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NOTICE ..Thisdocumentisapreliminarydraft.IthasnotbeenformallyreleasedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandshouldnotatthisstagebeconstruedtorepresentAgencypolicy.Itisbeingcirculatedforcommentsonitstechnicalmeritandpolicyimplications.f~p25th tierTab, underline, 2 hyphens  ..&&&7(2A A7   "7%2A` A7Լ  DDDDDӃs%al Doc  ( TRomann RegularP0  PEQP0(2A ARomann Regular&dX2PFQ&%2A` ARomann RegularcK2PGQP\  ` T NewRomanTTlar&H\  PQ&P\  ` T NewRomanTTlar zD\  P Q P\  ` R NewRomanTTlar&H\  P?Q&PLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(2A A%2A` A  ( T  b)   X+XXXr^X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXr9/97@&SolidWasteDisposal!!O(#2.4  1  \  `(Times NewRomanTT  f*   X+XXXr^X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXr2.4  1  @==(EMISSIONFACTORS!!P(#9/97\  ` T EFUNC{QSUBCHSUB4~=~LSUBo~R~(eSUP{kc}~~eSUP{kt})}XXQZCH,,d/4XXXXL9ZoXXRXX(XXeikcXXXX[e#ktXX) i#   &9&XX&: &&&9  j(  1  )   FUNC{CSUB{P}~(ppmv)~(corrected~for~air~infiltration)~=~{CSUB{P}~(ppmv)~(1~x~10SUP6)}OVER{CSUB{CO  SUB2}~(ppmv)~+~CSUB{CHSUB4}~(ppmv)}}XX;CPXX?;(XX;ppmvXXI;)XX;(XX%; correctedXXa;forXX;airXX ; infiltrationXX# ;)XX ;3XiXXCsPXX(XXWppmvXX)XX(XX1XXxXXu10=)6XX)XXC5ZCO,,/2XXw(XXppmvXX)XXXXCqZCH,,)/4XX(XXppmvXX) Z i#   j(  2  )   ZFUNC{QSUB{P}~=~1.82~QSUB{CHSUB4}~*~CSUB{P}OVER{(1~x~10SUP6)}}XXQPXXIXX1XX}.XX82XXQ_CH,,4XXX}5XXC5fPXXG(XXG1XXGxXXOG10 6XXY G) Z i#   j(  3  )   func{UMsub{P}~=~Qsub{P}~*~left[{MWsub{P}~*~1~atm}over  {(8.205x10sup{5}~msup{3}atm/gmol-sup{$}K)(1000g/kg)(273`+`Tsup{$}K)}  Ѐright]}XXUMYPXXXXQ[PXXXXpvXX+xXXxXXwXXp}XX+XXXX~A^X5XX^ MW fPXXp XX@1XXatmXXG(XX]G8XXG.XXG205XXGxXXG10M5XX7 Gm 3XX5 GXX GatmXX G/XX GgmolXX G#$XXeGKXXG)XX7G(XXyG1000XX GgXXkG/XXGkgXXiG)XXG(XXG273XX/GXXGTW$XXGKXX)G) Z i#   j(  4  )   func{CM_{P}~=~left[UM_P~*~left(1~-~{_col}OVER100right)right]~+~left[UM_P~*~{_col}OVER100~*~  left(1~-~{_cnt}OVER100right)right]}XXCMOPXXXXpvXX+xXXxXXwXXz p}XXz +XXz XXz ~XXUM4PXXXXphXX+jXXjXXiXX poXX +qXX qXX pXX1XXXXXFFcolXXG100XX XX pvXX +xXX xXX wXXp}XX+XXXX~XX UMG PXX X XX ^FcolXX G100XXuXXEphXXE+jXXEjXXEiXXpoXX+qXXqXXpXX1XXpXLXXmFcntXXbG100 Z i#   j(  5  )   mfunc{CM_CO_2~=~UM_CO_2~+~left[UM_CH_4~*~_col  ЀOVER100~*~2.75right]}XXCMTCO,, {2XXXXfUMCO,,e{2XXXXpvXX+xXXxXXwXX.p}XX.+XX.XX.~XXUM2CH,,{4XXt XP XXs  FcolXXf G100XX XX 2XX4 .XXf 75 Z i#   j(  6  )   7func{CM_SO_2~=~UM_S~*~_colOVER100~*~2.0}XXCMTSO,,{2XXXXXUMSXXAXXX@FcolXX3G100XXXX2XX .XX3 0 Z i#   j(  7  )   Ufunc{C_S~=~SUMSUB{i=1}SUP{n}~~CSUB{P}~*~S_P}  XXC@SXXDXXHInLiLdL1XXC@PXXXXS@P Z i#   j(  8  )   Nfunc{CSUB{Cl}~=~SUMSUB{i=1}SUP{n}~̀~CSUB{P}~*~ClSUB{P}}XXC@ClXXoXX?HInLi?LL1XXC>@PXXXXCln@P Z i#   j(  9  )   Yfunc{CM_HCl~=~UM_Cl~*~_colOVER100~*~1.03~*~left(1_cntover100right)}XXCMTHClXXXXVUMClXXoXKXXnFcolXXaG100XXXX1XX/ .XXa 03XX XXQ phXXQ +jXXQ jXXQ iXXpoXX+qXXqXXpXX 1XX$ X XX ? FcntXX G100 [ i#   j(  10  )    z'   &I&XXr^X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXrq&I&&&I@<<$Table2.41.(Concluded)Table_ATable_BTable_CTable_DTable_ETable_FTable_G\  ` R T!   uXX_cu`   X@+AppendixD `  @ EmissionEstimationProceduresforStatePlan@'EmissionsInventory  r X_X'X_cX+XX_X'7+XXdXXd7`a @  EmissionEstimationProceduresforStatePlan  @'EmissionsInventory     Thepollutantsemittedfrommunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)landfillsincludemethane,carbondioxideandnonmethaneorganiccompounds.TheattachedchapterfromtheEPAdocument"CompilationofAirPollutionEmissionFactors(AP-42)"1containsemission $ t estimationproceduresanddefaultvaluesthatcanbeusedtocalculatemethane,carbondioxide,andNMOCemissionsforMSWlandfillemissionsinventoriesandotherpurposes.Emissionsarecalculatedusingequations(whicharebasedonafirstorderdecompositionmodel),asafunctionofthreevariables:theNMOCconcentrationinlandfillgas(CNMOC),themethane   generationrateconstant(k);andtherefusemethanegenerationpotential(Lo).Thedefaultvalues ^  forthesevariablespresentedinAP-42aredesignedtoprovidetypical,oraverage,estimatesofMSWlandfillemissionsandareappropriateforuseinstateemissioninventories.AnindividualMSWlandfillmayemitmoreorlessthancalculatedbasedonsitespecificfactors.TheAP42documentalsoprovidescalculationsfortheuseandadjustmentofsitespecificdata,ifitisavailable(thatis,toadjustmeasuredNMOCconcentrationdataforairinfiltration).Ifsitespecificmeasuredvaluesareavailable,itispreferabletousetheseratherthanthedefaultvalues.  ItshouldbestressedthattheAP42defaultvaluesshouldNOTbeusedtodetermineapplicabilityoforcompliancewiththeMSWlandfillsEmissionGuidelines.UndertheEmissionGuidelinesandtheNSPS,theowneroroperatormustusethetieredemissionestimationprocedurein60.754ofSubpartWWWoranothermethodifithasbeenapprovedbytheEPAAdministratorasprovidedin60.752(b)(2)(i)(B)todeterminewhethertheannualemissionrateequalsorexceedsthe50Mg/yrcutoffandwhethertheMSWlandfillmustbecontrolled.TheowneroroperatormustusetheequationsandTier1defaultvaluesprovidedintheNSPSandtheEmissionGuidelinestodetermineNMOCemissionsordevelopsitespecificvaluesusingtheTier2or3proceduresin60.754.TheequationsinSubpartWWWarethesameastheAP-42equations.However,theTier1defaultvaluesformethanegenerationpotential(Lo)andmethane .(~#2 generationrateconstant(k)providedintheNSPSandtheEmissionGuidelinesarepurposefullyconservativetoprotecthumanhealth,toencompassawiderangeofMSWlandfills,andto encouragetheuseofsitespecificdata. T,'8   FormoreinformationabouttheAP42emissionfactorsanddocumentationofthe assumptionsandcalculations,seeChapter2inAP42.ThecurrentversionofAP-42isincludedinthisappendix((NovemberSeptember19987).BecauseAP-42isupdatedperiodically,theAP-42sectioninthisappendixshouldnotbeusedforsubsequentemissioninventoriesunlessverifiedtobecurrent.ForcurrentinformationinAP42,checktheTTNWebathttp:www.epa.gov/ttn/chief.  AcomputermodelisalsoavailabletocalculateMSWlandfillemissions.The"LandfillGasEmissionsModel",utilizesafirstorderdecompositionmodelthatisconsistentwithAP-42andtheNSPSandEmissionGuidelinesequationstoestimateemissionsofmethane,carbondioxide,NMOCandotherpollutants.ThemodelcombinesuserenteredlandfilloperatingcharacteristicswithdefaultsderivedfromeithertheMSWlandfillsNSPSandEmissionGuidelinesorAP42toprovideyearlyestimatesofgaseousemissions.Theseestimatesmaybedisplayedastextoringraphicaldepictions.Themodelalsoallowstheusertoreplaceinternaldefaultswithlandfillspecificparameterstorefinethecalculationsforaspecificsite.  ThemodelisconsistentwiththeequationsspecifiedintheMSWlandfillNSPSandEmissionGuidelines.MSWlandfillsusingthemodeltocalculateannualemissionratesforpurposesofNSPSorEmissionGuidelinesapplicabilitydeterminationmustusetheNSPSdefaultvaluesratherthantheAP42defaultvalues.ThoseusingthemodelforastateemissionsinventoryorforNSRorPSDpermittingpurposesshouldusesitespecificmeasuredvalues,andifthesearenotavailable,theAP-42defaults.  Apackagewithadiskettecontainingthemodelaswellastheuser'sguideisavailableunderthetitle:"LandfillGasEmissionsModel,UsersManual,"Version2.01andmaybepurchasedfrom:0  NationalTechnicalInformationService (#(#   5285PortRoyalRoad  Springfield,VA22161  Telephone:(703)48746500  or: (#(# 0  accessedontheEPATTNWebathttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/products.html#software. (#(#   ,(7 Additionally,informationorquestionsregardingthemodelsandtheiroperationmaybeobtained fromSusanA.Thorneloe,theEPAProjectOfficeroverseeingitsdevelopment.Shemaybecontactedat:0  AirandEnergyEngineeringResearchLaboratory (#(#   U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency  ResearchTrianglePark,NC27711  Fax:(919)5412382  thorneloe.susan@epamail.epa.govREFERENCES1.0  U.S.EPA.CompilationofAirPollutantEmissionFactors,5thed.(AP42),VolumeI:   StationaryPointandAreaSources,Section2.4:MunicipalSolidWasteLandfills,"ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina:U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,November,1998September1997. (#(#   4 a7+XXdXXd7&i&XX+c&i&&&i#dddder^X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXrdecX+X&c&i rOYsD2.4  MUNICIPALSOLIDWASTELANDFILLS   2.4.1General14  Ѐ  Amunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)landfillunitisadiscreteareaoflandoranexcavationthatreceiveshouseholdwaste,andthatisnotalandapplicationunit,surfaceimpoundment,injectionwell,orwastepile.AnMSWlandfillunitmayalsoreceiveothertypesofwastes,suchascommercialsolidwaste,nonhazardoussludge,andindustrialsolidwaste.ThemunicipalsolidwastetypespotentiallyacceptedbyMSWlandfillsinclude(mostlandfillsacceptonlyafewofthefollowingcategories):0  0(#(#MSW,,$ (#(# 0  0(#(#Householdhazardouswaste, (#(# 0  0(#(#Municipalsludge, (#(# 0  0(#(#Municipalwastecombustionash, (#(# 0  0(#(#Infectiouswaste, (#(# 0  0(#(#Wastetires,(#(# 0  0(#(#Industrialnonhazardouswaste,(#(# 0  0(#(#Conditionallyexemptsmallquantitygenerator(CESQG)hazardouswaste,(#(# 0  0(#(#Constructionanddemolitionwaste,(#(# 0  0(#(#Agriculturalwastes,xp(#(# 0  0(#(#Oilandgaswastes,andd\(#(# 0  0(#(#Miningwastes.PH(#(#   IntheUnitedStates,approximately57percentofsolidwasteislandfilled,16percentisincinerated,and27percentisrecycledorcomposted.Therewereanestimated2,500activeMSWlandfillsintheUnitedStatesin1995.Theselandfillswereestimatedtoreceive189millionmegagrams(Mg)(208milliontons)ofwasteannually,with55to60percentreportedashouseholdwaste,and35to45percentreportedascommercialwaste.2.4.2ProcessDescription2,5 "   Therearethreemajordesignsformunicipallandfills.Thesearethearea,trench,andrampmethods.Allofthesemethodsutilizeathreestepprocess,whichincludesspreadingthewaste,compactingthewaste,andcoveringthewastewithsoil.Thetrenchandrampmethodsarenotcommonlyused,andarenotthepreferredmethodswhenlinersandleachatecollectionsystemsareutilizedorrequiredbylaw.Theareafillmethodinvolvesplacingwasteonthegroundsurfaceorlandfillliner,spreadingitinlayers,andcompactingwithheavyequipment.Adailysoilcoverisspreadoverthecompactedwaste.Thetrenchmethodentailsexcavatingtrenchesdesignedtoreceiveaday'sworthofwaste.Thesoilfromtheexcavationisoftenusedforcovermaterialandwindbreaks.Therampmethodistypicallyemployedonslopingland,wherewasteisspreadandcompactedsimilartotheareamethod,however,thecovermaterialobtainedisgenerallyfromthefrontoftheworkingfaceofthefillingoperation. -&* rOY    Modernlandfilldesignoftenincorporateslinersconstructedofsoil(i.e.,recompactedclay),orsynthetics(i.e.,highdensitypolyethylene),orbothtoprovideanimpermeablebarriertoleachate(i.e.,waterthathaspassedthroughthelandfill)andgasmigrationfromthelandfill.&  2.4.3ControlTechnology1,2,6 `   '`)TheResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(RCRA)SubtitleDregulationspromulgatedon&  October9,1991'$ @*ԀrequirethattheconcentrationofmethanegeneratedbyMSWlandfillsnotexceed25percentofthelowerexplosivelimit(LEL)inonsitestructures,suchasscalehouses,ortheLELatthefacilitypropertyboundary.  TheNewSourcePerformanceStandards(NSPS)andEmissionGuidelinesforairemissionsfromMSWlandfillsforcertainnewandexistinglandfillswerepublishedintheFederalRegisteronMarch1,1996.TheregulationrequiresthatBestDemonstratedTechnology(BDT)beusedtoreduceMSWlandfillemissionsfromaffectednewandexistingMSWlandfillsemittinggreaterthanorequalto50Mg/yr(55tons/yr)ofnonmethaneorganiccompounds(NMOCs).TheMSWlandfillsthatareaffectedbytheNSPS/EmissionGuidelinesareeachnewMSWlandfill,andeachexistingMSWlandfillthathasacceptedwastesinceNovember8,1987,orthathascapacityavailableforfutureuse.TheNSPS/EmissionGuidelines[requirecontrolsystemsfor] affect  H landfillswithadesigncapacityof2.5millionMg(2.75milliontons)[and2.5millioncubicmeters(3.27millioncubicyards)thatemitgreaterthanorequalto50Mg/yrNMOCs.]* ormore. .  p Controlsystemsrequire:(1)awelldesignedandwelloperatedgascollectionsystem,and(2)acontroldevicecapableofreducingNMOCsinthecollectedgasby98weightpercent.  Landfillgas(LFG)collectionsystemsareeitheractiveorpassivesystems.ActivecollectionsystemsprovideapressuregradientinordertoextractLFGbyuseofmechanicalblowersorcompressors.PassivesystemsallowthenaturalpressuregradientcreatedbytheincreaseinpressurecreatedbyLFGgenerationwithinthelandfilltomobilizethegasforcollection.  LFGcontrolandtreatmentoptionsinclude(1)combustionoftheLFG,and(2)purificationoftheLFG.Combustiontechniquesincludetechniquesthatdonotrecoverenergy(i.e.,flaresandthermalincinerators),andtechniquesthatrecoverenergy(i.e.,gasturbinesandinternalcombustionengines)andgenerateelectricityfromthecombustionoftheLFG.BoilerscanalsobeemployedtorecoverenergyfromLFGintheformofsteam.Flaresinvolveanopencombustionprocessthatrequiresoxygenforcombustion,andcanbeopenorenclosed.Thermalincineratorsheatanorganicchemicaltoahighenoughtemperatureinthepresenceofsufficientoxygentooxidizethechemicaltocarbondioxide(CO2)andwater.Purificationtechniquescan %0!$ alsobeusedtoprocessrawlandfillgastopipelinequalitynaturalgasbyusingadsorption,absorption,andmembranes.*[ThisclarificationwillbereflectedinthenextrevisionofAP42.]&  2.4.4Emissions2,7 h+&*   'h+e5Methane(CH4)andCO2aretheprimaryconstituentsoflandfillgas,andareproducedby @-(, microorganismswithinthelandfillunderanaerobicconditions.TransformationsofCH4andCO2 ,.|)- aremediatedbymicrobialpopulationsthatareadaptedtothecyclingofmaterialsinanaerobicenvironments.Landfillgasgeneration,includingrateandcomposition,proceedsthroughfourphases.Thefirstphaseisaerobic[i.e.,withoxygen(O2)available]andtheprimarygasproduced  isCO2.ThesecondphaseischaracterizedbyO2depletion,resultinginananaerobic t environment,wherelargeamountsofCO2andsomehydrogen(H2)areproduced.Inthethird ` phase,CH4productionbegins,withanaccompanyingreductionintheamountofCO2produced. L  Nitrogen(N2)contentisinitiallyhighinlandfillgasinthefirstphase,anddeclinessharplyasthe 8  landfillproceedsthroughthesecondandthirdphases.Inthefourthphase,gasproductionofCH4,CO2,andN2becomesfairlysteady.Thetotaltimeandphasedurationofgasgeneration  ` varieswithlandfillconditions(i.e.,wastecomposition,designmanagement,andanaerobicstate).  Typically,LFGalsocontainsasmallamountofnonmethaneorganiccompounds(NMOC).ThisNMOCfractionoftencontainsvariousorganichazardousairpollutants(HAP),greenhousegases(GHG),andcompoundsassociatedwithstratosphericozonedepletion.TheNMOCfractionalsocontainsvolatileorganiccompounds(VOC).TheweightfractionofVOCcanbedeterminedbysubtractingtheweightfractionsofindividualcompoundsthatarenonphotochemicallyreactive(i.e.,negligiblyreactiveorganiccompoundsasdefinedin40CFR51.100).  OtheremissionsassociatedwithMSWlandfillsincludecombustionproductsfromLFGcontrolandutilizationequipment(i.e.,flares,engines,turbines,andboilers).Theseincludecarbonmonoxide(CO),oxidesofnitrogen(NOx),sulfurdioxide(SO2),hydrogenchloride(HCl),  \ particulatematter(PM)andothercombustionproducts(includingHAPs).PMemissionscanalsobegeneratedintheformoffugitivedustcreatedbymobilesources(i.e.,garbagetrucks)travelingalongpavedandunpavedsurfaces.ThereadershouldconsultAP42VolumeISections13.2.1and13.2.2forinformationonestimatingfugitivedustemissionsfrompavedandunpavedroads.  Therateofemissionsfromalandfillisgovernedbygasproductionandtransportmechanisms.Productionmechanismsinvolvetheproductionoftheemissionconstituentinitsvaporphasethroughvaporization,biologicaldecomposition,orchemicalreaction.Transportmechanismsinvolvethetransportationofavolatileconstituentinitsvaporphasetothesurfaceofthelandfill,throughtheairboundarylayerabovethelandfill,andintotheatmosphere.Thethreemajortransportmechanismsthatenabletransportofavolatileconstituentinitsvaporphasearediffusion,convection,anddisplacement.2.4.4.1UncontrolledEmissions"Toestimateuncontrolledemissionsofthevariouscompoundspresentinlandfillgas,totallandfillgasemissionsmustfirstbeestimated.UncontrolledCH4emissionsmaybeestimatedforindividuallandfillsbyusingatheoreticalfirst '#& orderkineticmodelofmethaneproductiondevelopedbytheEPA.8Thismodelisknownasthe (#' LandfillAirEmissionsEstimationmodel,andcanbeaccessedfromtheOfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandardsTechnologyTransferNetworkWebsite(OAQPSTTNWeb)intheClearinghouseforInventoriesandEmissionFactors(CHIEF)technicalarea(URL     @-(, sD  sD  sD  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief).TheLandfillAirEmissionsEstimationmodelequationisas follows:&  kYIEz|Rc 0Xe@ Pdddd@EC dDs<:'& a#b#a#b#(#(# a#b#a#b#a#b#a#b# a#b#a#b#a#b#a#b# a#b#a#b#a#b#a#b# (#(#a#b#a#b#where:  Q0 | tCH4| t  ` = Methanegenerationrateattimet,m3/yr; | t   0  L1h`oh` ` = Methanegenerationpotential,m3CH4/Mgrefuse;h`(#(#     R ` =0 Averageannualrefuseacceptancerateduringactivelife,Mg/yr;TL  (# (#   0  e ` = Baselog,unitless;@8 (#(#   0  k ` = Methanegenerationrateconstant,yr1;,$ (#(#   0  c ` = Timesincelandfillclosure,yrs(c=0foractivelandfills);and (#(#   0  t ` = Timesincetheinitialrefuseplacement,yrs.'  F (#(#   ItshouldbenotedthatthemodelabovewasdesignedtoestimateLFGgenerationandnotLFGemissionstotheatmosphere.Otherfatesmayexistforthegasgeneratedinalandfill,includingcaptureandsubsequentmicrobialdegradationwithinthelandfillssurfacelayer.Currently,therearenodatathatadequatelyaddressthisfate.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatthebulkofthegasgeneratedwillbeemittedthroughcracksorotheropeningsinthelandfillsurface.  SitespecificlandfillinformationisgenerallyavailableforvariablesR,c,andt.Whenrefuseacceptancerateinformationisscantorunknown,Rcanbedeterminedbydividingtherefuseinplacebytheageofthelandfill.Ifafacilityhasdocumentationthatacertainsegment(cell)ofalandfillreceivedonlynondegradablerefuse,thenthewastefromthissegmentofthelandfillcan (  beexcludedfromthecalculationofR.Nondegradablerefuseincludesconcrete,brick,stone,glass,plaster,wallboard,piping,plastics,andmetalobjects.Theaverageannualacceptancerateshouldonlybeestimatedbythismethodwhenthereisinadequateinformationavailableontheactualaverageacceptancerate.Thetimevariable,t,includesthetotalnumberofyearsthattherefusehasbeeninplace(includingthenumberofyearsthatthelandfillhasacceptedwasteand,ifapplicable,hasbeenclosed).  ValuesforvariablesLoandkmustbeestimated.EstimationofthepotentialCH4generation $  capacityofrefuse(Lo)isgenerallytreatedasafunctionofthemoistureandorganiccontentofthe t%l! refuse.EstimationoftheCH4generationconstant(k)isafunctionofavarietyoffactors, `&X" includingmoisture,pH,temperature,andotherenvironmentalfactors,andlandfilloperatingconditions.SpecificCH4generationconstantscanbecomputedbytheuseofEPAMethod2E 8(0!$ (40CFRPart60AppendixA).  TheLandfillAirEmissionEstimationmodelincludesbothregulatorydefaultvaluesandrecommendedAP42defaultvaluesforLoandk.Theregulatorydefaultsweredevelopedfor +$( compliancepurposes(NSPS/EmissionGuideline).Asaresult,themodelcontainsconservativeLoandkdefaultvaluesinordertoprotecthumanhealth,toencompassawiderangeoflandfills, -&* andtoencouragetheuseofsitespecificdata.Therefore,differentLoandkvaluesmaybe  appropriateinestimatinglandfillemissionsforparticularlandfillsandforuseinanemissionsinventory.  RecommendedAP42defaultsincludeakvalueof0.04/yrforareasrecieving25inchesormoreofrainperyear.Adefaultkof0.02/yrshouldbeusedindrierareas(<25inches/yr).AnLo   valueof100m3/Mg(3,530ft3/ton)refuseisappropriateformostlandfills.Althoughthe   recommendeddefaultkandLoarebaseduponthebestfitto21differentlandfills,thepredicted | t methaneemissionsrangedfrom38to492%ofactual,andhadarelativestandarddeviationof0.85.ItshouldbeemphasizedthatinordertocomplywiththeNSPS/EmissionGuideline,theregulatorydefaultsforkandLomustbeappliedasspecifiedinthefinalrule. @8    Whengasgenerationreachessteadystateconditions,LFGconsistsofapproximately40percentbyvolumeCO2,55percentCH4,5percentN2(andothergases),andtraceamountsof   NMOCs.Therefore,theestimatederivedforCH4generationusingtheLandfillAirEmissions   EstimationmodelcanalsobeusedtorepresentCO2generation.AdditionoftheCH4andCO2   emissionswillyieldanestimateoftotallandfillgasemissions.IfsitespecificinformationisavailabletosuggestthattheCH4contentoflandfillgasisnot55percent,thenthesitespecific  informationshouldbeused,andtheCO2emissionestimateshouldbeadjustedaccordingly.    MostoftheNMOCemissionsresultfromthevolatilizationoforganiccompoundscontainedinthelandfilledwaste.Smallamountsmaybecreatedbybiologicalprocessesandchemicalreactionswithinthelandfill.ThecurrentversionoftheLandfillAirEmissionsEstimationmodelcontainsaproposedregulatorydefaultvaluefortotalNMOCof4,000ppmv,expressedashexane.However,availabledatashowthatthereisarangeofover4,400ppmvfortotalNMOCvaluesfromlandfills.TheproposedregulatorydefaultvalueforNMOCconcentrationwasdevelopedforregulatorycompliancepurposesandtoprovidethemostcost-effectivedefaultvaluesonanationalbasis.Foremissionsinventorypurposes,site-specificinformationshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendeterminingthetotalNMOCconcentration.Intheabsenceofsitespecificinformation,avalueof2,420ppmvashexaneissuggestedforlandfillsknowntohavecodisposalofMSWandnonresidentialwaste.IfthelandfillisknowntocontainonlyMSWorhaveverylittleorganiccommercial/industrialwastes,thenatotalNMOCvalueof595ppmvashexaneshouldbeused.Inaddition,aswiththelandfillmodeldefaults,theregulatorydefaultvalueforNMOCcontentmustbeusedinordertocomplywiththeNSPS/EmissionGuideline.{^,X` hp x (#&'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXX{  Ifasitespecifictotalpollutantconcentrationisavailable(i.e.,asmeasuredbyEPAReferenceMethod25C),itmustbecorrectedforairinfiltrationwhichcanoccurbytwodifferent (#(#    (#(#mechanisms:LFGsampledilution,andairintrusionintothelandfill.ThesecorrectionsrequiresitespecificdatafortheLFGCH4,kQA=~xX< pXUU@E)<,<)<CO2,nitrogen(N2),andoxygen(O2)content.Iftheratioof -&* N2toO2islessthanorequalto4.0(asfoundinambientair),thenthetotalpollutant  concentrationisadjustedforsampledilutionbyassumingthatCO2andCH4aretheprimary  (100percent)constituentsoflandfillgas,andthefollowingequationisused:& v where:L    C0  P   ` =0 ConcentrationofpollutantPinlandfillgas(i.e.,NMOCashexane),ppmv;  (# (#   C0  CO2   ` = CO2concentrationinlandfillgas,ppmv0  ;     C0h`80CH480h` ` = CH4Concentrationinlandfillgas,ppmv;and 80   1x106 ` = ConstantusedtocorrectconcentrationofPtounitsofppmv.L've jb IftheratioofN2toO2concentrations(i.e.,C0rj B: N2B: rj ,C0rj B: O2B: rj )isgreaterthan4.0,thenthetotal B:  pollutantconcentrationshouldbeadjustedforairintrusionintothelandfillbyusingequation2andaddingtheconcentrationofN2(i.e.,C0JB  N2 JB )tothedenominator.ValuesforC0JB  CO2 JB ,C0JB  CH4 JB ,   C06.  N2 6. ,C06.  O2 6. ,canusuallybefoundinthesourcetestreportfortheparticularlandfillalongwiththe   totalpollutantconcentrationdata.  ToestimateemissionsofNMOCorotherlandfillgasconstituents,thefollowingequationshouldbeused:& $ kN>:z|( pXUU@E _ (#(#   (#(#where:    Q0zRJPRJz ` =0 EmissionrateofpollutantP(i.e.NMOC),m3/yr;RJ (# (#     Q0nf>6CH4>6nfԀ=0 CH4generationrate,m3/yr(fromtheLandfillAirEmissionsEstimation >6 model);  (# (#     C0F>PF> ` = ConcentrationofPinlandfillgas,ppmv;and      1.82 ` =0 Multiplicationfactor(assumesthatapproximately55percentoflandfill   gasisCH4and45percentisCO2,N2,andotherconstituents).'$ el  (# (# kQA=z|Z pX !UU@Eo$Zvm 7o$Z߀UncontrolledmassemissionsperyearoftotalNMOC(ashexane),CO2,CH4,andspeciated "  (#(#     (#(#organicandinorganiccompoundscanbeestimatedbythefollowingequation:&  where:   :)2"$   UM0V*N#&*#P&*#V*N# ` =0 UncontrolledmassemissionsofpollutantP(i.e.,NMOC),kg/yr;&*#% (# (# Ѐ  MW0B+:$+ $P+ $B+:$ ` = MolecularweightofP,g/gmol(i.e.,86.18forNMOCashexane); + $& 0    Q0.,&%+$P+$.,&% ` = NMOCemissionrateofP,m3/yr;and+$'(#(#     T ` = Temperatureoflandfillgas,oC.'N(r ,%(  -&) Thisequationassumesthattheoperatingpressureofthesystemisapproximately1atmosphere.Ifthetemperatureofthelandfillgasisnotknown,atemperatureof25oC(77oF)isrecommended.    UncontrolleddefaultconcentrationsofspeciatedorganicsalongwithsomeinorganiccompoundsarepresentedinTable2.4-1.Thesedefaultconcentrationshavealreadybeencorrectedforairinfiltrationandcanbeusedasinputparameterstoequation3ortheLandfillAirEmissionEstimationmodelforestimatingspeciatedemissionsfromlandfillswhensitespecificdataarenotavailable.Ananalysisofthedata,basedontheco-disposalhistory(withnonresidentialwastes)oftheindividuallandfillsfromwhichtheconcentrationdatawerederived,indicatesthatforbenzene,NMOC,andtoluene,thereisadifferenceintheuncontrolledconcentrations.Table2.4-2presentsthecorrectedconcentrationsforbenzene,NMOC,andtoluenetousebasedonthesite'sco-disposalhistory.  ItisimportanttonotethatthecompoundslistedinTables2.41and2.42arenottheonlycompoundslikelytobepresentinLFG.Thelistedcompoundsarethosethatwereidentifiedthroughareviewoftheavailableliterature.Thereadershouldbeawarethatadditionalcompoundsarelikelypresent,suchasthoseassociatedwithconsumerorindustrialproducts.Giventhisinformation,extremecautionshouldbeexercisedintheuseofthedefaultVOCweightfractionsandconcentrationsgivenatthebottomofTable2.42.ThesedefaultVOCvaluesareheavilyinfluencedbytheethanecontentoftheLFG.Availabledatahaveshownthatthereisarangeofover1,500ppmvinLFGethanecontentamonglandfills.2.4.4.2ControlledEmissions"Emissionsfromlandfillsaretypicallycontrolledbyinstallingagascollectionsystem,andcombustingthecollectedgasthroughtheuseofinternalcombustionengines,flares,orturbines.Gascollectionsystemsarenot100percentefficientincollectinglandfillgas,soemissionsofCH4andNMOCatalandfillwithagasrecoverysystemstilloccur.   ToestimatecontrolledemissionsofCH4,NMOC,andotherconstituentsinlandfillgas,the  collectionefficiencyofthesystemmustfirstbeestimated.Reportedcollectionefficienciestypicallyrangefrom60to85percent,withanaverageof75percentmostcommonlyassumed.Highercollectionefficienciesmaybeachievedatsomesites(i.e.,thoseengineeredtocontrolgasemissions).Ifsitespecificcollectionefficienciesareavailable(i.e.,throughacomprehensivesurfacesamplingprogram),thentheyshouldbeusedinsteadofthe75percentaverage.  Controlledemissionestimatesalsoneedtotakeintoaccountthecontrolefficiencyofthecontroldevice.ControlefficienciesbasedontestdataforthecombustionofCH4,NMOC,and `&X" somespeciatedorganicswithdifferingcontroldevicesarepresentedinTable2.4-3.Emissionsfromthecontroldevicesneedtobeaddedtotheuncollectedemissionstoestimatetotalcontrolledemissions.  ControlledCH4,NMOC,andspeciatedemissionscanbecalculatedwithequation5.Itis *#' assumedthatthelandfillgascollectionandcontrolsystemoperates100percentofthetime.Minordurationsofsystemdowntimeassociatedwithroutinemaintenanceandrepair(i.e.,5to7percent)willnotappreciablyeffectemissionestimates.Thefirstterminequation5accountsfor -&* emissionsfromuncollectedlandfillgas,whilethesecondtermaccountsforemissionsofthepollutantthatwerecollectedbutnotcombustedinthecontrolorutilizationdevice:&  kTD@~|Xx pXUU@EX mbmX m (#(#    (#(#where:  | t     CM0h`Ph` ` = ControlledmassemissionsofpollutantP,kg/yr; h`     UM0|TLPTL| ` =0 UncontrolledmassemissionsofP,kg/yr(fromequation4ortheLandfill TL  AirEmissionsEstimationModel);  (# (#   col ` = Collectionefficiencyofthelandfillgascollectionsystem,percent;and ,$      cnt ` = Controlefficiencyofthelandfillgascontrolorutilizationdevice,percent.   '     Emissionfactorsforthesecondarycompounds,COandNOx,exitingthecontroldevice   arepresentedinTables2.4-4and2.4-5.Theseemissionfactorsshouldbeusedwhenequipmentvendorguaranteesarenotavailable.  ControlledemissionsofCO2andsulfurdioxide(SO2)arebestestimatedusingsitespecific  landfillgasconstituentconcentrationsandmassbalancemethods.68Ifsitespecificdataarenot  available,thedataintables2.41through2.43canbeusedwiththemassbalancemethodsthatfollow.  ControlledCO2emissionsincludeemissionsfromtheCO2componentoflandfillgas <4 (equivalenttouncontrolledemissions)andadditionalCO2formedduringthecombustionof (  landfillgas.ThebulkoftheCO2formedduringlandfillgascombustioncomesfromthe   combustionoftheCH4fraction.Smallquantitieswillbeformedduringthecombustionofthe  NMOCfraction,however,thistypicallyamountstolessthan1percentoftotalCO2emissionsby  weight.Also,theformationofCOthroughincompletecombustionoflandfillgaswillresultinsmallquantitiesofCO2notbeingformed.Thiscontributiontotheoverallmassbalancepicture ! isalsoverysmallanddoesnothaveasignificantimpactonoverallCO2emissions."x"68 "x   l#d #c&&XcX2x#cX2xX&c&lX2xXXcX2x  Thefollowingequationwhichassumesa100percentcombustionefficiencyforCH4canbe  usedtoestimateCO2emissionsfromcontrolledlandfills:&     kTD@~|R u pXUU@Emwmm (#(#   (#(#where:  CM0  CO2  Ԁ ` = ControlledmassemissionsofCO2,kg/yr;     UM0 | tCO2| t Ԁ ` =0 UncontrolledmassemissionsofCO2,kg/yr(fromequation4orthe | t LandfillAirEmissionEstimationModel);  (# (#   UM0|TLCH4TL|Ԁ ` =0 UncontrolledmassemissionsofCH4,kg/yr(fromequation4onthe TL  LandfillAirEmissionEstimationModel);  (# (#     col ` = Efficiencyofthelandfillgascollectionsystem,percent;and ,$      2.75 ` =0 RatioofthemolecularweightofCO2tothemolecularweightofCH4.  (# (# ' +  ToprepareestimatesofSO2emissions,dataontheconcentrationofreducedsulfur   compoundswithinthelandfillgasareneeded.Thebestwaytopreparethisestimateiswithsitespecificinformationonthetotalreducedsulfurcontentofthelandfillgas.Oftenthesedataareexpressedinppmvassulfur(S).Equations3and4shouldbeusedfirsttodeterminetheuncontrolledmassemissionrateofreducedsulfurcompoundsassulfur.Then,thefollowingequationcanbeusedtoestimateSO2emissions:& 8   kM=9z|R 0XzT@E~? ?~? (#(#   (#(#where:  CM0XP( SO2( XP ` = ControlledmassemissionsofSO2,kg/yr; (  0    UM0D< S D< ` =0 (#(#Uncontrolledmassemissionsofreducedsulfurcompoundsassulfur,kg/yr   (fromequations3and4);  (# (#   0  col ` = Efficiencyofthelandfillgascollectionsystem,percent;and(#(#   0  2.0 ` = RatioofthemolecularweightofSO2tothemolecularweightofS. '8 ] (#(#   ThenextbestmethodtoestimateSO2concentrations,ifsitespecificdatafortotalreduced " sulfurcompoundsassulfurarenotavailable,istousesitespecificdataforspeciatedreducedsulfurcompoundconcentrations.ThesedatacanbeconvertedtoppmvasSwithequation8.AfterthetotalreducedsulfurasShasbeenobtainedfromequation8,thenequations3,4,and7 canbeusedtoderiveSO2emissions. `&X" &   kTD@~|M pXUU@EM[t0M (#(#     (#(#where:    C0 | tS| t  ` =0 Concentrationoftotalreducedsulfurcompounds,ppmvasS(forusein | t equation3);  (# (#     C0|TLPTL| ` = Concentrationofeachreducedsulfurcompound,ppmv; TL      S0ph @8 P@8 ph  ` =0 NumberofmolesofSproducedfromthecombustionofeachreduced @8  sulfurcompound(i.e.,1forsulfides,2fordisulfides);and  (# (#     n ` = Numberofreducedsulfurcompoundsavailableforsummation.    ' %  Ifnositespecificdataareavailable,avalueof46.9ppmvcanbeassumedforCS(forusein   equation3).ThisvaluewasobtainedbyusingthedefaultconcentrationspresentedinTable2.41forreducedsulfurcompoundsandequation8.  Hydrochloricacid[HydrogenChloride(HCl)]emissionsareformedwhenchlorinatedcompoundsinLFGarecombustedincontrolequipment.ThebestmethodstoestimateemissionsaremassbalancemethodsthatareanalogoustothosepresentedaboveforestimatingSO2 xp emissions.Hence,thebestsourceofdatatoestimateHClemissionsissitespecificLFGdataontotalchloride[expressedinppmvasthechlorideion(Cl)].Ifthesedataarenotavailable,then PH totalchloridecanbeestimatedfromdataonindividualchlorinatedspeciesusingequation9below.However,emissionestimatesmaybeunderestimated,sincenoteverychlorinatedcompoundintheLFGwillberepresentedinthelaboratoryreport(i.e.,onlythosethattheanalyticalmethodspecifies).& 8 kM=9z|R3  0XUU@E  Vt   (#(#   (#(#where:̀C0##Cl## ` =0 Concentrationoftotalchloride,ppmvasCl(foruseinequation3);# (# (# ЀC0$$P$$Ԁ ` =0 Concentrationofeachchlorinatedcompound,ppmv;$  (# (#     Cl0%t%lP ` t%l%Ԁ=0 NumberofmolesofClproducedfromthecombustionofeachchlorinated t%l! compound(i.e.,3for1,1,1trichloroethane);and  (# (#   n ` =0 Numberofchlorinatedcompoundsavailableforsummation.'8 L'D # (# (#   Afterthetotalchlorideconcentration(CCl)hasbeenestimated,equations3and4shouldbe $)"% usedtodeterminethetotaluncontrolledmassemissionrateofchlorinatedcompoundsaschloride ion(UMCl).Thisvalueisthenusedinequation10belowtoderiveHClemissionestimates: *#' &   ka QMz|'& 0XUU@Xdddddddd@E. d"mDLs;  (#(#    (#(#where:  CM0  HCl  Ԁ ` = ControlledmassemissionsofHCl,kg/yr;     UM0  Cl  Ԁ ` =0 Uncontrolledmassemissionsofchlorinatedcompoundsaschloride,kg/yr   (fromequations3and4);  (# (#   col ` =0 Efficiencyofthelandfillgascollectionsystem,percent;h` (# (#   1.03 ` =0 RatioofthemolecularweightofHCltothemolecularweightofCl;andTL  (# (#   cnt ` =0 Controlefficiencyofthelandfillgascontrolorutilizationdevice,percent.@8  (# (# ' n  InestimatingHClemissions,itisassumedthatallofthechlorideionfromthecombustionofchlorinatedLFGconstituentsisconvertedtoHCl.Ifanestimateofthecontrolefficiency,cnt,is   notavailable,thenthehighendofthecontrolefficiencyrangefortheequipmentlistedinTable9shouldbeused.ThisassumptionisrecommendedtoassumethatHClemissionsarenotunderestimated.  Ifsitespecificdataontotalchlorideorspeciatedchlorinatedcompoundsarenotavailable,thenadefaultvalueof42.0ppmvcanbeusedforCCl.Thisvaluewasderivedfromthedefault  LFGconstituentconcentrationspresentedinTable2.41.Asmentionedabove,useofthisdefaultmayproduceunderestimatesofHClemissionssinceitisbasedonlyonthosecompoundsforwhichanalyseshavebeenperformed.TheconstituentslistedinTable2.41arelikelynotallofthechlorinatedcompoundspresentinLFG.  ThereaderisreferredtoSections11.2-1(UnpavedRoads,SCC50100401),and11-2.4(HeavyConstructionOperations)ofVolumeI,andSectionII-7(ConstructionEquipment)ofVolumeII,oftheAP-42documentfordeterminationofassociatedfugitivedustandexhaustemissionsfromtheseemissionsourcesatMSWlandfills.2.4.5UpdatesSincetheFifthEdition  TheFifthEditionwasreleasedinJanuary1995.Thisisrevisionincludesmajorrevisionsofthetextandrecommendedemissionfactorsconainedinthesection.ThemostsignificantrevisionstothissectionsincepublicationintheFifthEditionaresummarizedbelow.  a"0   TheequationstocalculatetheCH4,CO2andotherconstituentsweresimplified.8(0!$(#(#   a"0   ThedefaultL0andkwererevisedbaseduponanexpandedbaseofgasgenerationdata.*#&(#(#   a"0   ThedefaultratioofCO2toCH4wasrevisedbaseduponaveragesobservedinavailable +$( sourcetestreports. (#(#  -&*   a"0   ThedefaultconcentrationsofLFGconstituentswererevisedbaseduponadditionaldata.(#(#   a"0   Additionalcontrolefficiencieswereincludedandexistingefficiencieswererevisedbased  uponadditionalemissiontestdata. (#(#   a"0   Revisedandexpandedtherecommendedemissionfactorsforsecondarycompounds   emittedfromtypicalcontroldevices.W (#(# WX  h` XY  h` YTTTmT h   Table2.41.DEFAULTCONCENTRATIONSFORLFGCONSTITUENTSa  P    P(SCC50100402,50300603)  *q ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#q,H,F5,",F +  3www"  L3  S#l&I&XlXq#l ] &l&ISCompound ;www*  www ;    MolecularWeight ;www* "www ;DefaultConcentration(ppmv) =wwww*  "www =EmissionFactorRating QwB* " L  wwww <Q1,1,1-Trichloroethane(methylchloroform)a 9w*( w 9133.42 9w*( "w 90.48 =ww*( "w =B QwB*( " <  ww <Q1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethanea 9w*PHw 9167.85 9w*PH"w 91.11 =ww*PH"w =C QwB*PH" <  ww <Q1,1-Dichloroethane(ethylidenedichloride)a 9w*xpw 998.95 9w*xp"w 92.35 =ww*xp"w =B QwB*xp" <  ww <Q1,1-Dichloroethene(vinylidenechloride)a 9w* w 996.94 9w* "w 90.20 =ww* "w =B QwB* " <  ww <Q1,2-Dichloroethane(ethylenedichloride)a 9w* w 998.96 9w* "w 90.41 =ww* !"w =B QwB* "" <  ww <Q1,2-Dichloropropane(propylenedichloride)a 9w* $w 9112.98 9w* %"w 90.18 =ww* &"w =D QwB* '" <  ww <Q2Propanol(isopropylalcohol) 9w* (w 960.11 9w* )"w 950.1 =ww* *"w =E QwB* +" <  ww <QAcetone 9w*,$,w 958.08 9w*,$-"w 97.01 =ww*,$."w =B QwB*,$/" <  ww <QAcrylonitrilea 9w*TL0w 953.06 9w*TL1"w 96.33 =ww*TL2"w =D QwB*TL3" <  ww <QBromodichloromethane 9w*|t4w 9163.83 9w*|t5"w 93.13 =ww*|t6"w =C QwB*|t7" <  ww <QButane 9w*8w 958.12 9w*9"w 95.03 =ww*:"w =C QwB*;" <  ww <QCarbondisulfidea 9w*<w 976.13 9w*="w 90.58 =ww*>"w =C QwB*?" <  ww <QCarbonmonoxideb 9w*@w 928.01 9w*A"w 9141 =ww*B"w =E QwB*C" <  ww <QCarbontetrachloridea 9w*Dw 9153.84 9w*E"w 90.004 =ww*F"w =B QwB*G" <  ww <QCarbonylsulfidea 9w*D<Hw 960.07 9w*D<I"w 90.49 =ww*D<J"w =D QwB*D<K" <  ww <QChlorobenzenea 9w*ldLw 9112.56 9w*ldM"w 90.25 =ww*ldN"w =C QwB*ldO" <  ww <QChlorodifluoromethane 9w* Pw 986.47 9w* Q"w 91.30 =ww* R"w =C QwB* S" <  ww <QChloroethane(ethylchloride)a 9w*!Tw 964.52 9w*!U"w 91.25 =ww*!V"w =B QwB*!W" <  ww <QChloroforma 9w*"Xw 9119.39 9w*"Y"w 90.03 =ww*"Z"w =B QwB*"[" <  ww <QChloromethane 9w* $\w 950.49 9w* $]"w 91.21 =ww* $^"w =B QwB* $_" <  ww <QDichlorobenzenec 9w*4%,`w 9147 9w*4%,a"w 90.21 =ww*4%,b"w =E QwB*4%,c" <  ww <QDichlorodifluoromethane 9w*\&Tdw 9120.91 9w*\&Te"w 915.7 =ww*\&Tf"w =A QwB*\&Tg" <  ww <QDichlorofluoromethane 9w*'| hw 9102.92 9w*'| i"w 92.62 =ww*'| j"w =D QwB*'| k" <  ww <QDichloromethane(methylenechloride)a 9w*(!lw 984.94 9w*(!m"w 914.3 =ww*(!n"w =A QwB*(!o" <  ww <QDimethylsulfide(methylsulfide) 9w*)"pw 962.13 9w*)"q"w 97.82 =ww*)"r"w =C QwB*)"s" <  ww <QEthane 9w**#tw 930.07 9w**#u"w 9889 =ww**#v"w =C QwB**#w" <  ww <QEthanol 9w*$,%xw 946.08 9w*$,%y"w 927.2 =ww*$,%z"w =E QwB*$,%{" <  ww <QEthylmercaptan(ethanethiol) 9w*L-D&|w 962.13 9w*L-D&}"w 92.28 =ww*L-D&~"w =D QwB*L-D&" <  ww <QEthylbenzenea 9w*t.l'w 9106.16 9w*t.l'"w 94.61 =ww*t.l'"w =B UwF.t.l'" <   ww P<UEthylenedibromide 9w* <w 9187.88 9w* <"w 90.001 =ww* <"w =E QwB* <" < P ww <QFluorotrichloromethane 9w*dw 9Ѐ137.38 9w*d"w 90.76 =ww*d"w =B QwB*d" <  ww $<QHexanea 9w*> w 986.18 9w*> "w 96.57 =ww*> "w =B QwB*> " < $ ww <QHydrogensulfide 9w*f w 934.08 9w*f"w 935.5 =ww*f"w =B SwwB*f" <  ww <SMercury(total)a,d ;ww*ww ;200.61 ;ww*"ww ;2.92x104 =www*"ww =EV QwB*" <  www P<QVVQwB*" <  www P<QVMethylethylketonea 9w*w 972.11 9w*"w 97.09 =ww*"w =A TwE*" < P ww <TMethylisobutylketonea <w-,w <100.16 <w-,"w <1.87 @ww-,"w @B QwB*," <  ww <QMethylmercaptan 9w*dw 948.11 9w*d"w 92.49 =ww*d"w =C QwB*d " <  ww <QPentane 9w*> !w 972.15 9w*> ""w 93.29 =ww*> #"w =C QwB*> $" <  ww <QPerchloroethylene(tetrachloroethylene)a 9w*f %w 9165.83 9w*f &"w 93.73 =ww*f '"w =B QwB*f (" <  ww <QPropane 9w* )w 944.09 9w* *"w 911.1 =ww* +"w =B QwB* ," <  ww <Qt-1,2-dichloroethene 9w* -w 996.94 9w* ."w 92.84 =ww* /"w =B QwB* 0" <  ww <QTrichloroethylene(trichloroethene)a 9w*,1w 9131.38 9w*,2"w 92.82 =ww*,3"w =B QwB*,4" <  ww <QVinylchloridea 9w*T5w 962.50 9w*T6"w 97.34 =ww*T7"w =B SwwB*T8" <  ww <SXylenesa ;ww*.|9ww ;106.16 ;ww*.|:"ww ;12.1 =www*.|;"ww =B PF*.|<" <  www <PNOTE:ThisisnotanallinclusivelistofpotentialLFGconstituents,onlythoseforwhichtestdatawereavailableatmultiplesites.References1067.SourceClassificationCodesinparentheses.aHazardousAirPollutantslistedinTitleIIIofthe1990CleanAirActAmendments. *!x@ bCarbonmonoxideisnotatypicalconstituentofLFG,butdoesexistininstancesinvolving "dA landfill(underground)combustion.Therefore,thisdefaultvalueshouldbeusedwithcaution.Of18siteswhereCOwasmeasured,only2showeddetectablelevelsofCO.cSourcetestsdidnotindicatewhetherthiscompoundwastheparaororthoisomer.Thepara $(D isomerisaTitleIIIlistedHAP.dNodatawereavailabletospeciatetotalHgintotheelementalandorganicforms.0&$&F <  -  0  'F   @..Table2.42.0@ .. DEFAULTCONCENTRATIONSOFBENZENE,NMOC,ANDTOLUENEBASEDONWASTEDISPOSALHISTORYa    @$(SCC50100402,50300603)* d.dHF5"F (#(#, p ,p",p",Fp "+  3www"   L3Pollutant ;www* "www ;MolecularWeight ;www*  "www ;DefaultConcentration(ppmv) =wwww* "www =EmissionFactorRating QwB* " L  wwww <QBenzeneb 9w*w 978.11 9w*"w 9 =ww*"w = QwB*" <  ww <QЀCodisposal 9w*( w 9 9w*( "w 911.1 =ww*( "w =D QwB*( " <  ww <QЀNoorUnknowncodisposal 9w*PH w 9 9w*PH "w 91.91 =ww*PH "w =B QwwB*PH " <  ww $LQNMOC(ashexane)c 9ww* ww 986.18 9ww* "ww 9 =www* "ww = QwB* !" L $ www <QЀCodisposal 9w* "w 9 9w* #"w 92420 =ww* $"w =D QwB* %" <  ww <QЀNoorUnknowncodisposal 9w* &w 9 9w* '"w 9595 =ww* ("w =B QwwB* )" <  ww $LQTolueneb 9ww**ww 992.13 9ww*+"ww 9 =www*,"ww = QwB*-" L $ www <QЀCodisposal 9w*80.w 9 9w*80/"w 9165 =ww*800"w =D SwwB*801" <  ww $<SЀNoorUnknowncodisposal ;ww*`X2ww ; ;ww*`X3"ww ;39.3 =www*`X4"ww =A PF*`X5" < $ www <PaReferences1054.SourceClassificationCodesinparentheses. 6 bHazardousAirPollutantslistedinTitleIIIofthe1990CleanAirAct |7 Amendments.cForNSPS/EmissionGuidelinecompliancepurposes,thedefaultconcentration \T9 forNMOCasspecifiedinthefinalrulemustbeused.ForpurposesnotassociatedwithNSPS/EmissionGuidelinecompliance,thedefaultVOCcontentatcodisposalsites=85percentbyweight(2,060ppmvashexane);atNoorUnknownsites=39percentbyweight235ppmvashexane).   =  ' > <   '  "?   Table2.43.CONTROLEFFICIENCIESFORLFGCONSTITUENTSa  * d d p p"p"Fp "(#(#,,H,,h,b+  7ww&  &f 7ControlDevice Rwww?02 *" //ww R  Constituentb Rww?02 *  //www RControlEfficiency(%) F<-F >" f & ww NVF  R J  (w R J (Typical ;w* "w ;Range =ww*  "w =Rating WwwF*  " V0 N ww Nf WBoiler/SteamTurbine(50100423)Flarec   (50100410)(50300601) Nwww;0 "0CC;ww NNMOC 4** "www 498.0 ,w* "" ,9699+ =ww** ""w =D G=** "" f N ww EV G *ww 6 . *HalogenatedSpecies 4* ww 499.6 ,w " ,8799+ =ww* "w =D G=* " V E ww V G *ww  *NonHalogenatedSpecies 4*ww 499.8 ,w" ,6799+ =ww*"w =D G=* " V  ww EV G *ww   * 4*<4 !ww 4 ,w<4 "" , =ww*<4 #"w = G=*<4 $" V E ww EV G *ww H@ $ *NMOC 4* %ww 499.2 ,w &" ,9099+ =ww* '"w =B G=* (" V E ww EV G *ww  ( *HalogenatedSpecies 4* )ww 498.0 ,w *" ,9199+ =ww* +"w =C G=* ," V E ww V G *ww  , *NonHalogenatedSpecies 4*NF.ww 499.7 ,wbZ/" ,3899+ =ww*bZ0"w =C Oww>*bZ1" V  ww n VOGasTurbine(50100420)ICEngine(50100421) =www* <"ww =NMOCHalogenatedSpeciesNonHalogenatedSpeciesNMOCHalogenatedSpeciesNonHalogenatedSpecies ;w*$Kwww ;94.499.798.297.293.086.1 ;ww*"X"w ;9099+9899+9799+9499+9099+2599+ =www*"e"ww =EEEEEE:0."r" V0 n www :          aReferences1067.SourceClassificationCodesinparentheses. B&:s 8  0!!bHalogenatedspeciesarethosecontainingatomsofchlorine,bromine,fluorine,or .'& t iodine.Foranyequipment,thecontrolefficiencyformercuryshouldbeassumedtobe0.Seesection2.4.4.2formethodstoestimateemissionsofSO2,CO2,andHCl.)!v!! 0  0(#(#cWhereinformationonequipmentwasgiveninthereference,testdataweretakenfrom )"w enclosedflares.Controlefficienciesareassumedtobeequallyrepresentativeofopenflares. (#(#   ,%z   2Table2.44.(MetricUnits)EMISSIONFACTORSFORSECONDARYCOMPOUNDSEXITINGCONTROLDEVICESa  * d dHhb(#(#,4H,,U,+  1ww"   q1ControlDevice 7w* "ww 7Pollutantb 7w*  "w 7TypicalRate,kg/hr/dscmmMethane =ww*  "w =EmissionFactorRating QwwB* " q  ww qxQ2Flarec 6 . (50100410)(50300601) 7w*ww 7S#l&I& l ]#SR#c&I& &&^?;#&I&&c&IRNitrogendioxideR#c&I&&&IŪ#&^? &&c&IR^z V^f!$n&(+v-d0&2~46.9;=6@BD>GIK ,X,` X&'XR#c&I& &&^?#&I&&c&IRCarbonmonoxideR#c&I&&&I#&^? &&c&IRParticulatematter 7w*w 7R#c&I& &&^?+#&I&&c&IR0.039R#c&I&&&I#&^? &&c&IRR#c&I& &&^?#&I&&c&IR0.72R#c&I&&&Ii#&^? &&c&IR  "  0.016 =ww*"w =CCD QwB*" qx  ww axQICEngine(50100421) 4* w 4NitrogendioxideCarbonmonoxideR#c&I& &&^?#&I&&c&IRParticulatematterR#c&I&&&I #&^? &&c&IR '  '0.240.450.046 0w #" 0DCE QwB* &" ax  w axQBoiler/SteamTurbined ph ' (50100423) 4*H@)w 4NitrogendioxideCarbonmonoxideR#c&I& &&^?w#&I&&c&IRParticulatematterR#c&I&&&I #&^? &&c&IR 'H@, '0.0325.4x103 \T. 7.9x103 0wH@/" 0DED SwwB*H@2" ax  w aSGasTurbine(50100420) ;w*5ww ;NitrogendioxideCarbonmonoxideR#c&I& &&^?n #&I&&c&IRParticulatematterR#c&I&&&I "#&^? &&c&IR ;w*8w ;0.0830.220.021 =ww*;"w =DEE PF*>" a  ww 9aP2aSourceClassificationCodesinparentheses. B:? R#c&I& J&^?a"#&I&Jc&IRbNodataonPMsizedistributionswereavailable,howeverforothergasfiredcombustion "@ sources,mostoftheparticulatematterislessthan2.5micronsindiameter.Hence,thisemissionfactorcanbeusedtoprovideestimatesofPM10orPM2.5emissions.Seesection2.4.4.2formethodstoestimateCO2,SO2,andHCl.R#c&I&&&I##&^? &&c&IR C cWhereinformationonequipmentwasgiveninthereference,testdataweretakenfrom D enclosedflares.Controlefficienciesareassumedtobeequallyrepresentativeofopenflares.dAllsourcetestswereconductedonboilers,howeveremissionfactorsshouldalsobe b!ZF representativeofsteamturbines.EmissionfactorsarerepresentativeofboilersequippedwithlowNOxburnersandfluegasrecirculation.Nodatawereavailableforuncontrolled "#H NOxemissions.0&$$I a 9   0  $I Table2.45.(EnglishUnits)EMISSIONRATESFORSECONDARYCOMPOUNDSEXITINGCONTROLDEVICESa    * 'dd4HU(#(#,p,`,'`e,` +  1ww"   q1ControlDevice 7w* "ww 7Pollutantb 7w*  "w 7ЀTypicalRate,lb/hr/dscfmMethane =ww*  "w =EmissionFactorRating QwwB* " q  ww qxQf2Flarec 6 . (50100410)(50300601) 7w*ww 7R#c&I& &&^?%#&I&&c&IRNitrogendioxideR#c&I&&&I+#&^? &&c&IRR#c&I& &&^?,#&I&&c&IRCarbonmonoxideR#c&I&&&Ip,#&^? &&c&IRR#c&I& &&^?,#&I&&c&IRParticulatematterR#c&I&&&I-#&^? &&c&IR 7w*w 7R#c&I& &&^?l-#&I&&c&IR2.4x103 6 . 0.0451.0R#c&I&&&I-#&^? &&c&IRx103R#c&I& &&^?U.#&I&&c&IR =ww*"w =CCD QwB*" qx  ww axQICEngine(50100421) 4*KC w 4NitrogendioxideCarbonmonoxideParticulatematterR#c&I&&&IŤ.#&^? &&c&IR 'KC  '0.0150.0282.9x103 0wKC #" 0DCE:0.KC &" ax   w :* 'd'dp`'`e` (#(#,px,`x,'`xe,`x+  1w"  & a1Boiler/SteamTurbined  ' (50100423) 4*)w 4R#c&I& &&^?/#&I&&c&IRNitrogendioxideCarbonmonoxideParticulatematter ', '2.0R#c&I&&&IŁ2#&^? &&c&IRx103R#c&I& &&^?43#&I&&c&IR  - 3.4R#c&I&&&IŃ3#&^? &&c&IRx104R#c&I& &&^?3#&I&&c&IR  . 4.9R#c&I&&&I,4#&^? &&c&IRx104R#c&I& &&^?4#&I&&c&IR 0w/" 0EEE:0.2" a  w :* 'd'dpx`x'`xe`x(#(#,p,`,'`e,` +  3ww" 2 a3GasTurbine(50100420) ;w*5ww ;NitrogendioxideR#c&I&&&I4#&^? &&c&IRR#c&I& &&^?7#&I&&c&IRCarbonmonoxideR#c&I&&&Ij7#&^? &&c&IRR#c&I& &&^?7#&I&&c&IRParticulatematterR#c&I&&&I8#&^? &&c&IR ;w*8w ;R#c&I& &&^?f8#&I&&c&IR5.2R#c&I&&&I8#&^? &&c&IRx103R#c&I& &&^?(9#&I&&c&IR  9 0.0141.3R#c&I&&&Iw9#&^? &&c&IRx103R#c&I& &&^?9#&I&&c&IR =ww*;"w =DDE PF*>" a  ww 9aP2faSourceClassificationCodesinparentheses. ? R#c&I&J&I&:#&I&Jc&IRbBasedondataforothercombustionsources,mostoftheparticulatematterwillbe @ lessthan2.5micronsindiameter.Hence,thisemissionratecanbeusedtoprovideestimatesofPM-10orPM-2.5emissions.R#c&I&&&IW;#&I&&c&IRSeesection2.4.4.2formethodstoestimateCO2,SO2,andHCl. C cR#c&I&&&IŁ<#&^? &&c&IRWhereinformationonequipmentwasgiveninthereference,testdataweretaken zrD fromenclosedflares.Controlefficienciesareassumedtobeequallyrepresentativeofopenflares.R#c&I& &&^?,=#&I&&c&IRR#c&I&J&I6>#&^? &Jc&IRdAllsourcetestswereconductedonboilers,howeveremissionfactorsshouldalsobe !G representativeofsteamturbines.EmissionfactorsarerepresentativeofboilersequippedwithlowNOxburnersandfluegasrecirculation.Nodatawereavailablefor "I uncontrolledNOxemissions.R#c&I& &&^?>#&I&&c&IR0&$#J a 9   0f2ReferencesforSection2.4~UX'` [9 x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?A z VXd0&2X~1.0 ' "CriteriaforMunicipalSolidWasteLandfills,"40CFRPart258,Volume56,No.196, (!O October9,1991. '(#'(# 2.0 ' AirEmissionsfromMunicipalSolidWasteLandfillsBackgroundInformationfor F+>$R ProposedStandardsandGuidelines,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, ,%S EPA-450/3-90-011a,Chapters3and4,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,ResearchTrianglePark,NC,March1991. '(#'(#  .'V 3.0 ' CharacterizationofMunicipalSolidWasteintheUnitedStates:1992Update,Officeof  SolidWaste,EPA-530-R-92-019,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,DC,NTISNo.PB92-207-166,July1992. '(#'(# 4.0 ' EasternResearchGroup,Inc.,ListofMunicipalSolidWasteLandfills,Preparedforthe X P U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofSolidWaste,MunicipalandIndustrialSolidWasteDivision,Washington,DC,September1992. '(#'(# 5.0 ' SuggestedControlMeasuresforLandfillGasEmissions,StateofCaliforniaAirResources   Board,StationarySourceDivision,Sacramento,CA,August1990. '(#'(# 6.0 ' "StandardsofPerformanceforNewStationarySourcesandGuidelinesforControlof $  ExistingSources:MunicipalSolidWasteLandfills;ProposedRule,Guideline,andNoticeofPublicHearing,"40CFRParts51,52,and60,Vol.56,No.104,May30,1991. '(#'(# 7.0 ' S.W.Zison,LandfillGasProductionCurves:MythVersusReality,PacificEnergy,Cityof tl  Commerce,CA,[Unpublished] '(#'(# 8.0 ' R.L.Peer,etal.,MemorandumMethodologyUsedtoRevisetheModelInputsinthe  MunicipalSolidWasteLandfillsInputDataBases(Revised),totheMunicipalSolidWaste  LandfillsDocketNo.A8809,April28,1993. '(#'(# 9.0 ' A.R.Chowdhury,EmissionsfromaLandfillGas-FiredTurbine/GeneratorSet,SourceTest @8 ReportC-84-33,LosAngelesCountySanitationDistrict,SouthCoastAirQuality   ManagementDistrict,June28,1984. '(#'(# 10.0 ' EngineeringScience,Inc.,ReportofStackTestingatCountySanitationDistrictLosAngeles  PuenteHillsLandfill,LosAngelesCountySanitationDistrict,August15,1984.d\'(#'(# 11.0 ' J.R.Manker,VinylChloride(andOtherOrganicCompounds)ContentofLandfillGas   VentedtoanInoperativeFlare,SourceTestReport84-496,DavidPriceCompany,South  CoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,November30,1984. '(#'(# 12.0 ' S.Mainoff,LandfillGasComposition,SourceTestReport85-102,BradleyPitLandfill, \"T! SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,May22,1985. '(#'(# & | 13.0 ' J.Littman,VinylChlorideandOtherSelectedCompoundsPresentinALandfillGas $$ CollectionSystemPriortoandafterFlaring,SourceTestReport85-369,LosAngeles %% CountySanitationDistrict,SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,October9,1985.'|$P '(#'(# 14.0 ' W.A.Nakagawa,EmissionsfromaLandfillExhaustingThroughaFlareSystem,Source (( !( TestReport85-461,OperatingIndustries,SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict, (!) October14,1985. '(#'(# 15.0 ' S.Marinoff,EmissionsfromaLandfillGasCollectionSystem,SourceTestReport85-511. x+p$, SheldonStreetLandfill,SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,December9,1985. '(#'(#    -&. 16.0 ' W.A.Nakagawa,VinylChlorideandOtherSelectedCompoundsPresentinaLandfillGas   CollectionSystemPriortoandafterFlaring,SourceTestReport85-592,MissionCanyon  Landfill,LosAngelesCountySanitationDistrict,SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,January16,1986. '(#'(# 17.0 ' CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,EvaluationTestonaLandfillGas-FiredFlareattheBKK , $ LandfillFacility,WestCovina,CA,ARB-SS-87-09,July1986. '(#'(# 18.0 ' S.Marinoff,GaseousCompositionfromaLandfillGasCollectionSystemandFlare,Source   TestReport86-0342,SyufyEnterprises,SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict, |t  August21,1986. '(#'(# 19.0 ' AnalyticalLaboratoryReportforSourceTest,AzusaLandReclamation,June30,1983,   SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict. 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'(#'(# R#c&I&&&I#RR#cXqXXlXq#RS#c&I&XcXqY#S