaningÏfacilities€within€1€year€and€promulgate€the€standards€within€2€years€following€enactment€of€the€newÏamendments€to€the€Act.€In€accordance€with€the€Consent€Decree,€on€November€15,€1991,€theÏAdministrator,€William€K.€Reilly,€signed€the€proposed€rulemaking.€That€notice€appeared€in€theÏFederal€Register€on€December€9,€1991,€(56€FR€64382).€ÌÌ€€€In€that€notice,€the€EPA€proposed€to€regulate€PCE€emissions€from€dry€cleaners€under€authority€ofÏsection€112€of€the€Act€because€PCE€is€included€on€the€list€of€HAP's€found€in€section€112(b).€ÌÌ€€€A€notice€announcing€the€withdrawal€of€the€proposed€NSPS€for€regulating€VOC€emissions€fromÏPCE€dry€cleaners€under€section€111€was€also€published€at€that€time€(56€FR€64382).€The€ConsentÏDecree€was€amended€twice€to€provide€the€EPA€additional€time€to€complete€this€action,€with€theÏcurrent€decree€requiring€the€Administrator€to€sign€a€final€rulemaking€notice€not€later€than€SeptemberÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð13,€1991.€This€action€completes€the€EPA's€obligations€to€take€regulatory€action€in€compliance€withÏthe€Consent€Decree.€ÌÌII.€SummaryÌÌA.€Summary€of€Promulgated€StandardsÌÌ€€€The€standards€being€promulgated€today€will€reduce€emissions€of€PCE€from€new€and€existing€dryÏcleaning€facilities€in€the€industrial€and€commercial€sectors€of€the€dry€cleaning€industry.€Coin-operatedÏdry€cleaning€machines€are€exempt€from€the€standards.€The€requirements€of€the€standards€areÏdiscussed€below.€The€process€vent€control€requirements€of€the€standards€are€presented€in€table€1.ÌÌà0     àà0    `	(#(# àTable€1.-Requirements€of€the€PCE€Dry€Cleaning€NESHAP€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï€€€€€€€€€€€Ð    `	(#`	(#  ÐÔ*w ƒ   "          d                       d d      X      d d      X      d d      X             °(#°(#w Ôñ ˜ñÔ,    8	d d            Ôñ˜ññ ˜ñÔ,    Èd d            Ôñ˜ññ ˜ñÔ,    Ðd d            Ôñ˜ññ ˜ñÔ,    Ðd d            Ôñ˜ññ˜ñÔ,    8	d d            ÔÔ,    Èd d            ÔÔ,    ”d d            ÔÔ,    Ðd d            Ôñ˜ñÔ+
   
 ÔÐ   
 Lè   ÐÔ €  Â¸+ Â  X X Ôà@    ÐÐ L	 àRequirementˆÐ
   	 °L   Ðà@    LL L àSmall€area€sourceˆÐ
   	 °L   Ðà@    xx, z àLarge€area€sourceˆÐ
   	 °L   Ðà@    ,,= ¬ àMajor€sourceˆÐ   	 °L   ÐApplicability:ÌÓ  
  §,   XX ÓDry€Cleaning€Facilities€with:Ì€€€(1)€Only€Dry„to„Dry€Machines.......Ì€€€(2)€Only€Transfer€Machines...........Ì€€€(3)€Both€Dry„to„Dry€and€Transfer€€€Ï€€€€€€€Machines.ÌProcess€Vent€Controls:Ì€€€Existing€Facilities............................Ì€€€New€Facilities..................................ÌÌFugitive€Controls:Ì€€€Existing€Facilities...........................ÌÌ€€€New................................................Ð
   	 ä€    ÐConsuming€less€than:ÌÌ€€140€gallons€PCE/year.....Ì€€€200€gallons€PCE/year....Ì€€€140€gallons€PCE/year....ÌÌÌ€€€None............................Ì€€€(2)€...............................ÌÌÌ€€€(3)................................Ì€€€(4)................................Ì€€€(5)................................Ì€€€(6)................................Ì€€ñ ññŽñ€97)ñŽñññññ€(7)................................ññÌÌÐ
   	 ¤ @2   ÐConsuming€between:ÌÌ140„2,100€gallons€PCE/yearÌ200„1,800€gallons€PCE/yearÌ140„1,800€gallons€ñ›ñPCEñ›ñ/yearñœñÌÌÌ(1)...........................................ñœññ ññœñ.ñœññññžñÌ(2)...........................................ñžññ Ÿññžñ.ñžññŸññ ñÌÌÌ(3)...........................................ñ ññ ¡ññ ñ.ñ ññ¡ññ¢ñÌ(4)...........................................ñ¢ññ £ññ¢ñ.ñ¢ññ£ññ¤ñÌ(5)...........................................Ì(6)...........................................Ì(7)...........................................ñ¤ñÐ
   	 DàB   Ðñ¥ñConsuming€more€than:ÌÌ€€€2,100€gallñ¥ññ ¦ññ¥ñsonñ¥ññ¦ññ§ñons€PCE/yearÌ€€€1,800€gallons€ñ§ññ ¨ññ§ñpCEñ§ññ¨ññ©ñPCE/yearÌ€€€1,800€gallons€PCE/yearÌÌÌ(1)ÌRefrigerated€condenserÏfollowed€by€small€carboñ©ññ ªññ©ñbnñ©ññªññ«ñnÏadsorber€(€or€equivalent)ÌRoom€ñ«ññ ¬ññ«ñenclsouñ«ññ¬ññ­ñenclosureñ­ñÐ    „ N    Ð€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòÐ   	 „! N   Ðóó€€{1}€Refrigerated€condenser€(or€equivalent)€Existing€carbon€adsorbers€can€remain.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð   	 4"ÐO   Ðñ ®ñÌñ®ñ€€{2}€Refrigerated€condenser€(or€equivalent).€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìñ ¯ñÌñ¯ñ€€{3}€Leak€detection/repair.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìñ °ñÌñ°ñ€€{4}€Store€all€PCE€solvent€&€waste€in€sealed€containers.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìñ ±ñÌñ±ñ€€{5}€Leak€detection/repair.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìñ ²ñÌñ²ñ€€{6}€Store€all€PCE€solvent€&€waste€in€sealed€containers.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìñ ³ñÌñ³ñ€€{7}€No€new€transfer€machine€systems€allowed.€€€€€€€€ñ´ñÌñ´ññ µñÌñµñÔ ‡  Â¸+ Â Â Â¸+ ÔÔ ‡  ;Æh ; Â Â¸+ Ôñ µñ0à0    Ü àà0    Ü(#Ü(# à1„2à0    `	(#(# àà0    Œ
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(# àà0    ä(#ä(# à5+ñµñÔ# †  ;Æh ; ; ;Æh³f  # ÔÔ# †  Â¸+ Â ; ;ÆhÒf  # Ôñ µñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ñµñÌ€€Ô €  X  X Â Â¸+ Ô€Owners€and€operators€of€all€new€dry€cleaning€machines€and€existing€uncontrolled€dry€cleaningÐ   	 ´'P!W   Ðmachines€located€at€major€sources,€as€well€as€those€of€many€area€sources,€are€required€to€install€andÏoperate€refrigerated€condensers€to€control€PCE€emissions€from€process€vents.€Owners€and€operatorsÏof€existing€dry€cleaning€machines€controlled€with€carbon€adsorbers€that€were€installed€prior€to€today'sÏdate€are€not€required€to€replace€the€carbon€adsorber€with€a€refrigerated€condenser.€These€owners€andÐ   	 d+ %[   Ðoperators€may€continue€to€operate€their€carbon€adsorbers€to€control€PCE€emissions€from€processÏvents.€Owners€and€operators€of€all€dry€cleaning€machines€are€required€to€operate€their€PCE€emissionÏcontrol€equipment€and€dry€cleaning€machines€according€to€the€manufacturer's€recommendations.€NewÏtransfer€machine€systems€are€effectively€banned€through€a€requirement€prohibiting€any€PCE€emissionsÏfrom€clothing€transfer€between€the€washer€and€dryer€of€transfer€machine€systems.€ÌÌ€€€Additional€controls€are€required€for€new€dry-to-dry€machines€and€existing€transfer€machine€systemsÏlocated€at€major€sources.€Owners€or€operators€of€new€dry-to-dry€machines€located€at€major€sourcesÏare€required€to€install€a€carbon€adsorber€in€addition€to€a€refrigerated€condenser.€The€PCE€saturatedÏair€remaining€in€the€dry€cleaning€drum€after€completion€of€the€refrigerated€condenser€cycle€must€beÏpassed€through€this€carbon€adsorber€immediately€before€the€door€of€the€dry€cleaning€machine€isÏopened€or€as€the€door€is€opened.€Owners€or€operators€of€existing€transfer€machine€systems€locatedÏat€major€sources€are€required€to€contain€their€transfer€machine€systems€inside€a€room€enclosure.€ThisÏroom€enclosure€must€be€vented€to€a€carbon€adsorber€to€control€PCE€emissions€captured€by€the€roomÏenclosure.€ÌÌ€€€To€determine€if€a€dry€cleaning€facility€is€a€major€source€emitting€over€9.1€Mg€(10€tons)€per€year,Ïtotal€annual€PCE€consumption€of€all€of€the€dry€cleaning€machines€at€a€facility€is€used€to€determineÏPCE€emissions.€For€the€purpose€of€these€standards,€PCE€consumption€during€any€period€is€definedÏas€the€PCE€purchased€during€that€period.€A€facility€with€only€dry-to-dry€machines€consuming€8,000Ïliters€(2,100€gallons)€per€year€would€emit€9.1€Mg€(10€tons)€per€year€of€PCE€and€is€considered€a€majorÏsource.€Similarly,€a€facility€with€only€transfer€machine€systems€consuming€6,800€liters€(1,800€gallons)Ïper€year€would€emit€9.1€Mg€(10€tons)€per€year€of€PCE€and€is€considered€a€major€source.€Finally,€aÏfacility€with€both€dry-to-dry€machines€and€transfer€machine€systems€consuming€6,800€liters€(1,800Ïgallons)€per€year€would€emit€9.1€Mg€(10€tons)€per€year€and€is€also€considered€a€major€source.€ÌÌ€€€The€standards€include€yearly€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€levels€for€existing€area€sourcesÏ(these€low€solvent€consumption€levels€do€not€apply€to€new€sources).€The€low€consumption€exemptionÏlevel€is€530€liters€(140€gallons)€per€year€for€an€existing€area€source€that€contains€only€dry-to-dryÏmachines.€The€low€consumption€exemption€level€is€760€liters€(200€gallons)€per€year€for€an€existingÏarea€source€that€contains€only€transfer€machine€systems.€Finally,€the€low€consumption€exemption€levelÏis€530€liters€(140€gallons)€per€year€for€an€existing€area€source€that€contains€both€dry-to-dry€machinesÏand€transfer€machine€systems.€Existing€area€sources€with€a€yearly€PCE€consumption€below€these€lowÏsolvent€consumption€exemption€levels€are€not€required€to€install€process€vent€controls.€To€determineÏappropriate€compliance€requirements€based€on€PCE€consumption,€owners€or€operators€of€all€dryÏcleaning€facilities€must€calculate€a€yearly€rolling€total€of€PCE€consumption€(based€on€purchaseÏreceipts)€on€the€first€day€of€each€month.€ÌÌ€€€The€owner€or€operator€of€each€dry-to-dry€machine,€transfer€machine€dryer,€or€reclaimer€using€aÏrefrigerated€condenser€is€required€to€monitor€and€record€the€temperature€on€the€outlet€side€of€theÏrefrigerated€condenser€once€per€week.€The€owner€or€operator€of€each€transfer€machine€washer€usingÏa€refrigerated€condenser€is€required€to€monitor€and€record€the€temperature€on€both€the€inlet€side€andÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðthe€outlet€side€of€the€refrigerated€condenser€once€per€week.€The€owner€or€operator€of€each€existingÏdry€cleaning€machine€using€an€existing€carbon€adsorber€for€process€vent€control,€which€was€installedÏprior€to€today,€or€each€new€major€source€dry-to-dry€machine€using€a€supplemental€carbon€adsorberÏto€control€PCE€remaining€in€the€machine€drum,€is€required€to€monitor€the€concentration€of€PCE€inÏthe€carbon€adsorber€exhaust€outlet€once€per€week.€ÌÌ€€€All€owners€or€operators€of€dry€cleaning€facilities€are€subject€to€pollution€reduction€requirementsÏfor€all€dry€cleaning€machines€as€well€as€auxiliary€equipment€(such€as€emission€control€devices,€pumps,Ïfilters,€muck€cookers,€stills,€solvent€tanks,€solvent€containers,€water€separators,€diverter€valves,€andÏinterconnecting€piping,€hoses,€and€ducts).€To€prevent€liquid€and€vapor€leaks€from€these€sources,€aÏweekly€leak€detection€and€repair€program€is€required€at€all€facilities€except€existing€facilities€withÏannual€receipts€less€than€$75,000,€where€biweekly€leak€detection€and€repair€is€required.€All€leaksÏdetected€must€be€recorded€in€a€log,€must€have€their€necessary€repair€parts€ordered,€and€must€beÏrepaired€within€5€working€days€of€receiving€the€necessary€part.€Storage€of€waste€containing€PCE€inÏtightly€sealed€containers€is€also€required€to€reduce€PCE€emissions€before€disposal.€Owners€orÏoperators€of€all€dry€cleaning€facilities€must€maintain€monthly€records€of€PCE€consumption,€based€onÏpurchase€receipts.€Each€month,€the€annual€PCE€consumption€for€the€preceding€12€months€must€alsoÏbe€calculated€and€recorded.€ÌÌ€€€Initial€reports€certified€by€a€responsible€official€are€required,€which€include€a€brief€description€of€andÏthe€design€capacity€of€all€dry€cleaning€machines€at€the€facility,€annual€facility€PCE€consumption€and,Ïwhere€appropriate,€the€type€of€emission€control€device€to€be€used€to€achieve€compliance€for€eachÏmachine€at€the€facility.€An€existing€dry€cleaning€machine€that€commenced€construction€prior€toÏDecember€9,€1991€(the€date€of€proposal€of€the€PCE€dry€cleaning€NESHAP),€must€comply€withÏpollution€prevention€and€recordkeeping-and-reporting€requirements€starting€90€days€from€today.€AnÏexisting€machine€must€comply€with€other€requirements€within€36€months€of€today's€date.€In€general,Ïa€new€dry€cleaning€machine€for€which€construction€commenced€on€or€after€December€9,€1991,€mustÏachieve€compliance€with€this€rule€upon€startup.€However,€a€new€dry€cleaning€machine€that€wasÏconstructed€after€December€9,€1991,€but€prior€to€today's€date€may€comply€immediately€with€the€finalÏrule€or€comply€with€section€112(i)(2)€of€the€Act.€(Section€112(i)(2)€allows€qualifying€new€sourcesÏ3€years€from€promulgation€to€comply€with€the€final€rule,€if€they€comply€with€the€proposed€rule€in€theÏinterim.)€A€statement€signed€by€a€responsible€official€certifying€that€compliance€is€being€achieved€isÏrequired€30€days€following€the€date€of€compliance.€ÌÌ€€€If€a€dry€cleaning€facility€that€initially€met€the€requirements€for€an€area€source€exceeds€the€PCEÏconsumption€level€for€an€area€source€and€becomes€a€major€source,€that€dry€cleaning€facility€isÏrequired€to€achieve€compliance€with€the€requirements€for€a€major€source€by€180€days€from€the€dateÏthat€the€PCE€consumption€level€is€exceeded,€or€within€36€months€following€today's€date,€whicheverÏdate€is€later.€ÌÌ€€€If€an€existing€dry€cleaning€facility€initially€below€the€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€level€forÏan€existing€area€source€exceeds€this€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€level,€that€dry€cleaningÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðfacility€is€required€to€achieve€compliance€with€the€process€vent€requirements€for€an€area€source€aboveÏthe€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€level€by€180€days€from€the€date€that€the€PCE€consumptionÏlevel€is€exceeded,€or€within€36€months€following€today's€date,€whichever€date€is€later.€ñ¶ñÌñ¶ñÌ€€€The€recordkeeping€requirements€include€documentation€of€the€volume€of€PCE€purchased€eachÏmonth,€results€and€calculations€of€the€yearly€PCE€consumption€as€determined€each€month,€results€ofÏweekly€or€biweekly€PCE€liquid€and€vapor€leak€inspections€and,€where€appropriate,€results€of€weeklyÏcontrol€device€monitoring€(refrigerated€condenser€outlet€temperature,€or€refrigerated€condenser€inletÏand€outlet€temperatures,€or€carbon€adsorber€exhaust€concentration).€All€records€must€be€retained€forÏ5€years€and€made€available€for€inspection€upon€request.€Owners€and€operators€of€all€dry€cleaningÏfacilities€must€retain€onsite€a€copy€of€the€design€specifications€and€operating€manuals€for€all€dryÏcleaning€machines€and€control€devices.€ÌÌ€€€Equivalent€pollution€prevention€or€emission€control€technology€may€be€used€to€achieve€complianceÏwith€the€standards€in€lieu€of€the€control€devices€required€by€the€standard€if€certain€information€isÏsubmitted€to€and€approved€by€the€Administrator.€The€EPA€notes€that€a€dry€cleaner€could,€byÏreplacing€perchloroethylene€with€other€cleaning€agents€if€available,€be€exempt€from€process€ventÏcontrols€or€the€entire€NESHAP.€An€alternative€standard€may€be€approved€through€the€section€112(l)Ïapproval€process€if€the€State€meets€certain€requirements€as€discussed€in€more€detail€in€section€V.€ThisÏinformation€includes€diagrams;€documentation€of€emission€quantification;€solvent€mileageÏinformation;€identification€of€maintenance€and€monitoring€requirements€to€ensure€proper€operation;Ïan€explanation€of€why€the€data€regarding€emission€control€is€accurate€and€representative€of€both€shortÏand€long€term€performance;€an€explanation€of€why€the€information€supplied€can€be€extrapolated€toÏdry€cleaning€systems€other€than€the€specific€systems€examined;€and€documentation€of€cross-mediaÏ(water,€solid€waste)€impacts.€Upon€approval,€the€Administrator€will€publish€a€notice€in€the€FederalÏRegister.€ÌÌ€€€Dry€cleaners€subject€to€today's€rule€should€be€aware€of€a€separate€rule€known€as€the€ð ðgeneralÏprovisions.ðð€The€general€provisions,€which€were€proposed€in€the€Federal€Register€on€August€11,€1993Ï(58€FR€42760),€are€generic€requirements€that€sources€subject€to€section€112€standards€must€meet.ÏAmong€other€things,€the€proposed€general€provisions€rule€contains€a€procedure€for€existing€sourcesÏto€apply€for€a€one-year€compliance€extension,€preconstruction€review€requirements€for€major€sources,Ïand€definitions€of€terms€that€will€be€used€in€many€or€all€section€112€standards.€The€EPA€currentlyÏplans€to€promulgate€the€final€general€provisions€in€March€1994.€ÌÌB.€Selection€of€Basis€of€Standards€for€New€and€Existing€Sources-Selection€of€MACT€or€GACT€ÌÌ€€€As€prescribed€by€section€112(c)(1),€the€promulgation€of€these€standards€was€preceded€by€theÏdevelopment€and€publication€of€a€list€with€all€the€categories€and€subcategories€of€major€and€areaÏsources€emitting€any€of€the€HAP's€listed€in€section€112(b)€of€the€Act.€An€initial€list€of€such€categoriesÏ(required€under€section€112(c)(1))€was€published€in€the€Federal€Register€on€July€16,€1992€(57€FRÏ31576).€Three€perchloroethylene€dry€cleaning€major€source€categories€were€included€on€this€list:€(1)Ð   	 0,Ì%)   ÐCommercial€dry€cleaning€(perchloroethylene)-transfer€machines;€(2)€industrial€dry€cleaningÏ(perchloroethylene)-transfer€machines;€and€(3)€industrial€dry€cleaning€(perchloroethylene)-dry-to-dryÏmachines.€Two€dry€cleaning€area€source€categories€were€included€on€this€list:€(1)€Commercial€dryÏcleaning€(perchloroethylene)-transfer€machines;€and€(2)€commercial€dry€cleaningÏ(perchloroethylene)-dry-to-dry€machines.€The€Administrator€found€that€these€categories€present€ð ðaÏthreat€of€adverse€effects€to€human€health€or€the€environment.ðð€ÌÌ€€€As€described€above,€the€dry€cleaning€industry€subject€to€the€NESHAP€is€subcategorized€into€majorÏand€area€source€dry€cleaners.€The€dry€cleaning€industry€is€also€subcategorized€into€industrial€andÏcommercial€sectors.€All€industrial€dry€cleaners€are€major€sources.€Commercial€dry€cleaners€can€beÏeither€major€or€area€sources.€The€dry€cleaning€industry€is€further€subcategorized€into€dry-to-dry€andÏtransfer€machines.€Although€two€subcategories€of€coin-operation€dry-to-dry€machines€(plant€andÏself-service)€were€included€in€the€preliminary€source€category€list€published€June€21,€1991€(56€FRÏ28548),€these€two€subcategories€were€deleted€from€the€final€source€category€list€published€July€16,Ï1992€(57€FR€31576).€These€two€subcategories€are€exempt€from€this€final€NESHAP.€ÌÌ€€€There€were€no€differences€in€the€types€of€control€technologies€identified€for€the€subcategories€ofÏindustrial€and€commercial€dry€cleaners;€however,€differences€in€control€technologies€were€identifiedÏbetween€major€and€area€sources,€and€dry-to-dry€and€transfer€machines.€These€differences€were€usedÏin€determining€the€requirements€of€the€NESHAP.ÌÌ€€€The€rule€requires€new€and€existing€dry-to-dry€machines,€and€transfer€machine€dryers,€that€areÏcontrolled€with€refrigerated€condensers€to€be€closed-loop-in€other€words,€the€gas-vapor€mixtureÏwithin€the€machine€cannot€be€vented€to€the€atmosphere€while€the€dry€cleaning€machine€drum€isÏrotating.€Although€the€refrigerated€condenser€can€be€external€or€internal,€the€gas-vapor€stream€mustÏbe€routed€back€to€(or€contained€within)€the€machine€in€a€closed-loop€configuration,€without€ventingÏto€the€atmosphere.€This€ensures€that€the€gas-vapor€stream€passes€multiple€times€through€theÏrefrigerated€condenser€and€that€high€control€efficiency€can€be€achieved.€The€EPA€wishes€to€emphasizeÏthat€the€rule€does€not€prohibit€fan-and-vent€systems€which€operate€when€the€machine€door€is€openÏto€reduce€worker€exposure€to€PCE€vapors€left€inside€the€drum€at€the€end€of€the€drying€cycle.ÌÌ€€€The€selection€of€the€standards€for€this€NESHAP€based€upon€the€subcategorization€of€the€dryÏcleaning€industry€discussed€above€is€summarized€as€follows.ÌÌÌ1.€Major€SourcesÌÌ€€€Section€112€of€the€Act€defines€a€major€source€as€any€stationary€source€that€emits€9.1€Mg/yr€(10Ïtpy)€or€more€of€any€one€HAP€or€22.7€Mg/yr€(25€tpy)€or€more€of€total€HAP's.€The€Act€states€that€newÏmajor€sources€must€achieve€the€MACT,€which€is€the€level€of€emission€control€already€achieved€inÏpractice€by€the€best€controlled€similar€source.€The€Act€further€states€that€emission€standardsÏpromulgated€for€existing€major€sources€may€be€less€stringent€than€standards€for€new€sources;Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ðhowever,€standards€for€existing€major€sources€must€not€be€less€stringent€than€the€average€level€ofÏemission€reduction€achieved€by€the€average€of€the€best€performing€12€percent€of€the€existing€majorÏsources.ÌÌ€€€For€new€major€dry€cleaning€facilities,€the€only€significant€factor€for€determining€similarity€in€sourcesÏis€the€type€of€machine€used.€Two€basic€types€of€machines€are€used€in€the€dry€cleaning€industry:ÏDry-to-dry€machines€and€transfer€machines.€For€dry-to-dry€machines,€it€has€been€demonstrated€thatÏthe€maximum€degree€of€PCE€emission€reduction€from€machine€vents€and€exhausts€can€be€achievedÏby€installing€a€refrigerated€condenser.ÌÌ€€€At€proposal,€the€EPA€believed€the€performance€of€carbon€adsorbers€to€be€equal€to€that€ofÏrefrigerated€condensers€when€used€to€control€emissions€from€dry-to-dry€machines,€and€proposed€toÏallow€major€source€dry-to-dry€machines€to€install€either€control€device.€Following€proposal,€however,Ïnew€information€was€provided€to€the€EPA€from€a€survey€of€dry€cleaners€in€California,€which€disputesÏthese€conclusions.€A€more€detailed€discussion€of€this€finding€is€presented€in€section€V.B.ÌÌ€€€The€use€of€a€refrigerated€condenser€and€small€carbon€adsorber€together€is€considered€MACT€forÏnew€source€dry-to-dry€machines.€At€present,€both€of€these€control€devices€are€used€widely€in€the€dryÏcleaning€industry.€They€are€readily€available€and€economically€feasible€as€methods€of€control.ÌÌ€€€The€emissions€remaining€in€a€conventional€dry-to-dry€machine,€controlled€with€a€refrigeratedÏcondenser,€at€the€end€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€can€be€further€controlled€by€drawing€the€air€remainingÏin€the€machine€through€a€small€carbon€adsorber€either€before€the€door€to€the€machine€is€opened€orÏventing€the€air€through€a€carbon€adsorber€to€the€atmosphere€as€the€door€is€opened.€Information€wasÏmade€available€to€the€EPA€after€proposal€indicating€that€several€conventional€vented€dry-to-dryÏmachines€equipped€with€refrigerated€condensers€currently€operate€in€this€manner€(i.e.,€the€airÏremaining€in€the€machine€at€the€end€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€is€vented€to€a€carbon€adsorber€as€theÏdoor€to€the€machine€is€opened).ÌÌ€€€Use€of€a€carbon€adsorber€for€process€vent€control€represents€the€MACT€floor€for€existingÏdry-to-dry€machines€because€this€is€the€average€level€of€emission€reduction€achieved€by€theÏbest-performing€12€percent€of€existing€major€sources.€In€considering€whether€to€require€controlsÏabove€this€floor,€EPA€distinguished€between€classes€of€machines.€As€noted€earlier,€the€maximumÏachievable€control€technology€for€existing€uncontrolled€dry-to-dry€machines€is€refrigeratedÏcondensers.€However,€MACT€for€existing€dry-to-dry€machines€equipped€prior€to€promulgation€withÏcarbon€adsorbers€is€either€a€refrigerated€condenser€or€a€carbon€adsorber.€The€final€rule€does€notÏrequire€the€replacement€of€these€carbon€adsorbers€with€refrigerated€condensers.€The€AdministratorÏcould€not€conclude,€based€on€currently€available€information,€that€requiring€replacement€of€aÏwell-operated€carbon€adsorber€with€a€refrigerated€condenser€was€justified.Ì€€€For€transfer€machine€systems€located€at€a€major€source,€the€NESHAP€must€be€based€on€MACT.ÏThe€Act€states€that€MACT€for€new€sources€must€be€no€less€stringent€than€the€best€controlled€similarÏsource.€The€MACT€may€be€more€stringent,€however,€if€the€Administrator€believes€the€balanceÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðbetween€the€additional€economic,€energy,€and€environmental€impacts€of€a€more€stringent€requirementÏis€reasonable.€A€transfer€machine€system€with€a€refrigerated€condenser€and€a€room€enclosureÏrepresents€the€best€controlled€similar€source.€The€only€option€more€stringent€than€a€transfer€machineÏsystem€with€a€room€enclosure€is€a€new€dry-to-dry€machine.ÌÌ€€€Dry-to-dry€machines€provide€complete€control€of€clothing€transfer€emissions€(i.e.,€emissionsÏreleased€by€transfer€of€clothing€from€the€washer€to€the€dryer€of€a€transfer€machine€system).ÏDry-to-dry€machines€eliminate€these€emissions€by€eliminating€the€need€to€transfer€clothing€from€aÏwasher€to€a€dryer€(achieving€100€percent€reduction€of€clothing€transfer€emissions).ÌÌ€€€The€MACT€for€new€transfer€machine€systems€located€at€a€major€source€is€based€upon€the€use€ofÏdry-to-dry€machines,€thereby€requiring€new€major€source€transfer€machine€systems€to€eliminate€allÏemissions€from€clothing€transfer€between€the€washer€and€the€dryer.€Such€a€requirement€effectivelyÏbans€or€prohibits€new€transfer€machine€systems€because€no€technology€has€been€identified€to€dateÏ(including€the€use€of€hamper€enclosures€or€room€enclosures)€that€could€be€added€to€a€new€transferÏmachine€system€to€totally€eliminate€all€PCE€emissions€from€clothing€transfer.€A€more€detailedÏdiscussion€of€this€finding€is€presented€in€section€V.B.ÌÌ€€€For€existing€major€source€transfer€machine€systems,€it€has€been€demonstrated€that€the€maximumÏdegree€of€PCE€emission€reduction€from€machine€vents€and€exhausts€can€be€achieved€by€installing€aÏrefrigerated€condenser.€At€proposal,€the€EPA€believed€carbon€adsorbers€outperformed€refrigeratedÏcondensers€on€transfer€machine€systems€and€proposed€to€require€carbon€adsorbers€on€uncontrolledÏtransfer€machine€systems.€Following€proposal,€however,€new€information€was€provided€to€the€EPAÏfrom€a€survey€of€dry€cleaners€in€California,€which€disputes€these€conclusions.€A€more€detailedÏdiscussion€of€this€finding€is€presented€in€section€V.B.ÌÌ€€€Use€of€a€carbon€adsorber€for€process€vent€control€represents€the€MACT€floor€for€existing€transferÏmachines€because€this€is€the€average€level€of€emission€reduction€achieved€by€the€best-performing€12Ïpercent€of€existing€major€sources.€In€considering€whether€to€require€controls€above€this€floor,€theÏEPA€distinguished€between€classes€of€machines.€As€noted€earlier,€the€maximum€achievable€controlÏtechnology€for€existing€uncontrolled€transfer€machines€is€refrigerated€condensers.€However,€MACTÏfor€existing€transfer€machines€equipped€prior€to€promulgation€with€carbon€adsorbers€is€either€aÏrefrigerated€condenser€or€a€carbon€adsorber.€The€final€rule€does€not€require€the€replacement€of€theseÏcarbon€adsorbers€with€refrigerated€condensers.€The€Administrator€could€not€conclude,€based€onÏcurrently€available€information,€that€requiring€replacement€of€a€well-operated€carbon€adsorber€withÏa€refrigerated€condenser€was€justified.€Room€enclosures€capture€and€vent€the€fugitive€PCE€emissionsÏfrom€clothing€transfer€between€the€washer€and€the€dryer€at€transfer€machine€systems€to€a€carbonÏadsorber.€Since€clothing€transfer€emissions€are€a€significant€portion€of€overall€transfer€machine€systemÏemissions,€control€of€these€through€a€room€enclosure€would€achieve€additional€emission€reductions.ÏSection€V€provides€a€more€detailed€discussion€of€these€control€devices.Ìâ
    
 âÐ   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€Based€on€the€results€of€further€analysis,€it€was€considered€reasonable€to€go€beyond€the€floor€toÏâ
    
 ârequire€room€enclosures€for€fugitive€emission€control€in€addition€to€refrigerated€condensers€forÏprocess€vent€control€for€transfer€machine€systems€located€at€a€major€source.ÌÌ2.€Area€SourcesÌÌ€€€Section€112€of€the€Act€defines€an€area€source€as€any€stationary€source€of€HAP's€that€is€not€a€majorÏsource.€Based€on€this€definition,€a€dry€cleaning€facility€that€emits€less€than€9.1€Mg/yr€(10€tpy)€of€anyÏone€HAP€would€be€considered€an€area€source.€In€section€112(d)(5),€the€Act€further€states€that€theÏAdministrator€may€elect€to€promulgate€a€standard€based€on€GACT€or€management€practices€toÏcontrol€HAP€emissions€from€area€sources€instead€of€applying€the€MACT.ÌÌ€€€Section€112(c)(3)€requires€a€ð ðfindingðð€of€a€threat€of€adverse€effects€to€human€health€or€theÏenvironment€(by€such€sources€individually€or€in€the€aggregate€warranting€regulation)€in€order€toÏregulate€area€sources€under€NESHAP.€The€large€number€of€area€source€dry€cleaning€facilitiesÏnationwide€emit,€in€aggregate,€a€significant€amount€of€PCE€emissions€and,€therefore,€have€theÏpotential€to€have€an€adverse€effect€on€health€and€the€environment.ÌÌ€€€Unlike€MACT,€no€stringency€ð ðfloorðð€is€required€for€GACT;€and€costs,€economic€impacts,€and€theÏtechnical€capabilities€of€dry€cleaning€facility€owners€and€operators€to€operate€emission€controlÏequipment€may€be€considered€in€determining€GACT.€For€the€most€part,€the€technology€used€toÏachieve€the€level€of€emission€control€determined€to€achieve€MACT€is€also€used€widely€by€area€sourceÏdry€cleaning€facilities€and€could€be€considered€GACT.€ÌÌ€€€The€GACT€approach€can€be€less€stringent€than€MACT€and€can€consider€costs€and€economicÏimpacts.€At€proposal,€GACT€for€all€area€sources,€except€for€existing€refrigerated€condenserÏcontrolled€transfer€machines€was€determined€to€be€the€use€of€either€a€refrigerated€condenser€or€aÏcarbon€adsorber.€Subsequent€to€proposal,€the€EPA€learned€that€carbon€adsorbers€may€not€be€operatedÏas€well€as€refrigerated€condensers.€Based€on€this€finding,€all€new€and€existing€uncontrolled€areaÏsources€are€required€to€install€refrigerated€condensers€for€process€vent€control.€However,€theÏAdministrator€determined€that,€based€on€existing€information,€a€requirement€to€replace€existingÏcarbon€adsorbers€with€refrigerated€condensers€is€not€justified€at€this€time.€No€new€transfer€machinesÏare€allowed.€These€requirements€were€determined€to€be€reasonable€for€area€sources€and€are€identicalÏto€MACT€requirements.€The€EPA€determined€that€the€economic€impacts€of€requiring€the€owner€orÏoperator€of€a€new€area€source€dry-to-dry€machine€to€install€a€supplemental€carbon€adsorber€to€controlÏPCE€emissions€in€the€dry€cleaning€machine€drum€is€not€reasonable.€Further,€the€AdministratorÏdetermined€that€the€economic€impacts€of€requiring€the€owner€or€operator€of€an€existing€area€sourceÏtransfer€machine€system€to€install€a€room€enclosure€to€capture€transfer€emissions€are€unreasonable.ÏAdditional€discussion€of€these€findings€is€presented€in€section€V.€ÌÌ€€€Therefore,€GACT€for€area€sources€would€be€identical€to€MACT€for€major€sources€except€that€theÏowner€or€operator€of€a€new€dry-to€dry€machine€would€not€be€required€to€install€a€supplementalÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðcarbon€adsorber€and€the€owner€or€operator€of€an€existing€transfer€machine€system€would€not€beÏrequired€to€install€a€room€enclosure.€ÌÌC.€Selection€of€Format€for€the€Final€Rule€ÌÌ1.€Equipment€Exhausts€and€Vents.€ÌÌ€€€Emission€standards€for€controlling€PCE€allow€for€some€flexibility€in€complying€with€the€standardsÏbecause€any€control€technique€may€be€used€if€it€achieves€the€level€of€emission€reduction€representedÏby€the€standards.€An€emission€limitation€format€could€be€a€concentration€limit,€a€percent€reductionÏlevel,€or€a€mass€emission€rate€limit.€ÌÌ€€€Both€the€concentration€limit€and€the€percent€reduction€level€would€require€periodic€performanceÏtesting€by€the€owner€or€operator€to€demonstrate€that€the€dry€cleaning€facility€is€achieving€compliance.ÏBecause€the€cost€of€requiring€an€owner€to€conduct€even€a€single€periodic€performance€test€isÏexpensive€($3,000€to€$5,000)€compared€to€the€cost€of€control€equipment€($6,000€to€$8,000),€it€wouldÏbe€economically€unreasonable€to€require€either€of€these€two€emission€limit€formats€for€theseÏstandards.€ÌÌ€€€A€mass€emission€limit€format€would€place€a€limit€on€the€total€consumption€of€HAP€per€unit€ofÏarticles€cleaned,€also€known€as€ð ðsolvent€mileage.ðð€Some€members€of€the€dry€cleaning€industry€use€theÏð ðsolvent€mileage,ðð€method€to€compute€the€pounds€of€articles€that€can€be€cleaned€per€drum€of€solvent.ÏTo€determine€ð ðsolvent€mileage,ðð€a€record€of€gallons€of€solvent€bought€and€amount€of€clothes€cleanedÏwould€have€to€be€kept.€However,€the€amount€of€recordkeeping€necessary€to€compute€solvent€mileageÏto€comply€with€this€type€of€format€(such€as€weighing€each€load€of€clothes€prior€to€cleaning€andÏtracking€the€amount€of€solvent€consumed)€would€be€burdensome€for€a€small€facility€owner€orÏoperator.€ÌÌ€€€In€addition€to€being€impractical€and€an€economic€burden€on€dry€cleaner€owners€or€operators€toÏmeasure€emissions€or€to€compute€solvent€mileage€for€these€sources,€it€would€be€difficult€to€enforceÏemission€standards€at€several€thousand€dry€cleaning€facilities€across€the€country,€ensuring€that€eachÏdry€cleaner€is€achieving€the€emission€standards.€For€these€reasons,€as€authorized€under€section€112(h),Ïan€equipment€standard€requiring€the€use€of€a€refrigerated€condenser,€or€an€equivalent€control€deviceÏwas€selected€to€limit€emissions€from€these€sources.€ÌÌÌ2.€Equipment€Leaks.Ì€Ì€€€Based€on€dry€cleaning€machine€test€data,€as€much€as€25€percent€of€the€PCE€emissions€from€anÏuncontrolled€dry€cleaning€facility€can€be€attributed€to€leaks€from€the€dry€cleaning€equipment.€TwoÏpossible€formats€for€a€standard€to€control€these€leaks€are€an€emission€limit€standard€or€a€work€practiceÏstandard€under€section€112(h).€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€To€require€an€emission€limit€for€a€leak€standard,€the€leak€sources€would€need€to€be€enclosed€so€thatÏthe€actual€emission€rate€could€be€measured.€Because€this€procedure€would€be€impractical€on€the€manyÏpotential€leak€sources€on€dry€cleaning€equipment,€an€emission€limit€format€is€not€the€preferred€formatÏfor€leaks.€ÌÌ€€€Because€control€of€fugitive€equipment€leaks€requires€maintenance€of€the€dry€cleaning€equipment,Ïthe€EPA€is€proposing€a€work€practice€with€a€program€to€detect€and€repair€leaks€as€the€logical€format.ÏThe€work€practice€would€specify€the€inspection€time€intervals€and€an€inspection€method€to€locate€theÏleaks,€and€would€limit€the€time€period€allowed€to€perform€the€required€maintenance€and€repairs.€TheÏproposed€inspection€method€requires€only€a€quantitative€determination€of€the€presence€of€a€leak€(i.e.,Ïvisual€or€use€of€a€portable€halogenated-hydrocarbon€detector).€Although€the€effectiveness€of€thisÏwork€practice€cannot€be€quantified€precisely,€the€EPA€believes€it€would€result€in€a€substantialÏreduction€of€fugitive€emissions.€The€work€practice€format€has€been€selected€for€the€proposedÏequipment€leak€standard€because€less€time€is€required€for€demonstrating€compliance,€and€theÏrecordkeeping€and€economic€impacts€associated€with€this€format€are€not€burdensome.€ÌÌD.€Summary€of€Changes€Since€Proposal€ÌÌ€€€Since€proposal,€several€changes€have€been€made€to€the€regulation.€The€changes€affect€new€andÏexisting€dry€cleaning€machines€located€at€major€and€area€sources.€At€proposal,€owners€or€operatorsÏof€new€dry-to-dry€machines€located€at€major€or€area€sources€were€given€a€choice€of€installing€carbonÏadsorbers€or€refrigerated€condensers€as€process€vent€control.€At€promulgation,€all€new€dry€cleaningÏmachines€located€at€major€or€area€sources€are€required€to€install€refrigerated€condensers.€ÌÌ€€€The€owner€or€operator€of€a€new€dry-to-dry€machine€located€at€a€major€source€is€also€required€toÏinstall€a€carbon€adsorber€to€control€the€PCE€emissions€remaining€in€the€dry€cleaning€machine€drumÏat€the€end€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle.€ÌÌ€€€At€proposal,€new€transfer€machine€systems€were€allowed€and€control€requirements€for€theseÏsystems€were€specified.€At€promulgation,€new€transfer€machine€systems€are€prohibited€through€aÏregulatory€requirement€prohibiting€PCE€emissions€from€clothing€transfer€between€the€washer€and€theÏdryer.€This€requirement€cannot€be€met€by€new€transfer€machine€systems€even€if€these€systems€areÏenclosed€in€room€enclosures.€ÌÌ€€€At€proposal,€existing€uncontrolled€dry-to-dry€machines€located€at€major€or€area€sources€were€givenÏa€choice€of€installing€carbon€adsorbers€or€refrigerated€condensers€as€process€vent€control.€ExistingÏuncontrolled€transfer€machine€systems€located€at€area€sources€were€required€to€install€carbonÏadsorbers.€At€promulgation,€existing€uncontrolled€dry-to-dry€machines€and€transfer€machine€systemsÏare€required€to€install€refrigerated€condensers.€Existing€controlled€machines€that€already€have€aÏcarbon€adsorber,€however,€are€not€required€to€install€a€refrigerated€condenser€for€process€ventÏcontrol.€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€At€proposal,€existing€uncontrolled€transfer€machine€systems€located€at€major€sources€were€requiredÏto€install€carbon€adsorbers.€At€promulgation,€existing€uncontrolled€transfer€machine€systems€locatedÏat€major€sources€are€required€to€install€refrigerated€condensers€as€process€vent€control.€ExistingÏcontrolled€transfer€machine€systems€at€major€sources€that€already€have€a€carbon€adsorber,€however,Ïare€not€required€to€install€a€refrigerated€condenser€for€process€vent€control.€For€control€of€fugitiveÏemissions,€all€existing€transfer€machine€systems€located€at€major€sources€must€be€enclosed€within€aÏroom€enclosure€that€exhausts€to€a€carbon€adsorber.€ÌÌ€€€At€proposal,€the€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€for€process€vent€control€at€area€sources€wasÏ220€gallons€of€PCE€per€year€for€a€dry-to-dry€machine€and€300€gallons€of€PCE€per€year€for€a€transferÏmachine€system.€At€promulgation,€the€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€for€process€vent€controlÏhas€been€lowered€and€now€applies€to€the€total€PCE€solvent€consumption€of€all€machines€at€the€dryÏcleaning€facility€rather€than€on€a€per€machine€basis.€At€promulgation,€the€low€solvent€consumptionÏexemption€for€process€vent€control€is€140€gallons€of€PCE€per€year€for€a€dry€cleaning€facility€with€onlyÏdry-to-dry€machines€or€both€dry-to-dry€machines€and€transfer€machine€systems,€and€200€gallons€ofÏPCE€per€year€for€a€dry€cleaning€facility€with€only€transfer€machines€systems.€ÌÌ€€€The€levels€of€PCE€consumption€distinguishing€major€from€area€sources€have€been€lowered€fromÏthe€proposed€levels€and€now€apply€to€the€total€PCE€consumption€of€all€machines€at€the€facility€ratherÏthan€on€a€per€machine€basis.€The€levels€of€PCE€consumption€distinguishing€a€major€source€from€anÏarea€source€are€2,100€gallons€of€PCE€per€year€for€a€source€with€only€dry-to-dry€machines,€and€1,800Ïgallons€of€PCE€per€year€for€a€source€with€only€transfer€machine€systems€or€both€dry-to-dry€machinesÏand€transfer€machine€systems.€To€track€PCE€consumption,€the€owner€or€operator€of€any€dry€cleaningÏfacility€subject€to€this€rule€is€required€on€the€first€day€of€each€month€to€compute€an€annual€PCEÏconsumption€by€summing€PCE€purchases€over€the€previous€12€months.€ÌÌ€€€At€proposal,€pollution€prevention€practices€(such€as€leak€detection€and€repair)€were€required€onlyÏfor€those€dry€cleaning€machines€above€the€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€for€process€ventÏcontrol.€At€promulgation,€all€PCE€dry€cleaning€facilities€must€implement€pollution€preventionÏpractices€and€operate€their€dry€cleaning€equipment€according€to€the€manufacturer's€specifications.€ÌÌ€€€There€were€no€monitoring€requirements€included€at€proposal.€The€promulgated€standards€nowÏrequire€periodic€monitoring€of€process€vent€control€equipment.€When€operating€a€refrigeratedÏcondenser€on€a€dry-to-dry€machine,€a€transfer€machine€system€dryer,€or€a€reclaimer,€the€temperatureÏon€the€outlet€side€of€the€refrigerated€condenser€must€be€measured€and€recorded€once€per€week.€WhenÏoperating€a€refrigerated€condenser€on€a€transfer€machine€system€washer,€the€difference€between€theÏinlet€and€outlet€temperatures€of€the€exhaust€from€the€washer€as€it€passes€through€the€refrigeratedÏcondenser€must€be€measured€and€recorded€once€per€week.€ÌÌ€€€When€operating€an€existing€carbon€adsorber€to€control€process€vent€emissions,€a€colorimetricÏdetector€tube€must€be€used€to€measure€and€record€the€PCE€level€in€the€carbon€adsorber€exhaust€onceÏper€week.€Periodic€desorption€for€carbon€adsorbers€is€no€longer€specifically€required.€Instead,€theÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðowner€or€operator€must€follow€the€manufacturer's€specifications€for€the€proper€operation€of€a€carbonÏadsorber.€ÌÌ€€€The€proposed€rule€would€have€required€compliance€within€18€months€of€publication€of€the€final€ruleÏfor€existing€dry€cleaning€machines€with€a€design€capacity€larger€than€22.7€kilograms€(50€lbs).€TheÏcompliance€deadline€for€smaller€machines€would€have€been€36€months€from€promulgation.€The€finalÏrule€requires€each€existing€dry€cleaning€system€to€be€in€compliance€within€36€months€of€publicationÏof€the€final€rule,€except€that€compliance€with€pollution€prevention€requirements€and€recordkeepingÏand€reporting€requirements€is€required€starting€90€days€after€the€rule's€publication.€ÌÌ€€€Section€112(i)€of€the€Clean€Air€Act€requires€the€EPA€to€set€compliance€dates€for€existing€sourcesÏthat€provide€for€compliance€as€expeditiously€as€practicable,€and€no€later€than€3€years€afterÏpromulgation€of€the€final€rule€(with€certain€exceptions).€As€explained€in€the€background€informationÏdocument€cited€at€the€beginning€of€this€notice,€the€EPA€is€allowing€36€months€for€control€technologyÏto€be€installed€on€all€dry€cleaning€machines€because€of€questions€about€the€market€availability€of€anÏadequate€supply€of€refrigerated€condensers.€On€the€other€hand,€the€EPA€has€concluded€that€theÏpollution€prevention€requirements€of€the€rule€do€not€require€significant€capital€expenditures€and€areÏfeasible€for€dry€cleaners€to€implement€within€90€days.€These€requirements€consist€of€ð ðgoodÏhousekeepingðð€practices€such€as€inspecting€for€leaks€and€keeping€the€machine€door€closed€duringÏoperation.€The€earlier€compliance€date€in€the€final€rule€will€result€in€earlier€emissions€reductions.€ÌÌ€€€The€90-day€applicability€date€for€recordkeeping€and€reporting€requirements€will€enhance€theÏenforceability€and€effectiveness€of€the€rule.€One€reason€is€that€the€applicability€of€control€technologyÏrequirements€in€the€rule€depends€on€a€facility's€solvent€consumption€over€a€12-month€period.€IfÏdocumentation€of€a€facility's€solvent€consumption€was€not€required€until€3€years€after€promulgation,Ïit€would€be€impossible€to€determine€reliably€which€control€technology€requirements€apply€to€a€dryÏcleaning€facility.€Second,€requiring€an€initial€report€from€existing€sources€within€90€days€willÏencourage€these€sources€to€begin€planning€for€compliance€with€the€rule's€control€technologyÏrequirements€at€an€early€date.€This€requirement€also€will€provide€regulatory€agencies€with€informationÏabout€regulated€facilities€in€time€to€promote€and€monitor€compliance€effectively.€Ìñ ºñÌñºññ»ñÌñ»ññ ¹ñÌñ¹ññ ¸ñÌñ¸ññ ·ñÌñ·ñE.€Potential€to€Emit€ÌÌ€€€The€annual€major-source€consumption€levels€(8,000€liters€(2,100€gallons)€per€year€for€dry-to-dryÏmachines€and€6,800€liters€(1,800€gallons)€per€year€for€transfer€machine€systems)€represent€the€EPA'sÏdetermination€of€the€volumes€of€PCE€that€are€used€and€consumed€by€the€two€different€types€ofÏmachine€in€order€to€emit€10€tons€of€PCE€per€year.€Because€it€is€not€economically€and€technicallyÏfeasible€to€precisely€monitor€and€measure€yearly€PCE€emissions€at€each€of€the€dry€cleaning€facilitiesÏaffected€by€this€rule,€PCE€consumption€is€an€appropriate€surrogate€measure.€The€EPA€has€found€thatÏPCE€emissions€to€ambient€air€are€closely€and€predictably€related€to€the€volume€of€PCE€used€andÏconsumed€in€the€dry€cleaning€process.€Accordingly,€this€rule€does€not€require€each€dry€cleaningÏfacility€to€test€and€calculate€the€maximum€annual€rate€of€PCE€stack€and€fugitive€emissions€for€eachÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðparticular€dry€cleaning€machine€regulated€under€this€rule.€Instead,€the€consumption€level€assigned€toÏeach€type€of€dry€cleaning€machine€determines€whether€a€facility€is€a€major€source€(that€is,€whetherÏit€emits€or€has€the€potential€to€emit€10€tons€or€more€of€PCE).€ÌÌ€€€The€consumption€levels€differ€between€dry-to-dry€(8,000€liters)€and€transfer€machine€systemsÏ(6,800€liters)€because€the€use€of€a€dry-to-dry€machine€results€in€lower€fugitive€emissions€than€the€useÏof€a€transfer€machine€system.€Stated€another€way,€a€dry-to-dry€machine€is€more€efficient€in€its€use€ofÏPCE€from€an€air€emission€perspective.€This€higher€efficiency€means€that€for€each€liter€of€PCE€usedÏfor€dry€cleaning,€a€dry-to-dry€machine€emits€less€PCE€to€the€ambient€air€than€a€transfer€machineÏsystem.€Accordingly,€a€dry-to-dry€machine€can€use€or€consume€a€greater€volume€of€PCE€than€aÏtransfer€machine€system€before€emitting€10€tons€or€more€of€PCE€to€the€ambient€air.€Amounts€of€PCEÏused€and€consumed€in€dry€cleaning€processes€but€not€emitted€to€the€ambient€air€at€a€dry€cleaningÏfacility€include€amounts€of€PCE€transferred€offsite€as€solid€waste€in€used€filters€and€spent€carbon,Ïamounts€transferred€to€wastewater€streams,€and€amounts€that€remain€in€cleaned€clothing€at€the€timeÏof€customer€pickup.€ÌÌ€€€The€major€source€consumption€levels€established€in€the€final€rule€differ€from€the€major€sourceÏconsumption€levels€in€the€proposed€dry€cleaning€rule€of€December€9,€1991.€The€proposed€majorÏsource€PCE€consumption€levels€were€11,700€liters€(3,100€gallons)€for€dry-to-dry€machines,€and€7,600Ïliters€(2,000€gallons)€for€transfer€machine€systems.€The€difference€is€due€to€the€EPA's€determinationÏthat€the€major€source€consumption€levels€for€PCE€established€in€the€final€rule€(8,000€liters€or€2,100Ïgallons€for€dry-to-dry€machines€and€6,800€liters€or€1,800€gallons€for€transfer€machine€systems)€moreÏaccurately€reflect€the€volume€of€PCE€that€each€type€of€machine€uses€or€consumes€in€emitting€10€tonsÏof€PCE.€ÌÌ€€€Under€the€rule,€a€dry€cleaning€facility€will€be€classified€as€a€major€or€area€source€in€the€followingÏmanner.€As€previously€mentioned,€a€facility€has€the€potential€to€emit€more€than€10€tons€of€PCE€onlyÏif€its€solvent€consumption€exceeds€the€rule's€solvent€use€cut-off€levels€that€divide€major€sources€fromÏarea€sources.€The€owner€or€operator€must€certify€to€the€regulating€agency€whether€or€not€the€facility'sÏsolvent€consumption€will€exceed€the€cut-off€level.€If€solvent€consumption€is€greater€than€or€equal€toÏthis€cut-off€level,€the€facility€is€to€be€considered€a€major€source€and€must€comply€with€all€majorÏsources€requirements.€If€solvent€consumption€is€less€than€the€cut-off€level,€the€facility€is€consideredÏan€area€source.€ÌÌ€€€If€a€facility€is€found€to€be€an€area€source,€the€next€determination€is€whether€or€not€the€facility€mustÏinstall€area-source€technology€controls.€To€be€exempt€from€technology€controls,€the€facility'sÏcertification€must€guarantee€that€solvent€use€is€less€than€the€low-solvent-use€exemption€level.ÏOtherwise,€area-source€control€technology€requirements€apply€to€the€facility.€ÌÌ€€€The€rule's€requirements€are€intended€to€ensure€that€all€dry€cleaning€facilities€that€have€the€potentialÏto€emit€10€tons€of€PCE€considering€controls€are€regulated€as€major€sources.€If€regulated€as€an€areaÏsource,€a€facility€will€be€required€to€observe€the€limit€on€solvent€consumption€to€which€it€certified,Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ðas€well€as€meet€other€requirements€for€area€sources.€These€are€Federally€enforceable€requirementsÏthat€will€prevent€area€sources€from€emitting€more€than€10€tons€of€PCE€in€a€year.€After€its€complianceÏdate,€if€an€area€source€wishes€to€increase€operations€or€add€a€dry€cleaning€machine,€and€the€resultÏwould€be€to€increase€solvent€consumption€above€the€major-source€cutoff€level,€the€facility€must€firstÏcomply€with€the€rule's€requirements€for€major€sources.€Failure€to€do€so€would€result€in€a€violation€ofÏthe€rule.€ÌÌ€€€In€this€rule,€the€EPA€is€not€establishing€any€precedents€or€policies€concerning€the€determination€ofÏa€facility's€ð ðpotential€to€emitðð€or€its€classification€as€a€major€or€area€source€under€section€112.€TheÏEPA€believes€it€would€be€unwise€and€inappropriate€to€resolve€these€complex€issues€solely€in€theÏcontext€of€the€PCE€dry€cleaning€NESHAP€because€the€result€could€create€numerous€unforeseenÏproblems€and€inequities€in€regulation€of€other€categories€of€sources.€The€EPA€is€considering€theseÏissues€in€a€comprehensive€fashion€in€light€of€the€broad€range€of€sources€for€which€NESHAP€will€beÏdeveloped.€The€EPA€is€presently€continuing€to€consider€these€issues€and€will€take€whateverÏappropriate€actions€that€are€necessary€to€resolve€them.Ì€ÌIII.€Summary€of€Environmental,€Energy,€and€Economic€ImpactsÌÌA.€Affected€FacilitiesÌ€Ì€€€The€number€of€new€and€existing€machines€in€1996€(5€years€from€the€date€of€proposal)€wereÏprojected€in€order€to€calculate€the€5-year€impacts€of€the€standards.€Industry€estimates€indicate€a€zeroÏgrowth€rate€for€commercial€dry€cleaning€facilities.€For€this€reason,€the€only€new€facilities€projectedÏto€be€constructed€during€the€5€years€following€the€date€of€proposal€(between€1991€and€1996)€are€anÏestimated€7,700€new€commercial€facilities€which€replace€those€that€retire.€Industrial€dry€cleaningÏfacilities€are€declining€because€many€of€these€facilities€are€switching€from€the€use€of€PCE€to€the€useÏof€water€to€wash€linens€and€uniforms.€For€this€reason,€no€new€industrial€facilities€are€projectedÏbetween€1991€and€1996.€Approximately€28€industrial€facilities€would€retire€during€this€period.€ÌÌ€€€In€1996,€based€on€the€estimates€of€machine€retirement,€approximately€17,400€existing€commercialÏand€industrial€facilities€will€be€subject€to€the€standards.€Taking€into€account€the€low€solventÏconsumption€exemption€levels€for€existing€area€sources,€approximately€9,700€of€these€existingÏfacilities€would€be€required€to€install€process€vent€control€devices.€Of€these€facilities,€however,Ïapproximately€6,500€are€expected€to€decide€to€install€process€vent€control€devices€to€comply€withÏState€or€local€regulations.€Thus,€in€1996€approximately€3,200€existing€facilities€are€estimated€to€haveÏto€install€process€vent€control€devices€solely€to€comply€with€the€standards€promulgated€today.€ÌÌ€€€As€mentioned€above,€between€1991€and€1996,€7,700€new€facilities€are€projected.€All€of€theseÏfacilities€are€required€to€install€process€vent€controls.€Of€these€new€facilities,€approximately€7,300€areÏexpected€to€decide€to€install€process€vent€control€devices€to€comply€with€State€or€local€regulations.ÏThus,€in€1996€approximately€400€new€facilities€are€estimated€to€install€process€vent€control€devicesÏsolely€to€comply€with€the€standards€promulgated€today.€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€The€following€discussion€presents€the€projected€environmental,€energy,€and€economic€impacts€forÏ1996€based€on€the€estimated€3,200€existing€and€400€new€facilities€that€would€be€required€to€installÏprocess€vent€control€devices€solely€to€comply€with€the€standards€promulgated€today.€ÌÌB.€Air€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€In€1996,€the€standards€are€expected€to€reduce€nationwide€emissions€of€PCE€from€existing€dryÏcleaning€facilities€by€a€maximum€of€some€5,500€Mg€(6,000€tons)€from€process€vent€control€and€someÏ18,000€Mg€(19,800€tons)€from€leak€detection€and€repair.€This€emission€reduction€is€based€onÏprojected€nationwide€PCE€emissions€from€existing€facilities€in€1996€of€42,000€Mg€(46,500€tons)€inÏthe€absence€of€the€standards.€This€emission€reduction€corresponds€to€approximately€44€percent€of€theÏtotal€PCE€emissions€from€all€existing€dry€cleaning€facilities.€This€reduction€is€in€addition€to€reductionsÏachieved€by€controls€already€in€place€in€many€of€these€facilities,€and€reductions€anticipated€in€theÏabsence€of€the€NESHAP.€ÌÌ€€€In€1996,€the€standards€are€expected€to€reduce€nationwide€emissions€from€new€dry€cleaning€facilitiesÏby€a€maximum€of€some€1,100€Mg€(1,200€tons)€from€process€vent€control€and€some€7,800€Mg€(8,600Ïtons)€from€leak€detection€and€repair.€This€emission€reduction€is€based€on€projected€nationwide€PCEÏemissions€in€1996€of€15,800€Mg€(17,400€tons)€from€new€dry€cleaning€facilities€in€the€absence€of€theÏstandards.€This€emission€reduction€corresponds€to€about€43€percent€of€the€total€PCE€emissions€fromÏall€new€dry€cleaning€facilities.€ÌÌ€€€In€1996,€annual€emissions€of€PCE€from€a€typical€new€or€existing€dry€cleaning€facility€located€at€anÏarea€source€with€annual€receipts€of€$200,000€operating€a€typical€size€dry-to-dry€machine€withÏcapacity€of€15.9€kilograms€(kg)€(35€pounds€(lb))€controlled€with€a€refrigerated€condenser€areÏprojected€to€be€0.77€Mg€(0.85€tons)€from€process€vent€control€and€0.8€Mg€(0.88€tons)€from€leakÏdetection€and€repair.€This€represents€greater€than€50-percent€reduction€in€emissions€from€anÏuncontrolled€dry-to-dry€machine€of€this€same€size€and€receipt€level.€ÌÌñ ¼ñÌñ¼ñC.€Water,€Solid€Waste,€Noise,€and€Radiation€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€The€requirement€for€use€of€refrigerated€condensers€minimizes€the€impact€on€water€quality€resultingÏfrom€the€standards.€The€projected€impact€on€water€quality€results€from€the€PCE€contained€in€aqueousÏwastes€generated€by€the€control€devices.€When€using€a€refrigerated€condenser,€a€small€amount€of€PCEÏis€generated€and€collected€in€the€separator€water.€A€typical€refrigerated€condenser€controlledÏdry-to-dry€machine€is€estimated€to€generate€about€0.03€kg€(0.07€lb)€of€PCE€in€wastewater€per€year.ÏOwners€or€operators€of€all€new€dry€cleaning€machines€and€those€existing€uncontrolled€dry€cleaningÏmachines€that€are€above€the€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€levels€would€be€required€to€installÏrefrigerated€condensers.€ÌÌ€€€When€using€a€carbon€adsorber,€PCE€is€collected€in€the€steam€condensate€generated€duringÏdesorption€of€the€carbon.€A€typical€existing€dry-to-dry€machine€with€an€existing€carbon€adsorber€isÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðestimated€to€generate€0.85€kg€(1.9€lb)€of€PCE€in€wastewater€per€year.€However,€only€owners€orÏoperators€of€existing€dry€cleaning€machines€with€existing€carbon€adsorbers€installed€prior€to€the€dateÏof€promulgation€would€be€allowed€to€continue€to€use€a€carbon€adsorber€as€primary€process€ventÏcontrol.€ÌÌ€€€In€addition€to€process€vent€control,€owners€or€operators€of€existing€transfer€machine€systemsÏlocated€at€major€sources€would€be€required€to€install€a€room€enclosure€with€a€carbon€adsorber.€AÏcarbon€adsorber€on€the€room€enclosure€is€estimated€to€be€approximately€one-third€the€size€of€a€typicalÏcarbon€adsorber€used€to€control€process€vent€emissions.€A€typical€transfer€machine€system€locatedÏat€a€major€source€with€a€carbon€adsorber€on€the€room€enclosure€is€estimated€to€generate€0.28€kgÏ(0.60€lb)€of€PCE€in€wastewater€per€year.€This€amount€is€in€addition€to€the€0.85€kg€(1.9€lb)€of€PCEÏin€wastewater€generated€if€the€transfer€machine€system€has€a€carbon€adsorber€controlled€process€vent.€ÌÌ€€€Owners€or€operators€of€new€dry-to-dry€machines€at€major€sources€would€be€required€to€install€aÏcarbon€adsorber€to€control€the€PCE€remaining€in€the€dry€cleaning€machine€drum€at€the€end€of€the€dryÏcleaning€cycle.€This€carbon€adsorber€is€also€estimated€to€be€approximately€one-third€the€size€of€aÏtypical€carbon€adsorber€used€to€control€process€vent€emissions.€A€typical€dry-to-dry€machine€withÏa€refrigerated€condenser€controlled€process€vent€and€a€carbon€adsorber€to€control€the€PCE€emissionsÏremaining€in€the€machine€drum€is€expected€to€generate€about€0.31€kg€(0.68€lb)€of€PCE€in€wastewaterÏper€year.€ÌÌ€€€It€is€projected€that€the€total€amount€of€PCE€in€wastewater€generated€on€a€national€basis€by€dryÏcleaning€facilities€in€the€absence€of€the€standards€in€1996€would€be€5.9€Mg€(6.5€tons).€With€theÏstandards,€the€amount€of€PCE€in€wastewater€generated€on€a€national€basis€by€dry€cleaning€facilitiesÏis€projected€to€be€about€6.1€Mg€(6.7€tons)€in€1996,€an€increase€of€about€0.2€Mg€(0.2€ton)€per€yearÏ(corresponding€to€an€increase€of€about€3€percent).€ÌÌ€€€The€solid€waste€impact€of€the€standards€is€considered€minimal.€The€main€types€of€solid€wasteÏgenerated€from€controlled€dry€cleaning€machines€are€spent€carbon€from€carbon€adsorbers,€spentÏcarbon€from€cartridge€filters,€solvent€sludge€(muck),€and€still€bottoms.€Neither€a€carbon€adsorber€norÏa€refrigerated€condenser€would€affect€muck,€still€bottom,€or€cartridge€filter€carbon€generation,€so€noÏimpact€due€to€the€control€alternatives€was€calculated€for€these€waste€types.€ÌÌ€€€Periodic€replacement€of€the€carbon€bed€associated€with€a€carbon€adsorber€is€necessary€to€maintainÏthe€performance€of€a€carbon€adsorber€in€controlling€PCE€emissions.€According€to€carbon€vendors,Ïthe€carbon€is€likely€to€need€replacement€approximately€every€5€years.€ÌÌ€€€For€a€typical€15.9€kg€(35€lb)€existing€area€source€dry-to-dry€machine€controlled€with€an€existingÏcarbon€adsorber€installed€prior€to€today's€date,€the€amount€of€solid€waste€generated€from€spent€carbonÏis€estimated€to€be€approximately€25€kg€(55€lb)€per€year.€For€a€typical€113€kg€(250€lb)€existing€majorÏâ
    
 âsource€dry-to-dry€machine€controlled€with€an€existing€carbon€adsorber,€the€amount€is€estimated€toÐ   	 D+à$(   Ðbe€approximately€90€kg€(198€lb)€per€year.€These€are€the€same€amounts€that€would€be€generated€inÏthe€absence€of€the€standards.€Ìâ
    
 âÌ€€€New€major€source€dry-to-dry€machines€with€refrigerated€condenser€and€carbon€adsorber€controlÏwould€also€require€periodic€replacement€of€the€carbon€bed.€For€a€typical€major€source€dry-to-dryÏmachine€with€both€refrigerated€condenser€and€carbon€adsorber€control,€the€amount€of€solid€wasteÏgenerated€from€spent€carbon€is€estimated€to€be€approximately€8.4€kg€(19€lb)€per€year.€ÌÌ€€€Existing€major€source€transfer€machine€systems€with€carbon€adsorbers€on€their€room€enclosuresÏwould€also€require€periodic€replacement€of€the€carbon€bed.€For€a€typical€major€source€transferÏmachine€system€with€refrigerated€condenser€process€vent€control€and€carbon€adsorber€control€on€theÏroom€enclosure,€the€amount€of€solid€waste€generated€from€spent€carbon€is€estimated€to€be€about€8.4Ïkg€(19€lb)€per€year.€For€a€typical€major€source€existing€transfer€machine€system€with€carbon€adsorberÏprocess€vent€control€and€carbon€adsorber€control€on€the€room€enclosure,€the€amount€of€solid€wasteÏgenerated€from€spent€carbon€is€estimated€to€be€about€98€kg€(217€lb)€per€year.€ÌÌ€€€It€is€projected€that€the€amount€of€carbon€discarded€every€5€years€in€the€absence€of€the€standardsÏwould€be€880€Mg€(970€tons)€or€an€average€of€175€Mg€(193€tons)€per€year.€With€the€standards,€theÏamount€of€carbon€discarded€on€a€national€basis€every€5€years€would€be€890€Mg€(980€tons)€or€anÏaverage€of€177€Mg€(195€tons)€per€year.€This€corresponds€to€an€increase€in€national€solid€wasteÏimpacts€from€both€new€and€existing€dry€cleaning€facilities€of€about€10€Mg€(10€tons)€of€carbonÏdiscarded€approximately€every€5€years,€or€an€average€of€about€2€Mg€(2€tons)€of€carbon€every€yearÏ(corresponding€to€an€increase€of€about€1€percent).€ÌÌ€€€There€are€no€noise€or€radiation€impacts€associated€with€these€standards.Ì€ÌD.€Energy€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€The€energy€impacts€resulting€from€the€standards€on€a€nationwide€basis€are€considered€minimal.ÏElectricity€is€required€for€cooling€the€coils€of€the€refrigerated€condenser€and€for€operating€fans€andÏgenerating€steam€for€desorbing€existing€carbon€adsorbers.€The€total€increase€in€annual€electricity€useÏfor€existing€dry€cleaning€facilities€in€1996€resulting€from€the€standards€would€be€about€2,454,500Ïkilowatt-hours€per€year€(KW-hr/yr)€(390,000€British€thermal€units€per€year€(Btu/yr)).€The€totalÏincrease€in€annual€electricity€use€for€new€dry€cleaning€facilities€in€1996€resulting€from€the€standardsÏwould€be€about€276,600€KW-hr/yr€(44,000€Btu/yr).€The€total€increase€in€annual€electricity€use€forÏall€facilities€nationwide€would€be€about€2,731,100€KW-hr/yr€(430,000€Btu/yr).€ÌÌ€€€This€increase€in€electricity€requirement€is€equivalent€to€about€700,000€liters€(3,400€barrels€(bbl))Ïof€fuel€oil€per€year€for€electricity€generation€for€existing€facilities€and€about€79,000€liters€(380€bbl)Ïof€fuel€oil€per€year€for€new€facilities.€The€total€increase€for€all€facilities€would€be€about€780,000€litersÏâ
    
 â(3,800€bbl)€of€fuel€oil€per€year,€corresponding€to€an€increase€of€0.7€percent.€Ð   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€By€installing€a€refrigerated€condenser€as€required€by€the€standards,€the€electricity€requirement€forÏâ
    
 âa€typical€uncontrolled€dry€cleaning€facility€with€one€15.9€kg€(35€lb)€dry-to-dry€machine€is€expectedÏto€increase€by€about€600€KW-hr/yr€(95€Btu/yr)€in€1996.Ì€ÌE.€Cost€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€The€nationwide€cumulative€5-year€capital€costs€in€1996€of€complying€with€the€standards€would€beÏabout€$35€million.€The€cumulative€5-year€capital€costs€for€existing€facilities€would€be€about€$32Ïmillion€and€about€$3€million€for€new€facilities.€ÌÌ€€€The€total€nationwide€annualized€costs€in€1996€of€complying€with€the€standards€for€process€ventsÏwould€be€about€$9€million.€This€estimate€does€not€include€credit€for€solvent€savings.€If€a€credit€forÏsolvent€savings€is€included,€the€total€nationwide€annualized€cost€is€about€$4€million.€The€annualizedÏcosts€in€1996€including€a€credit€for€solvent€savings€for€existing€facilities€complying€with€the€standardsÏwould€be€about€$3.4€million,€and€about€$0.5€million€for€new€facilities.€ÌÌ€€€The€total€nationwide€annualized€costs€in€1996€for€both€new€and€existing€facilities€complying€withÏthe€standards€for€pollution€prevention,€leak€detection€and€repair,€monitoring,€reporting€andÏrecordkeeping€would€be€about€$10€million.€This€estimate€does€not€include€credit€for€solvent€savings.ÏIf€a€credit€for€solvent€savings€is€included€in€this€estimate,€these€facilities€would€have€a€total€annualÏcost€savings€of€$7.6€million.€ÌÌ€€€For€a€typical€new€area€source€facility€with€annual€receipts€of€$200,000€with€a€15.9€kg€(35€lb)Ïdry-to-dry€machine,€the€capital€cost€of€a€refrigerated€condenser€is€$6,300,€and€the€resulting€annualizedÏcost€of€this€process€vent€control€is€$1,000.€The€resulting€annualized€cost€for€the€above€typical€newÏarea€source€to€perform€pollution€prevention,€leak€detection€and€repair,€monitoring,€reporting,€andÏrecordkeeping€is€about€$460.€This€estimate€does€not€reflect€credit€received€from€solvent€savings.€IfÏa€credit€for€solvent€savings€is€included,€this€typical€facility€would€have€a€total€cost€of€about€$350.€ÌÌÌÌF.€Economic€Impacts€ÌÌ€€€The€economic€impact€assessment€includes€a€market€component€and€a€financial€component.€TheÏmarket€component€focuses€on€the€adjustment€of€market€prices€and€quantity€of€dry€cleaning€as€a€resultÏof€complying€with€the€standards.€The€financial€component€focuses€on€the€ability€of€firms€to€obtainÏthe€money€to€buy€the€control€equipment.€ÌÌ€€€The€upward€price€adjustments€are€projected€to€range€between€0.15€and€2.3€percent€in€variousÏmarkets,€with€the€largest€increases€being€found€in€small€rural€markets.€The€downward€adjustment€inÏâ
    
 âtotal€dry€cleaning€is€projected€to€be€about€0.5€percent.€If€the€whole€quantity€adjustment€wereÐ   	 D+à$(   Ðtranslated€into€closures€rather€than€reduction€in€output€at€many€cleaners,€the€net€closures€would€beÏprojected€to€be€just€under€260.€Ìâ
    
 âÌ€€€The€financial€analysis€indicates€that€firms€in€below-average€financial€condition€may€face€difficultyÏin€obtaining€the€required€funds€to€purchase€control€equipment€from€traditional€loan€sources€such€asÏbanks.€The€analysis€projects€between€0€and€830€firms€will€be€in€this€category.€These€firms€will€eitherÏobtain€other€financing€(vendor-aided,€relatives,€personal€assets,€etc.),€close,€or€sell€their€firm.€ÌÌ€€€The€environmental,€energy,€and€economic€impacts€are€discussed€in€greater€detail€in€the€BID's€andÏthe€economic€impact€analyses€for€the€proposed€and€promulgated€standards:€ð ðDry€CleaningÏFacilities-Background€Information€for€Promulgated€Standards,ðð€EPA-450/3-91-020b;€ð ðDry€CleaningÏFacilities-Background€Information€for€Proposed€Standards,ðð€EPA-450/3-91-020a;€ð ðEconomic€ImpactÏof€Regulatory€Controls€in€the€Dry€Cleaning€Industry,ðð€EPA-450/3-91-021;€and€ð ðEconomic€ImpactÏof€Regulatory€Controls€in€the€Dry€Cleaning€Industry,ðð€EPA-450/3-91-021b.€Additional€informationÏon€impacts€is€found€in€supporting€information€for€the€notice€of€availability€of€new€information,Ïð ðInformation€Package€on€Transfer€Enclosures,ðð€(Docket€No.€A-88-11,€Item€No.€IV-M-1).€ÌÌ€€€In€addition€to€the€economic€impact€analysis,€the€cost€effectiveness€of€alternative€standards€was€alsoÏevaluated€to€determine€the€least€costly€way€to€reduce€emissions€and€to€ensure€that€the€controlsÏrequired€by€this€rule€are€reasonable€relative€to€other€regulations.€In€this€case,€the€promulgatedÏstandards€would€reduce€the€PCE€dry€cleaner's€operating€costs€and€produce€an€average€5-year€totalÏcost€effectiveness€of€$550€per€Mg€($500€per€ton)€of€PCE€emissions€reduced.€Additional€details€onÏcosts€can€be€found€in€the€BID's.€ÌÌIV.€Public€Participation€ÌÌ€€€Prior€to€proposal€of€the€standards,€interested€parties€were€advised€by€public€notice€in€the€FederalÏRegister€(56€FR€1186),€January€11,€1991,€of€a€meeting€of€the€National€Air€Pollution€ControlÏTechniques€Advisory€Committee€to€discuss€the€NESHAP€being€developed€for€the€PCE€dry€cleaningÏindustry.€This€meeting€was€held€on€January€30,€1991.€The€meeting€was€open€to€the€public€and€eachÏattendee€was€given€an€opportunity€to€comment€on€the€NESHAP€recommended€for€proposal.€ÌÌ€€€The€standards€were€proposed€and€published€in€the€Federal€Register€on€December€9,€1991€(56€FRÏ64382).€The€preamble€to€the€proposed€standards€discussed€the€availability€of€the€BID€and€theÏeconomic€impact€analysis:€ð ðDry€Cleaning€Facilities€Background€Information€for€Proposed€Standards,ÏEPA-450/3-91-020aðð€and€ð ðEconomic€Impact€of€Regulatory€Controls€in€the€Dry€Cleaning€IndustryÏEPA-450/3-91-021,ðð€which€described€in€detail€the€regulatory€alternatives€considered€and€the€impactsÏof€those€alternatives.€Public€comments€were€solicited€at€the€time€of€proposal,€and€copies€of€the€BIDÏwere€distributed€to€interested€parties.€ÌÌ€€€As€a€result€of€public€comments€received€on€the€proposed€standards,€additional€information€becameÏavailable€about€transfer€enclosures€used€to€control€PCE€emissions€during€the€transfer€step€for€transferÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðmachine€systems.€A€notice€of€availability€of€new€information€was€published€in€the€Federal€RegisterÏon€October€1,€1992,€describing€this€information€and€requesting€public€comments.€ÌÌ€€€Because€no€persons€requested€the€opportunity€for€oral€presentation€of€data,€views,€or€argumentsÏconcerning€either€the€proposed€NESHAP€or€the€notice€of€availability€of€new€information,€a€publicÏhearing€was€not€held.€ÌÌ€€€The€public€comment€period€for€the€proposal€NESHAP€was€from€December€9,€1991,€to€FebruaryÏ9,€1992.€A€total€of€32€comment€letters€were€received€in€response€to€the€proposed€NESHAP.€TheÏpublic€comment€period€was€reopened€for€the€notice€of€availability€of€new€information€from€OctoberÏ1,€1992,€to€November€2,€1992.€A€total€of€seven€comment€letters€were€received€in€response€to€theÏnotice.€All€comments€have€been€carefully€considered€and,€where€determined€to€be€appropriate€by€theÏAdministrator,€changes€have€been€made€in€the€proposed€standards.€ÌÌV.€Significant€Comments€and€Changes€to€the€Proposed€Standards€ÌÌ€€€Comments€on€the€proposed€NESHAP€and€the€notice€of€availability€of€new€information€wereÏreceived€mainly€from€industry;€State€and€local€air€pollution€control€agencies;€trade€associations;€andÏenvironmental€groups.€A€detailed€discussion€of€these€comments€and€responses€can€be€found€in€theÏpromulgation€BID,€which€is€referred€to€in€the€ADDRESSES€section€of€this€preamble.€The€summaryÏof€comments€and€responses€in€the€BID€serves€as€the€basis€for€the€revisions€that€have€been€made€toÏthe€standards€between€proposal€and€promulgation.€The€major€comments€and€responses€areÏsummarized€in€this€preamble€and,€for€ease€of€discussion,€have€been€divided€into€the€following€areas:€ñ½ñÌñ½ñÌA.€Regulatory€Approach€1.€MACT€vs.€GACT€2.€Collocation€ÌB.€Emission€Control€1.€Performance€of€Refrigerated€Condensers€and€Carbon€Adsorbers€2.€LowÏSolvent€Consumption€Exemption€Levels€3.€MACT€for€New€Dry-to-Dry€Machines€at€Major€SourcesÏ4.€Banning€Transfer€Machine€Systems€and€Reclaimers€5.€Room€Enclosures€on€Transfer€MachineÏSystems€6.€Vapor€Barriers€7.€Dry€Cleaning€Ventilation€Requirements€ÌC.€Monitoring€and€Equivalency€1.€Monitoring€Control€Devices€2.€Determining€Equivalency€3.ÏDelegation€of€Authority€to€Determine€Equivalency€ÌD.€Other€Issues€and€Follow-up€to€Today's€Action€1.€New€York€Study€2.€California€Well€InvestigationÏProgram€3.€Follow-up€to€Today's€Action€ÌA.€Regulatory€ApproachÌÌ1.€MACT€vs.€GACTÌÌ€€€Several€commenters€remarked€on€the€use€of€maximum€achievable€control€technology€(MACT)Ïversus€generally€available€control€technology€(GACT)€for€regulating€dry€cleaners.€Most€of€theseÏcommenters€believed€that€MACT€should€be€used€to€regulate€all€dry€cleaners.€One€commenter,Ïhowever,€believed€that€GACT€was€the€appropriate€basis€of€regulation.€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€The€commenters€who€felt€MACT€should€be€applied€to€all€dry€cleaners€argued€that€there€is€sufficientÏand€compelling€health€effects€information€regarding€PCE€to€warrant€application€of€MACT€to€all€dryÏcleaning€machines€regardless€of€type€or€size,€and€that€section€112(c)(3),€(i.e.,€a€threat€to€human€healthÏand€the€environment€by€sources€individually,€or€in€the€aggregate)€warrants€the€application€of€MACTÏcontrols€for€all€area€source€dry€cleaners.€Ì€€€As€stated€in€the€proposal,€the€EPA€has€concluded€that€area€source€dry€cleaners€present€a€threat€ofÏadverse€effects€to€health€or€the€environment.€For€this€reason,€commercial€dry€cleaning€facilities€thatÏare€area€sources€were€added€to€the€list€of€source€categories€under€section€112(c)(3)€to€be€regulatedÏunder€the€Act.€Listing€an€area€source€category€under€section€112(c)(3),€however,€does€not€requireÏthat€regulations€developed€for€this€source€category€must€be€based€on€MACT.€These€regulations€mayÏbe€based€on€MACT€or€they€may€be€based€on€GACT.€ÌÌ€€€The€EPA€does€not€agree€that€the€health€effects€information€regarding€PCE€is€so€compelling€that€itÏwarrants€application€of€MACT€to€all€small€area€source€dry€cleaners.€There€are€a€range€of€opinionsÏin€the€scientific€community€as€to€the€potential€for€PCE€to€cause€cancer€in€humans.€Further,€to€theÏextent€that€PCE€may€be€a€human€carcinogen,€existing€evidence€indicates€that€its€potency€is€relativelyÏlow.€ÌÌ€€€During€development€of€the€regulation,€the€EPA€concluded€that€many€small€area€source€dry€cleaningÏfacilities€may€experience€adverse€economic€impacts€as€a€result€of€imposing€a€regulation€based€onÏMACT.€For€this€reason,€the€GACT€approach€was€selected€as€the€basis€for€regulating€small€areaÏsource€dry€cleaning€facilities.ÌÌ€€€In€commenting€on€the€choice€of€GACT€to€regulate€area€source€dry€cleaners,€several€commentersÏacknowledged€that€section€112(k)€of€the€Act€outlines€a€comprehensive€strategy€to€reduce€HAP's€fromÏarea€sources.€These€commenters€did€not,€however,€believe€that€such€a€strategy€would€reduce€PCEÏemissions€sufficiently€from€area€source€dry€cleaning€facilities.€Consequently,€these€commentersÏasserted€that€residual€risk€review€should€be€required€for€all€dry€cleaners€to€ensure€that€public€healthÏis€adequately€protected.€They€argued€that€it€is€bad€public€policy€to€apply€GACT€to€the€vast€majorityÏof€dry€cleaning€facilities,€thus€precluding€a€residual€risk€assessment€at€a€later€date.€Based€onÏknowledge€gained€on€public€exposure€to€PCE€from€dry€cleaning€facilities,€they€maintained€that€it€isÏabsolutely€necessary€that€such€a€risk€assessment€be€conducted€for€this€source€category.ÌÌ€€€Section€112(k)€of€the€Act€directs€the€EPA€to€develop€a€strategy€to€control€HAP€emissions€fromÏarea€sources€in€urban€areas.€The€strategy,€among€other€things,€must€achieve€area€source€emissionsÏreductions€from€the€30€HAP's€that€pose€the€greatest€threat€to€public€health€and€achieve€at€least€aÏ75-percent€reduction€in€cancer€incidence€from€all€stationary€sources.€Consequently,€the€need€forÏemission€controls€beyond€GACT€at€dry€cleaners€will€be€reconsidered€in€the€context€of€the€overallÏurban€air€strategy€and€the€relative€contribution€of€PCE€emissions€from€dry€cleaning€facilities€to€urbanÏexposures.Ìâ
    
 âÐ   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€Although€a€residual€risk€analysis€is€required€for€sources€regulated€under€MACT,€those€sourcesÏâ
    
 âregulated€under€GACT€may€also€receive€a€residual€risk€analysis.€Section€112(f)(5)€of€the€Act€statesÏthat€residual€risk€analysis€is€not€required€for€area€sources€regulated€under€GACT.€This€section,Ïhowever,€does€not€preclude€area€sources€from€a€residual€risk€analysis€and,€if€warranted,€the€EPA€willÏundertake€a€residual€risk€analysis€for€the€area€source€dry€cleaning€source€category.ÌÌ€€€The€one€commenter€who€agreed€with€the€EPA's€decision€to€use€GACT€to€regulate€small€areaÏsource€dry€cleaners€stated€that€much€evidence€exists€in€the€Senate€Committee€report€and€theÏlegislative€history€of€the€1990€Clean€Air€Act€Amendments€to€indicate€that€dry€cleaning€wasÏconsidered€an€example€of€an€area€source€category€for€which€regulations€based€on€GACT€wereÏappropriate.ÌÌ2.€CollocationÌÌ€€€Commenters€recommended€that€the€criteria€for€determining€a€major€source€be€based€on€the€PCEÏsolvent€consumption€of€the€entire€dry€cleaning€facility€instead€of€each€dry€cleaning€machine.€TheyÏmentioned€that€the€definition€of€source€used€in€the€proposed€NESHAP€referred€only€to€theÏconsumption€of€PCE€for€an€individual€dry€cleaning€machine€and€that€under€this€proposed€definitionÏonly€certain€machines€would€be€considered€major€sources.€The€commenters€believe€that€the€EPAÏshould€consider€the€total€consumption€of€PCE€from€all€machines€located€within€a€contiguous€areaÏunder€common€control.ÌÌ€€€The€final€rule€has€been€revised€to€base€the€applicability€of€the€NESHAP€on€the€total€annual€PCEÏconsumption€of€all€machines€located€at€a€dry€cleaning€facility.€For€the€purpose€of€these€standards,ÏPCE€consumption€during€any€period€is€defined€as€the€PCE€purchased€during€that€period.€TheÏdefinition€of€a€major€source€in€the€Act€includes€sources€ð ðlocated€within€a€common€area€and€underÏcommon€control.ðð€Because€multiple€units€located€at€a€single€dry€cleaning€facility€would€be€underÏcommon€control,€the€applicability€of€this€NESHAP€for€major€sources€has€been€revised€to€beÏconsistent€with€the€language€of€the€Act.ÌÌñ ÁñÌñÁññ ÀñÌñÀññ ¿ñÌñ¿ññ ¾ñÌñ¾ñB.€Emission€ControlÌÌ1.€Performance€of€Refrigerated€Condensers€and€Carbon€AdsorbersÌÌ€€€At€proposal,€the€EPA€believed€the€performance€of€carbon€adsorbers€to€be€equal€to€that€ofÏrefrigerated€condensers€when€used€to€control€emissions€from€dry-to-dry€machines,€and€proposed€toÏallow€dry-to-dry€machines€to€install€either€control€device.€In€addition,€the€EPA€believed€carbonÏadsorbers€outperformed€refrigerated€condensers€on€transfer€machine€systems€and€proposed€to€requireÏcarbon€adsorbers€on€uncontrolled€transfer€machine€systems.€Following€proposal,€however,€newÏinformation€was€provided€to€the€EPA€from€a€survey€of€dry€cleaners€in€California,€which€disputes€theseÏconclusions.ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€In€1989,€the€California€Air€Resources€Board€(CARB)€conducted€a€voluntary€survey€of€all€dryÏcleaners€in€California.€The€results€of€this€survey€indicate€that€dry€cleaning€machines€controlled€byÏrefrigerated€condensers€achieve€solvent€mileages€approximately€twice€as€high€as€machines€controlledÏby€carbon€adsorbers.ÌÌ€€€Solvent€mileage€is€the€ratio€of€clothes€cleaned€to€the€amount€of€solvent€consumed.€Although€airÏemissions€are€only€one€of€several€factors€that€determine€solvent€mileage,€significantly€better€solventÏmileage€is€likely€to€be€indicative€of€lower€air€emissions.€Although€the€data€do€not€provide€detailedÏinformation€on€how€well€the€carbon€adsorbers€were€operated€and€maintained€(for€example,€frequencyÏof€desorbing€the€carbon€bed),€the€EPA€believes€this€information€indicates€that€refrigerated€condensersÏwill€achieve€lower€air€emissions€in€actual€practice€than€carbon€adsorbers.ÌÌ€€€Therefore,€the€final€rule€requires€refrigerated€condensers€for€new€major€and€area€source€dry-to-dryÏmachines.€The€EPA€has€also€concluded€that€all€existing€uncontrolled€dry-to-dry€machines€and€transferÏmachine€systems€must€install€and€operate€refrigerated€condensers.ÌÌ€€€The€final€rule€does€not€require€the€replacement€of€existing€carbon€adsorbers€with€refrigeratedÏcondensers.€The€Administrator€concluded,€based€on€currently€available€information,€that€theÏreplacement€of€well-operated€carbon€adsorbers€with€refrigerated€condensers€was€not€justified€at€thisÏtime.ÌÌ€€€These€sources€are€largely€small€businesses€and€could€face€severe€financial€costs€to€replace€theseÏunits.€In€addition,€the€final€rule€includes€additional€monitoring€to€ensure€proper€carbon€adsorberÏoperation.€While€replacement€of€well-operated€carbon€adsorbers€with€refrigerated€condensersÏprovides€limited€air€benefits,€EPA€has€recently€obtained€additional€information€that€suggests€that€thereÏmay€be€other€environmental€impacts€(for€example,€potential€groundwater€contamination€and€solidÏwaste€generation)€associated€with€the€use€of€carbon€adsorbers€over€refrigerated€condensers€(seeÏsection€V.D).€At€this€time,€those€data€are€uncertain.€EPA€believes€that€these€data€and€theirÏimplications€deserve€further€consideration.€A€public€meeting€has€been€scheduled€to€discuss€theseÏissues.€(See€ADDRESSES€section€at€the€beginning€of€this€preamble.)€If€appropriate,€the€EPA€mayÏrevisit€the€requirements€of€this€rule€in€the€future.ÌÌ2.€Low€Solvent€Consumption€Exemption€LevelsÌÌ€€€Several€commenters€believed€that€although€the€economic€impact€of€regulating€small€existing€areaÏsource€dry€cleaners€can€be€significant,€the€proposed€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€levels€wouldÏexempt€existing€small€area€source€facilities€they€believed€pose€the€largest€health€threat€to€individuals.ÏThese€commenters€stated€that,€as€a€result€of€their€location€in€proximity€to€human€populations,€moreÏpeople€are€exposed€to€air€toxics€from€small€existing€area€source€dry€cleaners€than€from€large€industrialÏcomplexes,€such€as€chemical€plants,€which€are€not€usually€located€in€the€midst€of€population€centers.ÏSome€believed€that€virtually€all€small€existing€area€source€dry€cleaners€contributing€to€this€problemÏwould€be€exempted€under€the€proposed€NESHAP.€They€requested€that€the€EPA€reevaluate€the€lowÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðsolvent€consumption€exemption€levels€to€ensure€that€a€larger€number€of€small€existing€area€sourceÏdry€cleaning€facilities€is€subject€to€the€NESHAP.ñÂñÌñÂñÌ€€€Neither€the€proposed€nor€the€final€NESHAP€includes€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€levelsÏfor€new€area€source€dry€cleaning€facilities.€The€proposed,€as€well€as€the€final€NESHAP,€however,Ïincludes€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€levels€for€existing€area€sources.ÌÌ€€€At€proposal,€the€impacts€of€requiring€the€use€of€refrigerated€condensers€or€carbon€adsorbers€toÏcontrol€process€vent€emissions€from€dry€cleaning€machines€were€judged€to€be€unreasonable€for€areaÏsources€consuming€less€than€760€and€1,000€liters€(200€and€300€gallons)€of€PCE€per€year€forÏdry-to-dry€machines€and€transfer€machine€systems,€respectively€(corresponding€to€annual€receipts€ofÏ$100,000).€In€response€to€comments,€the€EPA€reconsidered€these€low€solvent€consumptionÏexemption€levels.€The€EPA€concluded€that€lowering€the€exemption€levels€to€530€and€760€liters€(140Ïand€200€gallons)€per€year€for€dry-to-dry€and€transfer€machines,€respectively€(corresponding€to€annualÏreceipts€of€$75,000)€was€warranted€and€reasonable.ÌÌ€€€In€1996,€this€change€would€require€approximately€500€more€dry€cleaners€to€install€refrigeratedÏcondensers€to€control€process€vent€emissions€from€dry€cleaning€machines€and€would€reduce€PCEÏemissions€by€an€additional€450€Mg€(500€tons)€per€year.€The€cost€of€controlling€those€facilities€withÏannual€receipts€between€$75,000€and€$100,000€is€$0.9€million.€As€many€as€165€additional€financialÏfailures€are€estimated€to€result€from€lowering€the€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€levels.€Also,Ïthere€could€be€as€many€as€65€additional€business€closures.€The€EPA€judged€this€change€in€theÏrequirement€to€be€generally€achievable.€The€EPA€considered€it€unreasonable,€however,€to€furtherÏlower€the€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€levels€due€to€the€high€costs€and€excessive€financialÏfailures€and€closures€(up€to€3,800€financial€failures€and€1,400€closures)€that€would€result.€TheÏdecision€to€exempt€certain€low€solvent€consumption€facilities€was€based€on€the€evaluation€of€theÏpotential€economic€impact€of€regulation.€Many€of€the€smaller€businesses€are€individually€operated,Ïsingle€family-owned€establishments.ÌÌ€€€In€addition€to€lowering€the€low€solvent€consumption€exemption€levels€for€existing€area€source€dryÏcleaning€facilities,€the€EPA€reevaluated€the€impacts€of€extending€additional€pollution€preventionÏpractices,€such€as€leak€detection€and€repair,€to€all€dry€cleaning€facilities€and€concluded€that€theseÏimpacts€are€reasonable.€Thus,€in€the€final€NESHAP,€all€dry€cleaning€facilities€are€required€toÏimplement€additional€pollution€prevention€practices,€such€as€leak€detection€and€repair.€ÌÌ3.€MACT€for€New€Dry-to-Dry€Machines€at€Major€Sources.ÌÌ€€€Commenters€stated€that€additional€controls€should€have€been€considered€as€MACT€for€dry-to-dryÏmachines.€A€new€German€machine,€the€Permac€Consorba(R),€was€mentioned€by€one€commenter.€ThisÏmachine€uses€a€carbon€adsorber€in€conjunction€with€a€refrigerated€condenser€for€process€vent€control.ÏThe€commenter€indicated€that€it€made€sense€that€a€dual€control€system€would€achieve€better€controlÏthan€a€machine€with€one€control€device.Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€In€the€simplest€sense,€a€Permac€Consorba(R)€may€be€described€as€a€dry-to-dry€machine€equippedÏwith€two€control€devices€in€series-a€refrigerated€condenser€followed€by€a€carbon€adsorber.€TheÏreported€advantage€of€this€system€over€a€conventional€dry-to-dry€machine€equipped€with€only€aÏrefrigerated€condenser€is€that€it€reduces€the€PCE€concentration€in€the€air€remaining€in€the€machineÏonce€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€is€complete.€ÌÌ€€€Conventional€dry-to-dry€machines€vent€or€release€the€vapors€remaining€in€the€machine€at€the€endÏof€the€dry€cleaning€cycle.€The€Permac€Consorba(R)€controls€these€vapors€with€a€carbon€adsorberÏbefore€the€machine€door€is€opened.€ÌÌ€€€The€emissions€remaining€in€a€conventional€machine€at€the€end€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€can€beÏcontrolled€by€drawing€the€air€remaining€in€the€machine€through€a€small€carbon€adsorber€either€beforeÏthe€door€to€the€machine€is€opened€(similar€to€the€Permac€Consorba(R))€or€venting€the€air€through€aÏcarbon€adsorber€to€the€atmosphere€as€the€door€is€opened.€Indeed,€information€was€made€available€toÏthe€EPA€after€proposal€indicating€that€several€conventional€vented€dry-to-dry€machines€equipped€withÏrefrigerated€condensers€currently€operate€in€this€manner€(i.e.,€the€air€remaining€in€the€machine€at€theÏend€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€is€vented€to€a€carbon€adsorber€as€the€door€to€the€machine€is€opened).€ÌÌ€€€There€is€no€difference€in€PCE€emissions€between€a€Permac€Consorba(R)€and€a€conventional€ventedÏdry-to-dry€machine€equipped€with€a€refrigerated€condenser€and€a€small€carbon€adsorber€on€the€vent.ÏSimilarly,€there€would€be€no€difference€in€emissions€between€a€Permac€Consorba(R)€and€aÏconventional€no-vent€dry-to-dry€machine€equipped€with€a€refrigerated€condenser€that€passed€the€airÏremaining€in€the€machine€at€the€end€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€through€a€carbon€adsorber,€before€theÏdoor€to€the€machine€is€opened.€ÌÌ€€€Under€the€Act,€MACT€for€new€major€sources€must€be€no€less€stringent€than€the€best-controlledÏsimilar€source.€As€a€result,€the€final€NESHAP€requires€that€new€major€source€dry-to-dry€machinesÏbe€equipped€with€a€refrigerated€condenser€and€that€the€air€remaining€in€the€machine€at€the€end€of€theÏdry€cleaning€cycle€be€passed€through€a€carbon€adsorber€prior€to€opening€the€machine€door€or€that€theÏair€remaining€in€the€machine€be€passed€through€a€carbon€adsorber€as€soon€as€the€door€to€the€machineÏis€opened.€Thus,€the€level€of€control€required€for€major€new€source€dry€cleaning€facilities€is€equivalentÏto€that€achieved€by€the€Permac€Consorba(R)€technology.€ÌÌ€€€The€MACT€is€also€required€for€existing€dry-to-dry€machines€located€at€major€sources.€Under€theÏAct,€MACT€for€existing€sources€must€be€no€less€stringent€than€the€average€emission€limitationÏachieved€by€the€best€12€percent€of€existing€sources.€Less€than€12€percent€of€existing€major€sourceÏdry-to-dry€machines€are€using€a€refrigerated€condenser€in€combination€with€a€carbon€adsorber€toÏcontrol€PCE€process€vent€emissions.€However,€MACT€can€be€more€stringent€if€the€AdministratorÏdetermines€that€the€balance€of€costs,€energy,€and€environmental€impacts€of€choosing€a€more€stringentÏlevel€of€control€are€reasonable.€Ìâ
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 âÐ   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€Assuming€a€95-percent€emission€reduction€for€a€carbon€adsorber,€the€incremental€cost€effectivenessÏâ
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 âof€the€additional€emission€reduction€achieved€by€requiring€conventional€dry-to-dry€machines€with€aÏrefrigerated€condenser€to€also€install€a€carbon€adsorber€would€be€in€the€range€of€approximatelyÏ$7,700€per€Mg€($7,000€per€ton)€of€PCE€for€a€typical€existing€dry-to-dry€machine€located€at€a€majorÏsource.€If€the€efficiency€of€the€carbon€adsorber€is€less€than€95€percent€(as€the€California€survey€dataÏmentioned€earlier€suggests),€the€cost€effectiveness€would€be€even€higher.€Because€this€additional€costÏof€control€is€quite€high€for€the€additional€amount€of€emission€reduction€achieved,€the€EPA€does€notÏconsider€this€level€of€control€reasonable€for€an€existing€dry-to-dry€machine€located€at€a€major€source.€ÌÌ4.€Room€Enclosures€on€Transfer€Machine€SystemsÌÌ€€€Commenters€suggested€that€the€EPA€consider€vapor€containment€and€control€systems,€commonlyÏreferred€to€as€ð ðroom€enclosures,ðð€as€MACT€for€transfer€machine€systems.€ÌÌ€€€Room€enclosures€capture€and€vent€the€fugitive€PCE€emissions€from€clothing€transfer€between€theÏwasher€and€the€dryer€at€transfer€machine€systems€to€a€carbon€adsorber.€Since€clothing€transferÏemissions€are€a€significant€portion€of€overall€transfer€machine€system€emissions,€control€of€theseÏthrough€a€room€enclosure€would€achieve€additional€emission€reductions.€ÌÌ€€€The€only€type€of€control€device€that€could€effectively€control€PCE€emissions€on€a€room€enclosureÏis€a€carbon€adsorber.€As€stated€previously,€however,€new€information€(i.e.,€the€California€survey)Ïindicates€that€carbon€adsorbers€achieve€a€lower€level€of€emission€reduction€in€actual€practice€withinÏthe€dry€cleaning€industry€than€originally€thought.€ÌÌ€€€Assuming€a€carbon€adsorber€achieves€a€95-percent€reduction€in€PCE€emissions,€the€incrementalÏcost€effectiveness€of€requiring€room€enclosures€with€carbon€adsorbers€on€existing€major€sourceÏtransfer€machine€systems€would€be€as€low€as€$330€per€Mg€($300€per€ton)€of€PCE.€In€fact,€even€if€theÏcontrol€efficiency€of€the€carbon€adsorber€was€as€low€as€20€percent,€the€incremental€cost€effectivenessÏof€requiring€room€enclosures€on€major€source€transfer€machine€systems€would€be€about€$1,900€perÏMg€($1,700€per€ton)€of€PCE.€ÌÌ€€€Although€the€EPA€does€not€believe€the€control€efficiency€of€carbon€adsorbers€within€the€dryÏcleaning€industry€is€as€low€as€10€percent,€making€such€an€assumption€for€the€purpose€of€calculationsÏeffectively€indicates€that,€even€at€low€control€efficiencies,€the€use€of€room€enclosures€at€major€sourceÏtransfer€machine€systems€is€reasonable.€Consequently,€the€final€NESHAP€requires€the€use€of€roomÏenclosures€with€carbon€adsorbers€at€existing€major€source€transfer€machine€systems.€Ì€€€Requiring€existing€major€source€transfer€machine€system€dry€cleaners€to€use€room€enclosures€is€notÏestimated€to€result€in€any€additional€financial€failures€or€closures.€Initially,€due€to€the€limited€numberÏof€vendors€of€room€enclosures,€the€EPA€was€concerned€with€the€creation€of€a€market€for€theseÏdevices.€With€few€vendors€and€a€large€demand,€the€price€of€room€enclosures€could€rise€significantly.Ïâ
    
 âHowever,€if€required€only€for€those€few€existing€major€source€transfer€machine€systems,€the€demandÐ   	 D+à$(   Ðfor€room€enclosures€is€not€judged€sufficient€to€cause€a€significant€rise€in€the€price€of€a€roomÏenclosure.Ìâ
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 âÌ€€€For€existing€area€sources,€the€impacts€of€requiring€a€room€enclosure€are€considered€unreasonable.ÏThe€incremental€cost€effectiveness€of€requiring€a€room€enclosure€for€a€typical€area€source€could€beÏas€high€as€$9,800€per€Mg€($8,900€per€ton)€of€PCE,€even€if€the€carbon€adsorber€is€achieving€a€highÏpercent€emission€reduction€efficiency€(e.g.,€95€percent).€If€the€carbon€adsorber€is€operating€at€a€lowerÏcontrol€efficiency,€the€resulting€incremental€cost€effectiveness€would€be€even€higher.€The€number€ofÏadditional€financial€failures€could€be€as€high€as€1,100€with€as€many€as€260€additional€closures€if€roomÏenclosures€were€required€on€all€existing€area€source€transfer€machine€systems.€Up€to€500€additionalÏfinancial€failures€and€as€many€as€5€additional€closures€would€result€from€such€a€requirement€on€onlyÏthe€largest€area€sources€(e.g.,€those€with€annual€receipts€over€$100,000).€In€addition,€with€only€a€fewÏvendors€of€room€enclosures,€the€EPA€remains€concerned€with€the€impact€that€extending€aÏrequirement€for€room€enclosures€to€all€existing€transfer€machine€system€area€sources€would€have€onÏthe€price€of€room€enclosures.€For€these€reasons,€the€Administrator€considers€room€enclosuresÏunreasonable€for€existing€transfer€machine€system€area€sources.€ÌÌ5.€Banning€Transfer€Machine€Systems€and€ReclaimersÌÌ€€€Commenters€recommended€that€the€EPA€impose€a€ban€on€the€sale€of€new€or€used€transfer€machineÏsystems.€One€commenter€believed€that€transfer€machine€systems€are€still€being€offered€and€sold€to€dryÏcleaners,€and€that€only€a€ban€on€the€sale€of€transfer€machine€systems€would€prevent€dry€cleaners€fromÏpurchasing€these€systems.€ÌÌ€€€Prior€to€proposal,€the€EPA€believed€that€no€new€transfer€machine€systems€were€being€sold€or€hadÏbeen€sold€in€recent€years€due€primarily€to€the€adoption€of€the€OSHA€permissible€exposure€limit€(PEL)Ïof€25€parts€per€million€(ppm)€(January€19,€1989).€The€OSHA€PEL€was€intended€to€reduce€workerÏexposure€to€PCE.€Based€on€the€level€of€PCE€emitted€during€the€clothing€transfer€step€at€transferÏmachine€systems,€transfer€machine€systems€were€viewed€as€incapable€of€meeting€the€OSHA€PEL.ÏConsequently,€the€EPA€believed€it€was€not€necessary€to€develop€regulations€that€effectively€bannedÏor€prohibited€the€use€of€new€transfer€machine€systems.€ÌÌ€€€Following€proposal€of€the€NESHAP€for€dry€cleaners,€however,€the€Eleventh€Circuit€Appeals€CourtÏremanded€the€PEL€to€OSHA.€In€addition,€information€provided€to€the€EPA€following€proposalÏindicates€that€many€owners€or€operators€of€transfer€machine€systems€were€meeting€the€OSHA€PELÏby€increasing€ventilation€or€rotating€the€placement€of€their€workers.€Moreover,€it€was€learned€thatÏtransfer€machine€systems,€manufactured€for€use€with€petroleum€solvents€could€be€used€as€PCEÏtransfer€machine€systems.€ÌÌ€€€Finally,€information€provided€to€the€EPA€following€proposal€made€it€clear€that,€in€some€cases,Ïâ
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 âreclaimers€were€being€sold€for€use€with€dry-to-dry€machines€to€increase€the€clothing€throughput€ofÐ   	 D+à$(   Ðthe€machines.€A€reclaimer€is€essentially€a€dryer,€and€its€use€with€a€dry-to-dry€machine€effectivelyÏconverts€the€dry-to-dry€machine€to€a€washer,€thus€creating€a€new€transfer€machine€system.€Ìâ
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 âÌ€€€Consequently,€the€EPA€has€reconsidered€its€position€at€proposal,€that€a€ban€or€prohibition€of€newÏtransfer€machine€systems€is€unnecessary.€ÌÌ€€€For€transfer€machine€systems€located€at€a€major€source,€the€NESHAP€must€be€based€on€MACT.ÏThe€Act€states€that€MACT€for€new€sources€must€be€no€less€stringent€than€the€best€controlled€similarÏsource.€A€transfer€machine€system€with€a€room€enclosure€represents€the€best€controlled€similarÏsource.€The€MACT€may€be€more€stringent,€however,€if€the€Administrator€believes€the€balanceÏbetween€the€additional€economic,€energy,€and€environmental€impacts€of€a€more€stringent€requirementÏis€reasonable.€The€only€option€more€stringent€than€a€transfer€machine€system€with€a€room€enclosureÏis€a€new€dry-to-dry€machine.€ÌÌ€€€Dry-to-dry€machines€provide€complete€control€of€clothing€transfer€emissions€(i.e.,€emissionsÏreleased€by€transfer€of€clothing€from€the€washer€to€the€dryer€of€a€transfer€machine€system).ÏDry-to-dry€machines€eliminate€these€emissions€by€eliminating€the€need€to€transfer€clothing€from€aÏwasher€to€a€dryer€(achieving€100€percent€reduction€of€clothing€transfer€emissions).€ÌÌ€€€The€MACT€for€new€transfer€machine€systems€could€be€based€on€the€use€of€new€dry-to-dryÏmachines,€thereby€requiring€new€major€source€transfer€machine€systems€to€eliminate€all€emissionsÏfrom€clothing€transfer€between€the€washer€and€the€dryer.€Such€a€requirement€would€effectively€banÏor€prohibit€new€transfer€machine€systems€because€no€technology€has€been€identified€to€date€(includingÏthe€use€of€hamper€enclosures€or€room€enclosures)€that€could€be€added€to€a€new€transfer€machineÏsystem€to€totally€eliminate€all€PCE€emissions€from€clothing€transfer.€Dry-to-dry€machines€offer€anÏeffective€pollution€prevention€alternative€to€transfer€machines.€Promoting€use€of€this€equipment€isÏconsistent€with€the€Agency's€commitment€to€pollution€prevention.€ÌÌ€€€The€benefits€associated€with€a€requirement€based€on€new€dry-to-dry€machines€would€be€100€percentÏcontrol€of€clothing€transfer€emissions.€Clothing€transfer€is€estimated€to€contribute€up€to€as€much€asÏ25€percent€of€the€PCE€emissions€from€an€uncontrolled€transfer€machine€system.€For€a€typical€majorÏsource,€the€annualized€costs€for€requiring€a€dry-to-dry€machine€would€be€a€net€savings€($300)€becauseÏoverall€PCE€consumption€is€lower€with€a€dry-to-dry€machine.€This€lower€cost€is€due€to€the€increasedÏamount€of€PCE€that€is€recovered€and€recycled€within€the€machine.€ÌÌ€€€The€EPA€believes€it€is€reasonable€to€require€new€transfer€machine€systems€located€at€major€sourcesÏto€meet€the€same€level€of€control€of€clothing€transfer€emissions€as€achieved€by€new€dry-to-dryÏmachines.€Thus,€the€final€NESHAP€prohibits€any€emissions€between€the€washing€and€drying€step€ofÏthe€dry€cleaning€cycle€for€new€transfer€machine€systems€located€at€major€sources.€This€requirementÏeffectively€bans€or€prohibits€the€use€of€new€transfer€machine€systems€at€major€sources.€Ìâ
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 âÐ   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€For€new€area€source€transfer€machine€systems,€the€NESHAP€is€based€on€GACT.€The€GACT€is€aÏâ
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 âbalance€between€environmental,€economic,€and€energy€impacts€the€Administrator€considersÏreasonable.€The€incremental€cost€of€requiring€a€new€dry-to-dry€machine€over€a€new€transfer€machineÏsystem€with€a€room€enclosure€at€a€typical€new€area€source€is€approximately€$600€per€year.€The€EPAÏdoes€not€believe€that€the€additional€costs€of€purchasing€a€new€dry-to-dry€machine€over€purchasingÏa€new€transfer€machine€system€with€a€room€enclosure€would€deter€entry€(or€expansion)€into€the€dryÏcleaning€market.€If€a€business€venture€is€viable€and€attractive€with€the€purchase€of€a€new€transferÏmachine€system€and€room€enclosure,€the€EPA€believes€that€the€business€venture€would€also€be€viableÏand€attractive€with€the€purchase€of€a€new€dry-to-dry€machine.€Consequently,€requiring€new€areaÏsource€transfer€machine€systems€to€eliminate€all€clothing€transfer€emissions€(i.e.,€purchase€a€newÏdry-to-dry€machine)€is€considered€generally€achievable.€Thus,€the€final€NESHAP€also€prohibits€anyÏemissions€between€the€washing€and€drying€step€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€for€new€transfer€machineÏsystems€located€at€area€sources.€As€mentioned€above€for€major€sources,€this€requirement€effectivelyÏbans€or€prohibits€the€use€of€new€transfer€machine€systems€at€area€sources.€Thus,€all€new€transferÏmachines€are€effectively€banned.€Under€the€rule,€the€addition€of€a€reclaimer€to€an€existing€dry-to-dryÏmachine€would€constitute€reconstruction€of€the€dry€cleaning€system.€As€a€result,€the€addition€of€aÏreclaimer€to€a€dry-to-dry€machine€would€be€banned€effective€on€today's€date.€Reclaimers€added€toÏa€dry-to-dry€machine€after€December€9,€1991€(the€date€of€the€proposed€dry€cleaning€NESHAP)€andÏprior€to€today's€date€are€allowed€to€operate€for€up€to€three€years€from€today's€date,€if€the€dry€cleaningÏsystem€complies€in€the€interim€with€the€proposed€rule.€ÌÌ€€€In€addition€to€requiring€that€all€new€dry€cleaning€machines€be€dry-to-dry€machines,€phasing€out€orÏreplacing€existing€transfer€machine€systems€with€dry-to-dry€machines€was€also€considered.ÏCommenters€questioned€why€there€was€no€discussion€of€immediate€or€gradual€replacement€of€existingÏtransfer€machine€systems€in€the€proposal.€They€stressed€that€the€EPA€cannot€rely€upon€OSHA€rulesÏfor€a€prompt€phase€out€of€transfer€machine€systems.€ñÃñÌñÃñÌ€€€There€is€little€difference€between€the€impacts€of€immediate€replacement€of€existing€transfer€machineÏsystems€and€replacement€within€three€years,€the€maximum€compliance€period€for€existing€sourcesÏunder€the€statute.€In€both€cases,€the€capital€cost€of€the€transfer€machine€system€is€a€ð ðsunkðð€cost€thatÏhas€been€incurred€and€is€not€a€factor€in€the€analysis.€ÌÌ€€€This€ð ðsunkðð€cost€makes€the€analysis€of€replacing€existing€transfer€machine€systems€quite€differentÏfrom€that€of€banning€or€prohibiting€new€transfer€machine€systems.€For€existing€transfer€machinesÏsystems,€the€cost€of€replacing€the€existing€system€is€the€full€cost€of€a€new€dry-to-dry€machine.€For€aÏnew€system,€the€cost€of€banning€or€prohibiting€the€system€is€the€difference€in€cost€between€a€newÏtransfer€machine€system€and€a€new€dry-to-dry€machine.€Consequently,€the€costs€are€much€higher€inÏthe€analysis€of€replacing€existing€transfer€machine€systems€than€they€are€in€the€analysis€of€banning€orÏprohibiting€new€transfer€machine€systems.€The€emission€reduction€achieved€is€the€same€for€eitherÏoption.€Ìâ
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 âÐ   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€The€EPA€analyzed€the€costs€of€requiring€replacement€of€existing€transfer€machine€systems€withÏâ
    
 âdry-to-dry€machines€in€comparison€with€the€additional€fugitive€emissions€of€PCE€that€result€fromÏtransfer€machine€systems.€The€incremental€cost€effectiveness€for€replacing€a€typical€existing€majorÏsource€transfer€machine€systems€with€a€dry-to-dry€machine€is€approximately€$12,200€per€ton€of€PCEÏreduced.€For€area€sources,€the€incremental€cost€effectiveness€for€replacing€the€transfer€machineÏsystem€with€a€dry-to-dry€machine€is€approximately€$41,000€per€ton€of€PCE€reduced.€The€EPA€hasÏdetermined€that€based€on€this€comparison,€which€relies€on€currently€available€information,€requiringÏreplacement€of€these€transfer€machine€systems€with€dry-to-dry€machines€is€not€justified€at€this€time.ÏHowever,€the€EPA€is€aware€that€additional€environmental€impacts€may€be€associated€with€theÏcontinued€use€of€transfer€machine€systems€in€certain€situations.€For€example,€the€impact€on€indoorÏair€quality€may€be€of€concern.€At€this€time,€however,€the€data€are€insufficient€to€determine€whetherÏconsidering€these€other€impacts€it€may€be€appropriate€to€further€limit€the€use€of€transfer€machineÏsystems.€The€EPA€will€address€this€issue€further€in€the€public€meeting€(see€ADDRESSES€section€atÏthe€beginning€of€this€preamble)€and€will€continue€to€examine€this€issue.€If€appropriate,€the€EPA€mayÏrevisit€the€determinations€made€in€this€rule.€ÌÌ€€€Commenters€agreed€with€the€EPA€that€use€of€a€reclaimer€with€a€dry-to-dry€machine€effectivelyÏcreates€a€new€transfer€machine€system.€Therefore,€they€recommended€a€ban€on€the€sale€of€new€orÏused€reclaimers.€ÌÌ€€€Accordingly,€the€NESHAP€has€been€revised€to€define€a€dry-to-dry€machine€used€with€a€reclaimerÏas€a€transfer€machine€system.€In€addition,€the€NESHAP€does€not€allow€clothing€transfer€emissionsÏto€occur€between€the€washing€and€the€drying€step€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€for€a€new€transfer€machineÏsystem.€This€requirement€effectively€bans€or€prohibits€new€transfer€machine€systems.€It€alsoÏeffectively€bans€or€prohibits€the€use€of€new€reclaimers€with€new€or€existing€dry-to-dry€machines,Ïbecause€adding€a€reclaimer€to€a€new€or€an€existing€dry-to-dry€machine€creates€a€new€transfer€machineÏsystem.€ÌÌ6.€Vapor€Barriers€ÌÌ€€€In€addition€to€room€enclosures,€some€commenters€requested€that€vapor€barriers€be€required€toÏprevent€seepage€of€PCE€to€adjacent€apartments.€It€was€also€suggested€that€dry€cleaning€facilitiesÏlocated€in€close€proximity€to€residential€buildings€or€food€service€establishments€be€required€to€haveÏvapor€barriers€on€all€floors,€walls,€and€ceilings€to€separate€the€dry€cleaning€facility€from€other€areasÏin€the€building€and€to€deter€migration€of€PCE€emissions.€ÌÌ€€€Installing€vapor€barriers€to€prevent€seepage€of€PCE€emissions€into€adjacent€living€or€working€areasÏmerely€contains€the€emissions€in€the€dry€cleaning€facility.€Installing€vapor€barriers€could€lead€toÏelevated€PCE€concentrations€in€the€work€areas€and€public€areas€of€the€dry€cleaning€facility,€resultingÏin€increased€worker€and€public€exposure€at€the€dry€cleaner.€Vapor€barriers€could€also€be€veryÏexpensive€for€a€dry€cleaning€owner€or€operator€to€install.€Estimates€indicate€that€installation€of€aÏvapor€barrier€in€a€30€by€50€by€20€foot€dry€cleaning€facility€would€cost€approximately€$6,500.€BasedÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðon€available€information,€vapor€barriers€are€considered€unreasonable€for€a€national€standard€due€toÏtheir€high€cost€and€their€failure€to€control€or€reduce€PCE€emissions.€ÌÌ€€€The€Administrator€agrees€with€the€concerns€expressed€by€many€commenters€about€the€potentialÏimpact€of€fugitive€emissions.€As€mentioned€earlier,€to€address€these€concerns,€the€final€NESHAPÏrequires€control€of€fugitive€emissions€by€leak€detection€and€repair.€As€a€result,€the€NESHAP€willÏsignificantly€reduce€fugitive€PCE€emissions€from€all€dry€cleaning€facilities.ÌÌ€€€In€a€few€cases,€local€agencies€may€find€situations€where€they€believe€the€use€of€vapor€barriers€mayÏbe€warranted,€such€as€the€situation€of€a€very€large€dry€cleaning€establishment€without€adequateÏventilation€located€in€an€apartment€complex.€Cases€such€as€this€are€best€handled€on€a€site-specificÏbasis€at€the€local€level.ÌÌ7.€Dry€Cleaning€Ventilation€RequirementsÌÌ€€€Commenters€recommended€including€dry€cleaning€ventilation€requirements€in€the€final€NESHAP.ÏSpecific€dry€cleaner€exhaust€or€ventilation€requirements€were€recommended,€such€as€adopting€theÏNational€Fire€Protection€Association€(NFPA)€Standard€32€for€dry€cleaning€plants€(1990€edition).€ThisÏwould€require€an€air€change€within€the€dry€cleaning€plant€every€5€minutes.€In€addition,€commentersÏrecommended€that€all€dry€cleaning€machines€install€a€ventilation€system€capable€of€maintaining€aÏminimum€air€velocity€of€0.6€meters€per€second€(100€feet€per€minute)€through€the€loading€door€of€theÏdry€cleaning€machine,€whenever€the€door€is€open.ÌÌ€€€Ventilation€requirements€in€and€of€themselves€would€not€reduce€fugitive€emissions.€From€theÏperspective€of€the€NESHAP,€the€EPA€believes€it€is€more€appropriate€to€focus€on€the€use€ofÏequipment€or€techniques€that€prevents€or€controls€emissions€rather€than€to€focus€on€ventilationÏrequirements€that€merely€divert,€rather€than€reduce,€emissions.ÌÌ€€€If€dry€cleaning€plant€ventilation€systems€were€installed€and€the€resulting€exhaust€routed€through€aÏcontrol€device,€such€as€a€carbon€adsorber,€this€would€reduce€fugitive€emissions;€however,€it€couldÏbe€prohibitively€expensive.€The€NESHAP,€therefore,€does€not€include€dry€cleaning€plant€ventilationÏrequirements.€On€the€other€hand,€the€NESHAP€does€not€preclude€a€dry€cleaning€plant€from€installingÏventilation€systems.€Moreover,€where€local€authorities€consider€a€ventilation€system€necessary,€theÏNESHAP€does€not€prevent€or€hinder€local€authorities€in€any€way€from€requiring€additional€measuresÏsuch€as€ventilation€systems.ÌÌ€€€The€NESHAP€requires€the€implementation€of€a€leak€detection€and€repair€program,€to€controlÏfugitive€PCE€emissions.€These€measures€will€achieve€a€substantial€reduction€in€fugitive€emissions€atÏdry€cleaning€facilities.ÌÌC.€Monitoring€and€EquivalencyÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð1.€Monitoring€Control€DevicesÌÌ€€€Many€commenters€stated€that€the€NESHAP€should€contain€some€type€of€emission€limit€andÏperformance€testing.€They€asserted€that€requiring€the€dry€cleaning€owner€or€operator€to€install€certainÏequipment€and€follow€work€practices€without€a€performance€test€will€not€necessarily€reduceÏemissions.€The€commenters€felt€the€only€way€to€ensure€emission€reductions€was€to€establish€andÏenforce€an€emission€limit€through€performance€testing.ÌÌ€€€As€discussed€in€the€proposal€preamble,€the€cost€of€requiring€an€owner€or€operator€to€undertake€aÏfull-fledged€performance€test€to€demonstrate€compliance€with€emission€limits€based€on€the€use€of€aÏrefrigerated€condenser€or€a€carbon€adsorber€would€be€expensive€($3,000€to€$5,000),€especiallyÏcompared€to€the€cost€of€this€emission€control€equipment€($6,000€to€$8,000).€The€additional€cost€ofÏsuch€a€performance€test,€therefore,€would€create€a€significant€impact€by€almost€doubling€the€cost€thatÏthe€NESHAP€would€impose.ÌÌ€€€The€economic€analysis€conducted€prior€to€proposal€indicated€that€many€operators€will€likelyÏexperience€difficulty€in€obtaining€capital€to€purchase€emission€control€equipment.€To€precludeÏunreasonable€economic€impacts,€the€NESHAP€does€not€require€vent€controls€on€existing€sources€withÏan€annual€PCE€consumption€of€less€than€530€liters€(140€gallons)€per€year€for€facilities€with€dry-to-dryÏmachines€or€760€liters€(200€gallons)€per€year€for€facilities€with€transfer€machine€systems.€ImposingÏadditional€costs€by€requiring€a€full-fledged€performance€test€to€determine€compliance€would€addÏsignificantly€to€the€economic€impact€of€the€NESHAP€and€would€result€in€raising€the€low€solventÏconsumption€exemption€levels€for€existing€sources€and€decrease€the€emission€reductions€achieved€byÏthe€NESHAP.ñÄñÌñÄñÌ€€€Several€commenters€believed€that€the€NESHAP€should€include€emission€limitations€andÏperformance€testing€for€carbon€adsorbers.€They€believed€that€an€emission€limit€for€carbon€adsorbersÏis€necessary€because€operating€requirements€alone€are€not€enough.€Examples€were€cited€of€carbonÏadsorbers€with€damaged€prefilters€or€leaking€dampers€drastically€reducing€emission€control€efficiency.ÌÌ€€€The€concerns€of€the€commenters€regarding€poor€operation€and€maintenance€of€equipment€are€wellÏfounded.€There€is,€however,€incentive€for€an€owner€or€operator€to€properly€operate€and€maintain€dryÏcleaning€emission€control€equipment.€Having€invested€what€for€most€dry€cleaning€facilities€will€be€aÏsubstantial€sum€of€money€in€this€equipment,€properly€operating€and€maintaining€it€will€provide€someÏreturn€in€terms€of€recovered€PCE.€Proper€operation€and€maintenance€will€result€in€lower€PCEÏconsumption€and€reduce€the€dry€cleaner's€operating€costs€attributable€to€PCE€purchases.ÌÌ€€€Beyond€this€economic€incentive,€however,€the€final€NESHAP€requires€the€owner€or€operator€toÏfollow€the€equipment€manufacturer's€specifications€regarding€proper€operation€and€maintenance€ofÏequipment.€In€addition,€the€NESHAP€requires€the€owner€or€operator€to€maintain€a€log€containingÏinformation€on€the€proper€operation€and€maintenance€of€control€devices.ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€To€help€dry€cleaners€determine€that€the€control€devices€are€operating€properly,€periodic€monitoringÏis€also€required€in€the€final€NESHAP.€If€the€control€device€used€to€achieve€compliance€is€aÏrefrigerated€condenser,€the€owner€or€operator€is€required€to€measure€the€temperature€of€the€vaporÏstream€passing€through€the€refrigerated€condenser.€For€refrigerated€condensers€used€with€transferÏmachine€system€washers,€the€temperature€on€the€inlet€side€and€outlet€side€of€the€refrigeratedÏcondenser€must€be€measured.€For€refrigerated€condensers€used€with€transfer€machine€system€dryersÏor€reclaimers,€or€dry-to-dry€machines,€the€temperature€of€the€exhaust€gas€stream€exiting€theÏrefrigerated€condenser€must€be€measured.€Measurements€must€be€taken€once€per€week€at€the€end€ofÏthe€cool€down€cycle€prior€to€door€opening.€Records€of€this€temperature€measurement€must€be€keptÏin€a€log€maintained€onsite.ÌÌ€€€If€the€control€device€used€to€achieve€compliance€is€a€carbon€adsorber,€the€owner€or€operator€isÏrequired€to€measure€the€PCE€concentration€at€the€exit€of€the€carbon€adsorber.€Measurements€mustÏbe€taken€once€per€week€during€the€last€aeration€cycle€prior€to€a€scheduled€desorption€using€aÏcolorimetric€detector€tube.€Records€must€be€kept€in€a€log€(maintained€on€site)€of€the€date€and€PCEÏconcentration€measured€using€the€colorimetric€detector€tube.ÌÌ€€€The€NESHAP€requires€that€copies€of€the€equipment€manufacturer's€operation€and€maintenanceÏspecifications€be€retained€onsite.€All€of€the€above€requirements€will€ensure€proper€operation€andÏmaintenance€of€equipment€and€will€also€ensure€this€equipment€achieves€the€emission€controlÏperformance€it€is€capable€of€achieving.ÌÌ2.€Determining€EquivalencyÌÌ€€€Guidance€was€requested€regarding€what€type€of€information€must€be€included€with€any€request€forÏa€determination€of€equivalency€(i.e.,€that€the€equipment€a€dry€cleaner€proposes€to€use€is€equivalentÏto€that€required€by€the€NESHAP).€Information€was€requested€on€the€type€and€duration€of€emissionÏdata€needed€and€the€method€for€determining€the€control€efficiency€of€the€particular€technology.ÌÌ€€€It€is€difficult€to€specify€what€information€must€be€submitted€for€a€determination€of€equivalencyÏwithout€knowing€some€details€of€the€emission€control€technology€or€system€for€which€theÏdetermination€is€requested.€A€description€of€this€type€of€information€must€be€broad€and€general€inÏnature€to€accommodate€all€possibilities.€It€is€possible,€however,€to€be€more€specific€regarding€someÏrequirements€and€the€final€NESHAP€specifies€that€the€following€information€must€be€submitted:ÌÌ€€€a.€Diagrams,€as€appropriate,€illustrating€the€emission€control€technology€or€system,€its€operationÏand€integration€into€or€function€with€dry-to-dry€machines€or€transfer€machine€systems€during€eachÏportion€of€the€normal€dry€cleaning€cycle.ÌÌ€€€b.€Information€quantifying€vented€PCE€emissions€from€the€dry-to-dry€machines€or€transfer€machineÏsystems€during€each€portion€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€with€and€without€the€use€of€the€candidateÏemission€control€technology€or€system.Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€c.€Information€on€solvent€mileage€achieved€with€and€without€the€candidate€emission€controlÏtechnology.€Solvent€mileage€is€the€average€weight€of€articles€cleaned€per€volume€of€PCE€used.ÌÌ€€€d.€Identification€of€maintenance€requirements€and€parameters€to€monitor€to€ensure€proper€operationÏand€maintenance.ÌÌ€€€e.€Explanation€of€why€this€submitted€information€is€considered€accurate€and€representative€of€bothÏthe€short-term€and€long-term€performance€of€the€candidate€emission€control€technology€on€theÏspecific€dry€cleaning€system€examined.ÌÌ€€€f.€Explanation€of€why€this€information€can€be€extrapolated€to€dry€cleaning€systems€other€than€theÏspecific€system(s)€examined.ÌÌ€€€g.€Information€on€the€cross-media€impacts€(to€water€and€solid€waste)€of€the€candidate€emissionÏcontrol€technology€and€demonstration€that€the€cross-media€impacts€are€less€than€or€equal€to€theÏcross-media€impacts€of€a€refrigerated€condenser.ÌÌ3.€Delegation€of€Authority€to€Determine€EquivalencyÌÌ€€€Concern€was€expressed€by€some€commenters€that€States€were€not€delegated€authority€in€theÏproposal€to€determine€equivalency.€Commenters€strongly€opposed€limiting€the€authority€for€approvingÏalternative€control€equipment€and€procedures€proposed€by€individual€dry€cleaning€sources€to€the€EPAÏalone.€It€was€believed€that€the€EPA's€retention€of€this€delegation€of€authority€would€negatively€impactÏthe€operating€permit€process.€The€emphasis€in€comments€was€that€States€must€retain€the€right€to€takeÏappropriate€actions€to€implement€effective€emission€control€strategies€to€protect€public€health€withinÏtheir€jurisdictions.€ÌÌ€€€The€EPA€agrees€that€States€should€be€allowed€to€implement€effective€emission€strategies€to€protectÏpublic€health€within€their€jurisdictions.€In€some€cases,€States€may€feel€it€is€necessary€to€implementÏmore€protective€air€pollution€control€measures€than€those€adopted€in€national€standards€to€controlÏlocal€problems.€ÌÌ€€€The€EPA€also€agrees€that€provisions€limiting€the€authority€to€the€EPA€alone€for€making€judgmentsÏregarding€the€equivalency€of€different€equipment€to€control€PCE€emissions€with€the€same€or€betterÏperformance€than€the€control€equipment€required€by€the€NESHAP€are€not€warranted€because€sectionÏ112(l)€of€the€Act€would€allow€a€State€to€request€approval€of€a€State's€program€that€permits€a€sourceÏto€seek€permission€to€use€an€alternative€means€of€emission€limitation€under€section€112(h)(3),Ïprovided€that€the€State€demonstrated€that€its€program€would€be€no€less€stringent€and€that€certainÏconditions€were€met.€Section€112(l)€of€the€Act€authorizes€States€to€submit€programs€to€theÏAdministrator€for€approval€for€implementing€and€enforcing€emission€standards.€Section€112(l)€alsoÏgoes€on€to€state€that€such€programs€may€provide€for€partial,€as€well€as€complete,€delegation€of€theÏEPA's€authorities€and€responsibilities.€The€approval€and€delegation€process€is€addressed€in€detail€inÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðthe€EPA's€notice€of€proposed€rulemaking:€ð ðApproval€of€State€Programs€and€Delegation€of€FederalÏAuthorities;€Proposed€Rule,ðð€published€on€May€19,€1993,€(58€FR€29296).€ÌÌ€€€As€a€result,€the€provision€limiting€the€authority€to€judge€the€equivalency€of€different€equipment€toÏthe€EPA€has€been€deleted€from€the€final€standards.€Doing€so,€however,€does€not€mean€that€theseÏprovisions€will€be€ð ðautomaticallyðð€delegated€to€States€upon€application.€In€addition,€delegating€theseÏprovisions€will€not€preclude€the€EPA€from€considering€petitions€submitted€by€various€equipmentÏsuppliers€or€vendors€and€making€equivalency€determinations€on€a€national€level.€ÌÌD.€Other€Issues€and€Follow-up€to€Today's€Action€ÌÌ€€€The€NESHAP€promulgated€in€today's€Federal€Register€will€achieve€significant€reductions€in€PCEÏemissions€from€new€and€existing€dry€cleaning€facilities.€There€remain,€however,€several€major€issuesÏassociated€with€dry€cleaning€facilities€that€merit€further€attention.€These€include:€(1)€Indoor€airÏpollution€in€residences€located€above€dry€cleaning€facilities;€and€(2)€groundwater€pollution€resultingÏfrom€dry€cleaning€facilities.€These€issues€were€brought€to€light€following€proposal€of€the€NESHAPÏby€the€New€York€Study€(indoor€air€pollution)€and€the€California€Study€(ground€water€pollution).ÌÌ1.€New€York€StudyÌÌ€€€The€New€York€Study,€performed€by€the€State€of€New€York,€is€an€assessment€of€indoor€air€pollutionÏin€residences€located€above€dry€cleaners.€Many€States€and€environmental€groups€referred€to€this€studyÏin€their€public€comments€on€the€NESHAP,€and€several€commenters€submitted€copies€of€the€study€asÏattachments€to€their€comments.€They€believed€that€the€study€shows€that€the€risk€to€public€health€fromÏexposure€to€PCE€emissions€from€dry€cleaners€is€significant€and€should€be€targeted€for€regulation.ÏThey€mentioned€that,€although€the€Act€does€not€specifically€address€indoor€air€pollution,€indoor€airÏemissions€eventually€become€ambient€air€emissions.€Ì€€€The€New€York€Study€focuses€on€dry€cleaners€located€in€Albany,€New€York.€All€102€dry€cleanersÏlisted€in€the€Albany€telephone€directory€were€contacted.€Of€these€102€dry€cleaners,€67€cleaned€orÏpressed€clothes€on€the€premises.€Of€these€67,€6€had€occupied€residences€above€them.€ÌÌ€€€The€levels€of€PCE€in€the€indoor€and€outdoor€air€at€residences€located€above€the€6€dry€cleaners€wereÏmeasured€over€a€24-hour€period.€Identical€measurements€were€taken€at€the€same€time€at€6€controlÏresidences€located€at€least€100€meters€(330€feet)€away€from€each€dry€cleaner.€The€control€residencesÏwere€selected€based€on€their€similarity€to€the€study€residences€in€terms€of€building€type,€age,€andÏneighborhood.€ÌÌ€€€The€study€found€indoor€air€concentrations€of€PCE€ranging€from€100€to€55,000€micrograms€perÏcubic€meter€(mcg/òò3óó)€[15€to€8,000€parts€per€billion€(ppb)]€in€the€6€residences€located€above€dryÐ   	 l)#&   Ðcleaners.€The€cancer€risk€estimate€associated€with€these€levels,€based€on€the€EPA's€unit€cancer€riskÏâ
    
 âestimate€for€PCE€and€lifetime€exposure,€is€1€in€100,000€to€1€in€100€(10òò-5óó€to€10òò-2óó).€Control€residencesÐ   	 D+à$(   Ðhad€indoor€air€PCE€concentrations€ranging€from€6€to€100€mcg/mòò3óó€(1€to€15€ppb).€The€cancer€riskÐ   	 d      Ðassociated€with€these€levels€is€1€in€1,000,000€to€1€in€100,000€(10òò-6óó€to€10òò-5óó).€Ð   	 Pì    Ðâ
    
 âÌ€€€The€New€York€study€indicates€that€PCE€emissions€can€accumulate€in€residences€located€above€dryÏcleaning€facilities,€resulting€in€increased€public€exposure€to€PCE.€While€not€definitive,€in€the€EPA'sÏopinion,€based€on€various€observations€included€in€the€New€York€study,€the€major€contributor€to€theÏelevated€PCE€levels€measured€in€the€residences€located€above€these€dry€cleaners€seems€to€be€fugitiveÏemissions.€ÌÌ2.€California€Well€Investigation€ProgramÌÌ€€€The€California€Well€Investigation€Program€is€an€assessment€of€ground€water€contaminationÏundertaken€by€the€State€of€California.€The€study€contends€that€PCE€contaminated€discharges€intoÏsewer€lines€by€dry€cleaning€facilities€has€contaminated€ground€water€in€several€areas.€ÌÌ€€€The€California€Study€focuses€on€wells€in€the€Central€Valley€Region,€which€supply€drinking€waterÏto€municipal€water€systems.€Water€drawn€from€215€out€of€some€2,000€wells€tested€containedÏdetectable€levels€of€PCE.€Of€these€215€wells,€water€drawn€from€47€wells€contained€levels€of€PCEÏabove€the€maximum€contaminant€level€(MCL)€of€5€parts€per€billion€(ppb)€in€the€National€RevisedÏPrimary€Drinking€Water€Regulations.€ÌÌ€€€Soil€gas€surveys€and€ground€water€movement€around€21€of€the€47€wells€with€levels€of€PCE€aboveÏthe€MCL€indicate€the€source€of€PCE€contamination€in€these€wells€to€have€originated€from€sewer€lines.ÏIn€20€out€of€these€21€wells,€dry€cleaning€facilities€were€identified€as€the€sole€users€of€PCE€connectedÏto€the€sewer€lines.€Soil€gas€surveys€along€the€main€sewer€lines€downstream€from€sewer€lateralsÏconnecting€the€dry€cleaners€to€the€main€sewer€lines€also€showed€relatively€high€concentrations€ofÏPCE.€As€a€result,€the€study€concludes€that€dry€cleaning€facilities€are€the€source€of€the€observed€PCEÏcontamination.€ÌÌ€€€Recovery€of€PCE€for€reuse€within€the€dry€cleaning€process€generates€wastewater€contaminated€withÏPCE.€Most€of€the€PCE€contained€in€this€wastewater€is€recovered€in€a€water€separator.€Water€fromÏthe€water€separator,€however,€is€routinely€discharged€to€the€sewer€at€many€dry€cleaning€facilities.ÏSeparator€water€generally€contains€about€150€ppm€of€PCE;€but€it€may€contain€as€much€as€30€percentÏPCE,€if€the€water€separator€is€poorly€operated.€ÌÌ€€€Dry€cleaning€machines€that€use€a€refrigerated€condenser€for€process€vent€control€generate€aboutÏ190€liters€(50€gallons)€per€year€of€separator€water;€those€with€no€process€vent€control€generate€evenÏless.€Dry€cleaning€machines€that€use€a€carbon€adsorber€for€process€vent€control,€on€the€other€hand,Ïgenerate€about€7,600€liters€(2,000€gallons)€per€year€of€separator€water-40€times€that€generated€by€aÏrefrigerated€condenser.€Ìâ
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 âÐ   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€The€California€study€concludes€that€PCE€discharged€to€sewers€from€dry€cleaning€facilities€canÏâ
    
 âcontaminate€ground€water.€Whether€the€primary€source€of€PCE€discharged€to€sewers€by€dry€cleaningÏfacilities€is€the€result€of€leaking€equipment,€accidental€spills,€or€PCE€contaminated€wastewaterÏgenerated€by€dry€cleaning€or€that€generated€by€emission€control€equipment€installed€to€controlÏprocess€vent€emissions,€however,€is€unclear.€ÌÌ€€€The€use€of€carbon€adsorbers€for€process€vent€control€significantly€adds€to€the€amount€of€PCEÏcontaminated€wastewater€generated€by€dry€cleaning€facilities.€While€not€conclusive,€this€suggests€theÏuse€of€carbon€adsorbers€for€process€vent€control€may€be€a€primary€contributor€to€ground€waterÏpollution€resulting€from€dry€cleaning€facilities.ÌÌ3.€Follow-up€to€Today's€ActionÌÌ€€€The€EPA€believes,€based€on€information€received€to€date,€that€PCE€contamination€of€indoor€air€andÏground€water€may€present€problems€that€warrant€additional€Federal€actions.€The€EPA€consideredÏseeking€an€extension€of€the€court€deadline€for€the€final€rule€to€deal€fully€with€these€issues.€This€courseÏof€action,€however,€would€have€postponed€the€health€and€environmental€benefits€of€the€rule€for€anÏextended€period€of€time.€The€EPA€determined€that€the€best€environmental€protection€would€beÏachieved€by€issuing€today's€rule€as€expeditiously€as€possible,€and€deciding€subsequently€how€toÏaddress€remaining€indoor€air€pollution€and€ground€water€contamination€associated€with€PCE€dryÏcleaners.€ÌÌ€€€Today's€rule,€while€targeted€primarily€at€reducing€PCE€contamination€of€outdoor€air,€may€reduceÏindoor€air€contamination€in€some€locations€through€requirements€reducing€fugitive€and€process€ventÏemissions€from€dry€cleaners.€In€addition,€the€rule€requires€uncontrolled€machines€to€be€controlled€withÏrefrigerated€condensers,€which€will€minimize€generation€of€wastewater€and€solid€waste.ÌÌ€€€In€order€to€gain€additional€insight€and€understanding€into€the€issues€of€indoor€air€pollution€andÏground€water€pollution€associated€with€dry€cleaning€facilities,€the€EPA€will€convene€a€public€meetingÏ(see€Public€Meeting€under€ADDRESSES€at€the€beginning€of€this€preamble).€The€objective€of€thisÏpublic€meeting€will€be€to€gather€additional€information€and€solicit€public€comment€on€the€magnitudeÏand€severity€of€the€problems€highlighted€by€the€New€York€and€the€California€studies€and€potentialÏsolutions€or€approaches€for€dealing€with€these€problems.€Copies€of€the€New€York€and€CaliforniaÏstudies€are€included€in€Docket€No.€A-88-11€(see€Docket€under€ADDRESSES).€(The€New€YorkÏStudy€is€Docket€No.€A-88-11,€Item€No.€IV-D-5€with€additional€information€in€Item€No.€IV-J-40;€theÏCalifornia€Study€is€also€part€of€Item€No.€IV-J-40.)€The€EPA€also€would€like€to€be€informed€of€otherÏstudies€conducted€by€States€(or€others)€that€address€the€relative€efficiency€of€carbon€adsorbers€andÏrefrigerated€condensers,€and€their€impact€on€air€emissions.€Anyone€wishing€to€speak€and€makeÏpresentations€at€the€public€meeting€and/or€wishing€to€submit€written€comments,€please€see€the€sectionÏPublic€Meeting€under€ADDRESSES€at€the€beginning€of€this€preamble.€Ìâ
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 âÐ   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€The€EPA€will€use€the€information€received€from€the€public€meeting,€as€well€as€written€comments,Ïâ
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 âin€deciding€whether€additional€actions€should€be€taken€to€reduce€health€and€environmental€risks€fromÏdry€cleaners.€The€EPA€will,€at€a€minimum,€publish€and€distribute€the€information€presented€at€theÏpublic€meeting.€The€EPA€may€then€use€this€information€to€develop€guidance€for€States€and€localÏagencies;€and/or€develop€additional€regulations.€At€the€meeting,€the€EPA€will€explore€the€desirabilityÏand€feasibility€of€using€a€regulatory€negotiation€or€other€consensus-building€approach€to€address€theseÏissues.€ÌÌ€€€With€respect€to€indoor€air€pollution,€the€EPA€specifically€requests€States€and€the€public€to€provideÏtheir€views€and€any€available€information€on:€ÌÌ€€€a.€The€number€of€dry€cleaners€co-located€in€buildings€with€residences€or€businesses.€ÌÌ€€€b.€The€extent€and€severity€of€indoor€air€contamination€with€PCE€from€dry€cleaners,€and€theÏadequacy€of€existing€data€on€this€problem.€ÌÌ€€€c.€The€extent€and€severity€of€PCE€contamination€of€fatty€foods€in€residences,€restaurants,€and€foodÏstores€that€are€co-located€with€or€located€near€dry€cleaners.€ÌÌ€€€d.€The€extent€to€which€PCE€indoor€air€contamination€results€from€fugitive€emissions€or€process€ventÏemissions.€ÌÌ€€€e.€The€amount€of€fugitive€emissions€from€different€types€of€dry€cleaning€machines,€and€from€theÏvarious€pieces€of€ancillary€equipment€associated€with€the€dry€cleaning€process.€ÌÌ€€€f.€Methods€for€reducing€PCE€contamination€of€indoor€air,€including€but€not€limited€to:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Improved€maintenance€involving€the€use€of€instruments€to€inspect€dry€cleaning€equipment€forÏleaks€of€PCE.€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Increased€room€ventilation€and/or€ducting€of€emissions€outdoors.€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Collection€of€steam€press€emissions.€ÌÌ€€€(4)€The€use€of€vapor€barriers.€ÌÌ€€€(5)€Improved€training€of€dry€cleaning€workers,€or€other€information€dissemination€activities.€ÌÌ€€€(6)€A€phaseout€of€existing€transfer€machine€systems€(today's€rule€effectively€bans€new€transferÏmachine€systems€but€does€not€limit€the€period€of€time€that€existing€transfer€machine€systems€canÏremain€in€service).€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€(7)€Other€strategies,€control€technologies,€and€pollution€prevention€methods€that€can€reduceÏfugitive€emissions,€especially€at€small€dry€cleaners.€ÌÌ€€€g.€The€extent€to€which€evaporators€are€in€use,€and€their€impact€on€air€quality€as€well€as€wastewaterÏcontamination.€ÌÌ€€€h.€The€relative€performance€of€vented€versus€ventless€machines€in€reducing€PCE€emissions.€ÌÌ€€€i.€The€relative€effectiveness,€cost,€and€affordability€of€the€available€options,€as€well€as€keyÏadvantages€and€drawbacks,€including€information€on:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€The€economic€impact€of€a€requirement€to€replace€existing€carbon€adsorbers€with€refrigeratedÏcondensers.€ÌÌ€€€(2)€The€economic€impact€of€a€requirement€to€replace€existing€transfer€machines€with€dry-to-dryÏequipment.€ÌÌ€€€j.€The€appropriate€Federal€role€in€encouraging€or€requiring€steps€to€reduce€PCE€contamination€ofÏindoor€air.€ÌÌ€€€k.€The€proposition€that€the€EPA€should€voluntarily€conduct€a€residual€risk€analysis€for€area€sourceÏdry€cleaners,€as€well€as€a€statutorily€mandated€risk€analysis€for€major€sources,€to€assess€remainingÏhealth€and€environmental€risks€after€installation€of€MACT€and€GACT€technology.€(Based€on€theÏresults€of€this€analysis,€the€EPA€could€assess€whether€more€stringent,€health-based€standards€areÏwarranted).€ÌÌ€€€l.€Examination€of€coin-operated€dry€cleaners€exempt€from€this€NESHAP€to€evaluate€their€potentialÏcontribution€to€indoor€air€pollution.€ÌÌ€€€m.€Evaluation€of€appropriate€operator€training€and€certification€methods.€ÌÌ€€€With€respect€to€ground€water€contamination€and€solid€waste€generation€by€dry€cleaners,€the€EPAÏspecifically€requests€that€States€and€the€public€provide€their€views€and€any€available€information€on:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€The€extent€and€severity€of€contamination€of€ground€water€with€PCE€from€dry€cleaners,€and€theÏdegree€of€health€threat€posed€by€this€contamination;€ÌÌ€€€(2)€The€relative€contribution€of€wastewater€discharges,€accidental€spills,€equipment€leaks,€andÏimproper€hazardous€waste€disposal€to€this€ground€water€contamination;€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Costs€of€treating€well€water€contaminated€with€PCE€to€make€it€safe€for€drinking,€and€the€costsÏand€feasibility€of€cleaning€up€ground€water€contaminated€with€PCE;€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€(4)€The€degree€of€solid€or€hazardous€waste€generation€associated€with€the€prevention/controlÏtechnologies,€information€on€how€these€wastes€are€managed€and€their€environmental€impact.€ÌÌ€€€(5)€Potential€measures€to€prevent€or€minimize€further€contamination€of€ground€water€with€PCE,Ïincluding€but€not€limited€to:€ÌÌ€€€(a)€Use€of€wastewater€evaporators€by€dry€cleaners.€ÌÌ€€(b)€Required€replacement€of€existing€carbon€adsorbers€used€for€process-vent€control€withÏrefrigerated€condensers,€perhaps€through€a€gradual€phaseout.€(The€EPA€particularly€solicits€commentÏon€how€the€EPA€could€use€its€legal€authorities€to€require€a€gradual€phaseout,€the€environmentalÏbenefits€of€a€phaseout,€and€the€economic€feasibility€of€potential€phase-out€schedules);€ÌÌ€€€(c)€Improved€maintenance€of€dry€cleaning€equipment€through€improved€training€of€dry€cleaningÏworkers€or€other€information€dissemination€activities;€ÌÌ€€€(d)€Encouragement€of€emerging€PCE€emission€control€technologies€that€use€adsorption€but€do€notÏgenerate€wastewater€because€regeneration€is€performed€through€heat€desorption€rather€than€steamÏstripping;€ÌÌ€€€(e)€Spill€prevention€and€control€measures;€ÌÌ€€€(f)€A€ban€or€limit€on€the€discharge€of€PCE-contaminated€wastewater€to€sewers;€ÌÌ€€€(g)€Disposal€of€dry€cleaner€wastewater€at€hazardous€waste€facilities;€ÌÌ€€€(h)€The€practical€use€of€dry€cleaner€wastewater€in€boilers;€and€ÌÌ€€€(i)€The€relative€effectiveness,€costs,€and€affordability€of€the€available€options,€as€well€as€keyÏadvantages€and€drawbacks.€ÌÌ€€€(6)€The€appropriate€Federal€role€in€encouraging€or€requiring€steps€to€reduce€the€threat€of€groundÏwater€contamination€from€dry€cleaners.€ÌÌ€€€While€examining€these€issues,€the€EPA,€as€part€of€its€Design€for€the€Environment€(DfE)€programÏis€investigating€potential€substitutes€for€PCE€in€dry€cleaning€and€developing€an€incentive€program€toÏencourage€all€dry€cleaners€to€use€control€measures€and€work€practices€that€minimize€health€andÏenvironmental€risks.€ÌÌ€€€The€DfE€program,€which€is€operated€by€the€EPA's€Office€of€Pollution€Prevention€and€Toxics,Ïfosters€cooperative€study€on€a€voluntary€basis€with€businesses€and€trade€associations€in€specificÏindustries€to€evaluate€the€risks,€performance,€and€costs€of€alternative€chemicals,€processes,€andÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðtechnologies.€The€DfE€program€is€currently€evaluating€a€variety€of€alternatives€to€the€current€use€ofÏPCE€in€dry€cleaning,€as€well€as€emission€control€technologies€for€dry€cleaning€equipment,€throughÏits€Cleaner€Technologies€Substitute€Assessment€(CTSA).€ÌÌ€€€As€part€of€the€CTSA,€the€DfE€program€in€conjunction€with€the€Neighborhood€Cleaners€AssociationÏ(NCA),€the€International€Fabricare€Institute€(IFI),€and€a€commercial€vendor,€conducted€a€4-weekÏstudy€to€test€the€economic€feasibility€and€performance€aspects€of€a€potential€alternative€wet-cleaningÏprocess€that€does€not€use€PCE.€The€alternative€process€primarily€uses€steam€cleaning,€spotting,Ïtumble€drying,€soaps,€and€limited€amounts€of€water€to€clean€clothes.€The€EPA€expects€to€release€theÏresults€of€the€study€in€Fall€1993€and€will€address€whether€there€may€be€circumstances€under€whichÏwet-cleaning€may€be€technically€and€economically€feasible.€ÌÌ€€€In€addition€to€evaluating€the€wet-cleaning€process,€the€DfE€Dry€Cleaning€Project€is€assessing€otherÏpollution€prevention€and€control€options.€The€analysis€will€include€evaluation€of€environmental€andÏhuman€health€risks,€and€the€performance€and€costs€of€various€prevention€and€control€technologies.ÏThis€assessment,€which€is€expected€to€be€completed€in€Spring€1994,€will€provide€the€dry€cleaningÏindustry€with€valuable€information€when€considering€options€for€compliance,€risk€reduction,€andÏpollution€prevention.€ÌÌ€€€For€information€on€the€Design€for€the€Environment€Dry€Cleaning€Project€contact€Jean€E.€(Libby)ÏParker,€EPA,€Office€of€Pollution€Prevention€and€Toxics,€mail€code€TS-779,€401€M€Street,€SW.,ÏWashington,€DC€20460,€telephone€number€(202)€260-0880.€ÌÌ€€€As€part€of€the€EPA's€focus€on€pollution€prevention€at€this€time,€the€Administrator€stronglyÏencourages€those€dry€cleaners€currently€using€carbon€adsorbers€for€primary€process€vent€control€toÏreplace€them€with€refrigerated€condensers€as€early€as€possible.€ÌÌ€€€While€the€EPA€conducts€follow-up€activities€related€to€dry€cleaners,€the€EPA€notes€that€there€areÏopportunities€for€State€and€local€government€to€take€action€as€well.€For€example,€State€and€localÏgovernments€may€wish€to€investigate€whether€indoor€air€or€ground€water€in€their€jurisdictions€is€beingÏcontaminated€with€PCE€from€dry€cleaning.€If€a€State€or€local€government€finds€an€indoor€air€pollutionÏproblem,€for€example,€the€government€may€wish€to€consider€whether€collocation€of€a€dry€cleaner€inÏthe€same€building€with€residences€is€appropriate.€ÌÌñ ÆñÌñÆññ ÅñÌñÅñV.€Administrative€Requirements€ÌÌA.€Docket€ÌÌ€€€The€docket€is€an€organized€and€complete€file€of€all€the€information€considered€by€EPA€in€theÏdevelopment€of€this€rulemaking.€The€docket€is€a€dynamic€file,€since€material€is€added€throughout€theÏrulemaking€development.€The€docketing€system€is€intended€to€allow€members€of€the€public€andÏindustries€involved€to€readily€identify€and€locate€documents€so€that€they€can€effectively€participateÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðin€the€rulemaking€process.€Along€with€the€statement€of€basis€and€purpose€of€the€proposed€andÏpromulgated€standards€and€the€EPA's€responses€to€significant€comments,€the€contents€of€the€docket,Ïexcept€for€interagency€review€materials,€will€serve€as€the€record€in€case€of€judicial€review€(sectionÏ307(d)(7)(A)).€ÌÌB.€Paperwork€Reduction€Act€ÌÌ€€€Information€collection€requirements€given€in€this€regulation€have€been€approved€by€the€Office€ofÏManagement€and€Budget€(OMB)€under€the€provisions€of€the€Paperwork€Reduction€Act€of€1980,€44ÏU.S.C.€3501€et€seq.€and€have€been€assigned€OMB€control€number€2060-0234.€ÌÌ€€€This€collection€of€information€is€estimated€to€have€a€public€reporting€burden€averaging€3.2€hoursÏper€response,€and€to€require€49€hours€per€recordkeeper€annually.€This€estimate€includes€time€forÏreviewing€instructions,€searching€existing€data€sources,€gathering€and€maintaining€the€data€needed,Ïand€completing€and€reviewing€the€collection€of€information.€ñÇñÌñÇñÌ€€€In€an€Information€Collection€Request€Action€Notice€dated€June€5,€1992,€OMB€disapproved€twoÏof€the€information€collection€provisions€for€the€PCE€Dry€Cleaning€NESHAP.€The€first€was€the€weeklyÏrecords€of€leak€detection€and€repair,€and€the€second€was€the€5-year€record€retention€period.€TheÏOMB€questioned€whether€these€provisions€represented€the€least€burdensome€approach€necessary€toÏattain€the€goal€of€the€standards.€These€concerns€are€addressed€below.€ÌÌ€€€With€respect€to€the€weekly€leak€detection€and€repair:€The€capture€and€reuse€of€PCE€is€the€goal€ofÏthe€NESHAP.€To€the€extent€that€there€are€fugitive€emissions€from€leaks€into€the€dry€cleaning€facility,Ïthe€surrounding€businesses,€and€the€environment,€the€goal€of€the€NESHAP€cannot€be€attained.€LeakÏdetection€is€especially€crucial€for€dry€cleaning€establishments€located€in€mixed-use€buildings,€whereÏfugitive€PCE€emissions€tend€to€migrate€into€and€build€up€in€adjoining€residences,€restaurants,€banks,Ïand€shops.€(This€is€the€conclusion€of€the€New€York€Study€which€became€available€after€the€rule€wasÏproposed€on€December€9,€1991.)€ÌÌ€€€Leaks€result€from€unequal€pressure€in€the€system,€and€are€also€a€function€of€the€age,€construction,Ïand€design€of€the€system.€A€simple€periodic€inspection€of€the€dry€cleaning€facility€will€alert€the€ownerÏor€operator€of€any€leaks.€The€leaks€can€then€be€repaired€on€a€timely€basis,€both€meeting€the€goals€ofÏthe€NESHAP€and€saving€the€owner€and€operator€the€cost€of€replacing€the€PCE€otherwise€lost€throughÏleaks€in€the€system.€Therefore,€frequent€periodic€inspections€at€all€facilities€are€needed€to€ensure€thatÏthe€goal€of€the€NESHAP€is€attained.€However,€to€address€concerns€for€those€existing€facilities€withÏannual€receipts€below€$75,000,€these€facilities€are€required€to€perform€leak€detection€on€a€biweekly,Ïrather€than€a€weekly,€basis.€ÌÌ€€€With€respect€to€the€second€issue,€the€5-year€retention€period€for€records:€The€types€of€recordsÏrequired€to€be€kept€require€very€little€storage€space€and€are€of€great€practical€utility€for€purposes€ofÏdetermining€compliance€and€following€through€with€any€necessary€enforcement€action.€TheÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðrecordkeeping€required€is€so€minimal€that€the€records€for€a€5-year€period€literally€could€be€kept€in€oneÏnotebook.€The€usefulness€of€the€5-year€record€retention€period€for€the€EPA€results€from€the€fact€thatÏdry€cleaning€facilities€are€so€numerous€and€the€EPA's€inspection€and€audit€resources€so€limited€thatÏinspections€of€any€given€facility€will,€of€necessity,€be€rare.€Congress€recognized€this,€and€granted€aÏ5-year€statute€of€limitations€for€NESHAP.€A€record€retention€period€of€less€than€5€years€wouldÏprevent€the€EPA€from€enforcing€its€regulations€for€fewer€years€than€Congress€has€specificallyÏmandated.€The€retention€of€records€over€5€years€also€allows€the€EPA€to€establish€a€source's€historyÏand€patterns€of€compliance€for€purposes€of€determining€the€appropriate€level€of€enforcement€action.ÏIn€many€cases,€the€additional€information€could€benefit€the€source.€ÌÌ€€€Send€comments€regarding€the€burden€estimate€or€any€other€aspect€of€this€collection€of€information,Ïincluding€suggestions€for€reducing€this€burden€to€Chief,€Information€Policy€Branch€(PM-223Y);€U.S.ÏEnvironmental€Protection€Agency,€401€M€Street€SW.,€Washington,€DC€20460;€and€to€the€Office€ofÏInformation€and€Regulatory€Affairs,€Office€of€Management€and€Budget,€Washington,€DC€20503,Ïmarked€ð ðAttention:€Desk€Officer€for€EPA.ðð€ÌÌC.€Executive€Order€12291€ÌÌ€€€Under€Executive€Order€(E.O.)€12291,€the€EPA€is€required€to€judge€whether€a€regulation€is€a€ð ðmajorÏruleðð€and€therefore€subject€to€the€requirements€of€a€regulatory€impact€analysis€(RIA).€The€criteria€setÏforth€in€section€1€of€E.O.€12291€for€determining€whether€a€regulation€is€a€major€rule€are€as€follows:Ï(1)€The€rule€is€likely€to€have€an€annual€effect€on€the€economy€of€$100€million€or€more;€(2)€the€ruleÏis€likely€to€cause€a€major€increase€in€costs€or€prices€for€consumers,€individual€industries,€Federal,ÏState,€or€local€governments,€or€geographic€regions;€or€(3)€the€rule€is€likely€to€result€in€significantÏadverse€effects€on€competition,€employment,€investment,€productivity,€innovation,€or€on€the€abilityÏof€United€States-based€enterprises€to€compete€with€foreign-based€enterprises€in€domestic€or€exportÏmarkets.€ÌÌ€€€This€promulgated€regulation€is€not€a€major€rule€because€it€would€result€in€none€of€the€adverseÏeffects€mentioned€above.€The€total€annual€cost€is€estimated€to€be€less€than€$14€million€a€year,€farÏbelow€the€$100€million€criterion€set€forth€in€E.O.€12291.€The€price€impacts€are€estimated€to€rangeÏfrom€0.5€and€2.5€percent.€The€economic€impact€analysis€on€the€industry€indicated€that€outputÏadjustments€are€about€a€0.5€percent€decrease.€These€small€market€adjustments€indicate€that€noÏsignificant€adverse€effects€on€competition,€employment,€investment,€productivity,€innovation,€orÏinternational€trade€are€expected.€Therefore,€this€regulation€is€not€subject€to€an€RIA.€ÌÌ€€€This€promulgated€rulemaking€was€submitted€to€the€OMB€for€review€as€required€under€E.O.€12291.€ÌÌD.€Regulatory€Flexibility€Act€ÌÌ€€€The€Regulatory€Flexibility€Act€(5€U.S.C.€601€et€seq)€requires€the€EPA€to€consider€potential€impactsÏof€promulgated€regulations€on€small€business€ð ðentities.ðð€A€regulatory€flexibility€analysis€is€requiredÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðif€preliminary€analysis€indicates€that€a€promulgated€regulation€is€expected€to€have€a€significantÏeconomic€impact€on€a€substantial€number€of€small€entities.€ÌÌ€€€Firms€in€the€dry€cleaning€industry€are€classified€as€small€or€large€based€on€annual€sales€receipts.ÏCommercial€firms€are€classified€as€small€if€they€earn€less€than€$2.5€million€per€year.€By€this€definition,Ïover€99€percent€of€commercial€dry€cleaning€firms€are€small€(U.€S.€Department€of€Commerce,€1990b).€ÌÌ€€€The€economic€impacts€of€the€regulatory€alternatives€were€analyzed€based€on€consumption€of€PCEÏbut€described€in€terms€of€dry€cleaning€revenues.€ÌÌ€€€For€the€commercial€area€source€categories,€the€economic€analysis€did€indicate€that€many€firmsÏwithin€the€class€of€sources€with€annual€receipts€of€less€than€$75,000€would€be€affected€significantlyÏby€the€promulgated€standard.€Below€this€annual€receipt€level€are€found€the€very€smallestÏfamily-operated€businesses€with€low€annual€PCE€consumption€and€few€employees.€Due€to€economicÏconsiderations,€only€pollution€prevention€measures€(i.e.,€leak€detection€and€repair)€are€required€forÏthis€class€of€sources€under€GACT-no€process€vent€control€is€required.€ÌÌ€€€For€the€class€of€sources€with€annual€receipts€of€$75,000€or€greater,€the€economic€impacts€are€muchÏsmaller.€Less€than€260€net€closures€due€to€the€promulgated€regulation€are€projected.€The€analysisÏindicates€that€firms€in€below-average€financial€condition€may€face€difficulty€in€obtaining€the€requiredÏfunds€to€purchase€control€equipment€from€traditional€loan€sources,€such€as€banks.€The€analysisÏprojects€between€0€and€830€firms€will€be€in€this€category.€These€firms€will€either€obtain€otherÏfinancing€(vendor-aided,€relatives,€personal€assets,€etc.),€close,€or€sell€their€firm.€For€more€detail€seeÏð ðEconomic€Impact€Analysis€of€Regulatory€Controls€in€the€Dry€Cleaning€IndustryððÏ(EPA-45/3-91-021b)€and€ð ðDry€Cleaning€Facilities-Background€Information€for€PromulgatedÏStandardsðð€(EPA-450/3-91-020b).€ÌÌ€€€In€summary,€excluding€requirements€for€process€vent€control€for€the€class€of€sources€with€annualÏgross€receipts€of€$75,000€or€less€drastically€reduces€the€impacts€on€the€commercial€dry€cleaningÏsector.€ÌÌE.€Miscellaneous€ÌÌ€€€Under€the€operating€permit€regulations€codified€at€40€CFR€Part€70,€€any€source€that€is€a€majorÏsource€under€the€Act€or€any€nonmajor€source€subject€to€a€standard€under€sections€111€or€112€of€theÏAct€must€obtain€an€operating€permit.€(See€ðð€70.3(a)(1).)€The€part€70€regulations€also€provide€thatÏa€State€may,€at€its€discretion,€defer€all€nonmajor€sources€from€the€obligation€to€obtain€a€part€70€permitÏuntil€such€time€as€the€EPA€finishes€a€rulemaking€regarding€the€applicability€of€the€part€70€programÏto€nonmajor€sources.€Part€70€further€provides€that,€for€nonmajor€sources€subject€to€a€future€standardÏpromulgated€under€section€111€or€112,€ð ð*€*€*€the€Administrator€will€determine€whether€to€exemptÏany€or€all€such€applicable€sources€from€the€requirements€to€obtain€a€part€70€permit€at€the€time€thatÏthe€new€standard€is€promulgated.ðð€(See€ðð€70.3(b)€(1)€and€(2).)€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€Today's€final€dry€cleaning€rule€does€not€exempt€area€source€dry€cleaners€from€permittingÏrequirements.€The€EPA€believes€that€permitting€these€nonmajor€sources€will€enhance€theÏimplementation€and€enforcement€of€the€rule€by€clarifying€how€the€rule€applies€to€a€particular€source,Ïand€how€relevant€parts€of€the€to-be-promulgated€general€provisions€apply€to€dry€cleaners.€The€generalÏprovisions,€which€were€proposed€in€the€Federal€Register€on€August€11,€1993€(58€FR€42760),€areÏgeneric€requirements€that€sources€subject€to€section€112€standards€must€meet.€ñÈñÌñÈñÌ€€€However,€under€the€existing€provisions€of€part€70,€States€may€choose€to€defer€the€obligation€of€allÏnonmajor€sources€to€obtain€a€permit€until€the€EPA€ð ðcompletes€a€rulemaking€to€determine€how€theÏprogram€should€be€structured€for€nonmajor€sources€and€the€appropriateness€of€any€permanentÏexemptions€*€*€*.ðð€In€promulgating€the€permits€rule,€the€EPA€committed€to€complete€that€rulemakingÏwithin€5€years€after€the€approval€of€the€first€State€part€70€program€that€defers€permitting€of€nonmajorÏsources.€ÌÌ€€€The€EPA€believes,€for€the€same€reasons€stated€in€the€preamble€to€the€operating€permits€rule,€thatÏthe€benefits€to€be€gained€from€the€permitting€of€nonmajor€sources€subject€to€this€rule€are€not€likelyÏto€accrue€during€the€early€stages€of€the€permit€program€when€permitting€authorities€will€be€occupiedÏwith€the€task€of€issuing€permits€to€major€sources.€Once€this€task€is€complete,€however,€permittingÏauthorities€should€be€able€to€process€permits€for€nonmajor€sources€subject€to€this€rule€on€a€relativelyÏexpedited€basis.€This€expedited€review€should€be€the€case,€in€part,€because€of€the€presumptiveÏsuitability€of€these€sources€for€general€permits.ÌÌ€€€In€accordance€with€section€117€of€the€Act,€publication€of€these€promulgated€standards€wasÏpreceded€by€consultation€with€appropriate€advisory€committees,€independent€experts,€and€FederalÏdepartments€and€agencies.€ÌÌ€€€This€regulation€will€be€reviewed€8€years€from€the€date€of€promulgation€as€required€by€the€Act.€ThisÏreview€will€include€an€assessment€of€such€factors€as€the€need€for€integration€with€other€programs,€theÏexistence€of€alternative€methods,€enforceability,€improvements€in€emission€control€technology,€andÏreporting€requirements.ÌÌList€of€Subjects€ÌÌ40€CFR€Part€9Ì€€€Reporting€and€recordkeeping€requirements.€ÌÌñ ÉñÌñÉñ40€CFR€Part€63Ì€€€Air€pollution€control,€Intergovernmental€relations,€Reporting€and€recordkeeping€requirements.Ì€€€Dated:€September€13,€1993.€ÌCarol€M.€Browner,€Administrator.€Ìâ
    
 âÐ   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€For€the€reasons€set€out€in€the€preamble,€title€40,€chapter€I,€of€the€Code€of€Federal€Regulations€isÏâ
    
 âamended€as€set€forth€below:€ÌPART€9-[AMENDED]€ÌÌ€€€1.€The€authority€citation€for€part€9€continues€to€read€as€follows:€ÌÌ€€€Authority:€7€U.S.C.€135€et€seq.,€136-136y;€15€U.S.C.€2001,€15€U.S.C.€2003,€15€U.S.C.€2005,€15ÏU.S.C.€2006,€2601-2671;€21€U.S.C.€331j,€21€U.S.C.€346a,€348;€31€U.S.C.€9701;€33€U.S.C.€1251€etÏseq.,€1311,€1313d,€1314,€1321,€1326,€1330,€1344,€1345(d)€and€(e),€1361;€E.O.€11735,€38€FR€21243,Ï3€CFR,€1971-1975€Comp.€p.€973;€42€U.S.C.€241,€42€U.S.C.€242b,€42€U.S.C.€243,€42€U.S.C.€246,Ï42€U.S.C.€300f,€42€U.S.C.€300g,€42€U.S.C.€300g-1,€42€U.S.C.€300g-2,€42€U.S.C.€300g-3,€42€U.S.C.Ï300g-4,€42€U.S.C.€300g-5,€42€U.S.C.€300g-6,€42€U.S.C.€300j-1,€42€U.S.C.€300j-2,€42€U.S.C.€300j-3,Ï42€U.S.C.€300j-4,€42€U.S.C.€300j-9,€1857€et€seq.,€6901-6992k,€7401-7671q,€7542,€9601-9657,Ï11023,€11048.€ÌÌ€€€2.€Section€9.1€is€amended€by€adding€a€new€entry€to€the€table€under€the€indicated€heading€to€readÏas€follows:€ÌÌðð€9.1€€€OMB€approvals€under€the€Paperwork€Reduction€Act.€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€Ìñ ÎñÌñÎññ Ëñ€ñËññ Íñ€ñÍñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìñ Êñ€ñÊññ Ìñ€ñÌñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€40€CFR€citation€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€OMBñ Ïñ€€€€€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ñÏñcontrol€No.€ÌÌ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ñ ÔñÌñÔññ ÓñÌñÓñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ñ ÕñÌñÕññ ÒñÌñÒññ Ññ€€€€ñÑñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìñ ÐñÌñÐñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€Ìñ ÖñÌñÖñNational€Emission€Standards€for€Hazardous€Air€Pollutants€forñ ×ñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌñ×ñ€Source€Categories€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïñ Ùñ€ñÙñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ñ ÛñÌñÛññ ØñÌñØññ Úñ€€€€€ñÚñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìñ ÜñÌñÜñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€ÌÌ63.322-63.325€..................................................€€€2060-0234€€Ìñ ÝñÌñÝñ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ìñ ÞñÌñÞññ ßñÌñßñ*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€ñàñÌñàñÌPART€63-NATIONAL€EMISSION€STANDARDS€FOR€HAZARDOUS€AIR€POLLUTANTS€FORÏSOURCE€CATEGORIES€ÌÌ€€€3.€The€authority€citation€for€part€63€continues€to€read€as€follows:€Ì€€€Authority:€42€U.S.C.€7401,€42€U.S.C.€7412,€42€U.S.C.€7414,€42€U.S.C.€7416,€€and€7601.€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€4.€Part€63€is€amended€by€adding€subpart€M€to€read€as€follows:€ñáñÌñáñÌSubpart€M-National€Perchloroethylene€Air€Emission€Standards€for€Dry€Cleaning€FacilitiesñâñÌÌñâññ ãñ€ñãñSec.ñ åñ€ñåññæñà0     àñæñ63.320€Applicability.€ñäñÐ    
° (#(#  Ðñäññçñà0    Ü àà0    Ü(#Ü(# àñçñ63.321€Definitions.€ñèñÐ    (#(#  Ðà0    Ü àà0    Ü(#Ü(# àñèñ63.322€Standards.ñéñÐ    (#(#  Ðà0    Ü àà0    Ü(#Ü(# àñéñ€63.323€Test€methods€and€monitoring.€ñêñÐ    (#(#  Ðà0    Ü àà0    Ü(#Ü(# àñêñ63.324€Reporting€and€recordkeeping€requirements.€ñëñÐ    (#(#  Ðà0    Ü àà0    Ü(#Ü(# àñëñ63.325€Determination€of€equivalent€emission€control€technology.€ñìñÐ    (#(#  ÐñìñÌSubpart€M-National€Perchloroethylene€Air€Emission€Standards€for€Dry€Cleaning€Facilities€ÌÌðð€63.320€€€Applicability.€ÌÌ€€€(a)€The€provisions€of€this€subpart€apply€to€the€owner€or€operator€of€each€dry€cleaning€facility€thatÏuses€perchloroethylene.€ÌÌ€€€(b)€Each€dry€cleaning€system€that€commences€construction€or€reconstruction€on€or€after€DecemberÏ9,€1991,€shall€be€in€compliance€with€the€provisions€of€this€subpart€beginning€on€September€22,€1993Ïor€immediately€upon€startup,€whichever€is€later,€except€for€dry€cleaning€systems€complying€withÏsection€112(i)(2)€of€the€Clean€Air€Act.€ÌÌ€€€(c)€Each€dry€cleaning€system€that€commenced€construction€or€reconstruction€before€December€9,Ï1991,€shall€comply€with€ðððð€63.322(c),€(d),€(i),€(j),€(k),€and€(l),€63.323(d),€and€63.324(a),€(b),€(d)(1),Ï(d)(2),€(d)(3),€(d)(4),€and€(e)€beginning€on€December€20,€1993,€and€shall€comply€with€otherÏprovisions€of€this€subpart€by€September€23,€1996.€ÌÌ€€€(d)€Each€existing€dry-to-dry€machine€and€its€ancillary€equipment€located€in€a€dry€cleaning€facilityÏthat€includes€only€dry-to-dry€machines€and€each€existing€transfer€machine€system€and€its€ancillaryÏequipment,€as€well€as€each€existing€dry-to-dry€machine€and€its€ancillary€equipment,€located€in€a€dryÏcleaning€facility€that€includes€both€transfer€machine€system(s)€and€dry-to-dry€machine(s)€is€exemptÏfrom€ðððð€63.322,€63.323,€and€63.324,€except€ðððð€63.322(c),€(d),€(i),€(j),€(k),€(l),€and€(m),€63.323(d),Ïand€63.324(a),€(b),€(d)(1),€(d)(2),€(d)(3),€(d)(4),€and€(e)€if€the€total€perchloroethylene€consumptionÏof€the€dry€cleaning€facility€is€less€than€530€liters€(140€gallons)€per€year.€Consumption€is€determinedÏaccording€to€ðð€63.323(d).€ÌÌ€€€(e)€Each€existing€transfer€machine€system€and€its€ancillary€equipment€located€in€a€dry€cleaningÏfacility€that€includes€only€transfer€machine€system(s)€is€exempt€from€ðððð€63.322,€63.323,€and€63.324,Ïexcept€ðððð€63.322(c),€(d),€(i),€(j),€(k),€(l),€and€(m),€63.323(d),€and€63.324(a),€(b),€(d)(1),€(d)(2),€(d)(3),Ï(d)(4),€and€(e)€if€the€perchloroethylene€consumption€of€the€dry€cleaning€facility€is€less€than€760€litersÏ(200€gallons)€per€year.€Consumption€is€determined€according€to€ðð€63.323(d).€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€(f)€If€the€total€yearly€perchloroethylene€consumption€of€a€dry€cleaning€facility€determined€accordingÏto€ðð€63.323(d)€is€initially€less€than€the€amounts€specified€in€paragraph€(d)€or€(e)€of€this€section,€butÏlater€exceeds€those€amounts,€the€existing€dry€cleaning€system(s)€in€the€dry€cleaning€facility€mustÏcomply€with€ðððð€63.322,€63.323,€and€63.324€by€180€calendar€days€from€the€date€that€the€facilityÏdetermines€it€has€exceeded€the€amounts€specified,€or€by€September€23,€1996,€whichever€is€later.€ÌÌ€€€(g)€A€dry€cleaning€facility€is€a€major€source€if€the€facility€emits€or€has€the€potential€to€emit€moreÏthan€9.1€megagrams€per€year€(10€tons€per€year)€of€perchloroethylene€to€the€atmosphere.€In€lieu€ofÏmeasuring€a€facility's€potential€to€emit€perchloroethylene€emissions€or€determining€a€facility's€potentialÏto€emit€perchloroethylene€emissions,€a€dry€cleaning€facility€is€a€major€source€if:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€It€includes€only€dry-to-dry€machine(s)€and€has€a€total€yearly€perchloroethylene€consumptionÏgreater€than€8,000€liters€(2,100€gallons)€as€determined€according€to€ðð€63.323(d);€or€ÌÌ€€€(2)€It€includes€only€transfer€machine€system(s)€or€both€dry-to-dry€machine(s)€and€transfer€machineÏsystem(s)€and€has€a€total€yearly€perchloroethylene€consumption€greater€than€6,800€liters€(1,800Ïgallons)€as€determined€according€to€ðð€63.323(d).€ÌÌ€€€(h)€A€dry€cleaning€facility€is€an€area€source€if€it€does€not€meet€the€conditions€of€paragraph€(g)€ofÏthis€section.€ÌÌ€€€(i)€If€the€total€yearly€perchloroethylene€consumption€of€a€dry€cleaning€facility€determined€accordingÏto€ðð€63.323(d)€is€initially€less€than€the€amounts€specified€in€paragraph€(g)€of€this€section,€but€thenÏexceeds€those€amounts,€the€dry€cleaning€facility€becomes€a€major€source€and€all€dry€cleaning€systemsÏlocated€at€that€dry€cleaning€facility€must€comply€with€the€appropriate€requirements€for€major€sourcesÏunder€ðððð€63.322,€63.323,€and€63.324€by€180€calendar€days€from€the€date€that€the€facility€determinesÏit€has€exceeded€the€amount€specified,€or€by€September€23,€1996,€whichever€is€later.ñíñÌñíñÌ€€€(j)€All€coin-operated€dry€cleaning€machines€are€exempt€from€the€requirements€of€this€subpart.€ÌÌñ îñÌñîñðð€63.321€€€Definitions.€ÌÌ€€€Administrator€means€the€Administrator€of€the€United€States€Environmental€Protection€Agency€orÏhis€or€her€authorized€representative€(e.g.,€a€State€that€has€been€delegated€the€authority€to€implementÏthe€provisions€of€this€part).€ÌÌ€€€Ancillary€equipment€means€the€equipment€used€with€a€dry€cleaning€machine€in€a€dry€cleaning€systemÏincluding,€but€not€limited€to,€emission€control€devices,€pumps,€filters,€muck€cookers,€stills,€solventÏtanks,€solvent€containers,€water€separators,€exhaust€dampers,€diverter€valves,€interconnecting€piping,Ïhoses,€and€ducts.€ÌÌ€€€Articles€mean€clothing,€garments,€textiles,€fabrics,€leather€goods,€and€the€like,€that€are€dry€cleaned.€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€Area€source€means€any€perchloroethylene€dry€cleaning€facility€that€meets€the€conditions€of€ððÏ63.320(h).€ÌÌ€€€Biweekly€means€any€14-day€period€of€time.€ÌÌ€€€Carbon€adsorber€means€a€bed€of€activated€carbon€into€which€an€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vaporÏstream€is€routed€and€which€adsorbs€the€perchloroethylene€on€the€carbon.€ÌÌ€€€Coin-operated€dry€cleaning€machine€means€a€dry€cleaning€machine€that€is€operated€by€the€customerÏ(that€is,€the€customer€places€articles€into€the€machine,€turns€the€machine€on,€and€removes€articlesÏfrom€the€machine).€ÌÌ€€€Colorimetric€detector€tube€means€a€glass€tube€(sealed€prior€to€use),€containing€material€impregnatedÏwith€a€chemical€that€is€sensitive€to€perchloroethylene€and€is€designed€to€measure€the€concentrationÏof€perchloroethylene€in€air.€ÌÌ€€€Construction,€for€purposes€of€this€subpart,€means€the€fabrication€(onsite),€erection,€or€installationÏof€a€dry€cleaning€system€subject€to€this€subpart.€ÌÌ€€€Desorption€means€regeneration€of€a€carbon€adsorber€by€removal€of€the€perchloroethylene€adsorbedÏon€the€carbon.€ÌÌ€€€Diverter€valve€means€a€flow€control€device€that€prevents€room€air€from€passing€through€aÏrefrigerated€condenser€when€the€door€of€the€dry€cleaning€machine€is€open.€ÌÌ€€€Dry€cleaning€means€the€process€of€cleaning€articles€using€perchloroethylene.€ÌÌ€€€Dry€cleaning€cycle€means€the€washing€and€drying€of€articles€in€a€dry-to-dry€machine€or€transferÏmachine€system.ÌÌ€€€Dry€cleaning€facility€means€an€establishment€with€one€or€more€dry€cleaning€systems.€ÌÌ€€€Dry€cleaning€machine€means€a€dry-to-dry€machine€or€each€machine€of€a€transfer€machine€system.€ÌÌ€€€Dry€cleaning€machine€drum€means€the€perforated€container€inside€the€dry€cleaning€machine€thatÏholds€the€articles€during€dry€cleaning.€ÌÌ€€€Dry€cleaning€system€means€a€dry-to-dry€machine€and€its€ancillary€equipment€or€a€transfer€machineÏsystem€and€its€ancillary€equipment.€ÌÌ€€€Dryer€means€a€machine€used€to€remove€perchloroethylene€from€articles€by€tumbling€them€in€aÏheated€air€stream€(see€reclaimer).€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€Dry-to-dry€machine€means€a€one-machine€dry€cleaning€operation€in€which€washing€and€drying€areÏperformed€in€the€same€machine.€ÌÌ€€€Exhaust€damper€means€a€flow€control€device€that€prevents€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vaporÏstream€from€exiting€the€dry€cleaning€machine€into€a€carbon€adsorber€before€room€air€is€drawn€intoÏthe€dry€cleaning€machine.€ÌÌ€€€Existing€means€commenced€construction€or€reconstruction€before€December€9,€1991.€ÌÌ€€€Filter€means€a€porous€device€through€which€perchloroethylene€is€passed€to€remove€contaminantsÏin€suspension.€Examples€include,€but€are€not€limited€to,€lint€filter€(button€trap),€cartridge€filter,€tubularÏfilter,€regenerative€filter,€prefilter,€polishing€filter,€and€spin€disc€filter.€ÌÌ€€€Heating€coil€means€the€device€used€to€heat€the€air€stream€circulated€from€the€dry€cleaning€machineÏdrum,€after€perchloroethylene€has€been€condensed€from€the€air€stream€and€before€the€stream€reentersÏthe€dry€cleaning€machine€drum.€ÌÌ€€€Major€source€means€any€dry€cleaning€facility€that€meets€the€conditions€of€ðð€63.320(g).€ÌÌ€€€Muck€cooker€means€a€device€for€heating€perchloroethylene-laden€waste€material€to€volatilize€andÏrecover€perchloroethylene.€ÌÌ€€€New€means€commenced€construction€or€reconstruction€on€or€after€December€9,€1991.€ÌÌ€€€Perceptible€leaks€mean€any€perchloroethylene€vapor€or€liquid€leaks€that€are€obvious€from:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€The€odor€of€perchloroethylene;€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Visual€observation,€such€as€pools€or€droplets€of€liquid;€or€ÌÌ€€€(3)€The€detection€of€gas€flow€by€passing€the€fingers€over€the€surface€of€equipment.€ÌÌ€€€Perchloroethylene€consumption€means€the€total€volume€of€perchloroethylene€purchased€based€uponÏpurchase€receipts€or€other€reliable€measures.€ÌÌ€€€Reclaimer€means€a€machine€used€to€remove€perchloroethylene€from€articles€by€tumbling€them€inÏa€heated€air€stream€(see€dryer).€ÌÌ€€€Reconstruction,€for€purposes€of€this€subpart,€means€replacement€of€a€washer,€dryer,€or€reclaimer;Ïor€replacement€of€any€components€of€a€dry€cleaning€system€to€such€an€extent€that€the€fixed€capitalÏcost€of€the€new€components€exceeds€50€percent€of€the€fixed€capital€cost€that€would€be€required€toÏconstruct€a€comparable€new€source.€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€Refrigerated€condenser€means€a€vapor€recovery€system€into€which€an€air-perchloroethyleneÏgas-vapor€stream€is€routed€and€the€perchloroethylene€is€condensed€by€cooling€the€gas-vapor€stream.€ÌÌ€€€Refrigerated€condenser€coil€means€the€coil€containing€the€chilled€liquid€used€to€cool€and€condenseÏthe€perchloroethylene.€ÌÌ€€€Responsible€official€means€one€of€the€following:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€For€a€corporation:€A€president,€secretary,€treasurer,€or€vice€president€of€the€corporation€inÏcharge€of€a€principal€business€function,€or€any€other€person€who€performs€similar€policy€orÏdecision-making€functions€for€the€corporation,€or€a€duly€authorized€representative€of€such€person€ifÏthe€representative€is€responsible€for€the€overall€operation€of€one€or€more€dry€cleaning€facilities;€ÌÌ€€€(2)€For€a€partnership:€A€general€partner;€ÌÌ€€€(3)€For€a€sole€proprietorship:€The€owner;€or€ÌÌ€€€(4)€For€a€municipality,€State,€Federal,€or€other€public€agency:€Either€a€principal€executive€officerÏor€ranking€official.€ÌÌ€€€Room€enclosure€means€a€stationary€structure€that€encloses€a€transfer€machine€system,€and€is€ventedÏto€a€carbon€adsorber€or€an€equivalent€control€device€during€operation€of€the€transfer€machine€system.€ÌÌ€€€Source,€for€purposes€of€this€subpart,€means€each€dry€cleaning€system.€ÌÌ€€€Still€means€any€device€used€to€volatilize€and€recover€perchloroethylene€from€contaminatedÏperchloroethylene.€ÌÌ€€€Temperature€sensor€means€a€thermometer€or€thermocouple€used€to€measure€temperature.€ÌÌ€€€Transfer€machine€system€means€a€multiple-machine€dry€cleaning€operation€in€which€washing€andÏdrying€are€performed€in€different€machines.€Examples€include,€but€are€not€limited€to:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€A€washer€and€dryer(s);€ÌÌ€€€(2)€A€washer€and€reclaimer(s);€or€ÌÌ€€€(3)€A€dry-to-dry€machine€and€reclaimer(s).€ÌÌ€€€Washer€means€a€machine€used€to€clean€articles€by€immersing€them€in€perchloroethylene.€ThisÏincludes€a€dry-to-dry€machine€when€used€with€a€reclaimer.€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€Water€separator€means€any€device€used€to€recover€perchloroethylene€from€aÏwater-perchloroethylene€mixture.€ÌÌ€€€Year€or€Yearly€means€any€consecutive€12-month€period€of€time.€ÌÌðð€63.322€€€Standards.€ÌÌ€€€(a)€The€owner€or€operator€of€each€existing€dry€cleaning€system€shall€comply€with€either€paragraphÏ(a)(1)€or€(a)(2)€of€this€section€and€shall€comply€with€paragraph€(a)(3)€of€this€section€if€applicable.€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Route€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€stream€contained€within€each€dry€cleaning€machineÏthrough€a€refrigerated€condenser€or€an€equivalent€control€device.€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Route€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€stream€contained€within€each€dry€cleaning€machineÏthrough€a€carbon€adsorber€installed€on€the€dry€cleaning€machine€prior€to€September€22,€1993.€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Contain€the€dry€cleaning€machine€inside€a€room€enclosure€if€the€dry€cleaning€machine€is€aÏtransfer€machine€system€located€at€a€major€source.€Each€room€enclosure€shall€be:€ÌÌ€€€(i)€Constructed€of€materials€impermeable€to€perchloroethylene;€and€ÌÌ€€€(ii)€Designed€and€operated€to€maintain€a€negative€pressure€at€each€opening€at€all€times€that€theÏmachine€is€operating.€ÌÌ€€€(b)€The€owner€or€operator€of€each€new€dry€cleaning€system:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Shall€route€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€stream€contained€within€each€dry€cleaningÏmachine€through€a€refrigerated€condenser€or€an€equivalent€control€device;€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Shall€eliminate€any€emission€of€perchloroethylene€during€the€transfer€of€articles€between€theÏwasher€and€dryer(s);€and€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Shall€pass€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€stream€from€inside€the€dry€cleaning€machineÏdrum€through€a€carbon€adsorber€or€equivalent€control€device€immediately€before€or€as€the€door€ofÏthe€dry€cleaning€machine€is€opened€if€the€dry€cleaning€machine€is€located€at€a€major€source.€ÌÌ€€€(c)€The€owner€or€operator€shall€close€the€door€of€each€dry€cleaning€machine€immediately€afterÏtransferring€articles€to€or€from€the€machine,€and€shall€keep€the€door€closed€at€all€other€times.€ÌÌ€€€(d)€The€owner€or€operator€of€each€dry€cleaning€system€shall€operate€and€maintain€the€systemÏaccording€to€the€manufacturers'€specifications€and€recommendations.€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€(e)€Each€refrigerated€condenser€used€for€the€purposes€of€complying€with€paragraph€(a)€or€(b)€ofÏthis€section€and€installed€on€a€dry-to-dry€machine,€dryer,€or€reclaimer:ÌÌ€€€(1)€Shall€be€operated€to€not€vent€or€release€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€stream€containedÏwithin€the€dry€cleaning€machine€to€the€atmosphere€while€the€dry€cleaning€machine€drum€is€rotating;€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Shall€be€monitored€according€to€ðð€63.323(a)(1);€and€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Shall€be€operated€with€a€diverter€valve,€which€prevents€air€drawn€into€the€dry€cleaning€machineÏwhen€the€door€of€the€machine€is€open€from€passing€through€the€refrigerated€condenser.€ÌÌ€€€(f)€Each€refrigerated€condenser€used€for€the€purpose€of€complying€with€paragraph€(a)€of€this€sectionÏand€installed€on€a€washer:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Shall€be€operated€to€not€vent€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€contained€within€the€washerÏto€the€atmosphere€until€the€washer€door€is€opened;€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Shall€be€monitored€according€to€ðð€63.323(a)(2);€and€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Shall€not€use€the€same€refrigerated€condenser€coil€for€the€washer€that€is€used€by€a€dry-to-dryÏmachine,€dryer,€or€reclaimer.€ÌÌ€€€(g)€Each€carbon€adsorber€used€for€the€purposes€of€complying€with€paragraphs€(a)€or€(b)€of€thisÏsection:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Shall€not€be€bypassed€to€vent€or€release€any€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€stream€to€theÏatmosphere€at€any€time;€and€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Shall€be€monitored€according€to€the€applicable€requirements€in€ðð€63.323€(b)€or€(c).€ÌÌ€€€(h)€Each€room€enclosure€used€for€the€purposes€of€complying€with€paragraph€(a)(3)€of€this€section:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Shall€be€operated€to€vent€all€air€from€the€room€enclosure€through€a€carbon€adsorber€or€anÏequivalent€control€device;€and€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Shall€be€equipped€with€a€carbon€adsorber€that€is€not€the€same€carbon€adsorber€used€to€complyÏwith€paragraph€(a)(2)€or€(b)(3)€of€this€section.€ÌÌ€€€(i)€The€owner€or€operator€of€an€affected€facility€shall€drain€all€cartridge€filters€in€their€housing,€orÏother€sealed€container,€for€a€minimum€of€24€hours,€or€shall€treat€such€filters€in€an€equivalent€manner,Ïbefore€removal€from€the€dry€cleaning€facility.€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€(j)€The€owner€or€operator€of€an€affected€facility€shall€store€all€perchloroethylene€and€wastes€thatÏcontain€perchloroethylene€in€solvent€tanks€or€solvent€containers€with€no€perceptible€leaks.€ÌÌ€€€(k)€The€owner€or€operator€of€a€dry€cleaning€system€shall€inspect€the€following€components€weeklyÏfor€perceptible€leaks€while€the€dry€cleaning€system€is€operating:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Hose€and€pipe€connections,€fittings,€couplings,€and€valves;€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Door€gaskets€and€seatings;€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Filter€gaskets€and€seatings;€ÌÌ€€€(4)€Pumps;€ÌÌ€€€(5)€Solvent€tanks€and€containers;€ÌÌ€€€(6)€Water€separators;€ÌÌ€€€(7)€Muck€cookers;€ÌÌ€€€(8)€Stills;€ÌÌ€€€(9)€Exhaust€dampers;€ÌÌ€€€(10)€Diverter€valves;€and€ÌÌ€€€(11)€Cartridge€filter€housings.€ÌÌ€€€(l)€The€owner€or€operator€of€a€dry€cleaning€facility€with€a€total€facility€consumption€below€theÏapplicable€consumption€levels€of€ðð€63.320(d)€or€(e)€shall€inspect€the€components€listed€in€paragraphÌ€(k)€of€this€section€biweekly€for€perceptible€leaks€while€the€dry€cleaning€system€is€operating.€ÌÌ€€€(m)€The€owner€or€operator€of€a€dry€cleaning€system€shall€repair€all€perceptible€leaks€detected€underÏparagraph€(k)€of€this€section€within€24€hours.€If€repair€parts€must€be€ordered,€either€a€written€orÏverbal€order€for€those€parts€shall€be€initiated€within€2€working€days€of€detecting€such€a€leak.€SuchÏrepair€parts€shall€be€installed€within€5€working€days€after€receipt.€ÌÌ€€€(n)€If€parameter€values€monitored€under€paragraphs€(e),€(f),€or€(g)€of€this€section€do€not€meet€theÏvalues€specified€in€ðð€63.323(a),€(b),€or€(c),€adjustments€or€repairs€shall€be€made€to€the€dry€cleaningÏsystem€or€control€device€to€meet€those€values.€If€repair€parts€must€be€ordered,€either€a€written€orÏverbal€order€for€such€parts€shall€be€initiated€within€2€working€days€of€detecting€such€a€parameterÏvalue.€Such€repair€parts€shall€be€installed€within€5€working€days€after€receipt.€Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡ðð€63.323€€Test€methods€and€monitoring.€ÌÌ€€€(a)€When€a€refrigerated€condenser€is€used€to€comply€with€ðð€63.322(a)(1)€or€(b)(1):€ÌÌ€€€(1)€The€owner€or€operator€shall€measure€the€temperature€of€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vaporÏstream€on€the€outlet€side€of€the€refrigerated€condenser€on€a€dry-to-dry€machine,€dryer,€or€reclaimerÏweekly€with€a€temperature€sensor€to€determine€if€it€is€equal€to€or€less€than€7.2€ððC€(45€ððF).€TheÏtemperature€sensor€shall€be€used€according€to€the€manufacturer's€instructions€and€shall€be€designedÏto€measure€a€temperature€of€7.2€ððC€(45€ððF)€to€an€accuracy€of€Ô €  X  X  X X ÔððÔ €  X  X  X X Ô€1.1€ððC€(Ô €  X  X  X X ÔððÔ €  X  X  X X Ô2€ððF).€Ð   	 Ä`   ÐÌ€€€(2)€The€owner€or€operator€shall€calculate€the€difference€between€the€temperature€of€theÏair-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€stream€entering€the€refrigerated€condenser€on€a€washer€and€theÏtemperature€of€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€stream€exiting€the€refrigerated€condenser€on€theÏwasher€weekly€to€determine€that€the€difference€is€greater€than€or€equal€to€11.1€ððC€(20€ððF).€ÌÌ€€€(i)€Measurements€of€the€inlet€and€outlet€streams€shall€be€made€with€a€temperature€sensor.€EachÏtemperature€sensor€shall€be€used€according€to€the€manufacturer's€instructions,€and€designed€toÏmeasure€at€least€a€temperature€range€from€0€ððC€(32€ððF)€to€48.9€ððC€(120€ððF)€to€an€accuracy€of€Ô €  X  X  X X ÔððÔ €  X  X  X X Ô€1.1Ð   	 ¬   ÐððC€€(Ô €  X  X  X X ÔððÔ €  X  X  X X Ô€2€ððF).Ð   	 ü˜   ÐÌ€€€(ii)€The€difference€between€the€inlet€and€outlet€temperatures€shall€be€calculated€weekly€from€theÏmeasured€values.€ÌÌ€€€(b)€When€a€carbon€adsorber€is€used€to€comply€with€ðð€63.322(a)(2)€or€exhaust€is€passed€through€aÏcarbon€adsorber€immediately€upon€machine€door€opening€to€comply€with€ðð€63.322(b)(3),€the€ownerÏor€operator€shall€measure€the€concentration€of€perchloroethylene€in€the€exhaust€of€the€carbonÏadsorber€weekly€with€a€colorimetric€detector€tube,€while€the€dry€cleaning€machine€is€venting€to€thatÏcarbon€adsorber€at€the€end€of€the€last€dry€cleaning€cycle€prior€to€desorption€of€that€carbon€adsorberÏto€determine€that€the€perchloroethylene€concentration€in€the€exhaust€is€equal€to€or€less€than€100€partsÏper€million€by€volume.€The€owner€or€operator€shall:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Use€a€colorimetric€detector€tube€designed€to€measure€a€concentration€of€100€parts€per€millionÏby€volume€of€perchloroethylene€in€air€to€an€accuracy€of€Ô €  X  X  X X ÔððÔ €  X  X  X X Ô€25€parts€per€million€by€volume;€and€Ð   	 ä#€    ÐÌ€€€(2)€Use€the€colorimetric€detector€tube€according€to€the€manufacturer's€instructions;€and€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Provide€a€sampling€port€for€monitoring€within€the€exhaust€outlet€of€the€carbon€adsorber€thatÏis€easily€accessible€and€located€at€least€8€stack€or€duct€diameters€downstream€from€any€flowÏdisturbance€such€as€a€bend,€expansion,€contraction,€or€outlet;€downstream€from€no€other€inlet;€andÏ2€stack€or€duct€diameters€upstream€from€any€flow€disturbance€such€as€a€bend,€expansion,€contraction,Ïinlet,€or€outlet.€ÌÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð€€€(c)€If€the€air-perchloroethylene€gas-vapor€stream€is€passed€through€a€carbon€adsorber€prior€toÏmachine€door€opening€to€comply€with€ðð€63.322(b)(3),€the€owner€or€operator€of€an€affected€facilityÏshall€measure€the€concentration€of€perchloroethylene€in€the€dry€cleaning€machine€drum€at€the€end€ofÏthe€dry€cleaning€cycle€weekly€with€a€colorimetric€detector€tube€to€determine€that€theÏperchloroethylene€concentration€is€equal€to€or€less€than€300€parts€per€million€by€volume.€The€ownerÏor€operator€shall:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Use€a€colorimetric€detector€tube€designed€to€measure€a€concentration€of€300€parts€per€millionÏby€volume€of€perchloroethylene€in€air€to€an€accuracy€of€Ô €  X  X  X X ÔððÔ €  X  X  X X ÔðKð75€parts€per€million€by€volume;€and€Ð   	 Ä`   ÐÌ€€€(2)€Use€the€colorimetric€detector€tube€according€to€the€manufacturer's€instructions;€and€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Conduct€the€weekly€monitoring€by€inserting€the€colorimetric€detector€tube€into€the€open€spaceÏabove€the€articles€at€the€rear€of€the€dry€cleaning€machine€drum€immediately€upon€opening€the€dryÏcleaning€machine€door.€ÌÌ€€€(d)€When€calculating€yearly€perchloroethylene€consumption€for€the€purpose€of€demonstratingÏapplicability€according€to€ðð€63.320,€the€owner€or€operator€shall€perform€the€following€calculation€onÏthe€first€day€of€every€month:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Sum€the€volume€of€all€perchloroethylene€purchases€made€in€each€of€the€previous€12€months,Ïas€recorded€in€the€log€described€in€ðð€63.324(d)(1).€ÌÌ€€€(2)€If€no€perchloroethylene€purchases€were€made€in€a€given€month,€then€the€perchloroethyleneÏconsumption€for€that€month€is€zero€gallons.€ÌÌ€€€(3)€The€total€sum€calculated€in€paragraph€(d)€of€this€section€is€the€yearly€perchloroethyleneÏconsumption€at€the€facility.€ÌÌñ ïñÌñïñðð€63.324€€€Reporting€and€recordkeeping€requirements.€ÌÌ€€€(a)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€a€dry€cleaning€facility€shall€submit€an€initial€report€signed€by€aÏresponsible€official€before€a€notary€public€certifying€that€the€information€provided€in€the€initial€reportÏis€accurate€and€true€to€the€Administrator€within€90€calendar€days€after€September€22,€1993,€whichÏincludes€the€following:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€The€name€and€address€of€the€owner€or€operator;€ÌÌ€€€(2)€The€address€(that€is,€physical€location)€of€the€dry€cleaning€facility;€Ì€€€(3)€A€brief€description€of€the€type€of€each€dry€cleaning€machine€at€the€dry€cleaning€facility;€Ìâ
    
 âÐ   	 D+à$(   Ð€€€(4)€Documentation€as€described€in€ðð€63.323(d)€of€the€yearly€perchloroethylene€consumption€at€theÏâ
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 âdry€cleaning€facility€for€the€previous€year€to€demonstrate€applicability€according€to€ðð€63.320;€or€anÏestimation€of€perchloroethylene€consumption€for€the€previous€year€to€estimate€applicability€with€ððÏ63.320;€and€ÌÌ€€€(5)€A€description€of€the€type€of€control€device(s)€that€will€be€used€to€achieve€compliance€with€ððÏ63.322€(a)€or€(b)€and€whether€the€control€device(s)€is€currently€in€use€or€will€be€purchased.€ÌÌ€€€(6)€Documentation€to€demonstrate€to€the€Administrator's€satisfaction€that€each€room€enclosure€usedÏto€meet€the€requirements€of€ðð€63.322(a)(3)€meets€the€requirements€of€ðð€63.322(a)(3)€(i)€and€(ii).€ÌÌ€€€(b)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€a€dry€cleaning€facility€shall€submit€a€statement€signed€by€aÏresponsible€official€in€the€presence€of€a€notary€public€to€the€Administrator€by€registered€letter€on€orÏbefore€the€30th€day€following€the€compliance€dates€specified€in€ðð€63.320€(b)€or€(c),€certifying€theÏfollowing:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€The€yearly€perchloroethylene€solvent€consumption€limit€based€upon€the€yearly€solventÏconsumption€calculated€according€to€ðð€63.323(d);€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Whether€or€not€they€are€in€compliance€with€each€applicable€requirement€of€ðð€63.322;€and€ÌÌ€€€(3)€All€information€contained€in€the€statement€is€accurate€and€true.€ÌÌ€€€(c)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€an€area€source€dry€cleaning€facility€that€exceeds€the€solventÏconsumption€limit€certified€in€paragraph€(b)€of€this€section€shall€submit€a€statement€signed€by€aÏresponsible€official€in€the€presence€of€a€notary€public€to€the€Administrator€by€registered€letter€on€orÏbefore€the€30th€day€following€the€compliance€dates€specified€in€ðð€63.320(f)€or€(i),€certifying€theÏfollowing:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€The€new€yearly€perchloroethylene€solvent€consumption€limit€based€upon€the€yearly€solventÏconsumption€calculated€according€to€ðð€63.323(d);€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Whether€or€not€they€are€in€compliance€with€each€applicable€requirement€of€ðð€63.322;€and€ÌÌ€€€(3)€All€information€contained€in€the€statement€is€accurate€and€true.€ÌÌ€€€(d)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€a€dry€cleaning€facility€shall€keep€receipts€of€perchloroethyleneÏpurchases€and€a€log€of€the€following€information€and€maintain€such€information€on€site€and€show€itÏupon€request€for€a€period€of€5€years:€Ìâ
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 âÐ   	 X*ô#'   Ð€€€(1)€The€volume€of€perchloroethylene€purchased€each€month€by€the€dry€cleaning€facility€as€recordedÏfrom€perchloroethylene€purchases;€if€no€perchloroethylene€is€purchased€during€a€given€month€thenÏthe€owner€or€operator€would€enter€zero€gallons€into€the€log;€Ìâ
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 âÌ€€€(2)€The€calculation€and€result€of€the€yearly€perchloroethylene€consumption€determined€on€the€firstÏday€of€each€month€as€specified€in€ðð€63.323(d);€ÌÌ€€€(3)€The€dates€when€the€dry€cleaning€system€components€are€inspected€for€perceptible€leaks,€asÏspecified€in€ðð€63.322(k)€or€(l),€and€the€name€or€location€of€dry€cleaning€system€components€whereÏperceptible€leaks€are€detected;€ÌÌ€€€(4)€The€dates€of€repair€and€records€of€written€or€verbal€orders€for€repair€parts€to€demonstrateÏcompliance€with€ðð€63.322(m)€and€(n);€ÌÌ€€€(5)€The€date€and€temperature€sensor€monitoring€results,€as€specified€in€ðð€63.323€if€a€refrigeratedÏcondenser€is€used€to€comply€with€ðð€63.322(a)€or€(b);€and€ÌÌ€€€(6)€The€date€and€colorimetric€detector€tube€monitoring€results,€as€specified€in€ðð€63.323,€if€a€carbonÏadsorber€is€used€to€comply€with€ðð€63.322(a)(2)€or€(b)(3).€ÌÌ€€€(e)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€a€dry€cleaning€facility€shall€retain€onsite€a€copy€of€the€designÏspecifications€and€the€operating€manuals€for€each€dry€cleaning€system€and€each€emission€controlÏdevice€located€at€the€dry€cleaning€facility.€ÌÌðð€63.325€€Determination€of€equivalent€emission€control€technology.€ÌÌ€€€(a)€Any€person€requesting€that€the€use€of€certain€equipment€or€procedures€be€considered€equivalentÏto€the€requirements€under€ðð€63.322€shall€collect,€verify,€and€submit€to€the€Administrator€the€followingÏinformation€to€show€that€the€alternative€achieves€equivalent€emission€reductions:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Diagrams,€as€appropriate,€illustrating€the€emission€control€technology,€its€operation€andÏintegration€into€or€function€with€dry-to-dry€machine(s)€or€transfer€machine€system(s)€and€theirÏancillary€equipment€during€each€portion€of€the€normal€dry€cleaning€cycle;€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Information€quantifying€vented€perchloroethylene€emissions€from€the€dry-to-dry€machine(s)€orÏtransfer€machine€system(s)€during€each€portion€of€the€dry€cleaning€cycle€with€and€without€the€use€ofÏthe€candidate€emission€control€technology;€ÌÌ€€€(3)€Information€on€solvent€mileage€achieved€with€and€without€the€candidate€emission€controlÏtechnology.€Solvent€mileage€is€the€average€weight€of€articles€cleaned€per€volume€of€perchloroethyleneÏused.€Solvent€mileage€data€must€be€of€continuous€duration€for€at€least€1€year€under€the€conditionsÏof€a€typical€dry€cleaning€operation.€This€information€on€solvent€mileage€must€be€accompanied€byÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðinformation€on€the€design,€configuration,€operation,€and€maintenance€of€the€specific€dry€cleaningÏsystem€from€which€the€solvent€mileage€information€was€obtained;€ÌÌ€€€(4)€Identification€of€maintenance€requirements€and€parameters€to€monitor€to€ensure€properÏoperation€and€maintenance€of€the€candidate€emission€control€technology;€ÌÌ€€€(5)€Explanation€of€why€this€information€is€considered€accurate€and€representative€of€both€theÏshort-term€and€the€long-term€performance€of€the€candidate€emission€control€technology€on€theÏspecific€dry€cleaning€system€examined;€ÌÌ€€€(6)€Explanation€of€why€this€information€can€or€cannot€be€extrapolated€to€dry€cleaning€systems€otherÏthan€the€specific€system(s)€examined;€and€ÌÌ€€€(7)€Information€on€the€cross-media€impacts€(to€water€and€solid€waste)€of€the€candidate€emissionÏcontrol€technology€and€demonstration€that€the€cross-media€impacts€are€less€than€or€equal€to€theÏcross-media€impacts€of€a€refrigerated€condenser.€ÌÌ€€€(b)€For€the€purpose€of€determining€equivalency€to€control€equipment€required€under€ðð€63.322,€theÏAdministrator€will€evaluate€the€petition€to€determine€whether€equivalent€control€of€perchloroethyleneÏemissions€has€been€adequately€demonstrated.€ÌÌ€€€(c)€Where€the€Administrator€determines€that€certain€equipment€and€procedures€may€be€equivalent,Ïthe€Administrator€will€publish€a€notice€in€the€Federal€Register€proposing€to€consider€this€equipmentÏor€these€procedures€as€equivalent.€After€notice€and€opportunity€for€public€hearing,€the€AdministratorÏwill€publish€the€final€determination€of€equivalency€in€the€Federal€Register.€ÌÌ[FR€Doc.€93-23064€Filed€9-21-93;€8:45€am]ÌÌBILLING€CODE€6560-50-PÌÌÌÌÌñ óñÌòòHazardous€waste€program€authorizations:€Wisconsin,€49199Ð   	 ¼%X"   ÐóóVol.€58€No.€182€Wednesday,€September€22,€1993€p€49199€(Rule)€€€€€€€€€€€1/196€€€Ð   	 ¨&D #   ÐÌENVIRONMENTAL€PROTECTION€AGENCYÌÌ40€CFR€Part€272ÌÌ[FRL-4698-9]Ð   	 0,Ì%)   ÐHazardous€Waste€Management€Program:€Incorporation€by€Reference€of€Approved€State€HazardousÏWaste€Program€for€WisconsinÌAGENCY:€Environmental€Protection€Agency.ÌACTION:€Immediate€final€rule.ÌSUMMARY:€Under€the€Resource€Conservation€and€Recovery€Act€of€1976,€as€amended€(RCRA),Ïthe€United€States€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA)€may€grant€Final€Authorization€to€StatesÏto€operate€their€hazardous€waste€management€programs€in€lieu€of€the€Federal€program.€EPA€uses€partÏ272€of€title€40€of€the€Code€of€Federal€Regulations€(40€CFR€Part€272)€to€provide€notice€of€theÏauthorization€status€of€State€programs,€and€to€incorporate€by€reference€those€provisions€of€StateÏstatutes€and€regulations€that€EPA€will€enforce€under€RCRA€section€3008.€Thus,€EPA€intends€toÏincorporate€by€reference€the€Wisconsin€authorized€State€program€in€40€CFR€Part€272.€The€purposeÏof€this€action€is€to€incorporate€by€reference€EPA's€approval€of€recent€revisions€to€Wisconsin'sÏprogram.ÌDATES:€This€document€will€be€effective€November€22,€1993€unless€EPA€publishes€a€prior€FederalÏRegister€(FR)€action€withdrawing€this€immediate€final€rule.€All€comments€on€this€action€must€beÏreceived€by€the€close€of€business€October€22,€1993.€The€incorporation€by€reference€of€certainÏWisconsin€statutes€and€regulations€was€approved€by€the€Director€of€the€Federal€Register€as€ofÏNovember€22,€1993,€in€accordance€with€5€U.S.C.€552(a)€and€1€CFR€Part€51.ÌADDRESSES:€Written€comments€should€be€sent€to€Margaret€Millard,€Wisconsin€RegulatoryÏSpecialist,€Office€of€RCRA,€U.S.€EPA€Region€V,€77€West€Jackson€Boulevard,€HRM-7J,€Chicago,ÏIllinois€60604,€(312)€353-1440.ÌFOR€FURTHER€INFORMATION€CONTACT:ÌMargaret€Millard,€Wisconsin€Regulatory€Specialist,€Office€of€RCRA,€U.S.€EPA€Region€V,€77€WestÏJackson€Boulevard,€HRM-7J,€Chicago,€Illinois€60604,€(312)€353-1440.ÌSUPPLEMENTARY€INFORMATION:ÌÌBackgroundÌÌ€€€Effective€April€24,€1989,€and€May€29,€1990,€EPA€incorporated€by€reference€Wisconsin's€thenÏauthorized€hazardous€waste€program€(see€54€FR€7422€and€55€FR€11910).€Effective€April€24,€1992,Ï(see€57€FR€15029)€EPA€granted€Wisconsin€additional€authorization.€In€this€notice,€EPA€isÏincorporating€the€currently€authorized€State€hazardous€waste€program€in€Wisconsin.ÌÌ€€€EPA€provides€both€notice€of€its€approval€of€State€programs€in€40€CFR€Part€272,€€and€incorporatesÏby€reference€therein€the€State€statutes€and€regulations€that€EPA€will€enforce€under€section€3008€ofÏRCRA.€This€effort€will€provide€clearer€notice€to€the€public€of€the€scope€of€the€authorized€programÏin€Wisconsin.ÌÌ€€€Revisions€to€Wisconsin's€and€other€State€hazardous€waste€programs€are€necessary€when€FederalÏstatutory€or€regulatory€authority€is€modified.€The€incorporation€by€reference€of€Wisconsin'sÏauthorized€program€in€subpart€YY€of€part€272€is€intended€to€enhance€the€public's€ability€to€discernÏthe€current€status€of€the€authorized€State€program€and€clarify€the€extent€of€Federal€enforcementÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ðauthority.€For€a€fuller€explanation€of€EPA's€incorporation€by€reference€of€Wisconsin's€authorizedÏhazardous€waste€program,€see€54€FR€7422€(February€21,€1989).ÌCertification€Under€the€Regulatory€Flexibility€ActÌ€€€Pursuant€to€the€provisions€of€5€U.S.C.€605(b),€€I€hereby€certify€that€this€action€will€not€have€aÏsignificant€economic€impact€on€a€substantial€number€of€small€entities.€It€intends€to€incorporate€byÏreference€the€decision€already€made€to€authorize€Wisconsin's€program€and€has€no€separate€effect€onÏhandlers€of€hazardous€waste€in€the€State€or€upon€small€entities.€This€rule,€therefore,€does€not€requireÏa€regulatory€flexibility€analysis.ÌCompliance€With€Executive€Order€12291Ì€€€The€Office€of€Management€and€Budget€has€exempted€this€rule€from€the€requirements€of€section€3Ïof€Executive€Order€12291.ÌPaperwork€Reduction€ActÌ€€€Under€the€Paperwork€Reduction€Act,€44€U.S.C.€3501€et€seq.,€Federal€agencies€must€consider€theÏpaperwork€burden€imposed€by€any€information€request€contained€in€a€proposed€rule€or€a€final€rule.ÏThis€rule€will€not€impose€any€information€requirements€upon€the€regulated€community.ÌList€of€Subjects€in€40€CFR€Part€272Ì€€€Administrative€practice€and€procedure,€Confidential€business€information,€EnvironmentalÏProtection,€Hazardous€waste€transportation,€Hazardous€waste,€Incorporation€by€reference,€IndianÏlands,€Intergovernmental€relations,€Penalties,€Reporting€and€recordkeeping€requirements,€WaterÏpollution€control,€Water€supply.Ì€€€Dated:€August€9,€1993.€ÌDavid€A.€Ullrich,ÌÌActing€Regional€Administrator.€ÌÌ€€€For€the€reasons€set€forth€in€the€preamble,€40€CFR€Part€272€is€amended€as€follows:€ÌPART€272-APPROVED€STATE€HAZARDOUS€WASTE€MANAGEMENT€PROGRAMS€ÌÌ€€€1.€The€authority€citation€for€part€272€continues€to€read€as€follows:€Ì€€€Authority:€Secs.€2002(a),€3006,€and€7004(b)€of€the€Solid€Waste€Disposal€Act,€as€amended€by€theÏResource€Conservation€and€Recovery€Act,€42€U.S.C.€6912(a),€42€U.S.C.€6926,€€and€6974(b).€ÌÌ€€€2.€Section€272.2500,€State€Authorization,€is€removed.€ÌÌ€€€3.€Section€272.2501€is€revised€to€read€as€follows:€ÌÌðð€272.2501€€Wisconsin€State€administered€program;€final€authorization.€Ì€€€Pursuant€to€section€3006(b)€of€RCRA,€42€U.S.C.€6926(b):€Wisconsin€has€final€authorization€forÏthe€following€elements€as€submitted€to€EPA€in€Wisconsin's€base€program€application€for€finalÏauthorization€which€was€approved€by€EPA€effective€on€January€31,€1986.€Subsequent€programÏrevision€applications€were€approved€effective€on€June€6,€1989,€January€22,€1990,€and€April€24,€1992.€ÌState€Statutes€and€RegulationsÐ   	 0,Ì%)   Ð‡€€€(a)€The€Wisconsin€statutes€and€regulations€cited€in€this€paragraph€are€incorporated€by€reference€asÏpart€of€the€hazardous€waste€management€program€under€subtitle€C€of€RCRA,€42€U.S.C.€6921€et€seq.€ÌÌ€€€(1)€EPA€Approved€Wisconsin€Statutory€Requirements€Applicable€to€the€Hazardous€WasteÏManagement€Program,€(dated€August€9,€1993).ÌÌ€€€(2)€EPA€Approved€Wisconsin€Regulatory€Requirements€Applicable€to€the€Hazardous€WasteÏManagement€Program€(dated€August€9,€1993).€ÌÌ€€€(b)€The€following€statutes€and€regulations€concerning€State€enforcement,€although€not€incorporatedÏby€reference€for€enforcement€purposes,€are€part€of€the€authorized€State€program:€ÌÌ€€€(1)€Wisconsin€Statutes,€Volume€1,€ðððð€19.21;€19.31;€19.32(2)€and€(5);€19.35(3)€and€(4);€19.36;Ï19.37(1)€and€(2);€Wisconsin€Statutes,€Volume€3,€ðððð€144.69-144.72;€144.73-144.74;€144.76(2)€andÏ(3);€Wisconsin€Statutes€Volume€4,€ðððð€227.07;€227.09;€227.14;€227.51;€and€Wisconsin€Statutes,ÏVolume€5,€ðð€803.09€(1985-86).€ÌÌ€€€(2)€Wisconsin€Administrative€Code,€Volume€1,€ðð€NR:€2.19;€2.195(1);€and€2.195(5)€(effective€AprilÏ1,€1984);€Wisconsin€Administrative€Code,€Volume€12,€ðð€NR:€680.06(12)€(effective€March€1,€1991).€ÌÌ€€€4.€Appendix€A€to€part€272,€State€Requirements,€is€amended€by€revising€the€Appendix€heading€andÏadding€the€center€heading€ð ðMissouriðð€above€the€listing,€and€adding€in€alphabetical€order€ð ðWisconsinððÏand€its€listing€to€read€as€follows:€ÌAppendix€A€to€Part€272-State€Requirements€ÌÌ*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€ÌMISSOURI€Ìñóññ ññÌññññ óññòñÌñòññóññ ðñÌñðññ óñ*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€ÌWISCONSIN€ÌÌ€€€The€statutory€provisions€include:€Wisconsin€Statutes,€Volume€3,€Sections:€144.01;€144.43-433;Ï144.44€(except€144.44(4)(a));€144.441(1)-(2);€144.441(3)€(b),€(f),€and€(g);€144.441(4)€(a)€andÏ(c)-(g);€144.441(6);€144.442(1),€(4)-(11);€144.443;€144.444;€144.60-144.63;€and€144.64€(2)-(3)Ï(except€for€144.64(2)(e)(1)).ÌÌ€€€The€regulatory€provisions€include:€Wisconsin€Administrative€Code,€Volume€12,€ðð€NRÏ600.01-600.04(2);€600.06;€600.3-600.11;€605.02;€605.04-605.11;€Appendix€II,€III,€IV€and€V;Ï610.01-610.09(2);€615.01-615.13(2)(b);€620.01;€620.04-620.10(3);€620.14;€625.04(4);Ï625.05(1)-625.07(7)(c)12;€625.12(1)€and€(2);€630.02;€630.04-630.40(3)(c);€635.02;Ï635.05-635.16(17)(d);€635.17(1),€(2)€and€(3);€640.02;€640.06(2)(b);€640.09-640.22(22);Ï645.04-645.14;€645.17(1)(a)(1)-645.17(1)(a)3.e;€650;€655.02;€655.05-655.13(13);€660.02;Ð   	 0,Ì%)   Ð660.08-660.20(2);€665.02;€665.05(1)-665.10(2);€670.06-670.11(2)(d)3;€675.01-675.30(6);Ï680.01-680.51(5);€685.02;€685.05-685.08(13)(b).€ÌÌ[FR€Doc.€93-23071€Filed€9-21-93;€8:45€am]ÌÌBILLING€CODE€6560-50-MÌÌÌÌÌñóñ