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 ƒ   ! ÝÝ    ÝÔ €  Xà  X  X X   ÔÓC €	                  ÿÿ   $   #                 C Ó€€Standards€of€Performance€for€New€Stationary€Sources€and€Guidelines€for€Control€of€Ð   	 °      Ð€€Existing€Sources:€Municipal€Solid€Waste€LandfillsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Vol.€56,No.€104Ì€€Part€Number€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Part€IIIÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€56€FR€24468Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Thursday,€May€30,€1991ÌÌ€€AGENCY:€€ENVIRONMENTAL€PROTECTION€AGENCYÌ€€DOC€TYPE:€€Proposed€RulesÌ€€CFR:€€40€CFR€Parts€51,€52€and€60Ì€€NUMBER:€€AD-FRL-3780-9;€RIN€2060-AC42Ì€€DATES:€€Comments.€Comments€must€be€received€on€or€before€August€1,€1991.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Public€Hearing.€If€anyone€contacts€EPA€requesting€to€speak€at€a€public€hearing€Ì€€€€by€June€21,€1991,€a€public€hearing€will€be€held€on€July€2,€1991,€beginning€at€Ì€€€€10:00€a.m.€Persons€wishing€to€present€oral€testimony€must€contact€Ms.€Julia€Ì€€€€Stevens€of€EPA€at€(919)€541-5578€by€June€21,€1991.€Persons€interested€in€Ì€€€€attending€the€hearing€should€call€Ms.€Stevens€at€the€same€number€to€verify€that€a€Ì€€€€hearing€will€be€held.Ì€€CONTACT:€€For€information€on€the€regulation€of€MSW€landfills,€contact€Ms.€Alice€H.€Ì€€€€Chow,€Standards€Development€Branch,€Emission€Standards€Division€(MD-13),€Office€Ì€€€€of€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards,€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency,€Ì€€€€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina€27711,€telephone€number€(919)€541-5626.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€For€technical€information,€contact€Mr.€Mark€Najarian,€telephone€number€(919)€Ì€€€€541-5393,€Chemicals€and€Petroleum€Branch,€Emission€Standards€Division€(MD-13),€Ì€€€€at€the€above€address.Ì€€ADDRESS:€€Comments.€Comments€should€be€submitted€(in€duplicate€if€possible)€to:€Air€Ì€€€€Docket€(LE-131),€Attention€Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Room€M1500,€U.S.€Environmental€Ì€€€€Protection€Agency,€401€M€Street,€SW.,€Washington,€DC€20460.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Public€Hearing.€If€anyone€contacts€EPA€requesting€a€public€hearing,€it€will€be€Ì€€€€held€at€the€EPA's€Office€of€Administration€Auditorium,€Research€Triangle€Park,€Ì€€€€North€Carolina.€Persons€interested€in€attending€the€hearing€or€wishing€to€present€Ì€€€€oral€testimony€should€notify€Ms.€Julia€Stevens,€Standards€Development€Branch,€Ì€€€€Emission€Standards€Division€(MD-13),€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency,€Ì€€€€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina€27711,€telephone€number€(919)€541-5578.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Background€Information€Document.€The€background€information€document€(BID),€Ì€€€€entitled€''Air€Emissions€from€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Landfills-Background€Ì€€€€Information€for€Proposed€Standards€and€Emission€Guidelines,''€may€be€obtained€Ì€€€€from€the€U.S.€EPA€Library€(MD-35),€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina€27711,€Ì€€€€telephone€number€(919)€541-2777.€Refer€to€EPA-450/3-90-011(a).€The€discussion€of€Ì€€€€the€proposed€section€111(d)€emission€guidelines€in€this€BID€satisfies€the€Ì€€€€requirements€of€40€CFR€60.22(b)€that€information€be€provided€to€States€on€the€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€implementation€of€the€guidelines.€Throughout€the€preamble,€this€document€will€be€Ì€€€€referred€to€as€the€BID.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€A€regulatory€impact€analysis,€entitled€''Regulatory€Impact€Analysis€of€Air€Ì€€€€Pollutant€Emission€Standards€and€Guidelines€for€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Landfills''€Ì€€€€was€prepared€as€required€by€Executive€Order€(E.O.)€12291,€and€is€available€for€Ì€€€€review€at€the€EPA's€Air€Docket€Section,€401€M€St.€SW.,€Room€M1500,€Washington,€Ì€€€€DC.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Docket.€Docket€No.€A-88-09,€containing€supporting€information€used€in€Ì€€€€developing€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines,€is€available€for€public€Ì€€€€inspection€and€copying€between€8:00€a.m.€and€3:30€p.m.,€Monday€through€Friday,€at€Ì€€€€the€EPA's€Air€Docket,€Waterside€Mall,€Room€M1500,€1st€Floor,€U.S.€Environmental€Ì€€€€Protection€Agency,€401€M€Street,€SW.,€Washington,€DC€20460.€A€reasonable€fee€may€Ì€€€€be€charged€for€copying.Ì€€ACTION:€€Proposed€rule€and€guideline€and€notice€of€public€hearing.Ì€€SUMMARY:€€This€proposal€would€add€subpart€WWW€to€40€CFR€part€60€for€control€of€new€Ì€€€€sources€and€would€propose€emission€guidelines€and€compliance€schedules€for€Ì€€€€existing€sources€under€subpart€C.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Subpart€WWW€would€limit€emissions€from€certain€new€and€modified€municipal€solid€Ì€€€€waste€(MSW)€landfills.€The€proposed€standards€implement€section€111(b)€of€the€Ì€€€€Clean€Air€Act€(CAA)€and€are€based€on€the€Administrator's€determination€that€Ì€€€€emissions€from€MSW€landfills€cause,€or€contribute€significantly€to,€air€pollution€Ì€€€€which€may€reasonably€be€anticipated€to€endanger€public€health€or€welfare.€The€Ì€€€€intent€of€the€proposed€standards€is€to€require€certain€new€MSW€landfills€to€Ì€€€€control€emissions€to€the€level€achievable€by€applying€the€best€demonstrated€Ì€€€€system€of€continuous€emission€reduction€considering€costs,€nonair€quality€health€Ì€€€€and€environmental€impacts,€and€energy€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€emission€guidelines€implement€Section€111(d)€of€the€CAA€which€Ì€€€€requires€the€Administrator€to€prescribe€regulations€under€which€the€States€will€Ì€€€€submit€plans€for€the€control€of€existing€emissions€of€certain€air€pollutants€for€Ì€€€€which€new€source€performance€standards€(NSPS)€have€been€established.€The€intent€Ì€€€€of€the€emission€guidelines€is€to€initiate€State€action€to€develop€State€Ì€€€€regulations€controlling€air€emissions€from€certain€existing€MSW€landfills€to€the€Ì€€€€level€achievable€by€applying€the€best€demonstrated€system€of€continuous€emission€Ì€€€€reduction,€considering€costs,€nonair€quality€health€and€environmental€impacts,€Ì€€€€and€energy€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€If€requested,€a€public€hearing€will€be€held€to€provide€interested€parties€an€Ì€€€€opportunity€for€oral€presentations€of€data,€views,€or€arguments€concerning€the€Ì€€€€proposed€standards€and€emission€guidelines.Ì€€WORD€COUNT:€€62,601Ì€€TEXT:€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€SUPPLEMENTARY€INFORMATION:€The€following€outline€is€provided€to€aid€in€reading€the€Ì€€preamble€to€the€proposed€standards€and€emission€guidelines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€I.€IntroductionÌ€€A.€Summary€of€ActionÌ€€B.€New€Source€Performance€Standards-General€GoalsÌ€€C.€Emission€Guidelines-General€GoalsÌ€€D.€Overview€of€This€PreambleÌ€€Ì€€€€€€II.€Summary€of€the€Proposed€Standards€and€GuidelinesÌ€€A.€Source€Category€to€be€RegulatedÌ€€B.€Pollutant€to€be€RegulatedÌ€€C.€Best€Demonstrated€TechnologyÌ€€D.€Format€for€the€Standards€and€GuidelinesÌ€€E.€Proposed€Standards€and€GuidelinesÌ€€F.€Performance€Testing€and€MonitoringÌ€€G.€Reporting€and€Recordkeeping€RequirementsÌ€€H.€Compliance€Times€for€the€GuidelinesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€III.€Impacts€of€the€Proposed€Standards€and€GuidelinesÌ€€A.€AirÌ€€B.€Other€Environmental€ImpactsÌ€€C.€Control€Costs€and€Economic€ImpactsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€IV.€Rationale€for€the€Standards€and€Guidelines€for€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Ì€€Landfill€EmissionsÌ€€A.€BackgroundÌ€€B.€Selection€of€the€Source€CategoryÌ€€C.€Selection€of€the€Designated€PollutantÌ€€D.€Selection€of€the€Affected€and€Designated€FacilitiesÌ€€E.€Selection€of€Best€Demonstrated€TechnologyÌ€€F.€Selection€of€Requirements€to€Implement€The€Best€Demonstrated€TechnologyÌ€€G.€Test€Methods€and€ProceduresÌ€€H.€Reporting€and€Recordkeeping€Requirements-New€Municipal€Solid€Waste€LandfillsÌ€€I.€Reporting€and€Recordkeeping€Guidelines-Existing€Municipal€Solid€Waste€LandfillsÌ€€J.€Compliance€TimesÌ€€K.€Additional€Considerations€and€Solicitation€of€CommentsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€V.€Considerations€for€Prevention€of€Significant€DeteriorationÌ€€Ì€€€€€€VI.€Administrative€RequirementsÌ€€A.€Public€HearingÌ€€B.€DocketÌ€€C.€Clean€Air€Act€Procedural€RequirementsÌ€€D.€Office€of€Management€and€Budget€ReviewÐ   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€I.€IntroductionÌ€€Ì€€€€€€A.€Summary€of€ActionÌ€€Ì€€€€€€This€notice€proposes€standards€of€performance€for€new€MSW€landfills€under€Ì€€section€111(b)€of€the€CAA€and€emission€guidelines€for€existing€MSW€landfills€under€Ì€€section€111(d).€The€standards€and€guidelines€would€require€MSW€landfills€emitting€Ì€€greater€than€150€megagrams€per€year€(Mg/yr)€(about€167€tons€per€year€(tpy))€of€Ì€€nonmethane€organic€compounds€(NMOC's)€to€design€and€install€gas€collection€systems€Ì€€and€then€combust€(with€or€without€energy€recovery)€the€captured€landfill€gases.€Ì€€This€action€addresses€air€emissions€from€MSW€landfills€which€contribute€to€ambient€Ì€€ozone€problems,€air€toxic€concerns,€and€potential€explosion€hazards.€The€EPA€has€Ì€€developed€an€overall€agenda€(see€''The€Solid€Waste€Dilemma:€An€Agenda€for€Action'';€Ì€€EPA/530-SW-89-019;€February€1989)€to€address€MSW€disposal€issues,€and€today's€air€Ì€€emission€standards€and€guidelines€are€just€one€component€of€this€agenda.€This€rule€Ì€€will€also€have€the€ancillary€benefit€of€reducing€global€loadings€of€methane,€a€gas€Ì€€under€discussion€by€the€Intergovernmental€Negotiating€Committee€for€a€Framework€Ì€€Convention€on€Climate€Change,€convened€by€the€United€Nations.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€B.€New€Source€Performance€Standards-General€GoalsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€New€source€performance€standards€(NSPS€or€''standards'')€implement€section€Ì€€111(b)€of€the€CAA,€and€are€issued€for€categories€of€sources€which€cause,€or€Ì€€contribute€significantly€to,€air€pollution€which€may€reasonably€be€anticipated€to€Ì€€endanger€public€health€or€welfare.€Today's€standards€would€affect€MSW€landfills€Ì€€whose€construction,€modification,€or€reconstruction€begins€after€a€standard€is€Ì€€proposed.€An€NSPS€requires€these€sources€to€control€emissions€to€the€level€Ì€€achievable€by€''best€demonstrated€technology''€(BDT)€considering€costs€and€any€Ì€€nonair€quality€health€and€environmental€impacts€and€energy€requirements.€If€it€is€Ì€€not€feasible€to€prescribe€or€enforce€an€emission€limit,€the€CAA€authorizes€the€Ì€€Administrator€to€promulgate€a€design,€equipment,€or€work€practice€or€operational€Ì€€standard,€or€combination€thereof.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€C.€Emission€Guidelines-General€GoalsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€develops€emission€guidelines€under€section€111(d)€of€the€CAA€for€Ì€€certain€sources€covered€by€NSPS.€When€an€NSPS€has€been€promulgated€under€section€Ì€€111(b)€for€a€category€of€sources,€section€111(d)€of€the€CAA€requires€that€States€Ì€€submit€plans€which€establish€emission€standards€for€existing€sources€and€provide€Ì€€for€implementation€and€enforcement€of€emission€standards€for€the€designated€Ì€€pollutant.€In€general,€a€designated€pollutant€is€one€that€may€cause€or€contribute€Ì€€to€endangerment€of€public€health€or€welfare€but€is€not€''hazardous''€within€the€Ì€€meaning€of€section€112€of€the€CAA€and€is€not€controlled€under€sections€108€through€Ì€€110€of€the€CAA.€For€ease€of€discussion,€existing€facilities€which€emit€designated€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€pollutants€are€considered€to€be€''designated€facilities.''Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€requires€that€States€adopt€and€submit€to€the€Administrator€a€plan€Ì€€implementing€the€section€111(d)€guidelines€within€9€months€after€the€promulgation€Ì€€of€the€guidelines.€The€CAA€further€requires€that€the€procedure€for€State€submission€Ì€€of€a€plan€shall€be€similar€to€the€procedure€for€submission€of€State€implementation€Ì€€plans€(SIP's)€under€section€110€and€mandates€that€EPA€shall€prescribe€a€plan€Ì€€according€to€procedures€similar€to€those€in€section€110(c)€if€the€State€fails€to€Ì€€submit€a€''satisfactory€plan.''Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Section€111(d)€requires€EPA€to€approve€State€emission€standards€only€if€they€Ì€€reflect€application€of€the€best€systems€of€emission€reduction€that€are€reasonably€Ì€€available€for€designated€facilities.€Accordingly,€EPA€has€published€a€BID€(Docket€Ì€€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€III-B-1)€for€the€guidelines€which€describes€available€systems€Ì€€of€emission€control,€identifies€the€best€demonstrated€systems€considering€costs,€Ì€€nonair€quality€health€and€environmental€impacts,€and€energy€requirements,€and€Ì€€identifies€the€emission€limitations€that€reflect€the€application€of€such€systems.€Ì€€State€plans€will€be€approved€if€they€include€an€emission€standard€equal€to€or€more€Ì€€stringent€than€that€specified€in€the€guidelines.€For€health-related€pollutants,€as€Ì€€is€the€case€for€MSW€landfill€emissions,€State€emission€standards€must€ordinarily€be€Ì€€at€least€as€stringent€as€the€corresponding€EPA€guidelines€to€be€approved€(Sec.€Ì€€60.24(c)).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€recognizes,€however,€that€a€State€may€find€application€of€today's€Ì€€proposed€guidelines€to€be€unreasonable€in€some€situations€and€appropriate€Ì€€adjustments€may€be€necessary€on€a€case-by-case€basis.€The€guidelines€reflect€the€Ì€€EPA's€judgment€of€the€degree€of€control€that€can€be€attained€by€various€classes€of€Ì€€sources€taking€into€consideration€the€cost€of€achieving€such€emission€reductions,€Ì€€nonair€quality€health€and€environmental€impacts€and€energy€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€development€of€the€emission€guidelines€are€carried€out€in€the€context€of€a€Ì€€nationwide€program€encompassing€an€entire€class€of€sources€without€consideration€of€Ì€€the€local€air€quality€conditions€that€must€be€considered€in€nonattainment€areas€or€Ì€€in€prevention€of€significant€deterioration€(PSD)€in€accordance€with€permitting€Ì€€activities€associated€with€the€CAA.€In€some€cases,€State€standards€may€be€more€Ì€€stringent€than€these€guidelines€in€order€to€address€concerns€which€are€specific€to€Ì€€a€particular€localized€air€quality€situation.€Moreover,€States€that€believe€Ì€€additional€control€is€necessary€or€desirable€would€be€free€to€do€so€under€Section€Ì€€116€of€the€CAA.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€D.€Overview€of€This€PreambleÌ€€Ì€€€€€€This€preamble€will:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€1.€Summarize€the€important€features€of€these€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€by€discussing€the€conclusions€reached€with€respect€to€each€of€the€elements€in€the€Ì€€decision€summary.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€2.€Describe€the€environmental,€energy,€and€economic€impacts€of€the€standards€Ì€€and€guidelines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€3.€Present€a€rationale€for€each€of€the€decisions€in€the€decision€summaries€for€Ì€€the€standards€and€guidelines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€4.€Discuss€administrative€requirements€relevant€to€these€actions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€II.€Summary€of€the€Proposed€Standards€and€GuidelinesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€A.€Source€Category€To€Be€RegulatedÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Today's€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€would€apply€to€certain€new€and€Ì€€existing€MSW€landfills.€For€purposes€of€these€proposed€regulations,€an€MSW€landfill€Ì€€is€defined€as€an€entire€disposal€facility€in€a€contiguous€geographical€space€where€Ì€€household€waste€is€placed€on€or€in€land.€An€MSW€landfill€may€receive€other€types€of€Ì€€waste€as€well.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€NSPS€would€control€air€emissions€from€certain€new€MSW€landfills.€A€Ì€€new€MSW€landfill€is€defined€as€a€landfill€for€which€construction,€modification,€or€Ì€€reconstruction€commences€on€or€after€today's€date.€The€affected€facility€under€the€Ì€€proposed€NSPS€is€each€new€MSW€landfill.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€guidelines€would€require€control€for€certain€existing€MSW€Ì€€landfills.€An€existing€MSW€landfill€is€defined€as€a€landfill€for€which€construction€Ì€€commenced€prior€to€today's€date.€An€existing€MSW€landfill€may€be€active,€i.e.,€Ì€€currently€accepting€waste,€or€having€additional€capacity€available€to€accept€waste,€Ì€€or€may€be€closed,€i.e.,€no€longer€accepting€waste€nor€having€available€capacity€for€Ì€€future€waste€deposition.€The€designated€facility€under€the€proposed€guidelines€is€Ì€€each€existing€MSW€landfill€that€has€accepted€waste€since€November€8,€1987,€or€that€Ì€€has€capacity€available€for€future€use.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€B.€Pollutant€To€Be€RegulatedÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€pollutant€to€be€regulated€under€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€is€Ì€€''MSW€landfill€emissions.''€Municipal€solid€waste€landfill€emissions,€also€commonly€Ì€€referred€to€as€''landfill€gas,''€is€a€collection€of€air€pollutants,€including€Ì€€methane€and€NMOC's,€some€of€which€are€toxic.€The€composite€pollutant€is€proposed€to€Ì€€be€regulated€under€section€111(b),€for€new€facilities,€and€is€proposed€to€be€the€Ì€€designated€pollutant€under€section€111(d),€for€existing€facilities.€In€order€to€Ì€€reduce€the€burden€and€complexity€of€measuring€and€monitoring€the€various€Ì€€constituents€of€landfill€gas,€NMOC's€are€being€specified€as€a€surrogate€for€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€measurement€purposes.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€C.€Best€Demonstrated€TechnologyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€standards€for€new€MSW€landfills€are€based€on€the€conclusion€that€Ì€€BDT€would€require€reducing€MSW€landfill€emissions€from€new€MSW€landfills€emitting€Ì€€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€or€more€with:€(1)€A€well-designed€and€well-operated€Ì€€gas€collection€system€and€(2)€a€control€device€capable€of€reducing€NMOC's€in€the€Ì€€collected€gas€by€98€weight-percent.€The€BDT€does€not€specify€collection€and€control€Ì€€systems€for€new€landfills€emitting€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€guidelines€for€existing€MSW€landfills€are€based€on€the€conclusion€Ì€€that€BDT€would€require€reducing€air€emissions€of€existing€MSW€landfills€emitting€Ì€€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€or€more€with€the€same€collection€and€control€devices€Ì€€as€required€for€new€landfills.€The€BDT€does€not€include€collection€and€control€Ì€€systems€for€existing€landfills€emitting€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€A€well-designed€and€well-operated€collection€system€would,€at€a€minimum:€(1)€Ì€€Be€capable€of€handling€the€maximum€gas€generation€rate,€(2)€have€a€design€capable€Ì€€of€monitoring€and€adjusting€the€operation€of€the€system,€(3)€be€able€to€collect€gas€Ì€€effectively€from€all€areas€of€the€landfill€that€warrant€control,€and€(4)€be€able€to€Ì€€expand€by€the€addition€of€further€collection€system€components€to€collect€gas€from€Ì€€new€areas€of€the€landfill€as€they€require€control.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€control€device€included€as€part€of€BDT€is€an€open€flare€capable€of€reducing€Ì€€NMOC€emissions€by€98€weight-percent.€Open€flares€are€applicable€to€all€affected€and€Ì€€designated€facilities€regulated€by€the€proposed€standards€and€emissions€guidelines,€Ì€€respectively.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€D.€Format€for€the€Standards€and€GuidelinesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€format€for€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€is€a€design€and€Ì€€operational€standard€(or€guideline)€for€the€gas€collection€system,€and€a€percent€Ì€€reduction€requirement€for€the€control€device.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€E.€Proposed€Standards€and€GuidelinesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€major€provisions€of€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€are€identical.€Ì€€The€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€for€MSW€landfill€emissions€would€require€the€Ì€€periodic€calculation€of€the€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€at€each€affected€or€Ì€€designated€facility€with€a€maximum€design€capacity€or€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€or€Ì€€more.€At€each€facility€where€the€calcualted€emission€rate€is€equal€to€or€exceeds€Ì€€the€regulatory€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's,€the€proposed€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines€specify€the€installation€of€a€well-designed€gas€collection€system€and€Ì€€one€of€several€effective€control€devices€to€either€recover€or€destroy€the€collected€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€landfill€emissions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€are€based€on€the€use€of€active€collection€Ì€€systems€and€open€flares€operated€in€accordance€with€the€General€Provisions€for€Ì€€control€devices€(40€CFR€60.18).€The€EPA€has€also€identified€several€other€control€Ì€€devices€which€may€be€used€to€satisfy€the€98-percent€destruction€criterion.€The€Ì€€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€would€allow€the€use€of€these€control€devices€as€Ì€€well.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€F.€Performance€Testing€and€MonitoringÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Applicability.€All€affected€and€designated€facilities€would€periodically€Ì€€calculate€the€NMOC€emission€rate€in€order€to€determine€if€the€installation€of€Ì€€collection€and€control€systems€would€be€required.€The€calculation€is€performed€Ì€€using€default€values€provided€in€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines.€The€Ì€€calculation€may€also€be€performed€using€site-specific€data.€Proposed€Method€25C€Ì€€provides€instruction€on€site-specific€sampling€of€the€landfill€gas,€and€is€used€to€Ì€€determine€the€concentration€of€NMOC's.€Those€landfills€emitting€less€than€the€Ì€€regulatory€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€would€not€need€to€install€Ì€€control€equipment€under€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines,€and€would€therefore€Ì€€not€need€to€perform€additional€testing€or€monitoring.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Compliance€Demonstrations.€For€those€landfills€that€are€required€to€install€Ì€€collection€and€control€systems,€compliance€with€the€proposed€standards€or€Ì€€guidelines€for€the€gas€collection€system€includes€calculation€of:€(1)€The€maximum€Ì€€expected€gas€generation€rate€within€the€landfill€in€order€to€demonstrate€that€the€Ì€€system€is€designed€to€handle€this€flowrate€and€(2)€the€total€area€of€influence€of€Ì€€all€the€extraction€wells€within€the€landfill€in€order€to€demonstrate€that€this€area€Ì€€equals€the€total€landfill€area€warranting€collection.€Compliance€also€includes€Ì€€maintaining€a€negative€pressure€at€the€point€where€each€extraction€component€(from€Ì€€the€well€or€trench)€is€connected€to€the€gas€collection€header.€The€EPA€is€proposing€Ì€€two€additional€test€methods€to€use€in€these€compliance€demonstrations€for€the€Ì€€collection€system.€Method€3C€would€be€used€to€measure€nitrogen€(N€sub€2)€in€Ì€€landfill€gas,€in€order€to€determine€if€excessive€air€infiltration€has€occurred.€Ì€€Method€2E€would€be€used€to€determine€the€landfill€gas€flowrate€from€the€landfill.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Compliance€demonstrations€for€open€flares€used€in€control€of€landfill€emissions€Ì€€are€specified€in€40€CFR€60.18.€If€a€control€device€other€than€an€open€flare€Ì€€conforming€to€Sec.€60.18€is€used,€then€the€landfill€owner€or€operator€would€Ì€€demonstrate€compliance€with€the€proposed€standards€or€guidelines€by€testing€to€Ì€€demonstrate€98€percent€emission€reduction€or€an€outlet€NMOC€concentration€of€20€Ì€€parts€per€million€volume,€dry€(ppmvd),€at€3€percent€oxygen€(O€sub€2),€using€Method€Ì€€25,€to€ensure€continued€compliance.€The€landfill€owner€or€operator€would€provide€to€Ì€€the€Administrator€or€State€agency€information€on:€(1)€The€operation€of€the€control€Ì€€device€and€(2)€the€process€parameters€that€would€indicate€whether€the€device€is€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€properly€operated€and€maintained.€The€Administrator€may€request€additional€Ì€€information€if€warranted.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Monitoring€Requirements.€Monitoring€requirements€for€the€gas€collection€system€Ì€€would€include€monthly€measurements€of€gauge€pressure€in€the€gas€collection€header.€Ì€€For€the€control€or€recovery€system,€monitoring€would€be€required€of€parameters€that€Ì€€indicate€the€gas€stream€is€being€continuously€routed€for€destruction€or€recovery€Ì€€and€that€98€percent€emission€reduction€of€NMOC's,€or€20€ppmvd€for€enclosed€Ì€€combustors,€is€being€continuously€achieved.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€G.€Reporting€and€Recordkeeping€RequirementsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€include€initial€notification€provisions.€Ì€€In€addition,€if€the€maximum€design€capacity€of€a€landfill€equals€or€exceeds€100,000€Ì€€Mg€(111,000€tons),€the€owner€or€operator€would€periodically€report€the€NMOC€Ì€€emission€rate€until€such€time€that€either€the€collection€and€control€systems€are€Ì€€installed,€or€the€landfill€closes€permanently.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Under€either€the€proposed€standards€or€guidelines,€there€are€specific€reporting€Ì€€requirements€addressing€the€design€and€installation€of€the€collection€and€control€Ì€€systems.€If€a€collection€system€is€designed€following€the€specifications€in€Sec.€Ì€€60.758,€a€notification€of€intent€to€install€the€system€would€be€required€within€1€Ì€€year€of€the€date€when€the€NMOC€emission€rate€reaches€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€If€an€Ì€€operator€wishes€to€install€a€collection€system€based€on€the€guidance€provided€in€Ì€€chapter€9€of€the€BID,€but€not€conforming€in€all€points€to€the€specifications€in€Ì€€Sec.€60.758,€a€collection€system€design€plan€must€be€submitted€for€review€within€1€Ì€€year€of€the€date€when€the€NMOC€emission€rate€reaches€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€After€the€installation€of€collection€and€control€systems,€a€report€of€the€Ì€€initial€performance€test€and€semiannual€reports€would€be€required€to€verify€proper€Ì€€design,€operation,€and€monitoring€of€the€collection€and€control€systems.€For€those€Ì€€owners€or€operators€installing€a€collection€system€based€on€the€specifications€Ì€€provided€in€Sec.€60.758,€the€initial€performance€test€report€would€include€the€Ì€€provisions€and€time€table€for€adding€wells€as€waste€accumulates.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€regulations€would€also€require€(and€the€proposed€guidelines€would€Ì€€specify)€that€the€following€records€be€maintained:€The€accumulated€refuse€in€place;€Ì€€the€periodic€calculation€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate;€the€collection€system€design€Ì€€(when€applicable),€including€present€and€future€well€or€trench€locations,€depths€Ì€€and€spacing;€the€control€device€vendor€specifications;€the€initial€performance€test€Ì€€results;€and€the€monitoring€parameters€established€during€the€initial€performance€Ì€€test€of€the€control€device.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€H.€Compliance€Times€for€the€GuidelinesÌ€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€The€proposed€emission€guidelines€would€stipulate€that€existing€MSW€landfills€Ì€€emitting€above€the€regulatory€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€should€Ì€€achieve€compliance€with€the€guidelines€for€collection€and€control€systems€within€3€Ì€€years€from€the€time€of€promulgation€of€State€regulations.€The€3-year€time€period€Ì€€allows€90€days€for€the€initial€report;€2€1/2€years€for€further€site-specific€Ì€€testing€(if€elected€by€the€owner€or€operator);€preparation€and€review€of€a€Ì€€collection€system€design€plan;€installation€of€the€collection€and€control€system;€Ì€€and€90€days€for€a€performance€test.€Some€MSW€landfills€may€already€have€collection€Ì€€and€control€systems€in€place,€and€may€already€be€in€compliance€with€the€guidelines€Ì€€or€may€not€require€3€years€to€bring€their€systems€into€compliance,€but€in€most€Ì€€cases€3€years€is€expected€to€be€required.€In€the€case€of€existing€MSW€landfills€Ì€€whose€NMOC€emission€rates€reach€the€regulatory€level€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€Ì€€NMOC's€and€whose€owner€or€operator€elected€to€perform€site-specific€testing€in€Ì€€determining€the€NMOC€emission€rate,€2€years€and€9€months€would€be€required€to€Ì€€achieve€compliance€and€conduct€a€performance€test,€after€the€date€of€the€first€Ì€€periodic€report€documenting€emissions€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€or€more.€Some€Ì€€landfills€could€achieve€compliance€sooner,€if€the€owner€or€operator€elects€to€Ì€€install€collection€and€control€systems€without€first€performing€all€the€site-Ì€€specific€testing€available€for€the€emission€rate€calculation,€or€if€the€testing,€Ì€€design,€or€installation€activities€were€completed€more€quickly€than€expected.€But€Ì€€in€many€cases,€about€2€1/2€years€would€be€needed€to€conduct€site-specific€testing,€Ì€€design€and€install€the€systems,€and€another€90€days€would€be€needed€for€a€Ì€€performance€test.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€3-month€difference€above€is€the€result€of€what€each€time€period€includes.€Ì€€In€the€first€case,€the€NMOC€emission€rate€of€the€existing€landfill€is€already€Ì€€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€when€the€State€regulations€are€promulgated.€After€Ì€€promulgation,€3€months€are€allowed€for€the€submittal€of€the€first€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€calculation,€followed€by€2€years€and€9€months€to€complete€the€installation€and€Ì€€testing€of€the€system.€In€the€second€case,€the€NMOC€emission€rate€has€not€reached€Ì€€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€and€therefore€the€landfill€would€be€filing€NMOC€emission€rate€Ì€€reports€periodically.€The€first€report€is€required€3€months€after€the€promulgation€Ì€€of€the€State€regulations.€Reporting€would€continue€until€the€rate€reaches€150€Mg/yr€Ì€€(167€tpy),€and€then€2€years€and€9€months€are€also€allowed€after€the€report€is€filed€Ì€€to€complete€the€installation€and€testing€of€the€system.€Since€emissions€at€existing€Ì€€landfills€will€increase€at€varying€rates,€the€period€of€time€between€the€Ì€€promulgation€of€the€State€regulations€and€the€emission€rate€report€that€Ì€€''triggers''€the€2€years€and€9€months€will€also€vary€from€landfill€to€landfill.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€III.€Impacts€of€the€Proposed€Standards€and€GuidelinesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Environmental,€energy,€and€economic€impacts€of€NSPS€or€guidelines€are€normally€Ì€€expressed€as€incremental€differences€between€facilities€complying€with€the€Ì€€standards€or€guidelines€as€proposed€and€those€same€facilities€if€no€NSPS€or€Ì€€guidelines€were€in€effect.€The€level€that€assumes€no€NSPS€or€emission€guidelines€is€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€in€place€is€referred€to€as€the€baseline.€At€present,€very€few€States€or€local€air€Ì€€pollution€control€agencies€have€landfill€regulations€that€address€NMOC€air€Ì€€emissions.€Since€few€new€landfills€would€be€affected€by€these€State€or€local€Ì€€regulations,€air€emissions€from€MSW€landfills€are€assumed€to€be€uncontrolled€in€the€Ì€€baseline.€The€environmental,€energy,€and€economic€impacts€were€computed€relative€to€Ì€€this€baseline.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€For€most€NSPS€and€emission€guidelines,€impacts€are€expressed€in€annual€terms.€Ì€€In€the€case€of€the€NSPS€and€guidelines€for€landfills,€the€proposed€regulations€Ì€€require€controls€at€a€given€landfill€only€after€the€increasing€NMOC€emission€rate€Ì€€reaches€the€level€of€the€regulatory€cutoff.€Additionally,€the€proposed€regulations€Ì€€allow€the€collection€and€control€devices€to€be€shut€down€at€each€landfill€after€Ì€€certain€criteria€are€met.€Therefore,€at€two€different€points€in€time,€even€though€Ì€€those€points€may€be€only€a€year€or€two€apart,€control€may€or€may€not€be€required€at€Ì€€a€given€landfill.€Controls€would€not€be€required€over€the€same€time€period€for€all€Ì€€landfills.€The€impacts€are€a€direct€result€of€control;€therefore,€the€annualized€Ì€€numbers€for€any€impact€change€from€year€to€year.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Because€of€the€variability€of€impacts€of€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€Ì€€over€time,€EPA€has€judged€that€the€net€present€value€(NPV)€of€an€impact€is€a€more€Ì€€valuable€tool€in€the€decision€process€for€landfills.€The€use€of€NPV€allows€for€the€Ì€€evaluation€of€nationwide€costs€and€benefits€which€occur€over€discrete€time€periods€Ì€€for€individual€sources.€Thus,€the€impacts€presented€include€both€annualized€Ì€€estimates€(and€fifth€year€annualized€impacts)€and€estimates€expressed€in€terms€NPV€Ì€€in€1992.€The€use€of€NPV€is€noted€in€the€text.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€A.€AirÌ€€Ì€€€€€€For€new€landfills€(i.e.,€those€projected€to€begin€construction€after€today's€Ì€€date),€the€undiscounted€NMOC€emission€reduction€achievable€under€the€proposed€Ì€€standards€is€estimated€to€be€4,080€Mg/yr€(4,510€tpy)€in€1997,€which€reflects€Ì€€reductions€from€baseline€emissions€of€9,250€Mg/yr€(10,200€tpy)€from€refuse€Ì€€estimated€to€be€in€place€in€new€landfills€built€between€1992€and€1997.€Control€of€Ì€€87,800€Mg/yr€(96,700€tpy)€methane€is€also€achieved€from€a€baseline€of€471,000€Mg/yr€Ì€€(519,000€tpy).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€For€existing€landfills,€the€undiscounted€NMOC€emission€reduction€achievable€Ì€€under€the€proposed€guidelines€is€estimated€to€be€404,000€Mg/yr€(448,000€tpy)€in€Ì€€1997,€a€79€percent€reduction€from€a€baseline€of€506,000€Mg/yr€(557,000€tpy)€with€Ì€€the€methane€reduction€estimated€to€be€9,600,000€Mg/yr€(10,500,000€tpy).€Baseline€Ì€€methane€emissions€are€estimated€to€be€18,100,000€Mg/yr€(19,900,000€tpy)€in€1997.€As€Ì€€existing€landfills€are€filled,€closed,€and€replaced€by€new€landfills,€the€emissions€Ì€€reductions€achieved€by€the€guidelines€will€decrease,€while€the€reductions€achieved€Ì€€by€the€standards€will€rise€proportionately.€These€emissions€reductions€are€Ì€€summarized€in€Table€1.€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€Table€1.-Summary€of€Nationwide€Cost€Estimates€and€Energy€ImpactsÌ€€€for€Collection€and€Control€of€Air€Emissions€From€New€and€ExistingÌ€€€MSW€Landfills€at€a€Stringency€Level€of€150€Mg/Yr€sup€aÌ€€€Ì€€€Potential€emissions€reduction:Ì€€€€€Net€present€value€(10€sup€6€Mg€NMOC)Ì€€€€€€€New€landfills€€€€€€€€€0.76Ì€€€€€€€Existing€landfills€€€€11Ì€€€€€5th€year€annualized€value€(10€sup€5€Mg€NMOC)Ì€€€€€€€New€landfills€€€€€€€€€30Ì€€€€€€€Existing€landfills€€€€183Ì€€€Ì€€€Nationwide€cost€of€collection/control€(flare):Ì€€€€€Net€present€value€($10€sup€6)Ì€€€€€€€New€landfills€€€€€€€€€776Ì€€€€€€€Existing€landfills€€€€5,871Ì€€€€€5th€year€annualized€value€($10€sup€6)Ì€€€€€€€New€landfills€€€€€€€€€26Ì€€€€€€€Existing€landfills€€€€246Ì€€€Ì€€€Nationwide€net€energy€impacts:Ì€€€€€Energy€required-flares:€Net€present€value€(10€sup€6€Btu)Ì€€€€€€€New€landfills€€€€€€€€€109,000Ì€€€€€€€Existing€landfills€€€€810,000Ì€€€€€Energy€Recovery-Gas€Turbines:€Net€present€value€(10€sup€6€Btu)Ì€€€€€€€New€landfills€€€€€€€€€5.7X10€sup€8Ì€€€€€€€Existing€landfills€€€€4.2X10€sup€9Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€a€Net€present€value€is€presented€in€1992€terms.€The€5th€yearÌ€€€is€assumed€to€be€1997,€if€these€standards€are€promulgated€inÌ€€€1992.€One€Mg€equals€1.11€tons.Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€comparison€to€the€President's€proposed€initiative€of€planting€a€billion€Ì€€trees€a€year€in€response€to€climate€change,€based€on€carbon€dioxide€(CO€sub€2)€Ì€€emissions,€EPA€has€roughly€estimated€(in€1992€dollars)€that€1.1€to€2.0€billion€Ì€€trees€would€need€to€be€planted€at€a€cost€of€0.57€to€1.1€billion€dollars€in€order€to€Ì€€achieve€an€equivalent€reduction€in€CO€sub€2€as€achieved€by€today's€proposal.€While€Ì€€EPA€has€attempted€to€quantify€the€relationship€between€the€President's€tree€Ì€€planting€initiative€and€the€equivalent€CO€sub€2€reduction€achievable€in€this€Ì€€proposal,€it€should€be€noted€that€ancillary€benefits€associated€with€planting€trees€Ì€€(such€as€the€establishment€of€shade€and€wildlife€habitat)€could€not€be€quantified.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Carbon€dioxide€is€also€an€important€greenhouse€gas€contributing€to€climate€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€change.€Under€the€proposed€standard,€annual€CO€sub€2€emissions€would€increase,€Ì€€proportional€to€the€relative€use€of€flares€compared€to€energy€recovery€for€control.€Ì€€It€should€be€noted,€however,€that€methane€contributes€considerably€more€to€climate€Ì€€change€on€a€weight€basis€than€CO€sub€2.€Thus,€the€reduction€of€methane€emissions€is€Ì€€expected€to€have€a€positive€impact€on€global€climate€change.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Many€constitutents€of€MSW€landfill€emissions€are€carcinogenic€or€can€cause€Ì€€other€adverse€health€effects.€The€reduction€in€landfill€emissions€would€result€in€a€Ì€€reduction€of€these€risks€from€exposure€to€these€constituents.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€use€of€energy€recovery€devices€for€the€control€of€MSW€landfill€emissions€Ì€€has€the€potential€to€reduce€secondary€air€impacts€at€coal-fired€utility€plants.€Ì€€This€is€because€the€air€impacts€of€coal-fired€energy€generation€are€larger€than€Ì€€those€of€landfill€gas-fired€energy€generation.€Since€EPA€cannot€reliably€predict€Ì€€how€many€owners€or€operators€would€elect€to€use€energy€recovery,€the€magnitude€of€Ì€€this€potential€impact€cannot€be€quantified€at€this€time.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Certain€by-product€emissions,€such€as€nitrogen€oxides€(NO€sub€x),€carbon€Ì€€monoxide€(CO),€NMOC's,€sulfur€oxides€(SO€sub€x),€and€particulates,€may€be€generated€Ì€€by€the€combustion€devices€used€to€reduce€air€emissions€from€MSW€landfills.€The€Ì€€types€and€quantities€of€these€by-product€emissions€vary€depending€on€the€control€Ì€€device.€However,€by-product€emissions€are€very€low€compared€to€the€achievable€NMOC€Ì€€and€methane€emission€reductions.€Chapters€4€and€6€of€the€BID€present€additional€Ì€€information€about€the€magnitude€of€potential€secondary€air€impacts.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€B.€Other€Environmental€ImpactsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Water.€Landfill€leachate€is€the€primary€potential€source€of€water€pollution€Ì€€from€an€uncontrolled€landfill.€Although€there€is€no€data€on€the€effect€of€gas€Ì€€collection€on€leachate€composition,€the€amount€of€water€pollution€present€as€NMOC's€Ì€€in€the€leachate€may€be€reduced€under€these€standards€and€guidelines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€When€landfill€gas€is€collected,€organics€and€water€are€condensed€inside€the€Ì€€header€pipes€of€the€gas€collection€system.€This€waste€also€contains€NMOC's€and€Ì€€various€toxic€substances€present€in€the€landfill€gas.€The€pH€of€this€condensate€is€Ì€€normally€adjusted€by€adding€caustic€at€the€landfill€and€then€routing€it€to€a€public€Ì€€treatment€facility.€This€does€increase€the€amount€of€these€substances€entering€the€Ì€€public€water€supply.€There€is€insufficient€data€available€to€quantify€this€effect€Ì€€at€this€time.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Solid€Waste.€The€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€will€likely€have€little€Ì€€impact€on€the€quantity€of€solid€waste€generated€nationwide.€The€required€controls€Ì€€do€not€generate€any€solid€waste.€However,€the€increased€cost€of€landfill€operation€Ì€€resulting€from€the€proposed€control€requirements€may€cause€greater€use€of€waste€Ì€€recycling€and€other€alternatives€to€landfill€disposal,€but€quantification€of€such€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€an€impact€is€not€possible€at€this€time.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Implications€of€the€Rulemaking€for€Superfund.€Municipal€solid€waste€landfill€Ì€€sites€comprise€approximately€20€percent€of€the€sites€placed€by€EPA€on€the€National€Ì€€Priorities€List€(NPL).€Often,€remedial€actions€selected€at€these€sites€include€Ì€€venting€methane€and€volatile€organic€contaminants,€and€airborne€emissions€are€Ì€€treated€if€determined€necessary€to€protect€human€health€and€the€environment.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€emission€standards€and€guidelines€in€this€rule€may€affect€remedial€actions€Ì€€under€Superfund€for€MSW€landfills.€Section€121(d)(2)€of€the€Comprehensive€Ì€€Environmental€Response€Compensation€and€Liability€Act€(CERCLA)€requires€compliance€Ì€€with€the€substantive€standards€of€applicable€or€relevant€and€appropriate€Ì€€requirements€(ARAR's)€of€certain€provisions€in€other€environmental€laws€when€Ì€€selecting€and€implementing€on-site€remedial€actions.€''Applicable''€requirements€Ì€€specifically€address€a€hazardous€substance,€pollutant,€contaminant,€remedial€Ì€€action,€location,€or€other€circumstance€at€a€Superfund€site.€''Relevant€and€Ì€€appropriate''€requirements€are€not€legally€applicable,€but€may€address€problems€or€Ì€€situations€sufficiently€similar€to€those€encountered€so€that€their€use€is€well€Ì€€suited€to€a€particular€site.€See€40€CFR€300.5€(55€FR€8814,€8817,€March€8,€1990).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€As€stated€in€this€preamble,€the€air€emission€regulations€will€apply€to€new€MSW€Ì€€landfills,€as€well€as€to€those€facilities€that€have€accepted€waste€since€November€Ì€€8,€1987,€or€that€have€capacity€available€for€future€use.€For€CERCLA€municipal€Ì€€landfill€remediations,€these€requirements€would€be€potential€ARAR's€for€all€Records€Ì€€of€Decision€(ROD's)€signed€after€the€rules'€promulgation€date.€The€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines€in€this€rulemaking,€once€promulgated,€will€be€applicable€for€those€Ì€€municipal€landfill€sites€on€the€NPL€that€accepted€waste€on€or€after€November€8,€Ì€€1987,€or€that€are€operating€and€have€capacity€for€future€use.€The€standards€may€be€Ì€€determined€relevant€and€appropriate€for€sites€that€accepted€wastes€prior€to€Ì€€November€8,€1987.€The€determination€of€relevance€and€appropriateness€is€made€on€a€Ì€€site-specific€basis€pursuant€to€40€CFR€300.400(g)€(55€FR€8841,€March€8,€1990).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Energy.€Regulated€landfills€with€NMOC€emission€rates€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€or€Ì€€more€would€be€required€to€install€a€gas€collection€system€and€control€device.€The€Ì€€gas€collection€system€would€require€a€relatively€small€amount€of€energy€to€run€the€Ì€€blowers€and€the€pumps.€If€a€flare€is€used€for€control,€auxiliary€fuel€should€not€be€Ì€€necessary€because€of€the€high€heat€content€of€landfill€gas,€commonly€1.86X10€sup€7€Ì€€Joules€per€standard€cubic€meter€(J/scm)€500€British€thermal€units€per€standard€Ì€€cubic€foot€(Btu/scf)€or€more.€If€a€recovery€device€such€as€a€gas€turbine€is€used,€Ì€€an€energy€savings€would€result.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€evaluated€the€overall€energy€impacts€resulting€from€the€use€of€flares€Ì€€or€gas€turbines€for€control€of€collected€emissions€at€all€affected€landfills.€The€Ì€€results€of€this€analysis€are€presented€below.€The€impacts€are€expressed€as€NPV€in€Ì€€1992.Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€If€all€new€landfills€opening€between€1992€and€1997€requiring€control€use€Ì€€flares,€the€annualized€energy€requirements€would€be€equivalent€to€about€543€barrels€Ì€€per€year€of€No.€6€fuel€oil.€If€all€new€controlled€landfills€are€equipped€with€gas€Ì€€turbines,€the€energy€to€run€the€blowers€and€pumps€would€be€offset€by€the€recovery€Ì€€of€the€methane,€resulting€in€annualized€energy€savings€of€approximately€2.8€million€Ì€€barrels€per€year€of€No.€6€fuel€oil.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€If€all€existing€controlled€landfills€use€flares,€the€annualized€energy€Ì€€requirements€would€be€equivalent€to€about€4,030€barrels€per€year€of€No.€6€fuel€oil.€Ì€€If€all€existing€controlled€landfills€are€equipped€with€gas€turbines,€the€annualized€Ì€€energy€savings€is€approximately€21€million€barrels€per€year€of€No.€6€fuel€oil.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€actual€energy€impact€for€either€new€or€existing€landfills€would€be€Ì€€somewhere€between€the€values€for€flares€and€gas€turbines.€Even€the€worst-case€Ì€€scenario€results€in€a€very€small€energy€requirement,€considering€that€domestic€oil€Ì€€use€is€currently€in€the€range€of€15€to€20€million€barrels€per€day€or€5€to€7€billion€Ì€€barrels€per€year.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€C.€Control€Costs€and€Economic€ImpactsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Nationwide€annualized€costs€estimates€for€collection€and€control€of€air€Ì€€emissions€from€new€MSW€landfills€are€estimated€to€be€$26€million.€The€nationwide€Ì€€cost€of€the€proposed€guidelines€would€be€approximately€$240€million.€In€comparison€Ì€€to€other€solid€waste-related€proposals,€the€nationwide€costs€of€the€recently€Ì€€proposed€RCRA€Subtitle€D€rule€are€estimated€to€range€from€$691€per€year€to€$880€Ì€€million€per€year€and€the€estimated€nationwide€costs€of€the€recently€promulgated€MWC€Ì€€rules€are€estimated€to€be€$170€million€per€year€for€new€combustors€and€$302€million€Ì€€per€year€for€existing€combustors.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Preliminary€economic€analysis€indicates€that€the€annual€cost€of€waste€disposal€Ì€€may€increase€by€an€average€of€less€than€$1€per€ton€for€the€proposed€NSPS€and€the€Ì€€proposed€guidelines.€Costs€per€household€would€increase€less€than€$3€to€$5,€when€Ì€€the€household€is€served€by€a€new€or€existing€landfill,€respectively.€Additionally,€Ì€€less€than€10€percent€of€the€households€would€face€annual€increases€of€$30€or€more€Ì€€per€household€as€a€result€of€the€proposed€NSPS€and€guidelines.€However,€EPA€Ì€€anticipates€that€many€landfills€will€elect€energy€recovery€systems,€and€costs€per€Ì€€household€for€those€areas€would€be€less.€The€EPA€has€concluded€that€no€households€Ì€€would€incur€severe€economic€impacts.€For€additional€information,€please€refer€to€Ì€€the€regulatory€impact€analysis€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€II-F-1).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€IV.€Rationale€for€the€Standards€and€Guidelines€for€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Ì€€Landfill€EmissionsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€A.€BackgroundÐ   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€The€regulation€of€MSW€landfill€emissions€originally€was€considered€during€Ì€€deliberations€under€a€RCRA€Subtitle€D€rulemaking.€In€1987,€the€Administrator€Ì€€decided€to€regulate€these€emissions€under€the€authority€of€the€CAA.€This€decision€Ì€€was€announced€in€the€Federal€Register€on€August€30,€1988€(53€FR€33314).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Today's€action€proposes€standards€under€the€regulatory€authority€of€section€Ì€€111(b),€which€will€regulate€new€landfills€which€commence€construction€after€today's€Ì€€date,€and€emissions€guidelines€under€the€authority€of€section€111(d),€which€will€Ì€€regulate€existing€landfills.€The€source€of€landfill€emissions€is€essentially€the€Ì€€same€at€both€new€and€existing€landfills;€therefore,€in€general,€the€control€of€Ì€€these€emissions€would€be€the€same€as€well.€Throughout€this€preamble,€where€clear€Ì€€distinctions€arise,€the€rationales€for€the€EPA€actions€affecting€new€and€existing€Ì€€landfills€are€discussed€separately.€Otherwise,€the€discussion€applies€to€the€Ì€€proposed€standards€and€emission€guidelines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€B.€Selection€of€the€Source€CategoryÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€is€proposing€to€list€MSW€landfills€as€a€source€category€which€causes,€Ì€€or€contributes€to,€air€pollution€that€endangers€public€health€or€welfare.€This€Ì€€decision€is€based€on€evidence€from€EPA€and€State€studies€that€MSW€landfills€release€Ì€€air€pollutants€that€have€adverse€effects€on€both€public€health€and€welfare.€In€this€Ì€€section€of€the€preamble,€EPA€discusses€this€evidence.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Municipal€solid€waste€landfill€emissions€consist€primarily€of€methane€and€CO€Ì€€sub€2,€with€trace€amounts€of€more€than€100€different€NMOC's€such€as€ethane,€Ì€€toluene,€and€benzene.€These€emissions,€commonly€called€''landfill€gas,''€are€formed€Ì€€from€the€anaerobic€decomposition€of€the€refuse€in€MSW€landfills.€The€landfill€gas€Ì€€is€generated€by€naturally€occurring€methanogens€that€decompose€complex€organic€Ì€€materials€into€organic€compounds€of€lower€molecular€weight.€The€methane€in€the€Ì€€landfills€acts€as€a€stripping€(or€transport)€gas,€moving€the€NMOC's€present€in€the€Ì€€landfills€through€the€landfill€to€the€atmosphere.€There€are€several€concerns€for€Ì€€public€health€and€welfare€associated€with€emissions€from€MSW€landfills.€These€Ì€€landfill€gas€emissions€have€adverse€health€and€welfare€effects€resulting€from€Ì€€NMOC's.€These€NMOC's€contribute€to€ozone€formation;€some€are€known€or€suspected€Ì€€carcinogens€or€cause€other€noncancer€health€effects.€The€NMOC's€in€landfill€gas€Ì€€emissions€can€cause€an€odor€nuisance€and€the€methane€has€caused€explosions€and€Ì€€fires€resulting€from€its€migration€to€on-and€off-site€structures€or€enclosures.€In€Ì€€addition,€the€proposed€rule€will€have€the€ancillary€benefit€of€reducing€methane,€a€Ì€€gas€under€discussion€by€the€Intergovernmental€Negotiating€Committee€for€a€Framework€Ì€€Convention€on€Climate€Change,€convened€by€the€United€Nations.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Emission€Estimates.€Estimates€taken€from€''The€Office€of€Solid€Waste€Survey€of€Ì€€Municipal€Landfills''€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€II-A-25),€a€database€developed€Ì€€from€a€MSW€landfill€survey€conducted€in€1986,€indicate€that€there€were€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€approximately€6,000€active€MSW€landfills€nationwide€in€1987.€The€EPA€estimates€that€Ì€€NMOC€emissions€from€these€landfills€total€approximately€255,000€Mg/yr€(283,000€Ì€€tpy).€The€NMOC's€are€primarily€volatile€organic€compounds€(VOC's)€contributing€to€Ì€€the€ambient€ozone€problem.€Roughly€1.0€percent€of€the€NMOC€emissions€from€Ì€€stationary€sources€nationwide€are€emitted€by€MSW€landfills.€Additionally,€methane€Ì€€emissions€from€MSW€landfills€nationwide€total€approximately€10.5€million€Mg/yr€(12€Ì€€million€tpy).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€predicts€that€in€the€first€5€years€after€the€NSPS€goes€into€effect,€Ì€€about€940€new€landfills€will€be€built€to€accommodate€increasing€waste€production€Ì€€and€replace€existing€landfills€that€reach€capacity€and€close.€Total€NMOC€emissions€Ì€€from€these€new€landfills€would€be€over€52,000€Mg/yr€(58,000€tpy)€when€they€are€Ì€€filled€to€design€capacity.€While€it€is€difficult€to€project€the€actual€number€of€Ì€€new€landfills,€the€emission€estimate€is€mainly€a€function€of€the€amount€of€waste€Ì€€generated.€Therefore,€uncertainty€about€the€number€of€new€landfills€does€not€Ì€€greatly€affect€the€estimate€of€the€quantity€of€emissions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Health€Effects.€The€NMOC's€present€several€hazards€to€human€health.€The€NMOC's€Ì€€participate€in€chemical€reactions€leading€to€the€formation€of€ozone,€which€causes€Ì€€health€effects.€Also,€certain€NMOC's€have€cancer€risks€and€cause€noncancer€health€Ì€€effects.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Ozone€is€created€by€sunlight€acting€on€NO€sub€x€and€NMOC's€in€ambient€air.€Ì€€Ozone€leads€to€alterations€in€pulmonary€function,€aggravation€of€pre-existing€Ì€€respiratory€disease,€damage€to€lung€structure,€and€adverse€effects€on€blood€Ì€€enzymes,€the€central€nervous€system,€and€endocrine€systems.€Ozone€also€warrants€Ì€€control€due€to€its€welfare€effects,€specifically,€reduced€plant€growth,€decreased€Ì€€crop€yield,€necrosis€of€plant€tissue,€and€deterioration€of€certain€synthetic€Ì€€materials€such€as€rubber€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€Nos.€II-A-26,€II-I-16,€etc.).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€There€is€also€concern€about€cancer€risks€from€landfill€NMOC€emissions.€In€Ì€€reviewing€limited€emissions€data€from€MSW€landfills,€EPA€identified€both€known€and€Ì€€suspected€carcinogens€such€as€benzene,€carbon€tetrachloride,€chloroform,€ethylene€Ì€€dichloride,€methylene€dichloride,€perchloroethylene,€trichloroethylene,€vinyl€Ì€€chloride,€and€vinylidene€chloride.€However,€toxics€emissions€data€were€not€Ì€€available€from€most€MSW€landfills.€The€EPA€attempted€to€apply€statistical€methods€Ì€€to€the€limited€data€to€generate€the€average€annual€increased€cancer€incidence€and€Ì€€the€maximum€individual€risk€(MIR).€In€evaluating€the€results€of€the€calculations€Ì€€for€annual€incidence€and€MIR,€EPA€could€not€determine€reasonable€estimates€of€Ì€€either€an€annual€incidence€or€the€MIR.€The€EPA€believes€the€uncertainties€in€the€Ì€€database€are€too€great€to€calculate€credible€estimates€of€the€cancer€risks€Ì€€associated€with€MSW€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€At€least€12€pollutants,€such€as€benzene,€chloroform,€and€ethylene€dichloride,€Ì€€contained€in€MSW€landfill€emissions,€have€the€potential€to€produce€health€effects€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€other€than€cancer.€Noncancer€health€effects€associated€with€these€pollutants€Ì€€include€adverse€effects€on€the€kidneys,€liver,€and€central€nervous€system.€A€Ì€€qualitative€discussion€of€noncancer€health€effects€is€presented€in€chapter€2€of€the€Ì€€BID.€However,€due€to€limitations€in€the€data€describing€the€link€between€emissions€Ì€€and€these€effects,€EPA€is€unable€to€quantify€the€noncancer€health€effects€at€this€Ì€€time.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€After€considering€what€statutory€approach€to€use€in€regulating€MSW€landfill€Ì€€emissions,€EPA€announced€the€decision€to€regulate€these€emissions€under€section€111€Ì€€of€the€CAA€in€the€Federal€Register€on€August€30,€1988€(53€FR€33314).€When€this€Ì€€decision€was€made,€EPA€was€cognizant€that€section€112€of€the€CAA€(which€can€be€used€Ì€€to€develop€NESHAP)€could€have€been€used.€However,€given€the€uncertainty€and€Ì€€difficulty€in€setting€standards€under€section€112,€EPA€decided€to€proceed€with€Ì€€standards€development€under€section€111.€Now€that€EPA€is€proposing€standards€to€Ì€€regulate€MSW€landfills,€EPA€has€found€no€reason€to€change€that€initial€decision€to€Ì€€regulate€these€emissions€under€section€111€of€the€CAA.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Fire€and€Explosion.€A€third€reason€MSW€landfill€emissions€warrant€control€is€Ì€€the€well-documented€danger€of€fires€and€explosions,€both€on-and€off-site.€Ì€€Decomposition€of€the€wastes€in€landfills€produces€explosive€methane€gas.€If€this€Ì€€methane€migrates€and€accumulates€in€structures€or€pockets,€such€as€basements,€crawl-Ì€€€spaces,€utility€closets,€or€false€ceilings,€fires€and/or€explosions€can€result.€Ì€€The€EPA€has€documented€many€cases€of€acute€injury€and€death€caused€by€explosions€Ì€€and€fires€related€to€municipal€landfill€gas€emissions.€In€addition€to€these€health€Ì€€effects,€the€associated€property€damage€is€a€welfare€effect.€Furthermore,€when€the€Ì€€migration€of€methane€and€the€ensuing€hazard€are€identified,€adjacent€property€Ì€€values€can€be€adversely€affected€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€Nos.€II-I-6,€II-I-7,€Ì€€etc.).€Subtitle€D€of€RCRA€will€require€owners€and€operators€of€MSW€landfills€to€Ì€€monitor€for€methane€to€ensure€that€the€concentration€of€methane€gas€does€not€exceed€Ì€€either:€(1)€25€percent€of€the€lower€explosive€limit€in€facility€structures,€or€(2)€Ì€€the€lower€explosive€level€as€the€property€border.€If€either€level€is€exceeded,€the€Ì€€owner€or€operator€would€be€required€to€develop€and€implement€a€methane€reduction€Ì€€plan.€The€control€of€air€emissions€under€the€CAA,€which€will€result€in€reduced€Ì€€levels€of€methane,€thus€reducing€the€potential€for€fires€and€explosions,€will€Ì€€complement€the€RCRA€provisions.€The€risk€of€fire€or€explosion€has€not€been€Ì€€quantified€due€to€the€difficulty€in€describing€emission€levels€which€can€be€Ì€€causally€linked€to€these€effects.€Chapter€2€of€the€BID€describes€these€effects€in€Ì€€greater€detail€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€III-B-1).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Odor.€Another€aspect€of€MSW€landfill€emissions€is€the€offensive€odor€associated€Ì€€with€landfills.€While€the€nature€of€the€wastes€themselves€contribute€to€the€problem€Ì€€of€odor,€the€gaseous€decomposition€products€are€often€characteristically€malodorous€Ì€€and€unpleasant.€Various€welfare€effects€may€be€associated€with€odors,€but€due€to€Ì€€the€subjective€nature€of€the€impact€and€perception€of€odor,€it€is€difficult€to€Ì€€quantify€these€effects.€Studies€indicate€that€unpleasant€odors€can€discourage€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€capital€investment€and€lower€the€socioeconomic€status€of€an€area.€Odors€have€been€Ì€€shown€to€interfere€with€daily€activities,€discourage€facility€use,€and€lead€to€a€Ì€€decline€in€property€values,€tax€revenues,€and€payrolls€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€Ì€€Nos.€11-I-6,€11-I-7,€etc.).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Global€Climate€Change.€An€ancillary€benefit€from€regulating€air€emissions€from€Ì€€MSW€landfills€is€a€reduction€in€the€contribution€of€MSW€landfill€emissions€to€Ì€€global€emissions€of€methane.€Methane€is€a€major€greenhouse€gas,€and€is€20€to€30€Ì€€times€more€potent€than€CO€sub€2€on€a€molecule-per-molecule€basis.€This€is€due€to€Ì€€the€radiative€characteristics€of€methane€and€other€effects€methane€has€on€Ì€€atmospheric€chemistry.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€There€is€a€general€concern€within€the€scientific€community€that€the€increasing€Ì€€emissions€of€greenhouse€gases€could€lead€to€climate€change,€although€the€rate€and€Ì€€magnitude€of€these€changes€are€uncertain.€Efforts€to€reduce€the€uncertainties€Ì€€regarding€the€science€of€global€climate€change€are€ongoing€within€EPA€and€within€Ì€€the€international€community.€This€rule€produces€the€ancillary€benefit€of€reducing€Ì€€methane€emissions,€a€gas€under€discussion€by€the€Intergovernmental€Negotiating€Ì€€Committee€for€a€Framework€Convention€on€Climate€Change€convened€by€the€United€Ì€€Nations,€whether€landfill€owners€and€operators€comply€with€the€proposed€standards€Ì€€through€the€use€of€control€processes€based€on€combustion€or€based€on€recovery.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Conclusion.€In€light€of€the€level€of€emissions€and€potential€public€health€and€Ì€€welfare€effects€described€above,€EPA€proposes€to€list€MSW€landfills€as€a€source€Ì€€category€under€section€111(b)(1)(A)€of€the€CAA.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€C.€Selection€of€the€Designated€PollutantÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Today's€notice€designates€air€emissions€from€MSW€landfills,€hereafter€referred€Ì€€to€as€''MSW€landfill€emissions,''€as€the€air€pollutant€to€be€controlled.€The€EPA€Ì€€views€these€emissions€as€a€complex€aggregate€of€pollutants€which€together€pose€a€Ì€€threat€to€public€health€and€welfare€based€on€the€combined€adverse€effects€of€the€Ì€€various€components.€As€previously€stated,€these€components€are€methane€and€NMOC's,€Ì€€including€various€toxic€substances.€A€number€of€factors€determine€the€specific€Ì€€proportion€of€each€constituent€of€MSW€landfill€emissions,€such€as€the€composition,€Ì€€age,€and€amount€of€waste€in€the€landfill,€moisture€content€and€pH€of€the€refuse,€Ì€€climate,€and€the€presence€of€nutrients€and/or€toxic€substances€in€the€landfill.€Ì€€Landfill€management€practices,€such€as€waste€segregation,€may€also€affect€the€Ì€€composition€of€the€emissions€generated.€Given€the€variability€of€these€factors,€the€Ì€€exact€composition€of€MSW€landfill€emissions€can€vary€significantly€from€landfill€to€Ì€€landfill€and€over€time.€Although€the€types€of€compounds€are€typically€the€same,€the€Ì€€complex€mixture€cannot€be€characterized€quantitatively€in€terms€of€single€Ì€€pollutants.€The€EPA€thus€views€the€complex€air€emission€mixture€from€landfills€to€Ì€€constitute€a€single€designated€pollutant.Ì€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€The€EPA€has€determined€that€this€mixture,€MSW€landfill€emissions,€will€be€Ì€€designated€and€regulated€under€sections€111(b)€and€111(d)€of€the€CAA.€Section€111€Ì€€standards€can€address€a€broad€range€of€sources€and€pollutants€''€which€may€Ì€€reasonably€be€expected€to€endanger€public€health€or€welfare.''€Municipal€solid€Ì€€waste€landfill€emissions€are€designated€on€the€basis€of€both€the€health€and€welfare€Ì€€impacts€described€in€the€previous€section.€Although€different€effects€may€result€Ì€€from€different€individual€constituents€of€the€landfill€gas,€the€constituents€are€Ì€€emitted€together€and€the€same€control€technologies€will€control€all€the€Ì€€constituents€of€MSW€landfill€emissions.€Therefore,€control€of€these€constituents€Ì€€can€be€achieved€through€regulation€of€''MSW€landfill€emissions.''€Furthermore,€MSW€Ì€€landfill€emissions€may€contain€100€or€more€individual€compounds.€Although€it€would€Ì€€be€theoretically€possible€to€measure€all€of€the€components,€such€a€task€would€be€Ì€€extremely€burdensome,€expensive,€and€impractical.€The€standards€and€guidelines€EPA€Ì€€is€proposing€provide€a€high€level€of€control€of€total€MSW€landfill€emissions,€and€Ì€€avoid€the€administrative€burden€and€expense€of€measuring€all€components€of€MSW€Ì€€landfill€emissions€by€using€NMOC€concentration€as€a€surrogate€measure.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€conclusion,€today's€notice€proposes€to€regulate€air€emissions€from€MSW€Ì€€landfills€as€a€designated€pollutant€by€the€addition€of€subpart€WWW€to€40€CFR€part€Ì€€60.€This€action€is€warranted€by€the€potential€for€adverse€health€and€welfare€Ì€€effects€posed€by€MSW€landfill€emissions€as€described€above€under€section€B,€Ì€€''Selection€of€the€Source€Category.''Ì€€Ì€€€€€€D.€Selection€of€the€Affected€and€Designated€FacilitiesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€In€summary,€EPA€is€proposing€that€the€affected€facility€for€regulating€new€Ì€€sources€under€section€111(b)€of€the€CAA€is€each€MSW€landfill€that€commences€Ì€€construction€on€or€after€today's€date.€Additionally,€today's€notice€proposes€that€Ì€€the€designated€facility€for€regulating€existing€sources€under€section€111(d)€is€Ì€€each€existing€MSW€landfill€(i.e.,€landfill€that€commenced€construction€before€Ì€€today's€date),€if€it€was€receiving€waste€at€any€time€since€November€8,€1987,€or€has€Ì€€additional€capacity€which€may€be€filled€in€the€future.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Landfills€are€also€regulated€under€subtitles€C€and€D€of€the€Resource€Ì€€Conservation€and€Recovery€Act€(RCRA).€Hazardous€waste€is€regulated€under€subtitle€Ì€€C,€and€in€general,€household€and€nonhazardous€wastes€are€regulated€under€subtitle€Ì€€D.€The€proposed€NSPS,€however,€has€been€developed€under€the€authority€of€the€CAA.€Ì€€Under€RCRA,€a€landfill€means€an€area€of€land€or€an€excavation€in€which€wastes€are€Ì€€placed€for€permanent€disposal,€and€which€is€not€a€land€application€unit,€surface€Ì€€impoundment,€injection€well,€or€waste€pile.€The€Resource€Conservation€and€Recovery€Ì€€Act€further€defines€an€MSW€landfill€as€any€landfill€or€landfill€unit€that€receives€Ì€€household€waste.€This€landfill€may€also€receive€other€types€of€subtitle€D€wastes,€Ì€€such€as€commercial€waste,€nonhazardous€sewage€sludge€from€publicly€owned€treatment€Ì€€works,€construction/demolition€waste,€and€industrial€solid€waste.Ì€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€In€defining€the€affected€facility€as€part€of€an€NSPS€for€an€industrial€source€Ì€€category,€EPA€typically€determines€which€emission€point€or€group€of€points€is€the€Ì€€appropriate€unit€(the€source)€for€separate€emissions€standards€in€the€particular€Ì€€industrial€context€involved.€Today's€proposal€defines€the€affected€facility€as€the€Ì€€entire€landfill€rather€than€any€subdivision€of€the€landfill€such€as€an€individual€Ì€€cell.€An€''entire€landfill''€is€the€total€landfill€property€designated€for€solid€Ì€€waste€disposal€irrespective€of€subdividing€access€roads€or€multiple€ownership.€The€Ì€€entire€landfill€is€appropriately€covered€by€the€proposed€standard€because€the€Ì€€emissions€potential€of€the€landfill,€and€the€magnitude€of€the€associated€health€and€Ì€€welfare€effects,€are€determined€by€the€total€area€in€which€refuse€is€deposited.€Ì€€Additionally,€the€controls€and€their€costs€estimated€for€this€proposal€are€also€Ì€€associated€with€the€entire€landfill€rather€than€with€any€smaller€subdivision.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€establishing€111(d)€guidelines€for€existing€sources,€EPA€typically€defines€Ì€€''designated€facilities''€(see€40€CFR€60.21(b)).€For€the€same€reasons€described€in€Ì€€selection€of€the€affected€facility,€the€designated€facility€is€the€entire€landfill.€Ì€€In€considering€how€to€define€the€designated€facility€under€section€111(d),€EPA€Ì€€specifically€evaluated€the€applicability€of€the€guideline€to€inactive€landfills.€Ì€€Unlike€manufacturing€facilities,€which€typically€cease€emissions€once€they€have€Ì€€closed,€a€landfill€will€generate€landfill€gas€long€after€closure,€in€some€cases€as€Ì€€long€as€100€years.€During€the€development€of€today's€proposed€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines,€EPA€found€that€a€typical€landfill€is€likely€to€generate€landfill€gas€at€Ì€€a€maximum€rate€at,€or€soon€after,€closure€and€that€the€generation€rate€would€Ì€€steadily€decline€thereafter.€At€some€time€after€closure,€emissions€will€no€longer€Ì€€be€a€concern.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Control€of€closed€landfills€would€pose€a€number€of€administrative€issues.€Based€Ì€€on€available€information,€EPA€estimates€that€there€are€over€32,000€closed€solid€Ì€€waste€disposal€facilities€across€the€country€(53€FR€33324,€August€30,€1988).€Many€Ì€€of€these€would€be€classified€as€MSW€landfills€because€household€waste€was€deposited€Ì€€in€them.€The€histories€of€many€of€these€landfills€may€not€be€documented€by€State€Ì€€regulatory€programs€and€would€be€difficult€to€locate.€An€additional€concern€would€Ì€€be€the€difficulty€in€establishing€accountability€and€financial€responsibility€for€Ì€€the€installation€and€operation€of€controls€at€closed€facilities€for€which€ownership€Ì€€may€be€uncertain.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€retroactive€application€of€operating€requirements€to€closed€facilities€also€Ì€€raises€policy€concerns.€The€EPA€generally€does€not€require€owners€of€closed€sources€Ì€€to€implement€controls.€These€sources€were€presumably€operating€in€compliance€with€Ì€€applicable€regulations€prior€to€closure€and€establishing€post-closure€requirements€Ì€€may€place€undue€burdens€on€these€facilities.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Faced€with€the€administrative€and€policy€complexities€of€regulating€closed€Ì€€facilities,€EPA€looked€for€an€approach€that€was€likely€to€lead€to€reasonable€Ì€€success€in€reducing€emissions€without€establishing€unreasonable€requirements.€The€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Hazardous€and€Solid€Waste€Amendments€to€RCRA€of€1984€required€States€to€establish€a€Ì€€permit€program€or€other€system€of€prior€approval€to€ensure€that€facilities€that€Ì€€receive€household€hazardous€waste€or€small€quantity€generator€hazardous€waste€are€Ì€€in€compliance€with€40€CFR€part€257,€''Criteria€for€Classification€of€Solid€Waste€Ì€€Disposal€Facilities€and€Practices.''€This€permit€program€was€to€be€established€by€Ì€€November€8,€1987.€This€date€was€selected€as€the€regulatory€cutoff€in€the€emission€Ì€€guidelines€for€landfills€that€are€no€longer€receiving€wastes€because€EPA€judged€Ì€€States€would€be€able€to€identify€active€facilities€as€of€this€date.€The€EPA€views€Ì€€this€permit€program€as€a€readily€available€resource€for€States€to€use€in€Ì€€implementing€today's€guidelines€and€compliance€schedules€under€section€111(d).€Ì€€Therefore,€EPA€is€proposing€to€define€a€designated€facility€as€an€existing€landfill€Ì€€that€received€waste€on€or€after€November€8,€1987,€or€has€additional€capacity€which€Ì€€may€be€filled€in€the€future.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€is€requesting€comment€about€the€ability€of€States€to€identify€those€Ì€€landfills€which€may€have€closed€after€November€8,€1987,€and€the€appropriateness€of€Ì€€this€date€as€a€cutoff€for€applicability.€The€EPA€typically€does€not€establish€Ì€€operating€standards€through€section€111(d)€of€the€CAA€for€sources€no€longer€Ì€€operating.€Further,€since€landfill€emissions€decline€after€closure,€would€it€be€Ì€€more€appropriate€to€limit€the€regulation€to€those€facilities€operating€on€the€date€Ì€€of€proposal?€What€additional€emissions€would€occur€if€the€applicability€date€was€Ì€€moved€from€November€8,€1987€to€the€date€of€proposal?€The€EPA€also€requests€comments€Ì€€on€the€model€used€to€estimate€landfills€emissions€and€the€assumed€emission€profile.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€E.€Selection€of€Best€Demonstrated€TechnologyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Introduction.€Under€section€111(b),€EPA€proposes€that€new€MSW€landfills€with€Ì€€annual€emissions€of€NMOC's€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€would€be€Ì€€required€to€be€controlled€through€the€use€of€gas€collection€systems€and€combustion€Ì€€devices€(or€equivalent€systems).€Under€section€111(d),€EPA€would€establish€Ì€€guidelines€for€existing€MSW€landfills€that€received€refuse€on€or€after€November€8,€Ì€€1987.€The€guidelines€would€specify€that€landfills€with€annual€NMOC€emissions€equal€Ì€€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€have€collection€and€control€systems.€The€Ì€€same€level€of€control€has€been€selected€as€BDT€for€new€and€existing€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Section€111(a)(1)(b)€of€the€CAA€requires€that€standards€of€performance€for€new€Ì€€sources€reflect€the-Ì€€Ì€€€€€€€degree€of€emission€limitation€and€the€percentage€reduction€achievable€through€Ì€€application€of€the€best€technological€system€of€continuous€emission€reduction€which€Ì€€(taking€into€consideration€the€cost€of€achieving€such€emission€reduction,€any€Ì€€nonair€quality€health€and€environmental€impact€and€energy€requirements)€the€Ì€€Administrator€determines€has€been€adequately€demonstrated.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Similarly,€section€111(a)(1)(c)€requires€emission€guidelines€for€existing€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€sources€to€reflect€the-Ì€€Ì€€€€€€€degree€of€emission€reduction€achievable€through€the€application€of€the€best€Ì€€system€of€continuous€emission€reduction€which€(taking€into€consideration€the€cost€Ì€€of€achieving€such€emission€reduction,€and€any€nonair€quality€health€and€Ì€€environmental€impact€and€energy€requirements)€the€Administrator€determines€has€been€Ì€€adequately€demonstrated€for€that€category€of€sources.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€These€systems€are€referred€to€as€BDT€for€new€and€existing€sources.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€This€section€presents€the€rationales€for€selection€of€BDT€for€new€and€existing€Ì€€sources.€Subsection€1€describes€the€gas€collection€and€control€technologies€EPA€Ì€€evaluated€in€selecting€BDT.€The€second€subsection€describes€the€analyses€of€Ì€€regulatory€alternatives€for€new€and€existing€landfills.€The€rationales€for€Ì€€selection€of€BDT€for€new€and€existing€sources€are€presented€in€subsection€3.€Ì€€Finally,€Subsection€4€describes€the€selection€of€the€format€of€the€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€1.€Discussion€of€Demonstrated€TechnologiesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Today's€standards€and€guidelines€are€based€on€gas€collection€and€add-on€control€Ì€€devices€or€systems.€Today's€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€would€require€that€Ì€€the€air€emissions€from€MSW€landfills€be€collected€and€directed€through€an€emission€Ì€€control€device€that€achieves€recovery€or€destruction€of€the€NMOC's€by€at€least€98€Ì€€percent€by€weight.€In€selecting€BDT€for€new€and€existing€sources,€EPA€considered€Ì€€various€technologies€associated€with€gas€collection€and€the€control€devices€used€to€Ì€€destroy€the€collected€gas.€The€technologies€described€below€would€be€equally€Ì€€applicable€to€both€new€and€existing€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Gas€Collection.€Typical€landfill€practices€include€application€of€a€daily€0.15€Ì€€meter€(m)€6-inch€(in.)€earthen€cover€over€newly€received€refuse€and€a€final€cover€Ì€€of€up€to€0.6€m€2€feet€(ft)€in€thickness.€This€practice€alone€is€inadequate€to€Ì€€prevent€release€of€MSW€landfill€emissions€which€continue€through€the€cover€long€Ì€€after€the€landfill€is€closed.€There€is€no€evidence€that€thicker€final€covers€do€any€Ì€€more€than€retard€the€emissions€for€a€short€period€of€time,€with€little€or€no€effect€Ì€€on€the€overall€mass€emissions.€In€addition,€MSW€landfill€emissions€have€the€Ì€€potential€to€migrate€through€the€sides€of€the€landfill€or€from€places€where€the€Ì€€cover€has€been€eroded€over€time.€Thus,€the€emissions€must€be€collected€and€Ì€€destroyed€to€prevent€release€to€the€air.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€One€type€of€gas€collection€system€presently€in€use€is€the€passive€collection€Ì€€system.€Passive€systems€consist€primarily€of€gas€extraction€wells,€each€of€which€Ì€€may€or€may€not€be€connected€to€a€flare.€However,€passive€wells€are€frequently€Ì€€vented€to€the€atmosphere€uncontrolled.€Uncontrolled€passive€wells€serve€primarily€Ì€€to€prevent€gas€migration€and€reduce€fire€and€explosion€hazard.€Other€public€health€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€and€welfare€concerns€are€not€reduced€by€uncontrolled€passive€collection€systems.€Ì€€The€EPA€believes€that€because€these€emissions€are€not€reduced€by€uncontrolled€Ì€€passive€collection€systems,€these€systems€are€an€ineffective€control€technology,€Ì€€and€EPA€therefore€did€not€consider€uncontrolled€passive€systems€further€during€the€Ì€€selection€of€BDT.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Theoretically,€a€passive€system€could€be€as€effective€as€an€active€system€if€Ì€€each€well€or€trench€were€equipped€with€an€effective€control€device,€and€if€the€well€Ì€€or€trench€spacing€were€adequate€to€effectively€collect€gas€from€all€areas€of€the€Ì€€landfill.€However,€due€to€their€shorter€radius€of€influence,€an€effective€passive€Ì€€well€system€would€need€many€more€wells€in€a€given€area.€The€additional€wells€would€Ì€€result€in€higher€overall€costs.€The€EPA€considers€such€passive€well€systems€as€Ì€€being€less€cost€effective€than€active€systems€for€compatible€volumes€of€collected€Ì€€gas.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Active€collection€systems€are€presently€in€use€at€more€than€100€landfills€and€Ì€€consist€of€two€major€components,€gas€extraction€wells€and/or€trenches,€and€gas€Ì€€moving€components.€These€systems€employ€mechanical€blowers€or€compressors€to€create€Ì€€a€pressure€gradient,€thereby€extracting€the€MSW€landfill€emissions.€The€Ì€€configuration€of€the€wells€or€trenches€and€gas€moving€equipment,€and€the€pressure€Ì€€gradient€necessary€to€collect€the€emissions€effectively€without€air€infiltration€Ì€€from€the€surface€and€sides€of€the€landfill,€are€affected€by€many€site-specific€Ì€€factors.€These€factors€include€the€gas€generation€rate,€size€and€depth€of€the€Ì€€landfill,€and€refuse€and€cover€permeability.€A€gas€collection€header€system€conveys€Ì€€the€emissions€to€the€control€device(s).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Well-designed€and€well-operated€gas€collection€systems,€at€a€minimum,€include€Ì€€the€following€capabilities:€(1)€The€ability€to€handle€the€maximum€gas€generation€Ì€€rate€predicted€over€the€life€of€the€equipment;€(2)€the€ability€to€monitor€and€Ì€€adjust€the€operation€of€the€system€as€gas€generation€varies;€and€(3)€the€ability€to€Ì€€be€expanded€as€needed€(i.e.,€to€collect€gas€from€all€areas€of€the€landfill€in€which€Ì€€refuse€has€been€or€will€have€been€deposited€for€at€least€2€years).€Chapters€4€and€9€Ì€€of€the€BID€discuss€the€considerations€necessary€in€designing€an€effective€gas€Ì€€collection€system€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€III-B-1).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Active€collection€systems€are€capable€of€conveying€the€emissions€to€a€control€Ì€€device,€which€destroys€or€removes€the€NMOC's€and€methane,€thereby€reducing€the€Ì€€public€health€and€welfare€concerns.€Other€systems€have€not€been€demonstrated€to€Ì€€accomplish€these€goals.€Therefore,€well-designed€and€operated€active€collection€Ì€€systems€were€considered€as€an€essential€component€in€selection€of€BDT€for€MSW€Ì€€landfill€emissions.€The€emission€reduction,€cost,€and€other€impacts€of€applying€Ì€€active€collection€systems,€along€with€control€systems,€to€new€and€existing€Ì€€landfills€are€estimated€in€Subsection€2,€''Analysis€of€Regulatory€Alternatives.''Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Control€devices.€Gas€treatment€or€control€devices€are€the€other€major€part€of€a€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€control€system€for€air€emissions€from€MSW€landfills.€Gas€treatment€can€be€performed€Ì€€either€by€systems€that€burn€the€collected€gas€or€by€systems€that€purify€the€Ì€€emissions€by€the€removal€of€the€CO€sub€2€and€other€contaminants€to€produce€pipeline€Ì€€quality€gas.€Control€(treatment)€systems€that€burn€the€emissions€can€be€further€Ì€€divided€into€those€based€on€destruction,€such€as€flares€and€incinerators,€and€those€Ì€€based€on€energy€recovery,€such€as€boilers,€turbines,€and€internal€combustion€(I.C.)€Ì€€engines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Gas€purification€techniques€are€used€to€upgrade€landfill€gas€to€pipeline€Ì€€quality€natural€gas€by€the€removal€of€water,€condensible€NMOC's,€and€CO€sub€2.€Ì€€Since€standard€natural€gas€pipelines€may€not€accept€gas€containing€halogenated€Ì€€compounds€and€sulfur€derivatives,€removal€of€these€compounds€can€be€a€part€of€a€Ì€€purification€process€design.€Compounds€that€are€removed€are€often€vented€to€the€Ì€€air.€In€such€cases,€the€purification€system€would€not€reduce€the€public€health€and€Ì€€welfare€impacts€of€landfill€emissions.€The€landfill€gas€generation€rate,€Ì€€availability€of€customers,€and€local€environmental€issues€are€important€limiting€Ì€€factors€in€the€decision€to€install€purification€systems€at€MSW€landfills.€These€Ì€€systems€would€not€be€economically€feasible€for€all€landfills.€Thus,€EPA€has€not€Ì€€used€gas€purification€techniques€as€a€candidate€BDT€control€device.€However,€even€Ì€€though€they€are€not€applicable€to€all€MSW€landfills,€today's€proposed€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines€allow€purification€processes€to€be€used€to€control€landfill€emissions,€Ì€€if€gaseous€vent€streams€from€purification€systems€at€MSW€landfills€are€routed€to€Ì€€control€devices€where€a€98-percent€overall€reduction€in€NMOC's€is€achieved.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Flares€are€currently€being€used€to€control€air€emissions€from€MSW€landfills.€Ì€€Good€combustion€in€a€flare€is€governed€by€flame€temperature,€residence€time€of€Ì€€NMOC's€in€the€combustion€zone,€turbulent€mixing€of€the€combustion€zone,€and€the€Ì€€amount€of€oxygen€(0€sub€2)€available€for€combustion.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€There€are€basically€two€types€of€flares:€Open€flares€(i.e.,€flame€is€exposed),€Ì€€and€enclosed€flares.€Open€flares€generally€have€one€burner€tip€and€can€be€located€Ì€€at€ground€level€or€can€be€elevated.€Enclosed€flares€are€usually€composed€of€Ì€€multiple€gas€burner€heads€and€are€staged€to€operate€at€a€wide€range€of€flowrates.€Ì€€They€are€often€located€at€ground€level.€Good€mixing€in€enclosed€flares€is€the€Ì€€result€of€high€velocity€of€the€fuel€gas€at€the€burner€nozzles.€The€enclosure€Ì€€reduces€luminosity,€noise,€and€heat€radiation.€Chapter€4€of€the€BID€provides€Ì€€additional€information€about€the€design,€combustion€efficiency,€by-product€Ì€€emissions,€and€available€test€data€for€flares.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€has€established€criteria€(40€CFR€60.18)€to€assure€(specifying€when)€Ì€€open€flares€achieve€at€least€98€percent€destruction€efficiency.€This€efficiency€can€Ì€€be€achieved€only€under€certain€design€and€operating€parameters,€as€specified€in€40€Ì€€CFR€60.18.€The€EPA€reviewed€data€on€the€flaring€of€MSW€landfill€gas€using€enclosed€Ì€€flares.€These€data€were€collected€through€State€and€local€regulatory€agencies.€The€Ì€€EPA€concluded€that€properly€designed€and€operated€flares,€both€open€and€enclosed,€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€can€achieve€this€efficiency€with€landfill€gas.€Additionally,€flares€can€Ì€€consistently€achieve€a€98-percent€or€higher€destruction€efficiency€at€a€lower€cost€Ì€€than€the€other€nonrecovery€combustion€control€systems€considered.€(Cost€impacts€and€Ì€€economic€feasibility€of€the€application€of€flares€are€presented€in€the€analysis€of€Ì€€regulatory€alternatives€in€Subsection€2.)€Thus,€EPA€has€concluded€that€open€flares€Ì€€as€an€add-on€control€device€are€a€demonstrated€technology€for€control€of€landfill€Ì€€emissions€and€will€be€considered,€along€with€collection€systems,€as€a€basic€Ì€€component€in€the€selection€of€BDT.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Several€other€control€systems€that€EPA€has€determined€have€the€potential€to€Ì€€meet€the€98-percent€destruction€criterion€are€discussed€below.€While€these€other€Ì€€techniques€may€not€be€technically€or€economically€feasible€at€all€landfills,€and€Ì€€are,€therefore,€not€the€basis€of€BDT,€they€have€been€demonstrated€to€reduce€Ì€€emissions€and€could€be€used€to€meet€the€requirements€of€the€standards€or€guidelines€Ì€€in€cases€where€they€are€feasible.€At€some€landfills,€use€of€these€techniques€rather€Ì€€than€flares€could€reduce€the€costs€of€compliance.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€A€second€control€method€utilizing€combustion€without€energy€recovery€for€Ì€€control€of€collected€emissions€is€incineration.€Incinerators€have€been€demonstrated€Ì€€to€achieve€98€percent€or€greater€reduction,€the€same€control€level€as€flares.€Ì€€Incineration€may€be€more€or€less€expensive€than€flares,€depending€on€site-specific€Ì€€factors€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€11-A-16),€but€in€general€they€are€likely€to€Ì€€be€more€expensive€than€flares€and€may€not€be€economically€feasible€in€all€cases.€Ì€€Therefore,€while€EPA€would€allow€the€use€of€incinerators,€EPA€has€not€based€the€Ì€€calculation€of€the€impacts€of€BDT€on€incinerators.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Energy€recovery€systems€have€also€been€demonstrated€to€achieve€98€percent€Ì€€emission€control€at€landfills€where€their€use€is€feasible.€Energy€recovery€systems€Ì€€currently€used€to€combust€landfill€emissions€include€I.C.€engines,€gas€turbines,€Ì€€and€steam-generating€boilers.€Power€produced€by€these€systems€may€be€used€to€Ì€€generate€electricity€or€for€heating.€Each€of€these€is€briefly€discussed€below.€Ì€€Chapter€4€of€the€BID€provides€additional€details€of€the€operation,€by-product€Ì€€emissions,€and€applicability€of€each€of€these€systems€to€the€control€of€MSW€Ì€€landfill€emissions.€Energy€recovery€systems€have€the€potential€to€offset€the€cost€Ì€€of€control.€However,€the€capital€cost€for€these€systems€is€higher€than€for€flares,€Ì€€and€a€site-specific€study€would€be€needed€to€determine€the€technical€and€economical€Ì€€feasibility€of€installing€an€energy€recovery€system€for€a€given€landfill.€The€EPA€Ì€€cannot€predict€the€recovery€potential€with€confidence€for€all€existing€or€future€Ì€€MSW€landfills€without€performing€site-specific€analyses.€Additionally,€EPA€believes€Ì€€that€landfill€operators€will€themselves€select€recovery€systems€when€it€would€make€Ì€€sense€economically€to€do€so.€Therefore,€EPA€concluded€that€it€would€be€Ì€€inappropriate€to€further€consider€these€systems€in€the€selection€of€BDT.€The€BID€Ì€€for€today's€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€provides€additional€information€that€Ì€€will€be€useful€to€landfill€owners€and€operators€in€making€decisions€concerning€Ì€€energy€recovery.€In€addition,€this€topic€is€discussed€in€Section€K€below,€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€''Additional€Considerations€and€Solicitation€of€Comments.''Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Internal€combustion€engines€are€in€use€at€about€40€landfills.€The€type€of€Ì€€engine€used€to€recover€energy€from€landfills€is€usually€a€4-cycle,€spark-ignited€Ì€€engine€similar€in€design€to€the€common€gasoline€engine.€The€I.C.€engine€is€being€Ì€€used€for€landfills€because€of€its€short€construction€time,€ease€of€installation,€Ì€€and€operational€capacity€over€a€wide€range€of€speeds€and€loads.€Internal€combustion€Ì€€engines€can€be€operated€to€achieve€a€destruction€efficiency€of€98€percent€or€Ì€€better.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Gas€turbines,€which€generally€achieve€a€destruction€efficiency€of€98€percent,€Ì€€are€in€use€to€recover€energy€at€18€U.S.€landfills€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€II-Ì€€B-24).€A€gas€turbine€is€a€heat€engine€that€converts€fuel€energy€into€work€using€Ì€€compressed€hot€gas€as€the€working€medium.€Gas€turbines€take€large€amounts€of€air€Ì€€from€the€atmosphere,€compress€it,€burn€fuel€to€heat€it,€then€expand€it€in€the€power€Ì€€turbine€to€develop€shaft€horsepower.€Ambient€air€is€compressed€and€combined€with€Ì€€fuel€in€the€combustor.€The€combustor€exhaust€stream€flows€to€the€power€turbine€Ì€€which€converts€some€of€the€stream's€fuel€energy€to€rotary€shaft€power.€This€shaft€Ì€€power€drives€the€inlet€compressor€and€an€electrical€generator.€The€applicability€of€Ì€€gas€turbines€to€a€given€landfill€will€depend€on€the€quantity€of€landfill€gas€Ì€€generated,€the€availability€of€customers,€the€price€of€electricity,€and€local€Ì€€environmental€issues.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€At€a€few€landfills,€energy€recovery€is€achieved€with€industrial€boilers,€i.e.,€Ì€€a€boiler€with€a€heat€input€of€2.9€to€29€megawatts€(MW)€(10€to€100€million€Btu/hr),€Ì€€of€the€watertube€design.€In€a€watertube€boiler,€hot€combustion€gases€contact€the€Ì€€outside€of€heat€transfer€tubes,€which€contain€hot€water€and€steam.€Heat€is€Ì€€transferred€via€these€tubes€to€collection€drums,€which€collect€and€store€the€heated€Ì€€water€and€steam.€Landfill€gas-fired€boilers€may€be€utilized€in€two€ways.€On-site€Ì€€landfill€gas€may€be€routed€to€an€on-site€boiler€to€produce€heat€or€hot€water,€or€to€Ì€€produce€steam,€which€in€turn€is€fed€to€a€steam€turbine€to€generate€electricity.€The€Ì€€landfill€gas€may€alternatively€be€piped€and€sold€to€an€off-site€boiler.€Three€of€Ì€€the€five€landfill€gas-fired€boilers€presently€operating€are€utilized€as€simple€heat€Ì€€or€hot€water€sources.€There€are€at€least€two€landfill€gas-fired€boiler-to-steam€Ì€€turbine€facilities€currently€operating€in€the€United€States€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Ì€€Item€No.€II-B-24).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€2.€Analysis€of€Regulatory€AlternativesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Introduction.€The€''Discussion€of€Control€Technologies''€section€indicates€that€Ì€€there€is€basically€one€approach€to€reducing€landfill€emissions-gas€collection€and€Ì€€control.€However,€EPA€recognizes€that€not€all€landfills€warrant€control,€especially€Ì€€given€the€variability€in€the€quantity€of€landfill€emissions€from€a€specific€Ì€€landfill€and€the€cost€of€reducing€these€emissions.€In€addition,€EPA€recognizes€that€Ì€€landfill€emissions€increase€in€quantity€as€more€MSW€is€added€to€the€landfill€and€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€that,€after€closure€of€the€landfill,€emissions€decrease€to€the€point€that€they€no€Ì€€longer€warrant€control.€Accordingly,€EPA€structured€its€regulatory€analysis€to€Ì€€decide€if€the€installation€of€controls€is€warranted€and€when€the€controls€are€no€Ì€€longer€warranted€on€a€national€basis€and€therefore€could€be€removed.€The€EPA€Ì€€considered€the€results€of€this€analysis€in€selecting€BDT€for€new€and€existing€Ì€€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€Database.€The€EPA€developed€a€database€from€which€the€impacts€of€applying€Ì€€the€control€technologies€discussed€above€to€new€and€existing€landfills.€In€1986,€Ì€€EPA€sent€municipal€landfill€survey€questionnaires€to€1,250€of€the€estimated€6,034€Ì€€active€MSW€landfills€in€the€United€States.€From€this€survey,€EPA€received€responses€Ì€€for€a€total€of€1,174€active€MSW€landfills€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€II-A-25).€Ì€€Of€the€1,174€landfills€responding,€the€information€provided€on€location,€annual€Ì€€waste€acceptance€rate,€refuse€in€place,€age,€depth,€and€design€capacity€were€Ì€€complete€for€931€landfills.€However,€site-specific€emission€rates€were€not€known€Ì€€and,€therefore,€were€not€reported€to€EPA.€Because€EPA€needed€emission€rate€Ì€€information,€it€gathered€gas€generation€rate€and€NMOC€concentration€information€Ì€€from€literature,€State€and€local€air€pollution€control€agencies,€and€industry€test€Ì€€reports€obtained€through€the€authority€of€section€114€of€the€CAA.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€information€from€the€931€landfills€was€used€with€gas€generation€rate€Ì€€factors€and€NMOC€concentrations€to€create€two€subsets€of€landfills:€existing€and€Ì€€new€landfills.€The€existing€landfills€subset€comprised€all€those€landfills€not€Ì€€closing€prior€to€1997.€The€new€landfill€subset€was€created€by€assuming€existing€Ì€€landfills€that€will€close€between€1992€and€1997€are€replaced€by€new€landfills€with€Ì€€similar€characteristics.€Each€subset€of€landfills€was€evaluated€for€potential€Ì€€nationwide€emission€reduction€under€the€regulatory€alternatives€discussed€in€the€Ì€€next€section€of€this€preamble.€An€algorithm€was€developed€to€track€the€landfill€Ì€€characteristics€on€an€annual€basis;€determine€annual€emission€rates;€and€determine,€Ì€€based€on€specific€regulatory€alternatives,€if€controls€would€be€required€and€when€Ì€€they€could€be€removed.€The€algorithm€also€estimated€capital€expenditures€for€Ì€€initial€placement€of€controls€(i.e.,€flares)€and€routine€equipment€replacement,€as€Ì€€well€as€operating€and€maintenance€costs€every€year€controls€were€in€place.€This€Ì€€tool€allowed€the€development€of€regulatory€alternatives€and€an€estimation€of€the€Ì€€number€of€landfills€affected€by€various€regulatory€alternatives,€the€potential€Ì€€emission€reduction,€and€the€cost€of€controlling€the€affected€landfills.€The€impacts€Ì€€and€trends€presented€in€the€remainder€of€this€section€are€derived€from€this€Ì€€algorithm,€and€were€scaled€up€from€the€931€landfills€in€the€database€to€estimate€Ì€€the€number€of€landfills€nationwide.€Additional€discussion€of€this€algorithm€is€Ì€€provided€in€Chapter€3€of€the€BID.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Regulatory€Alternatives.€Three€regulatory€alternatives€were€considered€in€Ì€€selecting€the€standards€for€new€landfills.€The€same€alternatives€were€also€Ì€€considered€in€selecting€the€emission€guidelines€for€existing€sources.€Each€Ì€€alternative€was€based€on€the€use€of€estimated€annual€NMOC€emission€rates€as€the€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€parameter€for€determining€whether€control€would€be€required.€Under€each€Ì€€alternative,€demonstrated€gas€collection€and€control€systems€would€apply€to€Ì€€landfills€with€annual€NMOC€emission€rates€higher€than€a€specified€level€for€that€Ì€€alternative.€Annual€emission€rates€were€chosen€as€the€cutoff€parameter€because,€in€Ì€€general,€it€is€the€most€practical€way€to€select€and€implement€the€appropriate€Ì€€application€of€gas€collection€and€control€systems€to€MSW€landfills.€(See€Subsection€Ì€€4€below,€''Selection€of€the€Format€of€the€Standards€and€Guidelines''€for€further€Ì€€discussion€on€this€topic.)Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Emission€rates€from€a€given€landfill€vary€over€time.€After€a€landfill€opens,€Ì€€emissions€gradually€increase€as€more€waste€is€added.€At€some€point€in€time,€Ì€€emissions€may€increase€enough€to€warrant€the€use€of€gas€collection€and€control€Ì€€devices.€Emissions€peak€at€or€shortly€after€closure€and€then€gradually€decrease€Ì€€over€time.€Eventually,€as€emissions€decline,€emission€reduction€benefits€of€control€Ì€€are€reduced€and€controls€are€no€longer€warranted.€Therefore,€under€the€regulatory€Ì€€alternatives,€EPA€would€not€only€be€determining€the€annual€emission€rate€used€to€Ì€€affect€MSW€landfills,€but€also€would€be€implicitly€determining€when€control€systems€Ì€€must€be€installed€and€when€they€may€be€removed.€This€is€also€discussed€in€Ì€€Subsection€4€below,€and€the€following€section€entitled,€''Selection€of€Requirements€Ì€€to€Implement€Best€Demonstrated€Technology.''Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€emission€rate€cutoff€levels€specified€in€Regulatory€Alternatives€1,€2,€and€Ì€€3€are€25,€150,€and€250€Mg/yr€(28,€167,€and€278€tpy)€of€NMOC's,€respectively.€In€Ì€€selecting€regulatory€alternatives,€EPA€performed€a€preliminary€evaluation€of€many€Ì€€different€emission€rate€cutoffs,€ranging€from€25€to€500€Mg/yr€(28€to€555€tpy)€Ì€€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€II-B-32).€As€the€cutoff€level€is€lowered,€the€Ì€€emission€reduction,€cost€impact,€and€number€of€landfills€at€which€controls€must€be€Ì€€installed€increase.€The€three€levels€selected€for€further€analysis€(25,€150,€and€Ì€€250€Mg/yr€28,€167,€and€278€tpy€)€represent€values€in€the€high,€middle,€and€low€end€Ì€€of€the€range€of€impacts.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€emission€and€cost€impacts€in€the€tables€are€expressed€in€terms€of€NPV.€Net€Ì€€present€value€is€the€value€at€one€point€in€time€of€a€flow€of€values€across€time.€Ì€€For€this€study,€EPA€used€1992€NPV's€to€allow€comparison€among€alternatives€with€Ì€€uneven€flows€of€values.€In€the€case€for€MSW€landfills,€both€control€costs€and€Ì€€emission€reductions€vary€year€by€year.€Therefore,€comparisons€of€alternative€Ì€€stringency€levels€include€comparisons€of€net€present€values€for€both€control€costs€Ì€€and€emission€reductions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€For€each€regulatory€alternative,€the€number€of€landfills€controlled,€national€Ì€€emission€reduction,€costs,€and€cost€effectiveness€were€estimated.€The€costs€are€Ì€€based€on€application€of€active€gas€collection€systems€and€flares€to€those€landfills€Ì€€above€the€specified€emission€level€cutoffs.€As€described€under€''Control€Devices,''€Ì€€these€control€systems€are€demonstrated€and€would€reduce€emissions€by€98€percent€Ì€€when€applied€to€new€or€existing€landfills.Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€Table€2€presents€the€number€of€new€landfills€at€which€control€would€be€required€Ì€€and€the€emissions€reductions€EPA€has€predicted€would€result€if€the€standard€is€set€Ì€€at€25,€150€or€250€Mg/yr€(28,€167,€or€278€tpy)€for€new€landfills.€The€emission€Ì€€reductions€for€both€NMOC's€and€methane€are€presented.€Table€3€presents€the€national€Ì€€net€annualized€cost€and€cost€effectiveness€of€each€regulatory€alternative€for€new€Ì€€landfills,€in€terms€of€cost€per€Mg€(ton)€of€NMOC€emission€reduction.€The€Ì€€incremental€cost€effectiveness,€which€compares€each€alternative€to€the€next€less€Ì€€stringent€alternative,€is€also€presented.€Table€4€presents€the€number€and€Ì€€distribution€of€new€landfills,€by€capacity,€that€would€be€required€to€install€Ì€€controls€under€each€alternative.€Ì€€€Table€2.-Emission€Reduction€Achieved€at€New€MSW€Landfills€forÌ€€€Three€Regulatory€Alternatives€sup€aÌ€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€25Ì€€€Number€of€landfills€affected€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€247Ì€€€NMOC€emission€reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€NMOC€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.99Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€90Ì€€€CH€sub€4c€emission€reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€CH€sub€4€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€51Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€82Ì€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€150Ì€€€Number€of€landfills€affected€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€87Ì€€€NMOC€emission€reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€NMOC€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.76Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€69Ì€€€CH€sub€4c€emission€reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€CH€sub€4€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€36Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€57Ì€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€250Ì€€€Number€of€landfills€affected€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€41Ì€€€NMOC€emission€reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€NMOC€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.63Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€57Ì€€€CH€sub€4c€emission€reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€CH€sub€4€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€27Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€43Ì€€€Ì€€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€sup€a€New€landfills€means€those€landfills€constructed€and€openedÌ€€€in€the€first€5€years€of€the€NSPS€€between€1992€and€1997€€toÌ€€€replace€those€existing€landfills€which€will€close€during€the€sameÌ€€€time€period.Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€b€All€emission€reductions€are€expressed€as€NPV€(1992).€TheÌ€€€numbers€presented€have€been€rounded€to€two€significant€figures.Ì€€€The€actual€reduction€potentials€are€given€in€the€text.€One€MgÌ€€€equals€1.11€tons.Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€c€Methane.Ì€€€Ì€€€Note:€Baseline€emissions€for€new€MSW€landfills€are€1.1€million€MgÌ€€€NMOC€and€63€million€Mg€methane.€(NPV€1992.)Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€Table€3.-Average€and€Incremental€Cost€Effectiveness€at€New€MSWÌ€€€Landfills€for€Three€Regulatory€AlternativesÌ€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€25Ì€€€National€annualized€cost€of€control€(million/yr)€€€€45.2Ì€€€Average€cost€effectiveness€sup€a€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€€€€€1,416Ì€€€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€sup€b€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€€sup€c€2,731Ì€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€150Ì€€€National€annualized€cost€of€control€(million/yr)€€€€26Ì€€€Average€cost€effectiveness€sup€a€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€€€€€1,020Ì€€€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€sup€b€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€€sup€d€1,588Ì€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€250Ì€€€National€annualized€cost€of€control€(million/yr)€€€€19Ì€€€Average€cost€effectiveness€sup€a€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€€€€€897Ì€€€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€sup€b€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€€sup€e€897Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€a€The€average€cost€effectiveness€for€each€alternative€isÌ€€€calculated€using€the€following€formula:Ì€€€Ì€€€ACE€€€P€sub€C/P€sub€ERÌ€€€Ì€€€where:Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€Ì€€€ACE€€€average€cost€effectivenessÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€C€€€NPV€of€Operating€sup€6+€Capital€CostsÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€ER€€€NPV€of€NMOC€emission€reductionÌ€€€Ì€€€sup€b€The€incremental€cost€effectiveness€of€going€from€oneÌ€€€alternative€to€the€next€stringent€alternativeÌ€€€Ì€€€ICE€€€(P€sub€O€sup€6+P€sub€C)€sub€A€sup€6-(P€sub€O€sup€6+P€sub€C)Ì€€€sub€B/P€sub€ERA€sup€6-P€sub€ERBÌ€€€Ì€€€where:Ì€€€Ì€€€ICE€€€incremental€cost€effectivenessÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€O€€€NPV€of€operating€costsÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€C€€€NPV€of€capital€costsÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€E€R€€€NPV€of€NMOC€emission€reductionÌ€€€Ì€€€A€€€more€stringent€regulatory€alternativeÌ€€€Ì€€€B€€€less€stringent€regulatory€alternativeÌ€€€Ì€€€sup€c€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€between€Options€2€and€1.Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€d€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€between€Options€3€and€2.Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€e€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€between€Option€3€andÌ€€€baseline.Ì€€€Ì€€€NPV€€€net€present€value.Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€Table€4.-Distribution€of€Controlled€New€Landfills€for€ThreeÌ€€€Regulatory€AlternativesÌ€€€Ì€€€€€Design€capacity€€€€€€€€€€Regulatory€alternativeÌ€€€of€affected€landfills€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€3Ì€€€Ì€€€less€than€1€million€Mg€€€€€€€58€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€1-5€million€Mg€€€€€€€€€€€€€€121€€€€€€€32€€€€€€€10Ì€€€5-10€million€Mg€€€€€€€€€€€€€€29€€€€€€€19€€€€€€€14Ì€€€greater€than€10Ì€€€€€million€Mg€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€39€€€€€€€36€€€€€€€17Ì€€€Total€number€ofÌ€€€€€affected€landfills€€€€€€€€247€€€€€€€87€€€€€€€41Ì€€€Ì€€€Note:€One€million€Mg€equals€1.11€million€tons.Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Tables€5,€6,€and€7€present€the€same€information€about€existing€landfills.€Ì€€€Table€5.-Emission€Reduction€Achieved€at€Existing€MSW€LandfillsÌ€€€for€Three€Regulatory€Alternatives€sup€aÌ€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€25Ì€€€Number€of€landfills€affected€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,884Ì€€€NMOC€Emission€reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€NMOC€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€13Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€92Ì€€€CH€sub€4€sup€c€Emission€Reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€CH€sub€4€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€411Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€81Ì€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€150Ì€€€Number€of€landfills€affected€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€621Ì€€€NMOC€Emission€reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€NMOC€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€10.6Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€79Ì€€€CH€sub€4€sup€c€Emission€Reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€CH€sub€4€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€266Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€52Ì€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€250Ì€€€Number€of€landfills€affected€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€386Ì€€€NMOC€Emission€reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€NMOC€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9.6Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€71Ì€€€CH€sub€4€sup€c€Emission€Reduction€sup€bÌ€€€€€Million€Mg€CH€sub€4€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€200Ì€€€€€Percent€reduction€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€39Ì€€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€Ì€€€NOTE:€Baseline€emissions€for€existing€MSW€landfills€are€13.6Ì€€€million€Mg€NMOC€and€509.2€million€Mg€methane.€(NPV€1992.)Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€a€EPA€projects€that€some€1,100€of€the€6,000€existing€activeÌ€€€landfills,€all€of€which€were€receiving€wastes€in€1992,€will€closeÌ€€€prior€to€promulgation.Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€b€NPV.€The€numbers€presented€have€been€rounded€to€twoÌ€€€significant€figures.€See€the€test€for€the€actual€reductionsÌ€€€potential.€One€Mg€equals€1.11€tons.Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€c€Methane.Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€Table€6.-Average€and€Incremental€Cost€Effectiveness€at€ExistingÌ€€€MSW€Landfills€for€Three€Regulatory€AlternativesÌ€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€25Ì€€€National€Annualized€cost€of€control€(million/yr)€€€€416Ì€€€Average€cost€Effectiveness€sub€a€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€€€€€927Ì€€€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€sup€b€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€2,894€sup€cÌ€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€150Ì€€€National€Annualized€cost€of€control€(million/yr)€€€€240Ì€€€Average€cost€Effectiveness€sub€a€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€€€€€555Ì€€€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€sup€b€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€2,075€sup€dÌ€€€Ì€€€Regulatory€alternative€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3Ì€€€Emission€rate€cutoff€(Mg€NMOC/yr)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€250Ì€€€National€Annualized€cost€of€control€(million/yr)€€€€150Ì€€€Average€cost€Effectiveness€sub€a€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€€€€€407Ì€€€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€sup€b€($/Mg€NMOC)€€€€407€sup€eÌ€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€fn€a€The€average€cost€effectiveness€for€each€alternative€isÌ€€€calculated€using€the€following€formula:Ì€€€Ì€€€ACE€P€sub€C/P€sub€ERÌ€€€Ì€€€where:Ì€€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€ACE€avrage€cost€effectivenessÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€C€NPV€of€Operating€+€Capital€CostsÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€ER€NPV€of€NMOC€emission€reductionÌ€€€Ì€€€sub€b€The€incremental€cost€effectiveness€of€going€from€oneÌ€€€alternative€to€the€next€stringent€alternativeÌ€€€Ì€€€ICE€(P€sub€O+P€sub€C)€sub€A-(P€sub€O+P€sub€C)€sub€B/€sup€PER€subÌ€€€A-sup€PER€sub€BÌ€€€Ì€€€where:Ì€€€Ì€€€ICE€incremental€cost€effectivenessÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€O€NPV€of€operating€costsÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€C€NPV€of€capital€costsÌ€€€Ì€€€P€sub€ER€NPV€of€NMOC€emission€reductionÌ€€€Ì€€€A€more€stringent€regulatory€alternativeÌ€€€Ì€€€B€less€stringent€regulatory€alternativeÌ€€€Ì€€€sup€c€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€between€Options€2€and€1.Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€d€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€between€Options€3€and€2.Ì€€€Ì€€€sup€e€Incremental€cost€effectiveness€between€Option€3€andÌ€€€baseline.Ì€€€Ì€€€NPV€net€present€value.Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€€Table€7.-Distribution€of€Controlled€Existing€Landfills€for€ThreeÌ€€€Regulatory€AlternativesÌ€€€Ì€€€€€Design€capacity€€€€€€€€€€€€Regulatory€alternativeÌ€€€of€affected€landfills€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€€€3Ì€€€Ì€€€less€than€1€million€Mg€€€€€€514€€€€€€€€€€€59€€€€€€€€€22Ì€€€1-5€million€Mg€€€€€€€€€€€€€€837€€€€€€€€€€266€€€€€€€€181Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€5-10€million€Mg€€€€€€€€€€€€€295€€€€€€€€€€111€€€€€€€€48Ì€€€greater€than€10€million€Mg€€238€€€€€€€€€€185€€€€€€€€135Ì€€€Ì€€€Total€number€ofÌ€€€€€€affected€landfills€€€€€1,884€€€€€€€€€€621€€€€€€€€386Ì€€€Ì€€€Note:€One€million€Mg€equals€1.11€million€tons.Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€Ì€€€€€€3.€Selection€of€Best€Demonstrated€TechnologyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€In€the€selection€of€BDT,€EPA€must€weigh€the€emission€reduction€associated€with€Ì€€application€of€a€control€system€along€with€the€costs,€nonair€quality€health€and€Ì€€environmental€impacts€and€energy€requirements€associated€with€these€systems.€The€Ì€€decision€is€made€separately€in€this€section€of€the€preamble€for€new€and€existing€Ì€€landfills,€considering€the€impacts€of€the€regulatory€alternatives€presented€in€the€Ì€€previous€section€and€other€relevant€factors.€The€decision€for€new€MSW€landfills€Ì€€concerns€defining€BDT€for€landfills€affected€by€section€111(b);€the€decision€for€Ì€€existing€MSW€landfills€concerns€defining€BDT€for€landfills€affected€by€section€Ì€€111(d).€These€are€separate€and€distinct€decisions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€the€analysis€of€regulatory€alternatives€presented€below,€EPA€acknowledges€Ì€€that€the€discussion€is€atypical€in€that€there€is€only€one€control€technology€to€Ì€€consider,€i.e.,€the€installation€of€collection€systems€which€convey€the€collected€Ì€€gases€to€a€control€device.€The€discussion€revolves€around€the€question€of€when€it€Ì€€is€reasonable€to€require€collection€and€control€systems€at€a€given€landfill€and€Ì€€when€it€is€not.€However,€because€of€the€unique€emission€characteristics€of€Ì€€landfills€when€compared€to€more€traditional€emission€units,€regulatory€alternatives€Ì€€can€be€created€by€considering€alternative€emission€levels€at€which€to€require€the€Ì€€installation€of€BDT.€The€installation€of€BDT€at€varying€NMOC€emission€levels€Ì€€results€in€a€range€of€emission€reductions,€costs€and€cost-effectiveness€values€Ì€€which€may€be€compared€and€contrasted€much€as€is€done€in€the€selection€of€BDT€from€Ì€€among€different€control€technologies.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€considering€which€alternative€to€propose€as€BDT,€EPA€decided€to€consider€Ì€€both€NMOC's€and€methane€reductions.€However,€these€alternatives€presented€below€are€Ì€€being€evaluated€and€implemented€using€NMOC's€as€the€engineering€basis€for€the€Ì€€regulatory€cutoff.€This€means€that€the€cost-effectiveness€numbers€presented€do€not€Ì€€reflect€a€dollar€value€for€the€reduction€of€methane.€Rather,€EPA€qualitatively€Ì€€considered€the€anticipated€methane€reduction€when€selecting€the€regulatory€cutoff.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€However,€the€EPA's€Division€of€Global€Climate€is€studying€the€problem€of€Ì€€methane€emissions,€primarily€in€relation€to€the€phenomenon€of€global€climate€Ì€€change,€and€is€developing€strategies€for€reducing€these€emissions.€This€rulemaking€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€presents€considerable€potential€for€methane€reductions,€resulting€in€benefits€such€Ì€€as€the€abatement€of€global€warming,€reductions€in€odor€nuisance,€and€potential€Ì€€energy€savings€resulting€from€the€selection€of€energy€recovery€devices€to€meet€the€Ì€€control€requirements€of€the€standard€and€guidelines.€As€global€climate€change€Ì€€policy€develops,€these€benefits€could€lead€to€the€direct€consideration€of€methane€Ì€€reductions€along€with€NMOC€reductions€in€setting€these€standards€and€guidelines.€In€Ì€€that€case,€the€resultant€incremental€cost€effectiveness,€emission€reductions€and€Ì€€potential€energy€savings€might€indicate€that€a€more€stringent€threshold€emission€Ì€€level€(using€NMOC€concentration€as€the€engineering€basis)€is€warranted.€Such€Ì€€benefits€as€reduced€global€climate€change€and€energy€savings€are€not€considered€in€Ì€€the€following€discussion€of€the€regulatory€alternatives.€Although€EPA€has€decided€Ì€€to€consider€methane€reductions€only€as€an€ancillary€benefit€in€this€proposal,€EPA€Ì€€is€soliciting€comments€on€the€pros€and€cons€of€selecting€the€threshold€emission€Ì€€level€based€on€the€direct€consideration€of€both€NMOC€and€methane€reductions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€New€Landfills.€As€shown€in€Table€2,€the€NMOC€emission€reduction€for€new€MSW€Ì€€landfills€under€Regulatory€Alternative€3,€the€least€stringent€alternative,€would€be€Ì€€0.63€million€Mg€(0.7€million€tons),€or€a€57-percent€reduction€relative€to€baseline€Ì€€emissions,€on€a€NPV€basis.€Regulatory€Alternative€2€would€result€in€an€additional€Ì€€reduction€of€0.13€million€Mg€(0.14€million€tons),€while€Regulatory€Alternative€1€Ì€€would€reduce€emissions€by€another€0.23€million€Mg€(0.25€million€tons)€compared€with€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€2.€These€emission€reduction€impacts€demonstrate€that€as€Ì€€expected,€as€the€stringency€increases€(i.e.,€as€the€cutoff€level€becomes€smaller)€Ì€€the€NMOC€emission€reductions€obtainable€increases.€Methane€emission€reductions€Ì€€shown€in€Table€2€follow€the€same€trend.€Under€Regulatory€Alternative€3,€a€methane€Ì€€reduction€of€27€million€Mg€(30€million€tons)€would€be€achieved,€with€additional€Ì€€reductions€of€9€and€15€million€Mg€(10€and€17€million€tons)€achieved€by€Regulatory€Ì€€Alternatives€2€and€1,€respectively.€With€this€in€mind,€EPA€considered€the€number€of€Ì€€landfills€and€cost€and€economic€impacts€of€achieving€these€emission€reductions€in€Ì€€selecting€among€the€regulatory€alternatives.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€first€compared€Regulatory€Alternatives€1€and€2.€The€EPA€found€a€large€Ì€€increase€in€the€number€of€affected€landfills€and€the€incremental€costs€for€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€1€when€going€from€Regulatory€Alternative€2€to€Regulatory€Ì€€Alternative€1.€Regulatory€Alternative€1€affects€nearly€three€times€as€many€Ì€€landfills€as€Regulatory€Alternative€2€while€obtaining€proportionately€smaller€NMOC€Ì€€and€methane€emission€reductions.€For€example,€the€average€emission€reduction€Ì€€achieved€per€landfill€(i.e.,€total€additional€emission€reduction/number€of€Ì€€additional€landfills€controlled)€under€Regulatory€Alternative€1€is€approximately€Ì€€one€half€that€achieved€on€average€by€the€landfills€controlled€under€Regulatory€Ì€€Alternative€2.€Furthermore,€the€majority€of€the€increase€in€costs€is€associated€Ì€€with€landfills€with€design€capacities€>5€million€Mg€(>5.6€million€tons),€25€percent€Ì€€of€which€have€design€capacities€>1€million€Mg€(>1.11€million€tons),€that€would€only€Ì€€be€affected€under€Regulatory€Alternative€1.€The€national€incremental€cost€Ì€€effectiveness€for€Regulatory€Alternative€1€would€be€about€$2,731/Mg€($2,452/ton).€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€However,€this€figure€does€not€include€the€ancillary€bvenefits€of€methane€control,€Ì€€such€as€the€abatement€of€global€climate€change,€odor€reductions,€or€energy€savings€Ì€€resulting€from€the€use€of€energy€recovering€control€devices,€which€could€be€Ì€€realized€under€Regulatory€Alternative€1.€Additionally,€more€than€30€percent€of€Ì€€households€served€by€new€MSW€landfills€installing€collection€and€control€systems€as€Ì€€a€result€of€Regulatory€Alternative€1€would€incur€annual€costs€in€excess€of€$10.€The€Ì€€EPA€believes€that€the€additional€cost€and€the€administrative€burden€of€controlling€Ì€€this€many€additional€landfills€(particularly,€many€smaller€landfills€having€design€Ì€€capacities€>1€million€Mg€>1.11€million€tons€)€may€be€unreasonable€based€on€the€Ì€€consideration€of€NMOC's€alone€given€the€relatively€small€incremental€emission€Ì€€reductions€achieved.€Although€EPA€has€selected€Regulatory€Alternative€2€for€Ì€€proposal,€EPA€solicits€comments€on€the€pros€and€cons€of€Regulatory€Alternative€1€in€Ì€€light€of€the€additional€environmental€benefits€that€can€be€achieved€by€reducing€Ì€€greenhouse€gases.€The€EPA€may€elect€to€promulgate€such€a€standard,€or€a€standard€Ì€€incorporating€an€intermediate€alternative,€should€evolving€global€climate€change€Ì€€policies€indicate€more€control€is€warranted.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Next,€EPA€compared€Regulatory€Alternatives€2€and€3,€which€would€require€control€Ì€€at€87€and€41€new€landfills,€respectively.€Regulatory€Alternative€2€provides€a€Ì€€proportional€21€percent€increase€in€NMOC€emission€reduction€and€a€proportional€33€Ì€€percent€increase€in€methane€reduction€in€comparison€to€Regulatory€Alternative€3.€Ì€€These€reductions€are€achieved€at€costs€per€unit€of€NMOC€emission€reduction€Ì€€comparable€to€previous€decisions€of€VOC€control€under€Section€111€in€cases€where€Ì€€cocontrol€of€air€toxics€and€other€concerns€are€evident.€Additionally,€the€average€Ì€€and€incremental€cost€effectivenesses€for€NMOC's€emission€reduction€shown€in€Table€3€Ì€€do€not€consider€the€ancillary€benefits€of€methane€reduction,€such€as€global€warming€Ì€€abatement,€reduction€in€explosion€hazard,€and€reduction€in€odor€nuisance.€Nor€do€Ì€€they€include€any€consideration€of€the€potential€for€energy€savings,€which€would€Ì€€result€in€cost€savings.€Although€these€benefits€have€not€been€quantified,€they€Ì€€support€qualitatively€the€judgment€that€the€incremental€costs€of€Regulatory€Ì€€Alternative€2€are€reasonable.€As€shown€in€Table€4,€while€Regulatory€Alternative€2€Ì€€affects€about€46€more€landfills€than€Regulatory€Alternative€3,€many€of€those€Ì€€additional€landfills€have€design€capacities€of€1€million€Mg€(1.11€million€tons)€or€Ì€€more.€Regulatory€Alternative€3€would€control€about€40€landfills,€but€would€not€Ì€€require€control€of€several€very€large€landfills€which€emit€relatively€large€Ì€€quantities€of€NMOC's€(e.g.,€quantities€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€167€tpy€),€which€Ì€€could€pose€significant€health€and€welfare€risks.€Based€on€economic€impact€analysis,€Ì€€EPA€believes€that€neither€Regulatory€Alternative€2€nor€Regulatory€Alternative€3€Ì€€should€result€in€any€households€served€by€MSW€landfills€intalling€collection€and€Ì€€control€systems€incurring€annual€costs€greater€than€$10.€Based€on€this€analysis,€Ì€€and€considering€the€ancillary€benefits€of€the€significant€methane€reductions€Ì€€achieved,€EPA€concludes€that€Regulatory€Alternative€2,€and€NMOC€emission€rate€Ì€€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€results€in€reasonable€economic€impacts.€Based€on€Ì€€these€considerations,€EPA€proposes€an€NMOC€emission€rate€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€Ì€€tpy)€as€BDT€(Regulatory€Alternative€2)€for€new€landfills.Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€In€selecting€Regulatory€Alternative€2,€EPA€judged€the€application€of€well-Ì€€designed€gas€collection€systems€and€98€percent€efficient€recovery/destruction€Ì€€control€systems€to€landfills€emitting€more€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€to€Ì€€represent€BDT€for€new€landfills.€The€EPA€finds€that€this€is€the€best€demonstrated€Ì€€technological€system€of€continuous€emission€reduction€for€MSW€landfills,€taking€Ì€€into€consideration€costs€and€other€relevant€factors.€Collection€systems€and€control€Ì€€systems€with€98€percent€efficiency€are€demonstrated€at€about€25€landfills,€and€Ì€€their€application€to€those€new€landfills€emitting€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€or€Ì€€more€will€significantly€reduce€emissions€without€causing€any€unreasonable€cost,€Ì€€environmental,€or€energy€impacts.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€believes€that€these€controls€are€technologically€feasible€for€landfills€Ì€€emitting€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's.€In€light€of€growing€concerns€Ì€€about€global€climate€change,€a€more€stringent€regulatory€option€may€well€be€Ì€€reasonable€in€the€future.€For€instance,€if€Regulatory€Alternative€2€were€set€at€100€Ì€€Mg/yr€(111€tpy),€an€additional€6€percent€reduction€in€NMOC's€emissions€could€be€Ì€€achieved€(methane€emissions€would€decrease€by€an€additional€9€percent).€Only€17€Ì€€additional€new€landfills,€or€a€total€of€104,€would€require€control.€The€incremental€Ì€€cost€effectiveness€would€increase€only€slightly€when€compared€to€150€Mg/yr,€from€Ì€€$1,588/Mg€to€$1,650/Mg.€The€EPA€is€still€considering€whether€or€not€the€additional€Ì€€benefits€obtained€under€a€stringency€level€of€100€Mg/yr€are€reasonable.€However,€Ì€€for€administrative€and€financial€reasons,€regulating€to€a€more€stringent€level,€Ì€€such€as€Regulatory€Alternative€1,€25€Mg/yr€(28€tpy),€may€or€may€not€be€worthwhile.€Ì€€The€EPA€seeks€comments€on€the€pros€and€cons€of€a€more€stringent€threshold€level.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Existing€Landfills.€The€NMOC€emission€reduction€for€existing€landfills€under€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€3,€the€least€stringent€alternative,€would€be€9.6€million€Mg€Ì€€(10.7€million€tons),€or€a€71-percent€reduction€relative€to€baseline€emissions.€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€2€would€result€in€an€additional€reduction€of€1.0€million€Mg€Ì€€(1.1€million€tons),€while€Regulatory€Alternative€1€would€reduce€emissions€by€Ì€€another€2.4€million€Mg€(2.6€million€tons)€compared€with€Regulatory€Alternative€2.€Ì€€As€with€new€landfills,€EPA€found€that€these€emission€reduction€impacts€demonstrate€Ì€€that€as€the€stringency€increases€(i.e.,€as€the€cutoff€level€increase)€the€NMOC€Ì€€emission€reductions€obtainable€also€increase.€The€methan€reductions€follow€the€same€Ì€€trend€as€the€NMOC€reductions,€beginning€with€a€reduction€of€200€million€Mg€(222€Ì€€million€tons)€under€Regulatory€Alternative€3,€followed€by€cumulative€reductions€of€Ì€€266€million€Mg€(295€million€tons),€and€411€million€Mg€(456€million€tons)€under€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€2€and€under€Regulatory€Alternative€1,€respectively.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€number€of€landfills€at€which€controls€would€be€required,€cost,€and€economic€Ì€€impacts€of€achieving€these€emission€reductions€were€then€considered€in€selecting€Ì€€among€the€three€regulatory€alternatives.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€first€compared€Regulatory€Alternatives€1€and€2.€The€EPA€found€a€large€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€increase€in€the€number€of€affected€landfills€and€the€incremental€costs€for€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€1€when€going€from€Regulatory€Alternative€2€to€Regulatory€Ì€€Alternative€1.€As€was€the€case€for€new€landfills,€Regulatory€Alternative€1€affects€Ì€€more€than€three€times€as€many€landfills€as€Regulatory€Alternative€2€while€obtaining€Ì€€proportionately€smaller€NMOC€and€methane€emission€reductions.€Furthermore,€the€Ì€€majority€of€the€increase€in€cost€is€associated€with€landfills€with€design€Ì€€capacities€<5€million€Mg€(<5.6€million€tons)€that€would€only€be€affected€under€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€1.€Nearly€nine€times€as€many€landfills€with€design€Ì€€capacities€below€1€million€Mg€(1.11€million€tons)€would€be€required€to€install€Ì€€controls€under€Regulatory€Alternative€1€than€under€Regulatory€Alternative€2.€The€Ì€€national€incremental€cost€effectiveness€for€Regulatory€Alternative€1€would€be€about€Ì€€$2,890/Mg€NMOC's€($2,610/ton).€However,€this€figure€does€not€directly€consider€the€Ì€€ancillary€benefits€of€methane€control€realized€under€Regulatory€Alternative€1,€such€Ì€€as€global€warming€abatement,€the€reduction€of€odor€nuisance,€or€the€potential€for€Ì€€energy€savings€resulting€from€the€use€of€energy€recovery€control€devices.€Ì€€Additionally,€based€on€the€economic€impact€analysis€presented€in€BID€Chapter€8,€EPA€Ì€€believes€that€as€many€as€16€percent€of€the€households€served€by€MSW€landfills€Ì€€installing€collection€and€control€systems€in€compliance€with€emission€guidelines€Ì€€based€on€Regulatory€Alternative€1€would€incur€annual€costs€in€excess€of€$30.€The€Ì€€EPA€believes€that€the€additional€cost€and€the€administrative€burden€of€controlling€Ì€€this€many€additional€landfills€(particularly,€many€smaller€landfills,€having€design€Ì€€capacities€<1€million€Mg€€<1.11€million€tons€)€may€be€unreasonable€based€on€the€Ì€€consideration€of€methane€alone,€given€the€relatively€small€incremental€emission€Ì€€reductions€achieved.€Although€EPA€selected€Regulatory€Alternative€2€for€proposal,€Ì€€EPA€solicits€comment€on€the€pros€and€cons€of€this€alternative,€in€light€of€the€Ì€€additional€environmental€benefits€that€may€be€achieved€by€reducing€greenhouse€Ì€€gases.€The€EPA€may€elect€to€promulgate€such€guidelines,€or€an€intermediate€Ì€€alternative,€should€evolving€global€climate€change€policies€indicate€that€more€Ì€€control€is€warranted.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Next,€EPA€compared€Regulatory€Alternatives€2€and€3.€Regulatory€Alternative€2€Ì€€provides€a€proportional€11€percent€increase€in€NMOC€emission€reduction€and€a€Ì€€proportional€33€percent€increase€in€methane€reduction€in€comparison€to€Regulatory€Ì€€Alternative€3.€These€reductions€are€achieved€at€a€per€unit€cost€of€emission€Ì€€reduction€comparable€to€previous€decisions€for€VOC€control€under€Section€111€where€Ì€€cocontrol€and€other€concerns€are€evident.€The€average€and€incremental€cost€Ì€€effectiveness€for€NMOC€emission€reduction€(shown€in€Table€6)€do€not€include€the€Ì€€ancillary€benefits€of€methane€reduction€such€as€global€warming€abatement,€and€Ì€€reductions€of€toxic€compounds,€explosion€hazard€and€odor€nuisance.€Nor€do€they€Ì€€include€any€consideration€of€the€potential€energy€savings€(leading€to€cost€savings)€Ì€€resulting€from€the€selection€of€energy€recovering€control€devices.€Although€these€Ì€€benefits€have€not€been€quantified,€they€support€qualitatively€the€judgment€that€the€Ì€€incremental€costs€of€Regulatory€Alternative€2€are€reasonable.€As€shown€in€Table€7,€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€2€affects€roughly€60€percent€more€landfills€than€Regulatory€Ì€€Alternative€3.€Of€these€additional€landfills,€nearly€85€percent€are€greater€than€1€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€million€Mg€(1.11€million€tons)€in€design€capacity,€and€113€of€them,€roughly€50€Ì€€percent,€have€design€capacities€in€excess€of€5€million€Mg€(5.6€million€tons).€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€3€would€not€require€control€at€these€larger€landfills€which€Ì€€emit€relatively€large€quantities€of€NMOC's€(between€150€and€250€Mg/yr€167€and€278€Ì€€tpy€),€which€could€pose€significant€health€and€welfare€risks.€Based€on€economic€Ì€€impact€analysis,€roughly€less€than€10€percent€of€the€households€served€by€existing€Ì€€MSW€landfills€installing€controls€in€compliance€with€Regulatory€Alternative€2€would€Ì€€incur€annual€costs€of€$30€or€more.€These€costs€are€based€on€the€use€of€flares€for€Ì€€control,€and€will€be€lessened€by€the€selection€of€energy€recovery€for€control.€Ì€€Based€on€this€analysis,€and€considering€the€ancillary€benefits€of€the€methane€Ì€€reductions,€EPA€concludes€that€Regulatory€Alternative€2€would€result€in€reasonable€Ì€€economic€impacts.€Based€on€these€considerations,€EPA€proposes€Regulatory€Ì€€Alternative€2€(an€emission€level€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€167€tpy€NMOC)€as€BDT€for€Ì€€existing€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€selecting€Regulatory€Alternative€2,€EPA€judged€the€application€of€well-Ì€€designed€gas€collection€systems€and€98€percent€efficient€recovery/destruction€Ì€€control€systems€to€landfills€emitting€more€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€to€Ì€€represent€BDT€for€existing€landfills.€The€EPA€finds€that€this€is€the€best€Ì€€demonstrated€technological€system€of€continuous€emission€reduction€for€MSW€Ì€€landfills,€taking€into€consideration€costs€and€other€relevant€factors.€The€Ì€€application€of€collection€and€control€systems€to€those€existing€landfills€emitting€Ì€€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€or€more€will€significantly€reduce€emissions€without€Ì€€causing€any€unreasonable€cost,€environmental,€or€energy€impacts.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€believes€that€these€controls€are€technologically€feasible€for€landfills€Ì€€emitting€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's.€However,€as€stated€above,€EPA€Ì€€qualitatively€considered€the€estimated€methane€reduction€when€selecting€the€Ì€€regulatory€cutoff.€The€EPA€solicits€comments€on€whether€and€how€to€consider€Ì€€reductions€of€methane€more€directly€in€the€regulatory€decision.€For€instance,€if€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€2€were€set€at€100€Mg/yr€(111€tpy),€an€additional€3€percent€Ì€€reduction€in€NMOC€emissions€could€be€achieved,€and€methane€emissions€could€be€Ì€€reduced€by€an€additional€8€percent.€An€additional€41€existing€landfills,€or€a€total€Ì€€of€307,€would€require€control.€The€EPA€is€still€considering€whether€the€additional€Ì€€benefits€obtained€under€a€stringency€level€of€100€Mg/yr€are€reasonable.€The€EPA€Ì€€seeks€comments€on€the€pros€and€cons€and€benefits€and€costs€of€regulating€to€a€more€Ì€€stringent€level,€such€as€Regulatory€Alternative€1,€25€Mg/yr€(28€tpy)€of€NMOC.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€4.€Selection€of€the€Format€of€the€Standards€and€GuidelinesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€In€developing€this€rulemaking,€the€format€for€the€standards€and€guidelines€was€Ì€€determined€prior€to€the€selection€of€BDT.€This€section€describes€in€greater€detail€Ì€€how€this€format€was€selected.€The€format€of€today's€proposed€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines€was€selected€considering€the€unique€nature€of€MSW€landfills€as€a€source€Ì€€category.€The€formats€for€the€proposed€standards€for€new€sources€and€the€proposed€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€guidelines€for€existing€sources€are€identical.€This€is€reasonable€because€BDT€is€Ì€€the€same€for€new€and€existing€landfills.€Also,€since€collection€and€control€systems€Ì€€would€always€be€installed€at€an€MSW€landfill€after€a€certain€amount€of€refuse€has€Ì€€been€landfilled€and€emissions€reach€a€certain€level,€there€would€be€little€Ì€€difference€in€the€feasibility€of€installation€of€controls€at€new€and€existing€Ì€€facilities.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€This€section€will€present€the€rationale€for€each€of€two€formats€for€the€Ì€€proposed€standards€and€guidelines,€one€for€determining€applicability,€and€one€for€Ì€€the€specific€requirements€of€the€standards.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Format€for€Applicability.€The€EPA€determined€that€a€format€for€determining€Ì€€applicability€would€be€necessary€because€MSW€landfill€emissions€change€over€time€Ì€€due€to€the€volume€of€refuse€in€place,€the€age€of€refuse,€whether€or€not€the€Ì€€landfill€is€still€accepting€waste,€and€other€factors€discussed€elsewhere.€The€Ì€€format€for€the€applicability€of€the€standards€proposed€today€includes€both€the€Ì€€determination€of€when€controls€are€to€be€put€in€place,€and€the€determination€of€Ì€€when€controls€are€no€longer€required.€That€is,€it€is€reasonable€to€collect€and€Ì€€control€emissions€at€a€given€landfill€after€a€certain€emission€level€(or€some€other€Ì€€criteria€such€as€volume€of€waste€in€place)€is€reached;€but€it€is€not€reasonable€to€Ì€€continue€control€long€after€the€level€of€emissions€has€declined€significantly.€Ì€€Establishing€an€initial€applicability€criterion€focuses€control€efforts€on€those€Ì€€landfills€with€the€greatest€potential€emissions,€and€associated€health€and€welfare€Ì€€hazards.€It€avoids€large€expenditures€for€control€of€landfills€where€emissions€are€Ì€€very€low€and€where€costs€are€unreasonable€relative€to€the€potential€emission€Ì€€reduction€achievable.€Establishing€criteria€for€removal€of€controls€is€also€Ì€€reasonable€because,€as€previously€noted,€the€emission€rate€and€associated€health€Ì€€and€welfare€hazards€decline€over€time€after€a€landfill€is€closed.€At€some€point,€Ì€€emissions€are€so€low€that€they€pose€relatively€reduced€public€health€and€welfare€Ì€€impacts€and€the€cost€of€control€would€no€longer€be€warranted.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€evaluated€several€parameters€in€order€to€establish€an€appropriate€Ì€€criteria€upon€which€to€make€the€applicability€determination.€Four€options€were€Ì€€evaluated€in€order€to€determine€what€parameter€or€parameters€should€be€used€to€Ì€€identify€the€landfills€to€be€controlled,€when€controls€should€be€applied,€and€when€Ì€€they€are€no€longer€needed.€These€options€are:€(1)€Installations€based€on€the€amount€Ì€€of€refuse€in€place,€with€removal€based€on€number€of€years€since€closure;€(2)€both€Ì€€installation€and€removal€based€on€consideration€of€costs€and€emission€reductions;€Ì€€(3)€both€installation€and€removal€based€on€NMOC€emission€rate;€and€(4)€installation€Ì€€based€on€NMOC€emission€rate,€and€removal€based€on€consideration€of€costs€and€Ì€€emission€reductions.€The€advantages€and€disadvantages,€as€well€as€the€relative€Ì€€effectiveness€of€each€of€these€options,€are€discussed€below.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€amount€of€refuse€in€place€is€considered€to€be€the€easiest€of€the€four€Ì€€options€to€implement€in€the€proposed€standards€because€it€requires€a€minimum€of€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€calculations€and€requires€no€projections€of€future€levels€of€refuse€acceptance€or€Ì€€emissions.€When€to€remove€controls€is€less€straightforward.€For€this€analysis,€the€Ì€€number€of€years€after€closure€was€selected.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€refuse€in€place€option€costs€more€than€any€of€the€other€three€options€to€Ì€€achieve€the€same€emission€reduction.€This€option€also€required€controls€to€be€Ì€€installed€at€more€than€twice€as€many€landfills€as€any€other€option,€but€did€not€Ì€€produce€greater€emission€reduction€overall.€Thus,€EPA€discarded€this€option.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€second€option€is€consideration€of€cost€and€emission€reductions€on€a€site-by-Ì€€site€basis.€This€option€was€the€most€complex€and€burdensome€of€the€four,€and€Ì€€achieved€only€marginally€more€emissions€reductions€than€the€next€option,€which€is€Ì€€based€on€the€NMOC€emission€rate.€Although€this€option€has€the€advantage€of€being€Ì€€the€most€cost€effective,€this€option€is€very€difficult€to€implement.€The€Ì€€calculation€of€cost€per€unit€of€emission€reduction€involves€projections€of€both€Ì€€future€emission€levels€and€operating€costs.€The€capital€costs€of€the€system€are€Ì€€amortized€over€the€useful€life€of€the€system,€which€impacts€the€cost€per€unit€of€Ì€€emission€reduction.€Controls€are€installed€when€the€capital€and€operating€costs€per€Ì€€Mg€($/Mg€$/ton€)€NMOC€reduction€meet€a€certain€dollar€criterion.€The€system€is€Ì€€later€removed€when€the€cost€per€Mg€(ton)€falls€below€the€criterion€again.€The€Ì€€projections€and€calculations€needed€are€complex€and€uncertain,€and€may€involve€Ì€€iterations€of€this€calculation€to€arrive€at€a€mathematical€solution€to€define€the€Ì€€appropriate€dollar€criterion.€In€addition€to€the€burden€on€the€owner€or€operator€to€Ì€€make€the€projections€and€perform€the€''real€world''€calculations,€the€permit€Ì€€authority€would€be€obligated€to€judge€the€projections€as€well.€A€variation€from€the€Ì€€applicant's€assumptions€would€require€that€all€the€calculations€be€repeated,€and€a€Ì€€very€different€answer€could€result.€This€could€introduce€inequities€in€the€Ì€€application€of€the€standards.€Finally,€for€many€owners€and€operators€the€Ì€€sophistication€of€the€projections€and€calculations€may€necessitate€hiring€a€Ì€€contractor€to€prepare€the€annual€compliance€report,€thereby€increasing€the€cost.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€third€option€considered€in€selecting€the€format€for€the€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines€was€the€NMOC€emission€rate€which€was€previously€discussed.€The€major€Ì€€advantage€with€this€option€is€that€the€emission€rate€cutoff€above€which€controls€Ì€€are€required€can€be€selected€to€maximize€the€overall€emission€reduction€while€Ì€€avoiding€excessive€costs.€Another€advantage€to€using€this€option€is€its€close€Ì€€correlation€with€emission€reduction.€Although€this€option€is€slightly€more€costly€Ì€€than€the€cost-effectiveness€option€for€a€comparable€amount€of€emission€reduction,€Ì€€the€difference€is€not€significant.€In€addition,€controls€are€generally€required€at€Ì€€fewer€landfills€under€this€option,€compared€to€the€cost-effectiveness€option,€while€Ì€€emissions€reductions€are€similar.€A€final€advantage€of€this€option€is€the€relative€Ì€€ease€with€which€it€could€be€developed€and€implemented.€Calculation€of€emission€rate€Ì€€is€feasible€and€less€complex€and€burdensome€than€calculation€of€cost€per€unit€of€Ì€€emission€reduction.Ì€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€The€final€option€in€this€comparison€was€a€combination€requiring€installation€of€Ì€€controls€at€a€given€emission€rate,€and€allowing€removal€based€on€consideration€of€Ì€€cost€and€emission€reduction.€Although€this€combination€in€theory€could€combine€the€Ì€€advantages€of€each€option,€in€this€evaluation€it€cost€more€than€the€second€option,€Ì€€and€obtained€less€emission€reduction€overall€than€the€third€(NMOC€emission€rate)€Ì€€option.€Even€though€consideration€of€cost€and€emission€reduction€is€only€used€to€Ì€€determine€when€to€remove€controls,€this€option€would€require€almost€immediate€Ì€€projections€and€calculations€in€order€to€determine€for€how€long€the€cost€per€unit€Ì€€of€emission€reduction€will€be€reasonable,€and€when€controls€can€be€removed.€The€Ì€€complexity€and€burden€this€introduces€parallels€that€of€the€second€option.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€Administrator€has€selected€the€NMOC€emission€rate€as€the€parameter€to€be€Ì€€used€to€determine€when€to€install€and€remove€controls€for€these€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines.€This€parameter€was€selected€based€on€its€clarity€and€ease€of€Ì€€implementation,€its€ability€to€maximize€emission€reduction,€its€cost,€and€the€Ì€€number€of€landfills€which€would€require€control€compared€to€the€emission€reduction€Ì€€achieved.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Specific€Requirements.€The€format€of€the€standards€and€guidelines€proposed€Ì€€today€is€a€combination€of€a€design€and€operation€standard€for€the€gas€collection€Ì€€system,€and€a€percent€reduction€requirement€for€the€control€device.€Today's€Ì€€proposed€standards€require€properly€designed€and€operated€gas€collection€systems,€Ì€€and€include€specifications€that€are€used€to€evaluate€the€design€and€operation€of€Ì€€these€systems.€The€standards€proposed€for€the€control€device€require€the€use€of€an€Ì€€open€flare€in€compliance€with€40€CFR€60.18€or€a€reduction€of€the€NMOC's€by€98€Ì€€percent€by€weight.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Section€111€of€the€CAA€requires€that€performance€standards,€or€emission€limits,€Ì€€be€prescribed€unless,€in€the€judgment€of€the€Administrator,€it€is€not€feasible€to€Ì€€prescribe€or€enforce€such€standards.€Specifically,€paragraph€111(h)(1)€states€thatÌ€€Ì€€€€€€''€if€in€the€judgment€of€the€Administrator,€it€is€not€feasible€to€prescribe€or€Ì€€enforce€a€standard€of€performance,€he€may€instead€promulgate€a€design,€equipment,€Ì€€work€practice,€or€operational€standard,€or€combination€thereof,€which€reflects€the€Ì€€best€technological€system€of€continuous€emission€reduction€''Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Paragraph€(2)€of€section€111(h)€defines€the€phrase€''not€feasible€to€prescribe€Ì€€or€enforce€a€standard€of€performance''€to€mean€any€situation€where€the€Ì€€Administrator€determines€thatÌ€€Ì€€€€€€''€(A)€a€pollutant€or€pollutants€cannot€be€emitted€through€a€conveyance€Ì€€designed€and€constructed€to€emit€or€capture€such€a€pollutant,€or€that€any€Ì€€requirement€for,€or€use€of,€such€a€conveyance€would€be€inconsistent€with€any€Ì€€Federal,€State€or€local€law,€or€(B)€the€application€of€measurement€technology€to€a€Ì€€particular€class€of€sources€is€not€practicable€due€to€technological€or€economic€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€limitations.''Ì€€Ì€€€€€€For€MSW€landfills,€BDT€consists€of€a€gas€collection€system€and€an€effective€Ì€€control€device,€achieving€98€percent€reduction€of€landfill€emissions€for€landfills€Ì€€with€an€NMOC€emission€potential€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€In€Ì€€order€to€set€a€performance€standard€for€the€gas€collection€system€(e.g.,€collection€Ì€€efficiency),€it€would€be€necessary€to€quantify€the€landfill€gas€available€for€Ì€€collection€in€comparison€to€the€amount€collected.€It€is€not€technically€feasible€to€Ì€€measure€the€amount€of€gas€available€for€collection,€only€to€estimate€how€much€is€Ì€€produced,€so€a€collection€efficiency€cannot€be€measured.€Emission€limits€are€not€Ì€€applicable€to€gas€collection€systems.€For€this€reason€the€Administrator€has€Ì€€proposed€design,€operational,€and€work€practice€standards€for€collection€systems.€Ì€€Design€features€are€required€that€would€ensure€effective€collection€of€MSW€landfill€Ì€€emissions.€The€standards€and€guidelines€specify€that€collection€systems€must€be€Ì€€designed€and€operated€to€handle€that€maximum€gas€generation€rate€and€to€collect€gas€Ì€€effectively€from€all€areas€of€the€landfill€warranting€control€and€require€Ì€€monitoring€and€appropriate€operation€of€the€collection€system.€Control€is€warranted€Ì€€within€2€years€of€initial€waste€placement€for€each€area€or€cell€in€which€refuse€has€Ì€€been€placed.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€the€case€of€the€control€device,€however,€percent€reduction€is€directly€Ì€€measurable€for€most€control€devices€applicable€to€air€emissions€of€MSW€landfills,€Ì€€and€the€control€efficiencies€are€well-documented€(Chapter€4€of€the€BID,€Docket€No.€Ì€€A-88-09,€Item€No.€III-B-1).€Although€flare€outlet€concentration€is€infeasible€to€Ì€€measure,€EPA€acknowledges€that€reduction€beyond€98€percent€is€not€only€achievable,€Ì€€but€common,€and€has€used€open€(i.e.,€elevated)€flares€in€the€selection€of€BDT.€For€Ì€€this€reason,€the€Administrator€has€prescribed€that€control€devices€must€achieve€98€Ì€€percent€reduction€efficiency.€If€flares€are€used€to€meet€the€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines€they€must€meet€the€specifications€in€40€CFR€60.18,€since€percent€Ì€€reduction€is€not€measurable.€Refer€to€the€Subsection€1€above,€''Discussion€of€Ì€€Demonstrated€Technologies''€for€a€discussion€of€control€devices€EPA€believes€can€Ì€€achieve€the€98-percent€reduction€requirement.€Owners€or€operators€of€MSW€landfills€Ì€€intending€to€use€other€controls€are€required€to€demonstrate€the€same€level€of€Ì€€emission€reduction.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€standards€proposed€today€include€provisions€allowing€an€owner€or€operator€Ì€€to€submit€a€plan€to€use€an€alternative€collection€system€and€or€control€device,€Ì€€provided€that€the€owner€or€operator€is€able€to€demonstrate€that€such€system€and/or€Ì€€device€is€able€to€achieve€an€equivalent€level€of€control€and€emission€reduction.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€F.€Selection€of€Requirements€To€Implement€the€Best€Demonstrated€TechnologyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€1.€IntroductionÌ€€Ì€€€€€€This€section€describes€in€detail€how€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€would€be€implemented.€As€discussed€in€the€previous€section,€EPA€has€selected€as€BDT€Ì€€active€collection€systems€and€control€systems€able€to€reduce€NMOC€content€of€the€Ì€€collected€gas€by€98€percent.€These€systems€are€to€be€installed€when€the€NMOC€Ì€€emission€rate€at€a€given€landfill€is€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€or€more.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€First,€this€section€reviews€the€applicability€of€the€standards€and€the€Ì€€guidelines,€followed€by€an€explanation€of€the€procedures€used€to€determine€the€site-Ì€€specific€NMOC€emission€rate.€The€EPA€has€developed€a€tiered€method€of€calculations€Ì€€for€determining€which€affected€landfills€are€required€to€control,€and€when€to€Ì€€install€and€remove€controls.€Conservative€defaults€were€developed€for€the€tiered€Ì€€approach.€The€discussion€of€the€approach€focuses€on€the€defaults€generated€for€Ì€€Regulatory€Alternative€2,€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€NMOC.€Should€EPA€consider€a€more€Ì€€stringent€cutoff€level€(i.e.,€less€than€150€Mg/yr€167€tpy€),€new€defaults€will€be€Ì€€calculated€for€that€level,€using€the€same€methods€employed€in€developing€the€Ì€€defaults€for€Regulatory€Alternative€2.€The€explanation€for€the€method€and€the€Ì€€differences€between€the€tiers€are€also€presented€below.€The€EPA€then€presents€Ì€€design€considerations€for€the€collection€system,€and€the€specifications€for€the€Ì€€various€control€devices€EPA€has€determined€can€be€used€to€demonstrate€compliance€Ì€€with€the€standards€or€guidelines.€Also€this€section€discusses€how€to€use€Ì€€alternative€means€of€emission€limitation€to€comply€with€the€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines.€The€section€concludes€with€a€discussion€of€the€requirements€and€Ì€€considerations€specific€to€the€guidelines€proposed€under€Section€111(d)€of€the€CAA.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Review-Affected€Facility€(New€Source€Performance€Standards)€and€Designated€Ì€€Facility€(Guidelines).€The€definition€of€affected€facility€under€the€proposed€NSPS€Ì€€is€identical€to€the€definition€of€the€designated€facility€under€the€proposed€Ì€€guidelines€except€for€the€date€when€construction€or€modification€commences.€For€the€Ì€€purposes€of€today's€actions,€a€''municipal€solid€waste€landfill''€or€''MSW€Ì€€landfill''€means€an€entire€disposal€facility€in€a€contiguous€geographical€space€Ì€€where€household€waste€is€placed€in€or€on€land.€An€MSW€landfill€may€also€receive€Ì€€commercial€waste,€sludges,€and€industrial€solid€waste.€Portions€of€an€MSW€landfill€Ì€€may€be€separated€by€access€roads.€An€MSW€landfill€may€be€publicly€or€privately€Ì€€owned.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€An€MSW€landfill€is€regulated€as€an€entire€unit€(i.e.,€the€landfill€is€Ì€€considered€either€new€and€is€subject€to€the€NSPS€or€existing€and€subject€to€the€Ì€€guidelines)€because€the€total€emission€potential€and€associated€environmental€Ì€€impacts€are€determined€by€the€entire€landfill.€A€single€landfill€would€not€have€Ì€€portions€subject€to€the€NSPS€and€portions€subject€to€the€guidelines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Applicability€of€the€New€Source€Performance€Standards€to€New€Municipal€Solid€Ì€€Waste€Landfills.€Any€MSW€landfill€on€which€construction€or€modification€began€on€or€Ì€€after€today's€date€would€be€regulated€under€the€NSPS.€Although€portions€of€a€new€Ì€€landfill€may€subsequently€be€closed,€the€entire€landfill€will€be€viewed€as€one€Ì€€landfill€for€purposes€of€determining€the€design€capacity€and€the€NMOC€emission€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€rate.€If€installation€of€collection€and€control€systems€is€warranted,€these€systems€Ì€€are€to€be€installed€in€all€areas€as€well.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€considered€the€effect€of€modifications€to€existing€MSW€landfills.€By€Ì€€definition,€a€modification€is€a€''physical€or€operational€change€to€an€existing€Ì€€facility€which€results€in€an€increase€in€the€emission€rate€to€the€atmosphere€of€any€Ì€€pollutant€to€which€a€standard€applies''€(40€CFR€60.14).€An€existing€landfill€that€Ì€€is€modified€is€subject€to€the€NSPS.€Further,€changes€to€an€existing€facility€Ì€€already€subject€to€the€NSPS€that€result€in€an€increase€in€the€emission€rate€may€Ì€€make€the€facility€subject€to€more€stringent€control€requirements€under€the€Ì€€standard.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€only€physical€or€operational€changes€under€the€control€of€the€owner€or€Ì€€operator€that€EPA€has€determined€may€increase€emissions€are€increases€in€the€design€Ì€€capacity€of€a€landfill.€The€EPA€considered€other€possible€physical€or€operational€Ì€€changes€that€may€constitute€a€modification,€but€none€were€identified€that€would€Ì€€result€in€a€modification€pursuant€to€Sec.€60.14.€For€example,€if€an€MSW€landfill€Ì€€increased€its€waste€acceptance€rate,€such€a€change€would€be€analogous€to€an€Ì€€increase€in€production€rate€at€a€manufacturing€facility.€Under€Sec.€60.14(e)(2),€if€Ì€€''an€increase€in€production€rate€of€an€existing€facility,€can€be€accomplished€Ì€€without€a€capital€expenditure€on€that€facility''€it€would€not€be€considered€a€Ì€€modification,€even€if€the€emission€rate€of€the€unit€increased.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€If€modification€is€defined€as€an€increase€in€design€capacity,€then€the€Ì€€applicability€of€this€definition€to€existing€landfills€is€important.€The€EPA€knows€Ì€€of€no€environmental€or€administrative€reason€to€subject€an€MSW€landfill€to€both€the€Ì€€proposed€standards€and€emission€guidelines.€The€question€raised,€then,€is€under€Ì€€what€circumstances€changes€at€an€existing€MSW€landfill€trigger€the€NSPS.€The€EPA€Ì€€considered€two€situations:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€1.€If€an€existing€MSW€landfill€that€is€less€than€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€and€Ì€€was€not€previously€affected€by€either€the€standards€or€guidelines€increased€its€Ì€€design€capacity€above€the€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons);€andÌ€€Ì€€€€€€2.€If€an€existing€MSW€landfill€affected€by€the€emission€guidelines€expands€its€Ì€€design€capacity.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€decided€the€first€case€would€be€a€modification€and€trigger€the€control€Ì€€requirements€of€60.752(b)€of€the€proposed€NSPS€because€the€existing€MSW€landfill€Ì€€was€never€affected€by€the€standards€or€emission€guidelines.€If€such€a€landfill€is€Ì€€now€affected€by€the€standard,€there€is€no€dual€coverage.€In€the€second€case,€since€Ì€€the€MSW€landfill€is€already€affected€by€the€emission€guidelines,€to€trigger€the€Ì€€NSPS€in€addition€to€the€guidelines€would€be€confusing€and€inappropriate€since€BDT€Ì€€is€the€same€for€both.€Therefore,€EPA€is€proposing€that€once€an€existing€landfill€is€Ì€€covered€under€the€emission€guidelines,€the€landfill€remains€covered€under€the€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€guidelines.€Changes€in€the€design€capacity€at€the€affected€landfill€do€not€Ì€€constitute€a€modification.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Applicability€of€the€Guidelines€to€Existing€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Landfills.€Ì€€Any€existing€MSW€landfill€(i.e.,€a€landfill€that€commenced€construction€before€Ì€€today's€date)€that€accepted€waste€on€or€after€November€8,€1987,€or€has€the€Ì€€potential€to€accept€additional€waste€and€has€not€documented€that€it€is€permanently€Ì€€closed,€would€be€a€designated€facility€subject€to€State€regulations€under€the€Ì€€guidelines€proposed€under€section€111(d).€Although€portions€of€an€existing€landfill€Ì€€may€be€closed,€all€portions€of€the€landfill€are€subject€to€the€guidelines€if€any€Ì€€portion€of€the€landfill€accepted€waste€on€or€after€November€8,€1987.€This€means€Ì€€that€all€areas€of€the€landfill€are€to€be€included€in€the€calculation€of€the€design€Ì€€capacity.€When€the€NMOC€emission€rate€is€calculated,€however,€the€regulation€would€Ì€€allow€the€exclusion€of€any€areas€of€the€landfill€which€can€be€shown€to€be€producing€Ì€€virtually€no€gas.€Collection€and€control€systems€are€to€be€installed€in€all€other€Ì€€areas€of€the€landfill€except€where€asbestos€deposits€are€documented.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Control€Requirements€of€the€Standards€and€Guidelines.€The€emission€control€Ì€€levels€of€today's€proposed€standards€for€new€landfills€and€proposed€guidelines€for€Ì€€existing€facilities€are€identical.€Both€new€and€existing€landfills€emitting€150€Ì€€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€or€more,€would€be€required€to€install€collection€and€Ì€€control€systems€that€meet€the€standard.€The€determination€of€whether€a€landfill€Ì€€emits€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€or€more€and€must€install€controls€is€described€below.€Ì€€There€are€separate€requirements€for€small€and€large€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Landfills€with€Design€Capacities€Less€than€100,000€Mg.€Ì€€Because€small€landfills€are€very€unlikely€to€emit€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's,€Ì€€they€would€be€exempt€from€control€requirements.€The€only€requirements€for€affected€Ì€€(new)€and€designated€(existing)€MSW€landfills€with€design€capacities€less€than€Ì€€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€are€to€file€an€initial€design€capacity€report,€and€to€Ì€€report€any€changes€in€capacity.€These€landfills€would€not€be€required€to€perform€Ì€€the€more€detailed€calculations€(the€tiered€approach)€to€determine€their€NMOC€Ì€€emission€rate.€This€minimizes€the€regulatory€burden€on€owners€or€operators€of€small€Ì€€MSW€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€establishing€the€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€design€capacity€exemption,€EPA€Ì€€analyzed€various€factors€that€could€be€used€to€characterize€those€landfills€that€Ì€€EPA€considers€will€be€highly€unlikely€to€ever€produce€NMOC€emissions€at€a€rate€of€Ì€€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€or€more.€Design€capacity€and€acceptance€rate€both€correlated€Ì€€well€with€NMOC€emission€rate.€Therefore,€these€two€factors€were€evaluated€as€Ì€€potential€criteria€upon€which€to€base€an€exemption.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€exemption€in€today's€standards€and€guidelines€is€based€on€design€capacity€Ì€€and€not€acceptance€rate€for€several€reasons.€Design€capacity€is€closely€related€to€Ì€€NMOC€emission€rate,€information€on€design€capacity€of€landfills€is€generally€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€available,€and€it€does€not€change€frequently.€Design€capacity€is€generally€Ì€€documented€in€a€RCRA€or€State€permit,€and€any€change€in€design€capacity€is€usually€Ì€€accompanied€by€a€permit€revision.€An€exemption€based€on€acceptance€rate€would€be€Ì€€impractical€to€implement.€Acceptance€rate€is€a€less€stable€statistic€than€design€Ì€€capacity,€and€typically€fluctuates€over€time€due€to€changes€in€demand€for€landfill€Ì€€space.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€level€was€selected€as€the€appropriate€level€for€Ì€€the€design€capacity€exemption€based€on€an€EPA€analysis€of€the€data€relating€Ì€€capacity€to€NMOC€emissions.€This€level€will€relieve€many€owners€and€operators€of€Ì€€small€landfills€that€will€never€emit€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€the€requirement€to€Ì€€determine€and€report€the€NMOC€emission€rate€annually.€The€EPA€solicits€comment€Ì€€providing€additional€data€relating€design€capacity€or€refuse€in€place€to€NMOC€Ì€€emission€rates.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Landfills€with€Design€Capacities€Equal€to€or€Greater€than€Ì€€100,000€Mg.€New€and€existing€MSW€landfills€with€design€capacities€equal€to€or€Ì€€greater€than€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€would€install€collection€and€control€systems€Ì€€if€their€calculated€NMOC€emissions€are€over€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€Landfills€with€Ì€€capacities€of€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€or€more€would€calculate€and€report€their€Ì€€NMOC€emission€rate€periodically€until€closure,€or€until€a€complying€collection€and€Ì€€control€system€is€required€and€installed.€Periodic€calculation€is€required€because€Ì€€landfill€emissions€at€active€sites€tend€to€increase€as€refuse€in€place€increases€Ì€€and€the€organic€matter€generates€additional€landfill€gas.€In€lieu€of€an€annual€Ì€€report,€owners€or€operators€may€elect€to€submit€an€estimate€of€the€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€for€each€of€the€next€5€years,€based€on€the€current€amount€of€refuse€in€place€Ì€€and€the€estimated€waste€acceptance€rate€for€each€of€the€5€years,€provided€that€the€Ì€€estimated€NMOC€emission€rate€is€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€for€each€of€the€5€Ì€€years€reported.€The€5-year€estimate€would€be€updated€and€resubmitted€at€least€every€Ì€€5€years.€The€standards€and€guidelines€provide€a€formula€and€procedures€for€these€Ì€€calculations,€which€are€discussed€in€the€next€subsection.€Municipal€solid€waste€Ì€€landfills€with€calculated€NMOC€emission€rates€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€Ì€€(167€tpy)€would€install€collection€and€control€systems€within€2€1/2€years,€in€Ì€€compliance€with€specific€design€and€operating€criteria.€The€periodic€calculation€of€Ì€€emissions€is€not€required€while€such€collection€and€control€systems€are€operating.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€After€closure,€emissions€from€landfills€decline€as€the€organic€matter€that€Ì€€generates€landfill€gas€decomposes.€At€some€point€continued€operation€of€the€Ì€€collection€and€control€system€is€not€warranted.€Both€the€standards€and€the€Ì€€guidelines€specify€removal€of€controls€would€be€permitted€only€after€all€three€of€Ì€€the€following€conditions€are€satisfied:€(1)€The€collection€and€control€devices€must€Ì€€have€been€in€operation€for€a€minimum€of€15€years;€(2)€the€landfill€would€have€to€be€Ì€€permanently€closed,€and€(3)€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€must€be€less€than€150€Ì€€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€on€three€successive€test€dates€which€are€no€closer€than€3€months€Ì€€apart,€and€no€longer€than€6€months€apart.€The€rationale€for€these€conditions€is€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€provided€below.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Although€EPA€has€decided€that€equipment€installation€and€removal€should€be€Ì€€based€principally€on€the€NMOC€emission€rate,€for€some€landfills€this€may€mean€Ì€€removal€could€occur€relatively€soon€after€installation.€This€does€not€make€sense€Ì€€when€the€capital€cost€has€already€been€incurred€and€the€equipment€is€still€useful,€Ì€€and€could€be€further€reducing€emissions.€These€further€reductions€are€obtained€for€Ì€€less€cost€than€an€equivalent€amount€of€reduction€at€a€new€site€where€capital€must€Ì€€be€invested€''up€front.''€The€EPA€concluded€that€after€collection€and€control€Ì€€systems€are€installed,€the€systems€should€be€maintained€and€operated€over€their€Ì€€entire€useful€life.€Based€on€engineering/costing€principles,€the€equipment€life€of€Ì€€control€systems€was€conservatively€estimated€to€be€15€years€or€more.€Based€on€an€Ì€€EPA€study€of€the€impact€of€a€minimum€control€period,€EPA€predicts€only€a€small€Ì€€portion€of€controlled€landfills€would€ever€be€both€closed€and€emitting€below€150€Ì€€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€within€15€years€of€equipment€life.€Therefore,€both€the€standards€Ì€€and€the€guidelines€would€specify€a€minimum€control€period€of€15€years.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€analyzed€the€nature€of€gas€generation€from€MSW€landfills€and€concluded€Ì€€that€emission€''peak''€at€or€near€the€time€of€permanent€closure.€Therefore,€Ì€€permanent€closure€of€the€entire€landfill€is€also€required€before€collection€and€Ì€€control€devices€could€be€removed.€For€purposes€of€the€standards€and€guidelines,€a€Ì€€landfill€is€considered€closed€if€it€meets€the€RCRA€definition€of€a€closed€landfill€Ì€€and€files€a€closure€report.€The€recent€RCRA€proposal€(53€FR€33314,€August€30,€1988)€Ì€€has€defined€''closed''€as€no€longer€accepting€waste€and€having€completed€the€Ì€€closure€procedures€noted€in€the€landfill's€closure€plan€for€each€cell€of€a€landfill€Ì€€as€it€closes.€The€RCRA€proposal€would€also€require€that€a€landfill€file€a€permanent€Ì€€record€at€final€closure,€such€as€an€attachment€to€the€property€deed.€The€RCRA€Ì€€proposal€(53€FR€33314,€August€30,€1988)€would€require€a€30-year€post-closure€period€Ì€€that€includes€a€gas€monitoring€system.€The€gas€monitoring€system€proposed€under€Ì€€RCRA€is€different€from€the€gas€collection€and€control€system€proposed€in€this€Ì€€action.€For€existing€MSW€landfills,€the€States€would€have€to€establish€a€means€of€Ì€€certifying€closure€when€closure€has€preceded€the€effective€date€of€the€RCRA€Ì€€program.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€third€condition€for€removal€of€controls€is€calculations€showing€that€the€Ì€€NMOC€emission€rate€is€below€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€Since€the€NMOC€emission€rate€at€a€Ì€€given€landfill€may€fluctuate€seasonally€with€changes€in€temperature,€moisture,€and€Ì€€other€factors,€a€series€of€NMOC€calculations€over€three€successive€time€periods€Ì€€would€be€required.€The€3-to€6-month€time€intervals€provide€a€representation€of€at€Ì€€least€two€seasons.€This€provision€helps€to€assure€that€collection€and€control€will€Ì€€not€be€suspended€based€on€one€isolated€test€that€may€not€be€representative€of€the€Ì€€annual€emission€rate€and€provides€confirmation€that€the€NMOC€emission€rate€has€Ì€€declined€to€below€the€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€2.€Calculation€of€the€Nonmethane€Organic€Compounds€Emission€Rate€Tiered€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Approach.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€standards€and€guidelines€provide€a€tiered€system€for€calculating€the€NMOC€Ì€€emission€rate€to€determine€if€the€NMOC€emission€rate€is€equal€to€or€greater€than€Ì€€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€A€flow€diagram€of€the€three€tiers€is€provided€in€Figure€1.€Ì€€Emission€rates€vary€widely€from€landfill€to€landfill€and€can€be€established€with€a€Ì€€high€degree€of€certainty€only€through€testing.€Alternatively,€a€conservative€Ì€€emission€model€can€be€used€to€provide€a€less€precise,€yet€less€costly€approach.€Ì€€While€such€a€model€would€overestimate€emissions,€the€extra€precision€afforded€by€Ì€€source€testing€it€not€always€warranted.€For€example,€in€cases€where€conservative€Ì€€estimation€results€in€an€NMOC€emission€rate€which€falls€below€the€150€Mg/yr€(167€Ì€€tpy)€emission€rate,€testing€would€not€be€warranted.€Likewise,€testing€would€not€be€Ì€€warranted€if€modeled€emissions€were€substantially€above€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€{SEE€Ì€€ILLUSTRATION(S)€IN€ORIGINAL€DOCUMENT}Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€tiered€method€of€NMOC€emission€rate€calculation€was€developed€to€provide€Ì€€landfill€owners€or€operators€with€the€flexibility€to€choose€among€several€options,€Ì€€each€with€a€different€level€of€precision€and€cost.€The€goals€of€the€tiered€method€Ì€€are€to€identify€those€MSW€landfills€that€are€emitting€at€least€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€Ì€€of€NMOC's,€to€reduce€the€cost€and€burden€of€this€determination€as€much€as€Ì€€reasonably€possible,€to€allow€the€use€of€site-specific€data€derived€from€testing,€Ì€€and€to€permit€facilities€which€exceed€the€150€Mg€(167€tpy)€cutoff€to€install€Ì€€collection€and€control€systems€at€any€point€without€being€required€to€complete€all€Ì€€the€available€levels€of€testing.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€All€three€tiers€are€based€on€the€calculation€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€using€a€Ì€€first€order€decomposition€rate€equation.€The€model€uses€site-specific€information€Ì€€on€landfill€age€and€waste€acceptance€rate.€Three€critical€emission€parameters€are€Ì€€combined€in€the€model:€k€(the€refuse€decay€rate),€L€sub€o€(€the€refuse€methane€Ì€€generation€potential),€and€the€NMOC€concentration.€The€three€tiers€differ€in€how€Ì€€the€values€for€these€three€variables€are€obtained.€The€equation€is€provided€in€the€Ì€€regulation€under€Sec.€60.753,€''Test€Methods€and€Procedures.''Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Tier€1.€Under€Tier€1,€the€landfill€owner€or€operator€combines€readily€available€Ì€€data€about€a€given€landfill€with€conservative€default€values€for€k,€the€NMOC€Ì€€concentration€in€the€landfill€gas,€and€L€sub€o.€The€default€values€for€these€three€Ì€€variables€are€specified€in€the€standards€and€guidelines.€These€values€were€Ì€€established€as€a€result€of€an€EPA€analysis€of€931€landfills€that€took€part€in€the€Ì€€Office€of€Solid€Waste€(OSW)€landfill€survey€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€II-A-25).€Ì€€The€objective€of€the€analysis€was€to€produce€a€set€of€default€values€which€would€Ì€€distinguish€between€landfills€warranting€additional€testing€or€control€and€those€Ì€€landfills€not€emitting€above€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€The€rationale€and€approach€used€Ì€€in€the€analysis€are€presented€in€the€docket€(see€''Rationale€for€Selecting€Tier€1€Ì€€Default€Values''€and€''Applicability€of€Selected€Tier€1€Default€Values€to€the€150€Ì€€Mg/yr€Stringency€Level''€Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€Nos.€II-B-32€and€II-B-40€).€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Because€conservative€values€for€k,€L€sub€o,€and€NMOC€concentration€are€used,€Tier€1€Ì€€would€be€highly€likely€to€overestimate€the€NMOC€emission€rate.€For€those€landfills€Ì€€where€the€Tier€1€calculation€results€in€an€emission€estimate€below€150€Mg/yr€(167€Ì€€tpy)€of€NMOC's,€collection€and€control€systems€would€not€be€installed,€but€Ì€€calculations€would€be€repeated€periodically,€as€previously€described.€For€those€Ì€€landfills€whose€Tier€1€calculations€result€in€an€NMOC€emission€rate€equal€to€or€Ì€€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€the€owner€or€operator€may€either€install€Ì€€collection€and€control€systems,€or€may€perform€the€field€measurement€procedures€Ì€€detailed€in€Tier€2€to€determine€emissions€more€precisely.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Tier€2.€The€equation€used€to€calculate€NMOC€emissions€in€Tier€2€is€the€same€as€Ì€€in€Tier€1,€but€the€landfill€owner€or€operator€conducts€sampling€to€determine€a€site-Ì€€specific€NMOC€concentration€to€substitute€for€the€default€value€in€the€equation.€Ì€€Measurement€of€the€NMOC€concentration€was€chosen€for€Tier€2€because€it€is€variable€Ì€€from€landfill€to€landfill€and€over€time,€and€the€more€precise€value€obtained€by€Ì€€sampling€and€analysis€will€affect€the€results€of€the€emissions€calculation.€Ì€€Furthermore,€NMOC€concentration€is€easier€and€less€expensive€to€determine€than€k.€Ì€€Sampling€procedures€for€NMOC€concentration€are€provided€in€the€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines,€and€the€samples€are€analyzed€using€Method€25C.€If€the€average€NMOC€Ì€€concentration€from€the€samples€results€in€a€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€below€the€Ì€€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€the€owner€or€operator€must€demonstrate€that€there€is€Ì€€statistically€at€least€an€80-percent€confidence€level€that€the€true€value€is€below€Ì€€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€The€procedures€for€this€demonstration€are€adapted€from€Ì€€standard€EPA€procedures.€If€an€80-percent€confidence€level€can€be€demonstrated,€Ì€€controls€would€not€need€to€be€installed.€The€EPA€judged€that€an€80-percent€Ì€€confidence€level€was€sufficient€because€the€k€and€L€sub€o€used€in€Tier€2€will€still€Ì€€produce€a€conservative€NMOC€emission€rate.€If€the€resulting€NMOC€emission€rate€is€Ì€€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€the€owner€or€operator€may€install€Ì€€controls€or€may€perform€the€field€testing€procedures€detailed€in€Tier€3€to€Ì€€determine€NMOC€emissions€more€precisely.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€has€determined€that€a€one-time€assessment€of€the€NMOC€concentration€is€Ì€€inadequate€for€making€a€finding€that€emissions€are€below€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€using€Ì€€the€Tier€2€approach.€The€limited€data€available€indicate€that€of€the€three€Ì€€parameters€effecting€NMOC€emission€rate,€k,€L€sub€o€and€NMOC€concentration,€the€Ì€€NMOC€concentration€is€most€likely€to€vary€at€a€given€landfill€over€time.€The€Ì€€standards€and€guidelines,€therefore,€specify€periodic€confirmation€of€NMOC€Ì€€concentration€levels.€Two€different€retest€frequencies€were€chosen€so€that€a€Ì€€landfill€whose€level€of€emissions€is€far€below€the€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€is€Ì€€not€required€to€retest€as€frequently€as€a€landfill€whose€emission€rate€is€close€to€Ì€€the€cutoff.€The€testing€must€be€repeated€every€5€years€for€those€landfills€whose€Ì€€average€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€is€within€two€standard€deviations€(95€percent€Ì€€confidence€interval)€of€the€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€cutoff.€However,€Ì€€landfills€whose€NMOC€emission€rates€are€far€below€the€cutoff€(i.e.,€more€than€two€Ì€€coefficients€of€variation€below€the€cutoff)€would€be€required€to€retest€only€every€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€10€years.€The€EPA€believes€that€extreme€changes€in€NMOC€concentrations€are€not€Ì€€likely€over€periods€less€than€5€years.€While€testing€of€NMOC€concentrations€is€Ì€€required€only€every€5€or€10€years,€periodic€calculation€of€NMOC€emissions€would€be€Ì€€required€as€previously€described.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Tier€3.€If€calculated€emissions€are€over€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€using€the€site-Ì€€specific€NMOC€concentration€determined€in€Tier€2,€the€owner€or€operator€again€has€Ì€€the€option€of€installing€controls€or€proceeding€to€Tier€3.€Under€Tier€3,€the€site-Ì€€specific€MSW€landfill€methane€generation€rate€constant€k,€is€determined€by€gas€flow€Ì€€testing.€Tier€3€distinguishes€between€MSW€landfills€with€known€histories€of€where€Ì€€and€when€MSW€was€deposited€and€those€with€little€known€history.€Cluster€wells€may€Ì€€be€used€when€the€history€is€known,€and€equal-volume€wells€when€history€is€not€Ì€€known.€(Cluster€wells€are€groupings€of€three€wells€fairly€close€together€whereas€Ì€€equal-volume€wells€are€evenly€spaced€throughout€the€landfill.)€For€landfills€with€Ì€€known€histories,€guidance€is€provided€on€where€to€locate€cluster€wells€to€provide€Ì€€good€estimates€of€k.€For€these€landfills,€the€cluster€well€method€allows€k€to€be€Ì€€estimated€with€greater€statistical€confidence,€and€is€less€expensive€than€locating€Ì€€equal-volume€wells€throughout€the€landfill.€However,€if€landfill€history€is€not€Ì€€known,€the€equal-volume€well€method€produces€estimates€with€greater€statistical€Ì€€confidence.€Tier€3€testing€is€performed€using€Method€2E,€which€is€proposed€to€be€Ì€€included€in€appendix€A€of€40€CFR€part€60€(see€proposed€Method€2E€at€the€end€of€this€Ì€€notice).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Calculation€of€the€Nonmethane€Organic€Compounds€Emission€Rate€for€Previously€Ì€€Installed€Collection€Equipment.€For€landfills€which€have€a€collection€system€Ì€€already€installed,€landfill€owners€or€operators€could€either€use€the€tier€system€or€Ì€€sample€directly€from€their€existing€collections€systems€to€determine€the€NMOC€Ì€€emission€rate.€The€standards€and€guidelines€provide€formulas€and€procedures€for€Ì€€calculating€NMOC€emissions€using€samples€and€gas€flow€data€obtained€from€an€Ì€€existing€collection€system.€The€EPA€has€determined€that€the€most€accurate€Ì€€estimation€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€would€be€obtained€by€such€direct€sampling,€Ì€€provided€correct€procedures€are€used.€Additionally,€determining€the€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€after€controls€are€in€place€is€easier,€because€it€is€simpler€to€obtain€the€Ì€€samples€and€gas€flow€data.€Landfill€owners€or€operators€using€direct€sampling€would€Ì€€have€to€demonstrate€that€there€is€not€excessive€air€infiltration€into€their€system,€Ì€€and€that€there€was€not€positive€pressure€at€any€well€head€when€sampling€and€gas€Ì€€flow€tests€are€performed.€The€landfill€owner€or€operator€must€also€be€able€to€Ì€€document€that€the€collection€system€is€effectively€collecting€landfill€gas€from€all€Ì€€gas€producing€areas€of€the€landfill.€These€provisions€ensure€that€the€flowrate€Ì€€obtained€is€accurate.€Air€infiltration€would€result€in€an€overestimation,€while€Ì€€positive€pressure€would€result€in€an€underestimation.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€While€this€method€is€optional€for€determining€applicability€of€the€standards€or€Ì€€guidelines,€it€is€the€only€method€permitted€for€determining€whether€control€systems€Ì€€can€be€removed.€As€discussed€in€the€preceding€section,€three€conditions€must€be€met€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€in€order€to€remove€a€collection€and€control€system€that€is€operating€in€compliance€Ì€€with€the€standards€or€guidelines.€One€of€these€conditions€is€that€the€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€must€be€below€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€The€formula€and€procedures€for€sampling€and€Ì€€determining€the€gas€flow€directly€from€the€system€must€be€used€when€calculating€the€Ì€€NMOC€emission€rate€for€this€purpose.€The€tiered€approach€is€not€permitted.€These€Ì€€direct€sampling€procedures€provide€the€most€accurate€estimate€of€the€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate.€It€is,€therefore,€reasonable€to€require€this€method€of€calculation€prior€to€Ì€€permanent€removal€of€collection€and€control€equipment.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€3.€Collection€System€DesignÌ€€Ì€€€€€€As€discussed€previously€under€''Selection€of€Best€Demonstrated€Technology,''€Ì€€BDT€for€the€collection€of€MSW€landfill€emissions€is€the€installation€of€an€Ì€€effective€collection€system€when€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€equals€or€Ì€€exceeds€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€An€effective€collection€system€has€the€following€Ì€€capabilities:€(1)€Wells€or€trenches€located€to€effectively€collect€gas€from€all€Ì€€areas€of€the€landfill;€(2)€gas€moving€equipment€able€to€handle€the€maximum€landfill€Ì€€gas€generation€rate€predicted€over€the€life€of€the€equipment€if€an€active€system€is€Ì€€used;€(3)€design€provisions€for€monitoring€and€adjusting€the€operation€of€Ì€€individual€wells€and€trenches,€if€an€active€system€is€used;€and€(4)€the€ability€to€Ì€€expand€as€new€areas€require€collection.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€included€in€today's€notice€would€require€Ì€€a€landfill€owner€or€operator€to€construct€the€collection€and€control€system€Ì€€according€to€design€specifications€stated€in€the€regulations,€or€according€to€a€Ì€€collection€system€design€plan€that€is€submitted€to€EPA€or€to€the€State,€as€Ì€€appropriate,€for€review.€In€addition€to€these€provisions,€landfill€owners€or€Ì€€operators€can€use€Section€111(h)(3)€of€the€CAA€to€request€approval€of€gas€Ì€€collection€systems€that€provide€equivalent€control€but€do€not€comply€with€either€Ì€€the€specifications€in€the€regulation€or€with€the€plan€development€and€review€Ì€€requirements.€The€plan€would€be€submitted€to€the€appropriate€air€program€office€to€Ì€€allow€a€review€of€the€plan€and€requests€under€section€111(h)(3)€would€be€submitted€Ì€€to€EPA€for€consideration.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€realizes€that€landfill€owners€or€operators€that€have€no€experience€with€Ì€€gas€collection€system€design€may€need€very€detailed€specifications€on€how€to€design€Ì€€an€acceptable€system.€Therefore,€EPA€has€identified€the€key€attributes€of€a€good€Ì€€collection€system€and€developed€detailed€specifications€on€how€to€design€an€Ì€€approvable€system.€The€EPA€considered€including€only€extensive€design€Ì€€specifications€in€the€regulation€itself.€However,€in€order€to€allow€owners€and€Ì€€operators€flexibility€in€choosing€the€most€effective€collection€and€control€system€Ì€€and€to€encourage€innovation,€EPA€decided€to€adopt€an€approach€that€gives€the€owner€Ì€€or€operator€the€option€of€following€exact€specifications€to€demonstrate€compliance€Ì€€with€the€standards.€Alternatively,€the€regulations€also€allow€innovation€through€a€Ì€€system€of€design€plan€submittal€and€review.€These€design€plans€are€required€to€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€include€enough€information€to€ensure€that€the€collection€and€control€system€has€Ì€€been€properly€designed,€thus€eliminating€the€need€for€using€the€regulatory€Ì€€equivalency€provisions€of€section€111(h)(3)€of€the€CAA.€The€technology€of€landfill€Ì€€gas€extraction€is€continuing€to€evolve,€with€new€and€more€sophisticated€methods€of€Ì€€optimizing€gas€extraction€being€developed€by€both€landfill€owners€and€developers€Ì€€who€are€specializing€in€gas€recovery€at€landfills.€Providing€only€rigid€design€Ì€€specifications€or€requiring€the€use€of€section€111(h)(3)€would€tend€to€limit€this€Ì€€creativity,€and€prohibit€the€introduction€of€innovative€systems€currently€under€Ì€€development.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€the€case€where€the€specifications€in€Sec.€60.758€are€not€followed,€the€Ì€€design€plans€would€be€used€to€ensure€that€BDT€had€been€designed€and€would€be€Ì€€installed.€For€active€collection€systems,€this€plan€would€be€required€to€include:€Ì€€(1)€A€calculation€of€the€maximum€expected€gas€flow€over€the€life€of€the€landfill;€Ì€€(2)€specifications€for€the€gas€moving€equipment,€including€any€future€capacity€Ì€€increases€planned;€(3)€a€description€of€the€design€provisions€for€future€expansion,€Ì€€if€the€landfill€is€still€accepting€waste;€(4)€the€well€head€or€trench€vacuum;€(5)€Ì€€the€radii€of€influence€used€for€well/trench€spacing;€(6)€the€well/trench€Ì€€specifications;€and€(7)€a€plot€plan€of€the€landfill€showing€the€locations€of€each€Ì€€well/trench.€For€passive€collection€systems,€the€plan€would€be€required€to€include:€Ì€€(1)€The€liner€system€design€and€specifications;€(2)€the€landfill€pressure€Ì€€determined€using€portions€of€Method€2E;€(3)€a€description€of€the€design€provisions€Ì€€for€future€expansion,€if€the€landfill€is€still€accepting€waste;€(4)€the€Ì€€collection/control€system€pressure€drop;€(5)€the€estimated€radii€of€influence;€(6)€Ì€€the€well€specifications,€including€the€liner€seal;€and€(7)€a€plot€plan€of€the€Ì€€landfill€showing€the€location€of€each€well.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Section€60.758€provides€design€specifications€for€active€vertical€systems€only.€Ì€€If€these€specifications€are€followed,€the€submittal€of€a€design€plan€is€not€Ì€€required.€The€selection€of€an€active€horizontal€system€or€a€passive€system,€or€the€Ì€€design€of€an€active€vertical€system€not€based€on€the€specifications€provided€in€Ì€€Sec.€60.758,€would€require€that€a€plan€be€submitted€and€reviewed.€Design€Ì€€specifications€are€outlined€below€for€active€vertical€collection€systems€and€also€Ì€€for€active€horizontal€and€passive€vertical€collection€systems€to€aid€landfill€Ì€€owners€and€operators€in€developing€plans,€if€they€choose€not€to€install€an€active€Ì€€vertical€system€using€the€specifications€in€Sec.€60.758.€They€are€discussed€further€Ì€€in€chapter€9€of€the€BID.€Although€the€collection€systems€designed€under€this€system€Ì€€may€vary€considerably,€systems€are€expected,€at€a€minimum,€to€meet€the€criteria€Ì€€outlined€below€and€in€chapter€9€of€the€BID€in€order€to€demonstrate€compliance,€Ì€€unless€adequate€site-specific€justification€is€provided.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€has€provided€these€specifications€in€order€to€assist€owners€and€Ì€€operators€in€designing€successful€systems.€The€specifications€were€developed€with€Ì€€substantial€comment€and€technical€data€on€alternative€designs,€materials,€and€Ì€€engineering€practices€which€are€being€used€in€designing€landfill€gas€collection€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€systems€by€representatives€from€the€waste€disposal€and€gas€recovery€industries.€The€Ì€€Agency€is€interested€in€additional€information€about€designs€and€materials€which€Ì€€are€presently€in€use€at€successful€sites.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Selection€of€the€collection€system€type€depends€on€the€landfill€characteristics€Ì€€and€landfill€operating€practices.€The€following€sections€present€design€Ì€€considerations€and€specifications€for€an€active€vertical€collection€system,€which€Ì€€EPA€has€evaluated€and€determined€can€most€effectively€satisfy€the€criteria€above.€Ì€€The€standards€and€guidelines€require€an€active€collection€system€unless€the€owner€Ì€€or€operator€can€demonstrate€that€the€passive€system€is€capable€of€achieving€a€Ì€€comparable€level€of€collection.€Some€of€the€design€considerations€for€active€Ì€€horizontal€and€passive€collection€systems€are€presented€as€well.€An€active€Ì€€horizontal€trench€collection€system€may€be€preferred€when€a€landfill€employs€a€Ì€€layer-by-layer€landfilling€method.€However,€considerations€such€as€the€presence€of€Ì€€a€high€water€table€would€decrease€the€collection€efficiency€for€this€system.€Ì€€Additional€information€is€provided€in€chapter€9€of€the€BID.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Active€collection€systems.€Active€collection€systems€employ€mechanical€blowers€Ì€€or€compressors€to€create€a€pressure€gradient€and€extract€the€landfill€gas.€Active€Ì€€collection€systems€consist€of€various€configurations€of€gas€extraction€wells€and/or€Ì€€trenches€and€gas€moving€equipment€such€as€header€piping€and€blowers.€Active€Ì€€collection€systems€can€be€further€categorized€as€vertical€well€systems€and€Ì€€horizontal€trench€systems.€In€vertical€systems,€extraction€wells€are€installed€in€Ì€€the€landfill€refuse€and€in€the€perimeter€of€the€landfill,€while€in€horizontal€Ì€€trench€systems,€trenches€are€installed€horizontally€in€layers€starting€at€or€near€Ì€€the€base€of€the€landfill.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Gas€extraction€wells€or€trenches€must€be€configured€to€collect€gas€effectively€Ì€€from€all€areas€that€warrant€collection.€For€the€purposes€of€today's€proposed€Ì€€regulation,€any€area€or€cell€where€refuse€has€been€deposited€for€at€least€2€years€Ì€€warrants€control,€with€two€exceptions.€Areas€where€asbestos€has€been€deposited€Ì€€should€be€excluded,€and€the€regulation€provides€a€method€for€excluding€areas€with€Ì€€very€low€gas€generation.€Otherwise,€extraction€wells€must€be€placed€throughout€the€Ì€€landfill.€Each€extraction€well€or€trench€has€a€radius€of€influence€within€which€Ì€€landfill€gas€can€be€effectively€collected.€The€radius€of€influence€determines€the€Ì€€spacing€between€extraction€wells€or€location€of€trenches.€For€active€systems€the€Ì€€well€spacing€must€be€adequate€to€collect€the€gas€generated€without€overdraw€of€air€Ì€€into€the€landfill.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Vertical€collection€systems.€Today's€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€Ì€€recommend€that€EPA€Method€2E€be€used€to€determine€the€radius€of€influence€to€use€in€Ì€€determining€vertical€well€spacing.€The€method€distinguishes€between€perimeter€and€Ì€€interior€wells.€Wells€placed€along€the€perimeter€of€the€landfill€are€to€be€placed€Ì€€in€the€refuse€but€no€more€than€one€perimeter€radius€of€influence€from€the€perimeter€Ì€€of€the€landfill,€and€no€more€than€two€times€the€perimeter€radius€of€influence€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€apart.€Interior€wells€are€to€be€placed€no€more€than€two€times€the€interior€radius€Ì€€of€influence€apart,€and€to€be€positioned€in€such€a€way€as€to€cover€all€areas€of€the€Ì€€landfill€where€refuse€is€placed.€The€design€specifications€in€Sec.€60.758€provide€Ì€€an€alternative€method€for€determining€an€appropriate€radius€of€influence€to€use€in€Ì€€spacing€wells€for€those€owners€or€operators€who€have€not€performed€EPA€Method€2E.€Ì€€Chapter€9€of€the€BID€provides€additional€guidance€on€siting€active€vertical€Ì€€extraction€wells.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Vertical€extraction€wells€for€active€collective€systems€are€to€be€constructed€Ì€€of€polyvinyl€chloride€(PVC),€high€density€polyethylene€(HDPE)€pipe,€fiberglass,€Ì€€stainless€steel,€or€a€similar€nonporous€material,€at€least€0.075€m€(3€in.)€in€Ì€€diameter.€Wells€should€extend€to€at€least€75€percent€of€the€landfill€depth,€but€Ì€€should€not€be€deeper€than€the€landfill€in€order€to€protect€the€integrity€of€the€Ì€€landfill€liner.€The€bottom€two-thirds€are€to€be€perforated.€A€minimum€requirement€Ì€€for€perforations€is€slots€or€holes€with€an€open€area€equivalent€to€four€0.01€m€(€Ì€€1/2€in.)€diameter€holes€spaced€at€90€degrees€every€0.1€to€0.2€m€(4€to€8€in.).€If€Ì€€slotted€pipe€is€used,€the€width€of€the€slots€should€not€exceed€the€size€of€the€Ì€€gravel€in€which€it€is€placed.€The€pipe€is€placed€in€the€center€of€a€0.6€m€(2€ft)€Ì€€diameter€bore€and€the€bore€is€then€backfilled€with€gravel€to€a€level€at€least€0.3€m€Ì€€(1€ft)€above€the€perforated€section.€The€remainder€of€the€bore€is€filled€with€at€Ì€€least€1.2€m€(4€ft)€of€backfill€material,€then€at€least€0.9€m€(3€ft)€of€bentonite,€Ì€€and€finally€material€of€equal€or€lower€permeability€than€the€cover.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Each€well€is€connected€to€the€collection€header€pipes€by€a€well€head.€The€well€Ì€€head€and€assembly€must€be€equipped€to€allow€monitoring€and€adjustment€of€the€gas€Ì€€flow€and€the€collection€of€gas€samples.€Chapter€9€of€the€BID€and€EPA€Method€2E€(at€Ì€€the€end€of€this€notice)€provide€both€diagrams€and€specifications€for€the€well€head€Ì€€and€assembly.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Landfill€gas€is€conveyed€through€a€gas€collection€header€system€by€a€blower€or€Ì€€compressor€to€the€control€device.€In€designing€adequate€gas€moving€equipment,€Ì€€blowers€or€compressors€and€header€pipes€need€to€be€sized€to€handle€the€maximum€Ì€€landfill€gas€generation€rate€expected€over€the€life€of€the€control€equipment€Ì€€(normally€15€years).€The€size€and€type€of€compressor€or€blower€depends€on€total€gas€Ì€€flowrate,€total€system€pressure€drop,€and€vacuum€requirements.€The€proposed€Ì€€standards€and€guidelines€give€a€formula€for€calculating€the€maximum€expected€gas€Ì€€flowrate€based€on€the€age€of€the€landfill€and€the€average€annual€refuse€acceptance€Ì€€rate.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€gas€collection€header€system€must€be€designed€to€handle€the€addition€of€new€Ì€€wells€as€new€areas€of€the€landfill€require€control.€Today's€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines€require€that€additional€wells€are€to€be€installed€in€each€area€of€the€Ì€€landfill€within€2€years€of€the€first€deposition€of€refuse€in€that€area.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Operation€of€the€active€vertical€collection€system.€Gas€generation€at€a€given€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€well€may€vary€slightly€over€time.€The€EPA€has€determined€that€the€following€Ì€€monitoring€and€adjustments€are€necessary€to€maximize€collection,€while€minimizing€Ì€€air€infiltration.€Excessive€air€infiltration€poses€a€safety€hazard,€because€too€Ì€€much€air€may€lead€to€an€explosion€or€landfill€fire.€Nitrogen€concentration€is€used€Ì€€as€a€surrogate€measure€for€air€infiltration.€Based€on€these€safety€concerns,€EPA€Ì€€has€determined€that€N€sub€2€concentration€should€be€maintained€under€1€percent€by€Ì€€volume.€When€the€N€sub€2€concentration€at€a€well€head€exceeds€1€percent,€a€slight€Ì€€closing€of€the€valve€at€the€well€head€assembly€would€decrease€the€flow€from€that€Ì€€well,€which€will€decrease€the€vacuum,€and€should€decrease€air€infiltration.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€If€the€pressure€at€the€well€head€is€positive,€the€valve€should€also€be€opened.€Ì€€If€the€valve€has€been€fully€opened€and€the€measured€pressure€is€still€positive,€Ì€€additional€wells€must€be€installed€and€added€to€the€collection€system.€It€should€be€Ì€€noted€that€some€systems€may€exhibit€positive€pressure€at€the€well€head€during€Ì€€initial€startup.€These€systems€should€reach€equilibrium€within€30€to€60€days.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€is€aware€of€an€alternative€method€used€by€the€South€Coast€Air€Quality€Ì€€Management€District€(SCAQMD)€to€determine€if€a€collection€system€is€adequately€Ì€€collecting€the€landfill€gas€or€if€additional€wells€are€required.€In€this€method,€Ì€€surface€emissions€are€tested€for€the€presence€of€methane€across€the€landfill.€If€Ì€€the€concentration€is€above€50€ppmv,€the€collection€system€is€considered€to€be€Ì€€inadequate€for€that€area€of€the€landfill€and€additional€wells€or€increased€suction€Ì€€is€required.€The€EPA€has€not€incorporated€this€testing€method€into€the€standards€at€Ì€€this€time€due€to€the€uncertain€concentration€at€which€additional€wells€would€be€Ì€€warranted.€Additionally,€this€method€may€not€detect€the€lateral€migration€of€the€Ì€€landfill€gas.€If,€however,€more€data€were€available€to€resolve€these€concerns,€EPA€Ì€€would€consider€the€appropriate€use€of€this€method€in€the€final€standards.€The€EPA€Ì€€therefore€requests€technical€comments€providing€additional€information€and€data€Ì€€about€the€effectiveness€of€this€method€for€making€flowrate€adjustment€and€for€Ì€€determining€the€need€for€additional€wells.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€An€additional€consideration€in€the€design€of€an€active€vertical€collection€Ì€€system€is€condensation€of€water€and€organic€compounds€which€may€occur€in€the€header€Ì€€pipes€due€to€the€cooler€temperatures€above€the€surface€of€the€landfill.€This€Ì€€condensate€should€be€handled€according€to€RCRA€Subtitle€D€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Active€horizontal€collection€systems.€Although€EPA€Method€2E€is€based€on€a€Ì€€vertical€well€test,€the€results€of€this€method€can€be€used€to€determine€the€radii€Ì€€of€influence€in€the€horizontal€direction.€Additionally,€the€design€specifications€Ì€€in€Sec.€60.758€provide€an€alternative€method€for€determining€an€appropriate€radius€Ì€€of€influence€to€use€for€trench€spacing€in€situations€where€EPA€Method€2E€has€not€Ì€€been€performed.€Active€horizontal€trenches€should€be€positioned€no€more€than€two€Ì€€times€the€radius€of€influence€apart€in€the€horizontal€direction.€Since€compaction€Ì€€of€the€refuse€causes€refuse€permeability€to€be€lower€in€the€vertical€direction,€EPA€Ì€€recommends€a€vertical€spacing€of€one-fourth€the€horizontal€spacing.Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€Horizontal€trenches€may€be€constructed€of€slotted€or€perforated€PVC,€HDPE,€Ì€€corrugated€steel€piping,€or€a€similar€suitable€nonporous€material.€Each€layer€of€Ì€€trenches€should€be€connected€to€a€common€header€leg€that€extends€to€the€surface,€Ì€€and€connects€to€the€gas€header€pipes€in€the€same€way€as€active€vertical€collection€Ì€€systems.€One€design€consideration€is€whether€to€pull€the€vacuum€(i.e.,€actively€Ì€€collect€landfill€gas)€from€only€one€or€both€ends€of€the€trench.€When€the€vacuum€is€Ì€€pulled€at€only€one€end,€there€will€be€a€pressure€drop€along€the€length€of€the€Ì€€trench.€The€effective€length€of€the€trench€will€be€limited€by€this€pressure€drop.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€sizing€of€gas€moving€equipment€for€active€horizontal€systems€is€evaluated€Ì€€in€the€same€maner€as€for€active€vertical€systems.€Monthly€testing€of€pressure€and€Ì€€air€content€is€performed€at€the€common€header€leg€and€the€adjustments€are€made€at€Ì€€the€valve€in€the€header€leg.€Additional€information€about€horizontal€systems€is€Ì€€provided€in€chapter€9€of€the€BID.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Passive€collection€systems.€Passive€gas€collection€systems€rely€on€the€natural€Ì€€pressure€gradient€(i.e.,€internal€landfill€pressure€created€due€to€landfill€gas€Ì€€generation)€or€the€concentration€gradient€to€convey€the€landfill€gas€to€the€Ì€€collection€system.€While€EPA€believes€that€active€collection€systems€are€the€most€Ì€€effective€means€of€collecting€landfill€gas,€passive€systems€will€be€allowed€when€Ì€€the€following€two€conditions€are€met:€(1)€The€owner€or€operator€can€demonstrate€Ì€€that€the€well€spacing€is€adequate€to€effectively€collect€gas€from€all€areas€of€the€Ì€€landfill€and€(2)€the€landfill€is€contained€by€synthetic€liners€on€all€sides,€Ì€€including€top€and€bottom.€Liners€help€to€prevent€lateral€gas€migration€and,€thus,€Ì€€increase€the€volume€of€gas€collected.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Passive€wells€must€be€spaced€based€on€field€testing€to€determine€the€static€Ì€€landfill€pressure,€and€the€pressure€drop€across€the€control€device€(typically€a€Ì€€flare),€flame€arrester,€and€collection€header€piping.€Chapter€9€of€the€BID€provides€Ì€€a€diagram€to€determine€the€radius€of€influence€after€subtracting€the€pressure€drop€Ì€€from€the€static€landfill€pressure.€This€radius€of€influence€is€used€to€space€the€Ì€€wells€so€that€gas€is€collected€from€every€area€of€the€landfill,€and€the€distance€Ì€€between€the€wells€is€no€more€than€two€times€the€radius€of€influence.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€wells€must€also€meet€prescribed€design€criteria€(i.e.,€constructed€of€PVC€Ì€€or€HDPE€or€other€suitable€nonporous€material,€provided€with€a€tight€seal€around€the€Ì€€cap€to€maintain€integrity€of€the€cover).€These€design€criteria€are€detailed€in€Ì€€chapter€9€of€the€BID.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Monitoring€and€adjustments€are€not€necessary€for€passive€wells€because€the€Ì€€wells€are€under€positive€pressure€and€air€infiltration€is€not€a€concern.€Good€Ì€€containment€is€the€principal€concern€in€operating€an€effective€passive€collection€Ì€€system.Ì€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€4.€Specifications€for€Control€SystemsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€As€noted€previously,€for€effective€control€of€landfill€air€emissions,€collected€Ì€€landfill€gas€must€be€directed€through€an€emission€control€device€that€achieves€Ì€€destruction€of€NMOC's€by€98€percent€by€weight,€except€for€lean-burn€I.C.€engines,€Ì€€which€are€discussed€below.€The€EPA€has€determined€that€the€following€control€Ì€€devices€are€capable€of€achieving€this€destruction€efficiency€and€can€be€used€to€Ì€€comply€with€the€standards€and€guidelines€if€the€specifications€described€below€are€Ì€€met.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Open€flares.€The€selection€of€BDT€for€the€control€device€was€based€on€the€use€Ì€€of€open€flares,€meeting€the€specifications€in€40€CFR€60.18.€Because€emissions€from€Ì€€open€flares€cannot€be€easily€measured,€the€conditions€necessary€to€achieve€98€Ì€€percent€reduction€have€been€detailed€in€40€CFR€60.18,€and€flares€meeting€those€Ì€€specifications€will€be€acceptable€for€the€purposes€of€the€proposed€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Enclosed€combustion€devices.€The€EPA€will€also€allow€the€use€of€enclosed€ground€Ì€€flares,€which€are€currently€in€use€at€several€MSW€landfills.€These€flares€are€Ì€€positioned€at€ground€level€and€are€closely€enclosed€with€a€shell€of€fire-resistant€Ì€€walls€which€extend€above€the€top€of€the€flame.€The€EPA€characterizes€enclosed€Ì€€ground€flares€as€''enclosed''€combustors.€Other€kinds€of€enclosed€combustion€Ì€€devices€that€can€be€used€to€comply€with€the€standards€and€guidelines€include€Ì€€boilers,€gas€turbines,€I.C.€engines,€and€incinerators.€These€enclosed€combustors€Ì€€can€be€used€only€if€they€can€be€shown€to€meet€the€98-percent€destruction€Ì€€requirement€or€to€result€in€an€NMOC€outlet€concentration€of€20€ppmvd,€as€hexane,€at€Ì€€3€percent€O€sub€2.€Method€25€must€be€used€to€measure€NMOC€concentration€for€either€Ì€€demonstration.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€is€aware€that€lean-burn€I.C.€engines€are€currently€in€use€in€NO€sub€x€Ì€€nonattainment€areas.€However,€these€engines€may€not€be€able€to€achieve€the€98-Ì€€percent€destruction€efficiency€required€in€the€proposed€standard€under€typical€Ì€€operating€conditions.€The€EPA€requests€comment€about€the€appropriateness€of€the€use€Ì€€of€low-NO€sub€x,€lean-burn€I.C.€engines€at€MSW€landfills€in€nonattainment€areas,€Ì€€and€if€so,€at€what€destruction€efficiency.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Purification€systems.€Various€purification€systems€can€also€be€used€to€meet€the€Ì€€standards€and€guidelines.€These€systems€market€the€purified€methane€gas.€Such€Ì€€systems€would€comply€with€the€standards€or€guidelines€only€if€vent€streams€from€the€Ì€€system€are€routed€to€any€of€the€control€devices€above,€meeting€the€same€Ì€€specifications.€Alternatively,€a€demonstration€that€a€total€of€at€least€98€percent€Ì€€destruction€of€NMOC's€is€achieved€by€the€control€of€some€portion€of€the€vent€Ì€€streams€will€be€permitted.€This€second€option€was€developed€in€consideration€that€Ì€€the€control€of€some€very€minor€vents€is€not€warranted€when€a€net€reduction€of€98€Ì€€percent€can€be€achieved€through€the€control€of€the€bulk€of€the€vent€streams.Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€5.€Implications€of€the€Guidelines€for€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Landfills€With€Pre-Ì€€existing€SystemsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€is€aware€that€over€100€MSW€landfills€already€have€some€form€of€Ì€€collection€and/or€control€systems€in€place.€Any€of€these€landfills€that€are€subject€Ì€€to€the€proposed€emission€guidelines€may€be€required€to€upgrade€their€system€in€Ì€€order€to€achieve€compliance.€In€this€section€the€evaluation€and€upgrading€of€Ì€€existing€systems€is€discussed.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Existing€collection€systems.€Today's€proposed€guidelines€would€not€require€that€Ì€€existing€collection€systems€meet€all€of€the€design€specifications€for€newly€Ì€€installed€systems;€however,€operating€guidelines€for€existing€collection€systems€Ì€€are€specified€by€the€guidelines.€These€operating€guidelines€are€designed€to€insure€Ì€€effective€collection€of€landfill€gas€from€all€areas€of€the€landfill€and€that€air€Ì€€infiltration€will€not€exceed€safe€levels.€Under€the€proposed€guidelines,€N€sub€2€is€Ì€€used€as€a€measurement€surrogate€for€air€infiltration.€The€guideline€specifies€that€Ì€€the€N€sub€2€content€of€the€collected€gas€be€monitored,€and€adjustments€be€made€in€Ì€€the€flow€to€maintain€the€N€sub€2€content€slightly€below€1€percent.€This€is€to€Ì€€prevent€explosions€and€fires,€and€is€considered€a€reasonable€and€necessary€Ì€€requirement€for€existing€as€well€as€new€collection€systems.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Under€the€proposed€guidelines,€the€installation€of€additional€wells€would€occur€Ì€€under€either€of€two€conditions.€The€first€condition€is€the€detection€of€positive€Ì€€pressure€at€any€well€head€even€after€the€flow€is€increased€as€much€as€possible.€Ì€€Positive€pressure€indicates€that€the€number€of€wells€is€inadequate€to€collect€the€Ì€€total€volume€of€gas€that€is€being€generated.€The€second€condition€is€when€wells€Ì€€have€not€been€placed€in€all€areas€of€the€landfill€where€waste€has€been€deposited€Ì€€for€at€least€2€years.€The€wells€or€trenches€already€in€place€could€be€used,€along€Ì€€with€pressure€probes,€to€calculate€the€radius€of€influence€of€the€wells€in€the€Ì€€current€collection€system.€The€owner€or€operator€could€use€this€radius€of€influence€Ì€€along€with€the€guidance€provided€in€Chapter€9€of€the€BID€to€site€additional€wells.€Ì€€New€wells€added€to€an€existing€system€would€have€to€comply€with€the€design€Ì€€specifications€provided€in€the€guidelines.€Owners€or€operators€who€find€they€must€Ì€€replace€or€add€additional€wells€should€submit€a€description€of€the€number€and€Ì€€location€of€additional€wells€they€plan€to€install€to€the€appropriate€State€agency€Ì€€along€with€a€schematic€of€the€existing€system.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€During€the€development€of€the€proposed€guidelines,€EPA€considered€whether€or€Ì€€not€requiring€such€upgrades€adversely€impacts€those€owners€or€operators€who€have€Ì€€already€invested€in€collection€systems.€However,€the€cost€of€upgrading€the€Ì€€collection€system€by€the€addition€of€wells€is€small€relative€to€the€cost€for€a€Ì€€complete€system,€and€was€judged€reasonable€and€necessary€when€the€existing€wells€Ì€€are€inadequate€to€handle€the€gas€being€generated.€It€is€reasonable€to€expect€that€Ì€€landfills€that€already€have€systems€in€place€are€already€paying€staff€to€operate€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€and€monitor€the€equipment.€Labor€costs€are€a€significant€component€of€the€overall€Ì€€collection€costs.€Thus,€EPA€does€not€expect€that€the€replacement€or€addition€of€Ì€€wells€would€result€in€significant€additional€operating€costs€due€to€labor.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€those€situations€where€collection€systems€exist,€but€the€collected€emissions€Ì€€are€vented€to€the€atmosphere€uncontrolled,€the€collection€system€must€first€be€Ì€€evaluated€and€upgraded€if€necessary,€and€then€control€devices€meeting€BDT€for€Ì€€control€devices€must€be€added€on.€Such€a€requirement€is€reasonable€because€without€Ì€€control,€emission€reduction€does€not€occur.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Existing€control€systems.€For€those€MSW€landfills€where€control€systems€are€Ì€€already€in€place,€but€the€emission€reduction€achieved€by€the€current€system€does€Ì€€not€meet€the€level€of€emission€reduction€in€the€proposed€guideline€for€control€Ì€€devices,€the€guideline€would€require€the€owner€or€operator€to€either€upgrade€or€Ì€€replace€the€control€system€to€improve€the€destruction€efficiency€to€meet€the€Ì€€State's€approved€emission€limitation.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€As€explained€in€Section€I€below,€State€emission€standards€developed€pursuant€to€Ì€€the€guidelines€must€ordinarily€be€at€least€as€stringent€as€the€guidelines.€However,€Ì€€State€standards€may€be€less€stringent€on€a€case-by-case€basis€where€compelling€Ì€€justification€can€be€demonstrated€in€each€case.€The€level€of€control€already€Ì€€achieved€at€a€particular€landfill€and€site-specific€economic€factors€can€be€Ì€€considered€by€the€States€in€developing€their€standards.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€G.€Test€Methods€and€ProceduresÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Test€methods€proposed€in€this€notice€are€Method€25C,€Method€3C,€and€Method€2E.€Ì€€Method€25C€provides€instruction€on€sampling€the€landfill€gas€and€is€used€to€Ì€€determine€the€NMOC€concentration€of€landfill€gas.€Method€3C€is€used€to€measure€the€Ì€€concentration€of€N€sub€2€in€landfill€gas€and€Method€2E€is€used€to€determine€the€Ì€€flowrate€of€landfill€gas€from€the€landfill.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€methods€may€be€found€at€the€end€of€this€notice.€Although€these€Ì€€methods€were€developed€with€input€from€many€landfill€operators€who€are€already€Ì€€involved€in€some€form€of€landfill€gas€collection€and€control,€EPA€recognizes€that€Ì€€some€additional€parties€may€have€useful€input€to€offer.€Therefore,€EPA€requests€Ì€€technical€comments€and€data,€where€applicable,€on€these€methods.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Method€25C.€A€sampling€probe€is€perforated€at€one€end€and€driven€or€augured€to€Ì€€a€depth€of€0.9€m€(3€ft)€below€the€bottom€of€the€landfill€cover.€Sampling€from€the€Ì€€probe€is€done€similarly€to€Method€25,€except€that€there€is€no€cold€trap€to€collect€Ì€€the€moisture.€Landfill€gas€is€extracted€from€the€probe€with€an€evacuated€cylinder€Ì€€at€the€rate€of€100€milliliters€per€minute€(ml/min)€6.1€sup€6€0.6€cubic€inches€per€Ì€€minute€(in€sup€3/.min)€,€and€the€carrier€gas€bypass€valve€is€used€to€pressurize€the€Ì€€cylinder€with€helium€to€approximately€1.060€millimeters€(mm)€mercury€567€in.€water€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€(H€sub€2O)€absolute€pressure.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€analysis€for€the€cylinder€gas€is€the€same€as€Method€25,€that€is,€the€NMOC€Ì€€content€of€the€sample€gas€is€determined€by€injecting€a€portion€of€the€gas€into€a€Ì€€gas€chromatographic€column€to€separate€the€NMOC€from€CO,€CO€sub€2,€and€methane.€The€Ì€€NMOC€are€then€oxidized€to€CO€sub€2,€reduced€to€methane,€and€measured€by€a€flame€Ì€€ionization€detector€(FID).€In€this€manner,€the€variable€response€of€the€FID€Ì€€associated€with€different€types€of€organics€is€eliminated.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€cold€trap€is€excluded€from€Method€25C€because€landfill€gas€is€not€expected€Ì€€to€contain€enough€water€to€condense€in€the€cylinder€and€cause€analytical€problems.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Method€3C.€Method€3C€is€used€to€determine€the€N€sub€2€concentration€in€landfill€Ì€€gas€samples€by€injecting€a€portion€of€the€gas€into€a€gas€chromatograph€(GC)€and€Ì€€determining€the€N€sub€2€concentration€by€a€thermal€conductivity€detector€(TCD)€and€Ì€€integrator.€The€concentrations€of€methane,€CO€sub€2,€and€O€sub€2€can€also€be€Ì€€determined.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€Tier€2,€when€the€NMOC€concentration€in€the€landfill€gas€is€determined€by€Ì€€Method€25C,€Method€3C€is€used€as€a€check€on€the€integrity€of€the€sample.€Nitrogen€Ì€€is€used€as€a€surrogate€for€air,€and€N€sub€2€concentrations€of€greater€than€1€Ì€€percent€in€the€sample€indicate€improper€sampling€probe€installation€or€sampling€Ì€€technique.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€Tier€3,€when€Method€2E€is€used€to€determine€the€flowrate€of€landfill€gas€Ì€€from€the€landfill,€Method€3C€is€used€to€determine€the€presence€of€N€sub€2€in€a€Ì€€landfill€gas€sample,€which€is€an€indication€of€infiltration€of€air€into€the€Ì€€landfill.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Method€3C€is€also€used€to€leak€check€the€above€ground€extraction€well€Ì€€apparatus.€The€landfill€gas€is€extracted€from€the€landfill€by€a€blower€and€the€Ì€€flowrate€is€measured€by€an€orifice€meter.€Leaks€in€the€well€piping€may€affect€the€Ì€€flowrate€measured€by€the€orifice€meter€significantly.€The€concentration€of€N€sub€2€Ì€€is€measured€at€the€well€head€sample€port€and€at€the€outlet€sample€port,€and€a€Ì€€difference€of€greater€than€10,000€ppm€indicates€a€leak.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Method€2E.€In€Tier€3,€the€landfill€owner€or€operator€determines€the€landfill€Ì€€gas€flowrate€from€the€landfill€with€Method€2E€by€installing€a€single€cluster€of€Ì€€three€extraction€wells€or€five€wells€equally€spaced€over€the€landfill.€The€cluster€Ì€€wells€are€recommended€but€may€be€used€only€if€the€composition,€age€of€the€refuse,€Ì€€and€the€landfill€depth€of€the€test€area€can€be€determined.€The€construction€of€the€Ì€€extraction€well€is€specified€in€the€method.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Pressure€probes€are€located€along€three€radial€arms€120€degrees€apart€at€Ì€€distances€of€3,€15,€30,€and€45€m€(10,€50,€100,€and€150€ft)€from€each€extraction€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€well.€The€probes€15,€30,€and€45€m€(50,€100,€and€150€ft)€from€each€well€are€called€Ì€€deep€probes€and€they€extend€to€a€depth€equal€to€one-third€the€depth€of€the€Ì€€extraction€wells.€The€three€probes€located€3€m€(10€ft)€from€the€well€are€called€Ì€€shallow€probes€and€extend€to€a€depth€equal€to€one-sixth€of€the€depth€of€the€Ì€€extraction€wells.€The€method€specifies€that€the€bottom€two-thirds€of€the€pressure€Ì€€probes€are€to€be€perforated,€with€the€area€of€the€perforations€specified€in€the€Ì€€method.€The€EPA€is€aware€that€alternative€perforation€patterns€or€areas€are€in€use€Ì€€and€may€be€applicable€to€these€pressure€probes.€The€EPA€is€also€aware€that€some€Ì€€landfill€gas€collection€systems€are€currently€designed€based€on€tests€using€shallow€Ì€€uniform€pressure€probes€with€a€depth€of€3€m€(10€ft),€rather€than€a€depth€which€is€Ì€€site-specific.€The€EPA€welcomes€comment€on€alternative€designs€for€effective€Ì€€pressure€probes€as€well€as€on€the€relative€merits€of€uniform€shallow€pressure€Ì€€proble€depth€versus€pressure€probe€depth€determined€by€the€depth€of€the€test€well.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€After€the€wells€have€been€installed€and€the€static€flowrate€of€the€landfill€gas€Ì€€from€the€wells€has€been€measured,€short-term€testing€is€done€on€each€extraction€Ì€€well€to€determine:€(1)€The€maximum€vacuum€that€can€be€applied€by€a€blower€to€the€Ì€€wells€without€infiltration€of€air€into€the€landfill€and€(2)€the€maximum€radius€of€Ì€€influence€associated€with€the€maximum€blower€vacuum.€The€radius€of€influence€is€the€Ì€€distance€from€the€extraction€well€affected€by€the€blower.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€A€leak€check€is€required€to€ensure€accurate€flowrate€and€safety,€using€proposed€Ì€€Method€3C.€The€EPA€is€aware€that€portable€oxygen€meters€have€been€used€in€similar€Ì€€applications.€Therefore,€EPA€requests€comment€about€the€appropriateness€of€portable€Ì€€oxygen€meters,€or€the€use€of€an€alternative€chemical€species€for€leak€detection€in€Ì€€the€header€system.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Maximum€blower€vacuum€is€determined€by€increasing€the€vacuum€and€testing€for€Ì€€infiltration€of€air€into€the€landfill.€Infiltration€is€considered€to€have€occurred€Ì€€when€the€landfill€gas€N€sub€2€concentration€is€greater€than€1€percent€(using€Method€Ì€€3C)€or€when€one€of€the€shallow€probes€has€a€negative€gauge€pressure.€Once€Ì€€infiltration€is€indicated,€the€maximum€blower€vacuum€is€determined€by€reducing€the€Ì€€blower€vacuum€until€the€N€sub€2€concentration€is€less€than€1€percent€and€the€gauge€Ì€€pressures€of€all€of€the€shallow€probes€are€positive.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€maximum€radius€of€influence€is€the€radial€distance€from€the€extraction€well€Ì€€affected€by€the€maximum€blower€vacuum.€The€deep€pressure€probes€are€used€to€Ì€€determine€this€distance.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Once€the€maximum€blower€vacuum€and€the€maximum€radius€of€influence€have€been€Ì€€established,€long-term€testing€begins.€Long-term€testing€consists€of€withdrawing€Ì€€landfill€gas€until€two€void€volumes€have€been€extracted.€A€void€volume€is€the€Ì€€amount€of€landfill€gas€in€a€cylindrical€volume€defined€around€the€extraction€well€Ì€€with€a€radius€equal€to€the€maximum€radius€of€influence.Ì€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€During€the€long-term€testing,€a€stabilized€flowrate€is€established€and€used€to€Ì€€determine€k,€the€landfill€gas€generation€constant.€The€landfill€NMOC€concentration€Ì€€is€determined€using€Method€25C€and€then€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€is€determined€Ì€€by€equations€in€Method€2E.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€H.€Reporting€and€Recordkeeping€Requirements-New€Municipal€Solid€Waste€LandfillsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€standards€would€require€owners€and€operators€of€all€affected€Ì€€facilities€to€submit€notifications€of€construction€or€reconstruction€as€required€Ì€€under€the€General€Provisions€(40€CFR€60.7).€This€notification€would€include€the€Ì€€maximum€design€capacity€of€the€landfill,€data€of€anticipated€start-up,€and€the€Ì€€anticipated€refuse€acceptance€rate.€For€the€purposes€of€this€proposed€standard,€Ì€€startup€means€the€date€upon€which€initial€acceptance€of€waste€occurs.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Although€an€MSW€landfill€may€start€up,€(i.e.,€accept€refuse)€under€today's€Ì€€proposed€standards€and€guidelines,€the€requirement€to€install€collection€and€Ì€€control€systems€will€not€occur€until€such€time€that€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€equals€or€exceeds€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€Therefore,€the€recordkeeping€and€Ì€€reporting€requirements€of€today's€proposed€standards€are€tailored€to€this€unique€Ì€€characteristic€of€this€source€category.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Notifications€of€construction€from€MSW€landfills€with€initial€design€capacities€Ì€€less€than€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€would€fulfill€all€of€the€recordkeeping€and€Ì€€reporting€requirements€for€these€landfills.€This€is€because€EPA€has€determined€that€Ì€€MSW€landfills€with€a€maximum€design€capacity€of€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€would€be€Ì€€highly€unlikely€to€ever€emit€NMOC's€at€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€the€level€at€which€Ì€€collection€and€control€systems€would€be€required.€Changes€in€the€design€capacity€Ì€€would€have€to€be€reported€in€an€amended€design€capacity€report.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Those€landfills€with€initial€or€amended€design€capacities€greater€than€100,000€Ì€€Mg€(111,000€tons)€must€submit€additional€reports,€based€on€the€additional€Ì€€requirements€of€the€proposed€standard.€Each€owner€or€operator€of€an€MSW€landfill€Ì€€with€a€design€capacity€equal€to€or€greater€than€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€must€Ì€€submit€an€annual€calculation€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate.€Alternatively,€the€owner€or€Ì€€operator€could€elect€to€provide€an€estimate€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€for€each€of€Ì€€the€next€5€years€using€the€Tier€1€formula€and€an€estimate€of€the€refuse€acceptance€Ì€€rate€for€each€of€the€5€years,€provided€that€the€estimated€NMOC€emission€rate€does€Ì€€not€exceed€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€in€any€of€the€5€years€reported.€The€initial€annual€Ì€€NMOC€emission€rate€report€or€the€5-year€estimate€must€be€submitted€within€90€days€Ì€€of€start-up,€i.e.,€refuse€acceptance.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€owner€or€operator€must€also€update€and€submit€the€5-year€estimate€within€at€Ì€€least€5€years€of€submittal€of€the€first€5-year€estimate.€If€the€actual€waste€Ì€€acceptance€rate€exceeds€the€estimated€waste€acceptance€rate€in€any€of€the€5€years€Ì€€for€which€an€estimated€NMOC€emission€rate€was€reported,€a€revised€estimate€must€be€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€submitted.€The€5-year€period€reported€in€the€revised€5-year€estimate€would€commence€Ì€€with€the€year€in€which€the€actual€waste€acceptance€rate€exceeded€the€estimated€Ì€€waste€acceptance€rate.€This€provision€requires€the€owner€or€operator€to€keep€track€Ì€€of€how€quickly€the€landfill€is€approaching€the€level€where€actual€annual€Ì€€calculation€and€reporting€of€the€emission€rate€are€warranted.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€These€provisions€are€intended€to€prevent€the€owner€or€operator€from€having€to€Ì€€submit€an€NMOC€emission€report€annually€until€such€time€as€the€landfill€NMOC€Ì€€emission€rate€is€actually€approaching€the€level€at€which€collection€and€control€Ì€€will€be€required.€The€EPA's€evaluation€of€landfill€emissions€indicate€that€the€Ì€€emission€rate€increases€as€refuse€accumulates€in€the€landfill,€but€that€the€rate€is€Ì€€not€just€a€function€of€landfill€mass,€but€is€also€affected€by€how€fast€the€refuse€Ì€€accumulates,€as€well€as€the€other€factors€already€discussed.€Tier€1€provides€a€Ì€€conservative€estimate€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€which€takes€both€time€and€amount€of€Ì€€refuse€in€place€into€account.€By€using€the€Tier€1€formula€and€these€two€factors€to€Ì€€estimate€when€collection€and€control€may€be€warranted,€the€landfill€owner€or€Ì€€operator€may€choose€to€avoid€the€annual€submittal€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€Ì€€calculation€until€the€time€approaches€when€controls€will€be€required.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€After€the€NMOC€emission€rate€calculated€using€Tier€1€equals€or€exceeds€150€Ì€€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€the€proposed€standards€would€require€the€submission€of€a€Ì€€notification€of€intent€to€install€a€collection€and€control€system€based€on€the€Ì€€design€specifications€in€section€60.758,€or€a€collection€system€design€plan€for€Ì€€review,€within€a€year.€If€the€landfill€owner€or€operator€elects€to€perform€the€Tier€Ì€€2€sampling€or€Tier€3€testing€in€order€to€generate€a€site-specific€NMOC€Ì€€concentration€or€gas€generation€rate€to€use€for€the€calculation€of€a€more€precise€Ì€€NMOC€emission€rate,€the€recalculated€emission€rate€must€be€reported€within€1€year€Ì€€of€the€initial€Tier€1€calculation€as€well.€If€the€recalculated€emission€rate€still€Ì€€equals€or€exceeds€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€the€notification€of€intent€or€collection€Ì€€system€design€plan€must€also€be€submitted€within€the€same€1-year€time€period€since€Ì€€the€Tier€1€calculation€which€equaled€or€exceeded€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€the€case€of€the€design€plan,€EPA€or€the€delegated€agency€would€review€and€Ì€€propose€any€amendments€to€the€design€plan.€It€is€expected€that€such€review€should€Ì€€be€completed€and€any€amendments€proposed€within€6€months.€After€final€review,€1€Ì€€year€would€be€permitted€for€installation,€with€an€additional€90€days€allowed€for€Ì€€the€submission€of€the€initial€performance€test.€Owners€or€operators€electing€to€Ì€€design€and€install€a€collection€system€based€on€the€specifications€provided€in€Sec.€Ì€€60.758€would€be€allowed€18€months€to€install€the€system,€and€an€additonal€90€days€Ì€€for€the€submission€of€the€initial€performance€test.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€believes€that€this€time€schedule€is€reasonable€because€of€the€nature€of€Ì€€the€individual€tiers.€Tier€2€sampling€to€determine€NMOC€concentration€would€require€Ì€€about€6€months€to€complete,€and€based€on€the€EPA's€evaluation€of€landfill€Ì€€emissions,€is€more€likely€to€result€in€an€estimation€of€NMOC€emission€rate€below€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€the€regulatory€cutoff.€This€is€because€available€information€on€the€NMOC€Ì€€concentration€and€landfill€gas€flowrate€indicate€that€the€NMOC€concentration€is€Ì€€more€variable.€Therefore,€it€is€more€likely€that€the€default€NMOC€concentration€Ì€€provided€in€Tier€1€differs€substantially€from€the€NMOC€concentration€resulting€from€Ì€€the€performance€of€Tier€2.€However,€since€EPA€believes€that€the€length€of€time€Ì€€necessary€to€collect€and€analyze€the€samples€in€some€cases€may€exceed€6€months,€a€Ì€€full€year€from€the€submission€of€the€Tier€1€calculation€will€be€allowed€for€Ì€€submittal€of€the€Tier€2€calculation€and€design€plan,€if€necessary.€In€fairness€to€Ì€€those€owners€or€operators€who€begin€to€design€a€system€after€Tier€1€or€2,€EPA€has€Ì€€not€extended€the€time€period€allowed€for€submission€of€the€design€plan€when€owners€Ì€€or€operators€elect€to€perform€Tier€3€testing.€While€Tier€3€testing€will€also€Ì€€require€about€6€months,€the€EPA's€analysis€indicates€that€only€a€few€landfills€Ì€€electing€to€perform€the€Tier€3€tests€will€actually€obtain€a€final€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€For€this€reason€EPA€recommends€that€those€Ì€€owners€or€operators€performing€Tier€3€testing€begin€to€design€a€collection€and€Ì€€control€system€while€the€testing€proceeds.€The€Tier€3€test€will€have€value€for€even€Ì€€those€landfills€that€will€still€need€to€install€collection€systems,€because€the€Ì€€flowrates€obtained€may€be€used€in€designing€the€collection€system.€Additionally,€Ì€€the€test€wells€can€serve€as€collection€wells.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€After€the€collection€and€control€systems€have€been€installed€and€the€initial€Ì€€performance€test€has€been€completed€and€submitted,€the€proposed€regulation€would€Ì€€require€the€submission€of€semiannual€compliance€reports.€These€reports€would€Ì€€include:€(1)€Any€period€in€which€the€value€of€any€of€the€monitored€operating€Ì€€parameters€falls€outside€the€ranges€identified€in€the€initial€performance€test,€(2)€Ì€€results€of€all€annual€performance€tests,€(3)€identification€of€any€periods€for€Ì€€which€data€were€excluded€from€these€calculations,€and€(4)€any€period€when€air€Ì€€pollution€control€equipment€malfunction€occurred.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€proposed€NSPS€would€also€require€that€certain€types€of€records€be€Ì€€maintained.€Records€of€the€accumulated€refuse€in€place,€collection€system€design€Ì€€(including€proposed€and€subsequent€well€or€trench€spacing),€control€device€vendor€Ì€€specifications,€the€initial€performance€test€results,€and€the€monitoring€parameters€Ì€€established€during€the€initial€performance€test,€must€be€maintained€on€site€as€long€Ì€€as€the€collection€system€and€control€devices€are€required€to€be€operated.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Any€replacement€of€system€components€which€results€in€a€change€in€the€level€of€Ì€€any€parameter€that€is€monitored€in€order€to€demonstrate€98€percent€NMOC€destruction€Ì€€efficiency€must€be€entered€into€this€permanent€record,€and€reported€in€the€next€Ì€€semiannual€compliance€report.€Monitoring€records€and€all€data€and€calculations€from€Ì€€each€semiannual€and€annual€compliance€report€would€be€maintained€for€2€years€Ì€€following€the€date€of€such€records,€after€which€they€may€be€discarded.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€reporting€and€recordkeeping€requirements€in€the€proposed€standards€are€Ì€€necessary€to€inform€enforcement€personnel€of€the€compliance€status€of€new€MSW€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€landfills€that€initiate€operation.€The€EPA€predicts€that€the€design€capacity€Ì€€calculation€required€to€be€included€in€the€notification€of€construction€report€will€Ì€€exclude€a€large€majority€of€all€new€MSW€landfills€from€the€further€provisions€of€Ì€€the€proposed€standards,€and€will€alert€enforcement€personnel€to€the€remaining€Ì€€population€of€landfills€that€may€be€required€to€install€collection€and€control€Ì€€systems€in€the€future.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€report€will€serve€as€a€compliance€demonstration€Ì€€for€all€MSW€landfills€approaching€the€cutoff€NMOC€emission€rate,€and€will€verify€Ì€€that€collection€and€control€systems€are€not€yet€warranted€at€these€landfills.€This€Ì€€report€will€not€impose€an€unreasonable€burden€on€MSW€landfill€owners€or€operators,€Ì€€amounting€to€about€2€hours€per€reporting€landfill€annually.€The€EPA€analysis€of€Ì€€landfill€emission€factors€indicate€that€gas€generation€and€NMOC€concentrations€may€Ì€€increase€significantly€over€relatively€short€periods€of€time.€Therefore,€EPA€has€Ì€€judged€annual€reporting€of€NMOC€emission€rate€is€warranted.€The€alternative€of€Ì€€estimates€at€set€intervals€as€a€landfill's€emissions€increase€toward€the€regulatory€Ì€€cutoff€provides€relief€for€landfills€emitting€at€rates€well€below€the€cutoff.€The€Ì€€inclusion€of€the€anticipated€acceptance€rate€and€the€5-year€estimate€of€the€NMOC€Ì€€emission€rate€will€help€enforcement€personnel€keep€track€of€when€specific€landfills€Ì€€are€likely€to€warrant€control.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€submission€of€the€collection€system€design€plan,€the€initial€performance€Ì€€test€for€the€control€device(s),€and€subsequent€semiannual€compliance€reports€would€Ì€€provide€the€data€and€information€necessary€to€ensure€continued€compliance€of€Ì€€controlled€MSW€landfills€with€the€proposed€standards.€At€the€same€time,€these€Ì€€requirements€would€not€impose€an€unreasonable€burden€on€MSW€landfill€owners€or€Ì€€operators.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€I.€Reporting€and€Recordkeeping€Guidelines-Existing€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Ì€€LandfillsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€As€explained€previously,€the€proposed€guidelines€would€achieve€the€same€level€Ì€€of€control€for€existing€MSW€landfills€which€have€accepted€waste€at€any€time€since€Ì€€November€8,€1987,€or€which€intend€to€accept€additional€waste€in€the€future,€as€is€Ì€€required€for€new€MSW€landfills€under€the€proposed€standards.€Therefore,€State€Ì€€agencies€will€need€the€same€kinds€of€information€to€implement€their€plans€under€the€Ì€€proposed€guidelines.€The€minor€differences€in€the€requirements€necessitated€by€the€Ì€€differences€between€new€and€existing€MSW€landfills€are€explained€below.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€the€case€of€an€existing€landfill,€the€notification€of€the€date€of€Ì€€construction€would€be€replaced€by€the€submittal€of€an€initial€design€capacity€Ì€€report,€which€would€contain€the€amount€of€refuse€in€place€in€addition€to€the€Ì€€acceptance€rate.€This€report€will€fulfill€all€the€reporting€and€recordkeeping€Ì€€requirements€of€the€guidelines€for€those€existing€MSW€landfills€whose€design€Ì€€capacities€are€less€than€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons).€For€existing€MSW€landfills€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€whose€design€capacities€are€equal€to€or€greater€than€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons),€Ì€€this€report€must€also€include€either€the€first€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€report,€or€Ì€€an€estimate€of€the€NMOC€emission€rates€for€the€next€5€years.€This€notification€must€Ì€€be€submitted€within€90€days€of€the€effective€date€of€the€EPA-approved€State€plan.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€J.€Compliance€TimesÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Demonstrations€of€compliance€for€new€and€existing€landfills€under€the€proposed€Ì€€standards€and€emission€guidelines€involve€two€parts.€The€first€is€the€timely€Ì€€submission€of€annual€or€periodic€NMOC€emission€rate€reports€for€affected€and€Ì€€designated€landfills€with€NMOC€emission€rates€below€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€The€second€Ì€€aspect€of€compliance€for€affected€and€designated€landfills€with€NMOC€emission€rates€Ì€€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€or€greater€involves€the€timely€submission€of€a€notification€Ì€€of€intent€to€install€a€collection€system€designed€in€accordance€with€the€Ì€€specifications€in€Sec.€60.758,€or€submission€of€a€collection€system€design€plan€for€Ì€€review,€and€subsequent€installation€of€a€complying€collection€system.€A€discussion€Ì€€of€the€rationale€for€the€frequency€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€reports€was€presented€Ì€€under€the€previous€sections€on€reporting€and€recordkeeping€requirements,€and€will€Ì€€not€be€repeated€here.€After€a€brief€review€of€the€schedule€for€the€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€reports,€a€discussion€of€the€compliance€times€for€the€design€and€installation€Ì€€of€collection€and€control€systems€will€be€presented.€Since€there€is€little€Ì€€difference€between€the€design€and€installation€of€collection€and€control€systems€Ì€€for€new€and€existing€landfills,€EPA€believes€that€State€plans€developed€in€response€Ì€€to€the€proposed€guidelines€should€be€based€on€the€same€overall€time€intervals.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€first€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€report€must€be€submitted€within€90€days€of€Ì€€initial€refuse€acceptance€for€new€landfills.€For€existing€landfills€the€first€Ì€€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€report€should€be€submitted€within€90€days€of€the€date€of€Ì€€promulgation€of€the€State€emission€standard.€The€initial€report€may€include€an€Ì€€estimate€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€for€each€of€the€next€5€years,€provided€that€each€Ì€€of€the€five€estimates€is€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€This€estimate€would€permit€Ì€€the€owner€or€operator€to€report€the€NMOC€emission€rate€less€frequently€than€Ì€€annually.€Landfills€which€submit€either€the€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€reports€or€Ì€€the€5-year€estimates€in€a€timely€manner€are€in€compliance€with€the€standards€until€Ì€€the€NMOC€emission€rate€using€the€EPA's€Tier€1€formula€and€default€values€reaches€Ì€€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€time€necessary€for€the€installation€of€collection€and€control€systems€Ì€€proposed€under€both€the€standards€and€the€guidelines€includes€four€components.€Ì€€These€are:€(1)€The€time€between€an€initial€Tier€1€determination€that€a€landfill€is€Ì€€emitting€above€the€regulatory€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's€and€the€Ì€€completion€of€any€additional€site-specific€sampling€or€testing€to€verify€this€Ì€€determination,€(2)€the€time€needed€to€prepare€and€submit€a€notification€of€intent€Ì€€to€install€a€collection€system€designed€in€accordance€with€Sec.€60.758€or€a€Ì€€collection€and€control€system€design€plan€for€review,€(3)€the€time€necessary€for€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€the€design€plan€(if€one€has€been€submitted€for€review)€to€be€reviewed,€and€(4)€the€Ì€€time€necessary€to€actually€install€the€approved€system.€The€proposed€standards€and€Ì€€guidelines€allow€2€1/2€half€years€for€this€combined€process.€The€rationale€for€this€Ì€€time€period€is€provided€below.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Once€a€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€emission€rate€has€been€reported€using€the€Tier€1€Ì€€formulas€and€defaults,€the€owner€or€operator€would€be€required€to€submit€a€notice€Ì€€of€intent€to€install€a€collection€system€designed€in€accordance€with€Sec.€60.758,€Ì€€or€a€collection€system€design€plan,€or€data€and€calculations€demonstrating€that€the€Ì€€site's€NMOC€emission€rate€is€actually€below€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€using€the€Tier€2€Ì€€procedures.€If€further€sampling€and€testing€are€selected,€the€site-specific€NMOC€Ì€€concentration€to€use€in€the€Tier€2€calculation€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€is€Ì€€determined€through€on-site€sampling€using€Method€25C.€The€EPA€has€analyzed€how€much€Ì€€time€would€be€needed€to€perform€this€sampling,€and€as€a€result€of€possible€delays€Ì€€in€the€analysis€of€the€samples,€believes€that€as€much€as€6€months€may€be€necessary€Ì€€to€complete€the€sampling€and€analysis,€and€to€submit€a€revised€NMOC€emission€rate€Ì€€report.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€resulting€emission€rate€may€be€below€the€level€of€the€regulatory€cutoff,€Ì€€and€collection€and€control€systems€would€not€be€required€at€that€time.€If€the€Ì€€revised€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€still€exceeds€the€regulatory€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€Ì€€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC's,€the€owner€or€operator€may€again€decide€to€forego€further€Ì€€testing€and€begin€to€design€a€collection€and€control€system.€Alternatively,€the€Ì€€owner€or€operator€may€elect€to€perform€Tier€3€testing€using€Method€2E€to€determine€Ì€€a€site-specific€landfill€gas€flowrate€to€use€in€the€calculation€of€the€NMOC€Ì€€emission€rate.€The€EPA€has€determined€that€Method€2E€will€also€take€up€to€6€months€Ì€€to€complete.€Therefore,€the€proposed€standards€allow€up€to€1€year€for€the€Ì€€performance€of€site-specific€testing€and€sampling€to€verify€the€NMOC€emission€rate.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Since€EPA€believes€that€the€majority€of€owners€and€operators€performing€Method€Ì€€2E€to€make€Tier€3€calculations€will€actually€be€required€to€install€collection€and€Ì€€control€systems€either€immediately€or€in€the€near€future,€EPA€believes€that€the€Ì€€collection€system€design€phase€should€coincide€with€the€performance€of€Method€2E.€Ì€€The€EPA€has€determined€that€up€to€6€months€may€be€needed€to€produce€a€design€plan€Ì€€of€the€collection€system€meeting€the€specifications€of€the€proposed€standards.€Ì€€Therefore,€the€proposed€standards€will€require€the€submittal€of€both€the€revised€Ì€€NMOC€emission€rate€report€and€the€collection€system€design€plan€within€6€months€of€Ì€€the€earlier€NMOC€emission€rate€report€revised€on€the€basis€of€the€NMOC€Ì€€concentration€(Tier€2).€This€would€be€1€year€after€the€first€Tier€1€emission€Ì€€calculation€report€with€an€NMOC€emission€rate€above€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€Those€Ì€€owners€or€operators€whose€Method€2E€testing€results€in€an€NMOC€emission€rate€below€Ì€€the€regulatory€cutoff€would€need€to€submit€the€revised€NMOC€emission€rate€report€Ì€€including€the€test€results€upon€which€the€revised€emission€rate€is€based.€Ì€€Subsequent€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€reports€would€utilize€the€landfill€gas€Ì€€flowrate€obtained€through€the€performance€of€Method€2E.Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€has€not€required€that€site-specific€sampling€and€testing€be€performed€Ì€€by€each€owner€or€operator,€and€cannot€predict€to€what€extent€owners€or€operators€Ì€€will€elect€to€sample€or€test.€The€sampling€and€testing€would€result€in€a€more€Ì€€accurate€NMOC€emission€rate,€but€are€time€consuming€and€may€be€costly.€The€Ì€€compliance€times€proposed€under€both€the€standards€and€the€guidelines€reflect€the€Ì€€situation€in€which€the€owner€or€operator€elect€to€perform€all€the€site-specific€Ì€€sampling€and€testing€which€is€permitted.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€As€detailed€below,€6€months€are€expected€for€State€agency€review€of€those€plans€Ì€€submitted€for€review.€Although€owners€or€operators€electing€to€install€systems€Ì€€based€on€the€design€specifications€provided€in€Sec.€60.758€will€not€be€delayed€by€Ì€€the€review€process,€the€design€and€installation€of€a€system€installed€without€Ì€€review€may€be€more€involved€than€installation€of€a€system€installed€after€review.€Ì€€For€this€reason,€owners€or€operators€electing€to€design€and€install€systems€based€Ì€€on€the€specifications€provided€in€Sec.€60.758€will€be€given€the€same€total€amount€Ì€€of€time€between€the€submission€of€the€notification€of€intent€and€the€initial€Ì€€performance€test€report€that€is€given€operators€submitting€designs€for€review€Ì€€between€design€submittal€and€the€initial€performance€test€report.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€After€submittal€of€the€design€plan,€review€and€negotiations€resulting€in€Ì€€changes€to€the€plan€may€occur.€The€proposed€standards€anticipate€a€total€of€180€Ì€€days€(6€months)€for€the€completion€of€review€of€the€collection€system€design€plan.€Ì€€This€period€of€time€could€be€necessary€because€the€reviewing€agency€may€require€the€Ì€€submission€of€additional€data,€or€revisions€to€the€plan€which€may€require€time€to€Ì€€resolve.€The€180€days€are€the€sum€of€60€days€for€initial€review€and€comment,€60€Ì€€days€for€the€owner€or€operator€response€and€design€amendment,€and€60€days€for€final€Ì€€review.€The€EPA€acknowledges€that€this€time€period€may€be€longer€than€generally€Ì€€necessary,€but€since€a€finding€of€noncompliance€may€result€if€the€collection€and€Ì€€control€systems€are€not€put€into€place€within€the€specified€time€periods,€EPA€Ì€€wishes€to€be€conservative€in€its€estimation€of€compliance€times.€Comment€is€Ì€€requested€from€interested€parties,€especially€States€and€other€agencies€likely€to€Ì€€be€responsible€for€reviewing€the€design€plans.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Based€on€limited€information€from€existing€landfills€at€which€collection€and€Ì€€control€systems€have€already€been€installed,€EPA€believes€the€systems€may€be€Ì€€installed€within€1€year€of€final€plan€review.€Therefore,€the€proposed€standards€Ì€€allow€an€additional€year€after€review€and€approval€of€the€system€design€for€the€Ì€€installation€and€startup€of€the€system.€The€EPA€believes€that€1€year€is€adequate€Ì€€because€the€owner€or€operator€would€have€to€consult€vendors€and€suppliers€in€order€Ì€€to€submit€the€design€plan.€Therefore,€only€the€time€for€actual€ordering,€delivery,€Ì€€or€installation€of€collection€and€control€systems€is€included,€not€the€time€for€and€Ì€€possible€difficulties€in€locating€vendors.€An€additional€90€days€would€be€allowed€Ì€€for€the€submission€of€the€initial€performance€test€of€the€control€system.Ì€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€The€total€time€permitted€for€the€collection€and€control€system€installation€and€Ì€€compliance€demonstration€is,€therefore,€3€years.€This€includes€90€days€for€the€Ì€€initial€Tier€1€calculation€and€report€of€an€NMOC€emission€rate€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€Ì€€tpy)€or€more,€1€year€for€additional€site-specific€testing€and€calculations€(if€Ì€€elected€by€the€owner€or€operator)€and€collection€and€control€system€design,€6€Ì€€months€for€State€or€EPA€approval€of€the€design€plan,€1€year€to€order€and€install€Ì€€the€collection€and€control€system,€and€90€days€to€conduct€a€performance€test.€This€Ì€€3-year€time€period€is€appropriate€for€existing€as€well€as€new€landfills.€Since,€in€Ì€€both€cases,€controls€are€installed€after€refuse€is€in€place,€there€would€not€be€Ì€€significant€retrofit€delays€for€existing€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€K.€Additional€Considerations€and€Solicitation€of€CommentsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€During€the€development€of€today's€proposed€standards,€EPA€considered€three€Ì€€additional€alternatives.€These€involve€the€adoption€of€materials€separation€Ì€€requirements€in€the€standards,€development€of€a€methane€emission€limitation,€and€Ì€€inclusion€of€specific€energy€recovery€provisions.€These€three€alternatives€are€Ì€€associated€with€the€EPA's€goals€of€pollution€prevention€as€well€as€providing€a€Ì€€direct€regulatory€approach€that€responds€to€broader€environmental€concerns.€The€Ì€€outcome€of€the€EPA's€consideration€of€these€alternatives€would€affect€the€selection€Ì€€of€BDT€for€MSW€landfills.€The€EPA€is€not€proposing€any€specific€requirements€in€Ì€€today's€action€based€on€these€alternatives.€Nevertheless,€EPA€is€specifically€Ì€€requesting€comment€and€information€on€these€alternatives€and€will€consider€all€Ì€€comments€in€the€final€decisions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€1.€Should€materials€separation€requirements€be€adopted€for€municipal€solid€Ì€€waste€landfills€under€the€Clean€Air€Act?Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Materials€separation€of€25€percent€of€the€solid€waste€stream€had€been€proposed€Ì€€in€the€rulemaking€for€municipal€waste€combustors€(MWC's)€(54€FR€52255,€December€20,€Ì€€1989)€and€public€comment€was€solicited€on€the€requirements.€However,€due€to€the€Ì€€wide€range€of€potential€economic€impacts,€and€other€uncertainties,€EPA€elected€not€Ì€€to€include€materials€separation€in€the€MWC€standards€at€promulgation€(56€FR€5488€Ì€€and€56€FR€5514;€February€11,€1991).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€During€the€development€of€today's€proposed€standards€and€guidelines,€EPA€Ì€€considered€adding€a€similar€requirement€for€source€separation.€However,€EPA€has€Ì€€decided€not€to€include€such€a€requirement€in€this€proposal€because€the€Agency€is€Ì€€planning€to€propose€a€source€separation€requirement€under€the€authority€of€RCRA€for€Ì€€MSW€landfills.€The€Agency€believes€that€RCRA€is€the€appropriate€vehicle€to€address€Ì€€the€wide-ranging€issues€associated€with€solid€waste€management€for€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€requests€comments€and€information€on€any€direct€or€indirect€linkage€of€Ì€€materials€separation€efforts€and€reduction€of€air€emissions€for€MSW€landfills€and€Ì€€any€nonair€quality€health€and€environmental€impacts€that€can€be€discerned.€In€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€addition,€EPA€requests€comments€on€using€RCRA€Subtitle€D€authority€instead€of€the€Ì€€CAA€to€address€materials€separation.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€2.€Should€Best€Demonstrated€Technology€Be€Selected€Explicitly€for€Methane?Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Estimates€of€methane€emission€rates€from€MSW€landfills€in€the€United€States€are€Ì€€uncertain,€but€are€believed€to€range€from€8€to€18€million€Mg/yr€(8.9€to€20€million€Ì€€tpy)€and€are€expected€to€increase€annually€as€solid€waste€generation€increases€Ì€€(Docket€No.€A-88-09,€Item€No.€II-B-31).€This€estimate€is€approximately€7€percent€Ì€€of€the€total€estimated€global€methane€emission€rate.€In€light€of€the€contribution€Ì€€of€methane€to€possible€global€warming,€EPA€considered€whether€to€develop€standard€Ì€€that€would€directly€achieve€additional€methane€control-selecting€a€regulatory€Ì€€alternative€to€require€control€at€all€landfills€above€a€prescribed€annual€methane€Ì€€emission€level.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€designated€pollutant€being€proposed€today€is€MSW€landfill€emissions.€This€Ì€€designation€represents€a€collection€of€air€pollutants,€including€methane€and€NMOC's€Ì€€.€As€a€surrogate€measure€for€MSW€landfill€emissions,€NMOC's€were€selected€to€Ì€€determine€which€landfills€must€install€gas€collection€and€control€systems.€The€Ì€€selection€of€the€NMOC€emission€level,€above€which€control€is€required,€places€the€Ì€€greatest€emphasis€on€nonmethane€emissions€(the€fraction€that€includes€toxic€Ì€€compounds),€but€also€specifically€achieves€significant€methane€reductions.€Under€Ì€€this€approach,€a€60-percent€emission€reduction€of€methane€will€be€achieved€from€Ì€€existing€MSW€landfills€by€regulating€12€percent€of€the€existing€landfills.€To€Ì€€achieve€additional€methane€emission€reduction,€EPA€considered€whether€to€select€a€Ì€€separate€regulatory€cutoff€for€methane€alone,€which€is€discussed€below.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Adopting€a€separate€methane€emission€requirement€would€address€one€of€the€many€Ì€€sources€of€global€warming€gases.€On€the€other€hand,€there€are€several€reasons€not€Ì€€to€establish€a€separate€methane€requirement€at€this€time.€First,€while€EPA€believes€Ì€€global€warming€is€a€potential€public€health€and€welfare€concern€and€that€methane€is€Ì€€a€greenhouse€gas,€there€is€still€uncertainty€as€to€the€rate€and€magnitude€of€Ì€€possible€global€climate€change€and€the€resulting€effects.€However,€as€the€Ì€€international€community€moves€toward€the€Climate€Change€Convention€in€1992,€the€Ì€€state€of€knowledge€may€change€over€the€next€2€years.€In€addition,€the€cost€of€Ì€€methane€control€increases€as€controls€are€extended€beyond€the€landfills€affected€by€Ì€€today's€proposed€standards€to€more,€and€generally€smaller,€landfills€with€lower€Ì€€methane€emission€potential.€Third,€because€methane€emissions€occur€from€many€Ì€€sources,€EPA€believes€that€any€methane€control€strategy€should€consider€the€total€Ì€€problem€and€all€control€options.€Until€this€is€done,€and€due€to€the€uncertainties€Ì€€of€the€estimates€and€the€potentially€high€cost€involved,€EPA€has€no€basis€at€this€Ì€€time€for€selecting€a€level€of€control€for€landfill€methane€that€would€be€reasonable€Ì€€relative€to€other€methane€sources.€It€would€be€inappropriate€to€focus€solely€on€Ì€€only€one€source€under€the€CAA€or€other€statutory€framework€without€the€benefit€of€Ì€€an€overall€stragegy.€As€a€result€of€these€considerations,€EPA€decided€not€to€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€develop€a€separate€methane€emission€level€for€this€action.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€requests€comment€and€information€on€the€control€of€methane€in€light€of€Ì€€the€continuing€scientific€discussion€on€global€warming,€the€significance€of€MSW€Ì€€landfills€to€methane€emissions,€and€suggestions€on€an€overall€strategy€for€control€Ì€€of€methane€(and€other€global€warming€air€pollutants).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€3.€Should€Specific€Energy€Recovery€Requirements€Be€Included?Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€considered€using€energy€recovery€as€a€basis€for€the€selection€of€BDT.€Ì€€Energy€recovery€at€MSW€landfills€involves€collecting€and€routing€gas€to€energy€Ì€€recovery€systems€(i.e.,€I.C.€engines,€gas€turbines,€boilers)€that€could€generate€Ì€€electricity,€heat,€or€steam,€and€therefore,€has€a€positive€energy€benefit.€The€use€Ì€€of€such€systems€would€further€the€goal€of€pollution€prevention,€since€these€energy€Ì€€recovery€systems€can€offset€some€particulate,€CO€sub€2,€and€NO€sub€x€emissions€from€Ì€€utilties€while€using€an€otherwise€lost€resource.€Such€offsets€do€not€result€when€Ì€€flares€are€used.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€There€are€currently€about€100€MSW€landfills€using€energy€recovery€in€the€United€Ì€€States€and€the€number€has€been€growing.€In€developing€these€standards,€EPA€received€Ì€€and€reviewed€information€from€numerous€MSW€landfills€currently€recovering€the€Ì€€landfill€gas€for€energy€production.€The€EPA€has€concluded,€however,€that€choosing€Ì€€energy€recovery€for€MSW€landfills€should€be€a€site-specific€decision.€There€are€two€Ì€€major€reasons€for€this€decision.€First,€some€landfills€may€not€have€a€market€Ì€€available€for€the€recovered€energy.€Second,€there€are€many€factors€that€affect€the€Ì€€generation€of€landfill€gas€and€these€cannot€be€predicted€with€certainty.€Therefore,€Ì€€developers€of€landfill€gas€energy€recovery€systems€accept€risks€similar€to€those€of€Ì€€oil€and€natural€gas€developers.€It€is€possible€for€an€individual€MSW€landfill€to€Ì€€install€energy€recovery€systems€and€discover€later€that€the€landfill's€gas€Ì€€generation€does€not€meet€the€initial€predictions.€Such€mistakes€are€costly.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€visited€an€MSW€landfill€located€in€Raleigh,€North€Carolina,€where€Ì€€landfill€gas€is€being€collected€and€routed€to€a€steam-generating€boiler€offsite.€Ì€€This€landfill€currently€has€approximately€2.7€million€Mg€(3€million€tons)€of€waste€Ì€€in€place€with€10€years€active€waste€acceptance€life€remaining.€The€collection€Ì€€system€contains€48€wells€and€produces€0.034€million€cubic€meters€per€day€(m€3€/day)€Ì€€€1.2€million€cubic€feet€per€day€(ft€3€/day)€of€landfill€gas.€Since€its€startup,€the€Ì€€energy€recovery€system€has€been€successful€and€has€paid€the€City€of€Raleigh€a€Ì€€percentage€of€its€revenue.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€On€the€other€hand,€EPA€also€visited€an€MSW€landfill€located€in€Greensboro,€Ì€€North€Carolina,€where€a€system€was€installed€to€purify€the€landfill€gas€to€high€Btu€Ì€€quality€for€residential€use.€This€landfill,€in€an€area€with€an€expected€rainfall€Ì€€similar€to€that€in€Raleigh,€has€approximately€2.7€million€Mg€(3€million€tons)€of€Ì€€waste€in€place€since€receiving€its€permit€in€1978.€The€landfill€has€15€to€20€years€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€of€active€waste€acceptance€life€remaining.€The€collection€system€contains€48€wells€Ì€€and€was€designed€for€flowrates€between€0.028€and€0.084€million€m€3€/day€(between€1€Ì€€and€3€million€ft€3€/day)€of€landfill€gas.€After€the€start-up€of€this€system,€actual€Ì€€landfill€gas€generation€never€matched€the€initial€predicted€quantities,€due€in€part€Ì€€to€low€moisture€content.€Subsequently,€the€energy€recovery€project€has€been€Ì€€suspended.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€considered€four€options€involving€energy€recovery€in€the€standard.€Ì€€Option€I€would€not€require€energy€recovery€in€the€standard€itself,€but€would€Ì€€provide€information€to€enable€the€landfill€owners€or€operators€to€make€their€own€Ì€€decisions€based€on€site-specific€considerations.€Option€II€would€require€owners€or€Ì€€operators€to€undertake€an€analysis€of€energy€recovery€potential€and€present€the€Ì€€result€and€decision€on€energy€recovery€for€comment€at€a€public€meeting.€Option€III€Ì€€would€require€the€owners€or€operators€to€perform€the€analysis€following€the€EPA€Ì€€procedures€and€require€energy€recovery€for€affected€landfills€if€the€net€costs€are€Ì€€projected€to€break€even€(i.e.,€equal€to€or€less€than€the€flaring€costs).€Option€IV€Ì€€would€require€owners€or€operators€to€perform€the€analysis€following€the€EPA€Ì€€procedures€and€require€energy€recovery€if€the€net€cost€projected€is€less€than€a€Ì€€specific€amount€(i.e.,€$/Btu)€to€be€determined€by€EPA.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€While€all€four€options€further€pollution€prevention€and€energy€goals,€Option€II€Ì€€through€IV€would€provide€more€assurance€of€the€use€of€energy€recovery€and€pollution€Ì€€prevention.€Additionally,€Options€II€through€IV€would€result€in€significant€Ì€€reductions€in€methane,€a€greenhouse€gas.€However,€these€options,€especially€Options€Ì€€III€and€IV,€involve€significant€financial€risks.€The€EPA's€ability€to€provide€Ì€€formulas€for€determining€where€or€when€net€benefits€occur€for€energy€recovery€is€Ì€€limited.€The€capability€to€predict€energy€recovery€for€MSW€landfills€is€still€Ì€€developing,€a€venture€that€can€be€risky€in€light€of€many€factors€that€affect€the€Ì€€amount€of€gas€that€can€be€generated€by€an€MSW€landfill.€The€EPA€believes€many€large€Ì€€MSW€landfills€will€recover€energy€based€on€their€own€initiative.€It€is€expected€Ì€€that€both€publicly€and€privately€owned€MSW€landfills,€with€the€help€of€consulting€Ì€€firms€involved€in€landfill€gas€development,€will€select€the€least-cost€approach-Ì€€especially€where€energy€recovery€would€be€less€costly€than€flaring.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€As€a€result€of€considering€the€factors€associated€with€this€alternative,€EPA€Ì€€decided€not€to€propose€to€use€energy€recovery€as€the€basis€for€the€selection€of€BDT€Ì€€in€this€action,€but€to€provide€information€to€assist€in€these€decisions€(Option€I).€Ì€€However,€EPA€will€continue€to€consider€the€remaining€options€and€solicits€comment€Ì€€on€any€of€the€options€and€rationales€discussed€and€any€preferences€for€the€options,€Ì€€on€the€problem€of€MSW€landfills€with€no€markets€for€recovered€energy,€and€on€the€Ì€€basis€of€the€reasoning€that€both€publicly€and€privately€owned€MSW€landfills€would€Ì€€recover€energy€on€their€own€initiative.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€4.€Should€EPA€Consider€Developing€an€Alternate€Regulatory€Cutoff€Format?Ì€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€The€EPA€selected€an€annual€mass€emission€rate€of€NMOC's€as€the€basis€of€the€Ì€€regulatory€format.€Specifically,€landfills€emitting€more€than€150€Mg/yr€of€NMOC's€Ì€€must€control€their€landfill€gas€emissions€with€an€active€gas€collection€system€and€Ì€€an€add-on€control€device.€Landfills€can€discontinue€the€operations€of€controls€only€Ì€€after€(1)€the€annual€mass€emissions€are€less€than€150€Mg/yr;€(2)€the€landfill€is€Ì€€closed;€and€(3)€the€controls€are€in€place€for€at€least€15€years.€The€regulatory€Ì€€format€is€based€on€using€150€Mg/yr€NMOC€as€the€same€regulatory€cutoff€for€both€the€Ì€€placement€of€controls€and€the€''removal''€of€controls.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€During€development€of€the€standards€and€guidelines,€questions€were€raised€about€Ì€€having€separate€annual€mass€emission€rates€for€the€placement€and€removal€of€Ì€€controls.€It€would€be€possible€to€consider€having€a€less€stringent€emission€rate€Ì€€cutoff€for€the€placement€of€controls€and,€once€the€controls€are€in€place,€to€use€a€Ì€€more€stringent€(or€lower)€cutoff€for€the€removal€of€the€controls.€This€approach€is€Ì€€based€on€the€assumption€that€most€of€the€capital€(for€design€plans€and€construction€Ì€€of€active€collection€systems€and€control€devices)€is€spent€initially.€If€capital€is€Ì€€spent€''up€front''€then€the€marginal€costs€of€control€in€the€future€is€less.€If€it€Ì€€costs€less€to€control€future€emissions€once€the€system€is€in€place,€then€the€Ì€€regulatory€cutoff€associated€with€the€period€of€control€can€then€be€extended€by€Ì€€setting€a€separate€and€lower€regulatory€cutoff€for€the€removal€of€controls,€Ì€€obtaining€additional€reductions€in€emissions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA's€approach€calls€for€the€same€annual€emission€rate€for€both€placement€Ì€€and€removal€of€controls.€In€making€this€decision,€EPA€modeled€the€emissions€(as€Ì€€dicussed€in€IV.E.2.)€and€costs€of€control€for€MSW€landfills.€This€model€predicts€Ì€€that€emissions€increase€as€waste€is€placed€and€decrease€overtime€after€closure.€The€Ì€€costs,€while€initially€relatively€large,€are€spread€out€over€time€reflecting€what€Ì€€landfill€operators€will€experience.€Based€on€this€modeling,€EPA€determined€that€the€Ì€€most€efficient€means€of€establishing€a€cutoff€is€to€use€the€same€emission€cutoffs€Ì€€for€both€placement€and€removal€of€controls.€Second,€the€EPA€does€not€disagree€that€Ì€€using€a€less€stringent€level€for€placement€of€controls€and€a€more€stringent€level€Ì€€for€removal€of€controls€may€get€more€emissions€reduction.€However,€if€the€goal€is€Ì€€to€get€more€emission€reduction€in€a€cost€effective€manner,€EPA€believes,€based€on€Ì€€its€current€modeling,€that€it€may€make€more€sense€to€use€a€slightly€more€stringent€Ì€€level€for€both€the€placement€and€removal€of€controls€to€maximize€emission€reduction€Ì€€than€to€only€tighten€the€requirements€for€removing€the€controls.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€EPA's€modeling€effort,€initial€costs€of€controls€and€costs€of€replacement€of€Ì€€controls€(control€device,€blowers,€headers)€are€calculated€every€15€years€Ì€€throughout€the€period€of€control.€Controls€for€affected€landfills€can€be€placed€at€Ì€€any€point€along€the€emission€profile.€For€landfills€with€short€control€periods,€for€Ì€€example,€less€than€10€years,€the€cost€of€control€is€spent€up€front€with€no€Ì€€replacement€costs.€The€EPA€expects€very€few€MSW€landfills€to€have€very€short€Ì€€control€periods.€For€landfills€estimated€with€long€periods€of€control,€for€example,€Ì€€greater€than€50€years,€the€replacement€costs€would€be€needed€at€least€3€times€along€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€with€typical€operation€and€maintenance€costs€for€the€duration€of€the€control€Ì€€period.€In€this€case,€the€marginal€costs€for€future€control€are€not€necessarily€Ì€€small.€The€argument€to€have€a€lower€regulatory€cutoff€for€removal€of€controls€due€Ì€€to€lower€future€control€costs€would€not€be€met€in€this€case.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Given€the€complexity€of€analyzing,€selecting,€and€then€implementing€separate€Ì€€regulatory€cutoffs,€the€EPA€elected€to€use€the€same€emission€rate€for€both€Ì€€placement€and€removal€of€controls.€However,€given€the€uncertainty€of€our€analysis,€Ì€€the€EPA€would€consider€comments€on€establishing€separate€emission€cutoffs€for€the€Ì€€placement€and€removal€of€controls.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€V.€Considerations€for€Prevention€of€Significant€DeteriorationÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Today's€rulemaking€under€section€111(b)€would€establish€a€new€classification€of€Ì€€pollutants€subject€to€regulation€under€the€Act:€''MSW€landfill€emissions.''€A€Ì€€consequence€of€this€action€is€that€PSD€rules€will€now€apply€to€all€subject€major€Ì€€stationary€sources€which€would€have€significant€increases€in€this€pollutant.€Absent€Ì€€any€significance€levels€in€the€regulations€to€exempt€de€minimis€situations,€PSD€Ì€€review€would€be€triggered€by€any€increase€in€MSW€landfill€emissions.€In€order€to€Ì€€maintain€a€manageable€review€process€which€focuses€resources€on€environmental€Ì€€priorities,€EPA€is€today€proposing€significance€thresholds€for€this€pollutant.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Today's€notice€proposes€that€emissions€of€NMOC€be€measured€as€a€surrogate€for€Ì€€overall€MSW€landfill€emissions.€Further€NMOC€constitutes€a€small€fraction€of€Ì€€overall€emissions.€Available€data€on€the€composition€of€NMOC€is€sparse€and€Ì€€indicates€a€high€degree€of€variability.€These€factors€combine€to€make€the€selection€Ì€€of€de€minimis€difficult.€Vinyl€chloride,€for€example,€is€one€component€of€NMOC€and€Ì€€was€previously€given€a€0.9€Mg/yr€(1€tpy)€de€minimis€level.€Some€components€of€NMOC€Ì€€include€that€overall€class€of€compounds€typically€referred€to€as€VOC's€and€these€Ì€€also€include€various€toxic€chemicals.€For€the€purpose€of€controlling€ozone€Ì€€formation,€EPA€has€previously€established€the€de€minimis€for€VOC€at€36€Mg/yr€(40€Ì€€tpy).€At€this€time,€EPA€proposes€a€de€minimis€of€36€Mg/yr€(40€tpy)€MSW€landfill€Ì€€emissions€expressed€as€NMOC.€In€effect€this€level€is€more€stringent€than€that€Ì€€chosen€for€VOC,€because€NMOC€includes€photochemically€unreactive€compounds€and€less€Ì€€stringent€than€that€chosen€for€toxics€such€as€vinyl€chloride,€since€NMOC€contains€Ì€€many€nontoxic€compounds.€Public€comment€on€the€reasonableness€of€this€selection€is€Ì€€requested.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€the€August€1980€Federal€Register,€EPA€provided€exemptions€from€the€otherwise€Ì€€required€PSD€air€quality€analyses€for€those€sources€which€could€demonstrate€that€Ì€€their€maximum€expected€air€quality€impact€could€be€less€that€the€values€indicated€Ì€€(45€FR€52676,€52709).€Those€air€quality€values€were€generally€set€at€levels€Ì€€reflecting€a€multiple€of€the€lowest€detectable€ambient€concentration€that€could€be€Ì€€measured€by€available€monitoring€equipment.€The€MSW€landfill€emissions€being€Ì€€regulated€today€present€a€somewhat€different€situation€in€that€no€ambient€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€monitoring€methods€exist€to€measure€this€specific€classification€of€pollutant.€For€Ì€€this€reason,€the€Administrator€will€not€at€this€time€require€PSD€permit€applicants€Ì€€to€monitor€MSW€landfill€emissions€concentrations,€and€therefore,€no€exemption€from€Ì€€this€requirement€is€needed.€Applications€for€permits€will,€of€course,€continue€to€Ì€€be€responsible€for€performing€appropriate€monitoring€for€other€pollutants.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€recognizes€that€the€determination€of€significance€thresholds€for€review€Ì€€of€increases€in€MSW€landfill€emissions€is€important.€Comment€on€the€proposed€Ì€€threshold€and€approach€used€to€determine€the€significance€threshold€is€therefore€Ì€€solicited€and€will€be€carefully€reviewed.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€VI.€Administrative€RequirementsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€A.€Public€HearingÌ€€Ì€€€€€€A€public€hearing€will€be€held,€if€requested,€to€discuss€the€proposed€standards€Ì€€and€guidelines€in€accordance€with€section€307(d)(5)€of€the€CAA.€Persons€wishing€to€Ì€€make€oral€presentations€should€contact€EPA€at€the€address€given€in€the€ADDRESSES€Ì€€section€of€this€preamble.€Oral€presentations€will€be€limited€to€15€minutes€each.€Ì€€Any€member€of€the€public€may€file€a€written€statement€with€EPA€before,€during,€or€Ì€€within€30€days€after€the€hearing.€Written€statements€should€be€addressed€to€the€Air€Ì€€Docket€Section€address€given€in€the€ADDRESSES€section€of€this€preamble.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€A€verbatim€transcript€of€the€hearing€and€written€statements€will€be€available€Ì€€for€public€inspection€and€copying€during€normal€working€hours€at€the€EPA's€Air€Ì€€Docket€Section€in€Washington,€DC€(see€ADDRESSES€section€of€this€preamble).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€B.€DocketÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€docket€is€an€organized€and€complete€file€of€all€the€information€submitted€Ì€€to€or€otherwise€considered€by€EPA€in€the€development€of€this€proposed€rulemaking.€Ì€€The€principal€purposes€of€the€docket€are:€(1)€to€allow€interested€parties€to€Ì€€identify€and€locate€documents€so€that€they€can€effectively€participate€in€the€Ì€€rulemaking€process,€and€(2)€to€serve€as€the€record€in€case€of€judicial€review€Ì€€(except€for€interagency€review€materials€Section€307(d)(7)(A)€).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€C.€Clean€Air€Act€Procedural€RequirementsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€1.€Administrator€Listing-Section€111Ì€€Ì€€€€€€As€prescribed€by€Section€111€of€the€CAA,€as€amended,€establishment€of€standards€Ì€€of€performance€and€emission€guidelines€for€MSW€landfills€is€accompanied€in€this€Ì€€notice€by€the€Administrator's€determination€that€these€sources€contribute€Ì€€significantly€to€air€pollution€which€may€reasonably€be€anticipated€to€endanger€Ì€€public€health€or€welfare.€The€rationale€for€this€determination€appears€elsewhere€in€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€this€notice.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€2.€Periodic€Review-Section€111Ì€€Ì€€€€€€These€regulations€will€be€reviewed€4€years€from€the€data€of€promulgation€as€Ì€€required€by€the€CAA.€This€review€will€include€an€assessment€of€such€factors€as€the€Ì€€need€for€integration€with€other€programs,€the€existence€of€alternative€methods,€Ì€€enforceability,€improvements€in€emission€control€technology,€and€reporting€Ì€€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€3.€External€Participation-Section€117Ì€€Ì€€€€€€In€accordance€with€Section€117€of€the€Act,€publication€of€this€proposal€was€Ì€€preceded€by€consultation€with€appropriate€advisory€committees,€independent€experts,€Ì€€and€Federal€departments€and€agencies.€In€addition,€numerous€discussions€were€held€Ì€€with€industry€representatives€and€trade€associations€during€development€of€the€Ì€€proposed€standards€and€guidelines.€The€Administrator€will€welcome€comments€on€all€Ì€€aspects€of€the€proposed€regulations,€including€economic€and€technological€issues.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€4.€Economic€Impact€Assessment-Section€317Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Section€317€of€the€CAA€requires€the€Administrator€to€prepare€an€economic€impact€Ì€€assessment€for€any€new€source€performance€standard€promulgated€under€section€111(b)€Ì€€of€the€Act.€An€economic€impact€assessment€was€prepared€for€the€proposed€regulations€Ì€€and€guidelines€and€for€other€regulatory€alternatives.€All€aspects€of€the€assessment€Ì€€were€considered€in€the€formulation€of€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€to€Ì€€ensure€that€today's€proposal€would€represent€the€best€system€of€continuous€emission€Ì€€reduction€considering€costs.€The€economic€impact€assessment€is€included€in€Chapter€Ì€€8€of€the€BID.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€D.€Office€of€Management€and€Budget€ReviewsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€1.€Paperwork€Reduction€ActÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€information€collection€requirements€in€this€proposed€rule€have€been€Ì€€submitted€for€approval€to€the€Office€of€Management€and€Budget€under€the€Paperwork€Ì€€Reduction€Act€of€1980,€44€U.S.C.€3501€et€seq.€Comments€on€these€requirements€should€Ì€€be€submitted€to€the€Office€of€Information€and€Regulatory€Affairs€of€OMB,€marked€Ì€€''Attention:€Desk€Officer€for€EPA,''€as€well€as€to€EPA.€The€final€rule€will€respond€Ì€€to€any€OMB€or€public€comments€on€the€information€collection€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€2.€Executive€Order€12291€ReviewÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Executive€Order€12291€requires€each€Federal€agency€to€determine€if€a€regulation€Ì€€is€a€''major€rule''€as€defined€by€the€order€and€''to€the€extent€permitted€by€law,''€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€to€prepare€and€consider€a€Regulatory€Impact€Analysis€(RIA)€in€connection€with€every€Ì€€major€rule.€Major€rules€are€defined€as€those€likely€to€result€in:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€1.€An€annual€cost€to€the€economy€of€$100€million€or€more;€orÌ€€Ì€€€€€€2.€A€major€increase€in€costs€or€prices€for€consumers€or€individual€industries;€Ì€€orÌ€€Ì€€€€€€3.€Significant€adverse€effects€on€competition,€employment,€investment,€Ì€€productivity,€innovation,€or€international€trade.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€EPA€has€judged€the€proposed€standards€and€guidelines€to€limit€air€emissions€Ì€€from€MSW€landfills€to€be€major€rules€based€on€estimated€national€control€costs€Ì€€(i.e.,€annualized€costs€in€excess€of€$100€million).€The€EPA€has€prepared€a€draft€Ì€€RIA€that€includes€estimates€of€costs,€benefits,€and€net€benefits€associated€with€Ì€€three€stringency€levels€(25,€100,€and€250€Mg/yr€28,€111,€and€278€tpy€of€NMOC).€The€Ì€€draft€analysis,€titled€''Regulatory€Impact€Analysis€of€Air€Pollutant€Emission€Ì€€Standards€and€Guidelines€for€Municipal€Solid€Waste€Landfills,''€is€available€in€the€Ì€€docket.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€standards€will€cost€the€nation€approximately€$26€million€annually,€and€the€Ì€€guidelines€about€$240€million€annually.€If€the€costs€to€individual€controlled€MSW€Ì€€landfills€were€added€to€landfill€tipping€fees,€the€results€for€most€affected€new€Ì€€landfills€would€be€increases€of€less€than€$10€per€household€per€year.€For€the€Ì€€guidelines€the€increase€for€most€affected€existing€landfills€would€be€less€than€$15€Ì€€per€household€per€year.€These€numbers€are€based€on€the€flare€option€and€on€the€Ì€€selection€of€a€regulatory€emissions€cutoff€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€of€NMOC€for€the€Ì€€standards€and€the€guidelines.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€economic€impacts€of€the€standards€and€guidelines€are€expected€to€be€small.€Ì€€Privately€owned€landfills€that€are€already€closed€and€must€install€emissions€Ì€€controls€may€be€significantly€impacted€by€the€regulatory€alternatives,€because€they€Ì€€have€no€easy€way€of€recovering€compliance€costs.€However,€there€are€few€closed,€Ì€€privately€owned€landfills€that€are€affected€under€any€of€the€regulatory€Ì€€alternatives.€All€of€the€regulatory€alternatives€will€stimulate€the€adoption€of€Ì€€energy€recovery€technologies€at€affected€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€absence€of€sufficient€exposure-response€and€valuation€information€precludes€Ì€€a€comprehensive€benefits€analysis€at€this€time.€However,€a€surrogate€benefits€Ì€€analysis€indicates€that€substantial€benefits€from€the€regulation€are€probable.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€draft€RIA€has€been€submitted€to€OMB€for€review€under€E.O.€12991.€Any€Ì€€written€comments€from€OMB€to€EPA€and€any€response€to€these€comments€will€be€Ì€€included€in€Docket€No.€A-88-09.€This€docket€is€available€for€public€inspection€at€Ì€€the€EPA's€Air€Docket€Section,€which€is€listed€under€the€ADDRESSES€section€of€this€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€notice.€A€final€RIA€will€be€issued€at€the€time€of€promulgation€of€the€final€Ì€€rulemaking.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€E.€Regulatory€Flexibility€Act€ComplianceÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€Regulatory€Flexibility€Act€(RFA)€requires€consideration€of€the€impacts€of€Ì€€proposed€regulations€on€small€entities€including€small€businesses,€organizations,€Ì€€and€jurisdictions.€A€small€business€is€defined€as€any€business€concern€which€is€Ì€€independently€owned€and€operated€and€not€dominant€in€its€field€as€defined€by€the€Ì€€Small€Business€Administration€regulations€under€Section€3€of€the€Small€Business€Act€Ì€€(SBA).€Similarly,€a€small€organization€is€defined€by€the€SBA€as€a€not-for-profit€Ì€€enterprise,€independently€owned€and€operated,€and€not€dominant€in€its€field.€A€Ì€€small€jurisdiction€is€defined€as€any€government€district€with€a€population€of€less€Ì€€than€50,000€people.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Pursuant€to€the€Provisions€of€5€U.S.C.€605(b),€I€hereby€certify€that€these€Ì€€rules,€if€promulgated,€will€not€have€a€significant€economic€impact€on€a€substantial€Ì€€number€of€small€business€entities€because€the€number€of€small€entities€that€would€Ì€€be€affected,€if€any,€is€not€substantial.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€List€of€SubjectsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€40€CFR€Parts€51€and€52Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Air€pollution€control,€Reporting€and€recordkeeping€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€40€CFR€Part€60Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Air€pollution€control,€Incorporation€by€reference,€Intergovernmental€relations,€Ì€€Reporting€and€recordkeeping€requirements,€Municipal€solid€waste€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Dated:€May€16,€1991.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€William€K.€Reilly,Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Administrator.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€PART€51-REQUIREMENTS€FOR€PREPARATION,€ADOPTION€AND€SUBMITTAL€OFÏIMPLEMENTATION€Ì€€PLANSÌ€€Ì€€€€€€For€reasons€set€forth€in€the€preamble,€it€is€proposed€that€parts€51,€52,€and€Ì€€60,€chapter€I,€title€40€of€the€Code€of€Federal€Regulations€be€amended€as€follows:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€1.€The€authority€citation€for€part€51€continues€to€read€as€follows:Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€Authority:€Secs.€101(b)(1),€160-169,€171-178,€and€301(a)€of€the€Clean€Air€Act,€Ì€€42€U.S.C.€7401(b)(1),€7410(b)(1),€7410,€7470-7479,€7501-7508,€and€7601(a).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€2.€Section€51.166€is€amended€by€revising€paragraph€(b)(23)(i)€to€read€as€Ì€€follows:€Sec.€51.166€Prevention€of€significant€deterioration€of€air€quality.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(b)€Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(23)(i)€Significant€means,€in€reference€to€a€net€emissions€increase€or€the€Ì€€potential€of€a€source€to€emit€any€of€the€following€pollutants,€a€rate€of€emission€Ì€€that€would€equal€or€exceed€any€of€the€following€rates:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Pollutant€and€Emissions€RateÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Carbon€monoxide:Ì€€100€tons€per€year€(tpy)Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Nitrogen€oxides:Ì€€40€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Sulfur€dioxide:Ì€€40€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Particulate€matter:Ì€€25€tpy€of€particulate€matter€emissionsÌ€€15€tpy€of€PM€sub€10€emissionsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Ozone:Ì€€40€tpy€of€volatile€organic€compoundsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Lead:Ì€€0.6€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Asbestos:Ì€€0.007€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Beryllium:Ì€€0.0004€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Mercury:Ì€€0.1€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Vinyl€Chloride:Ì€€1€tpyÐ   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€Fluorides:Ì€€3€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Sulfuric€acid€mist:Ì€€€7€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Hydrogen€sulfide€(H€sub€2S):Ì€€10€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Total€reduced€sulfur€(including€H€sub€2S):Ì€€10€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Reduced€sulfur€compounds€(including€H€sub€2S):Ì€€10€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Municipal€solid€waste€landfills€emissions:Ì€€40€tpy€of€nonmethane€organic€compounds€(as€measured€by€Method€25C)Ì€€Ì€€€€€€PART€52-APPROVAL€AND€PROMULGATION€OF€IMPLEMENTATION€PLANSÌ€€Ì€€€€€€1.€The€authority€citation€for€part€52€continues€to€read€as€follows:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Authority:€42€U.S.C.€7401-7642.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€2.€Section€52.21€is€amended€by€revising€paragraph€(b)(23)(i)€to€read€as€Ì€€follows:€Sec.€52.21€Prevention€of€significant€deterioration€of€air€quality.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(b)€Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(23)(i)€Significant€means,€in€reference€to€a€net€emissions€increase€or€the€Ì€€potential€of€a€source€to€emit€any€of€the€following€pollutants,€a€rate€of€emission€Ì€€that€would€equal€or€exceed€any€of€the€following€rates:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Pollutant€and€Emissions€RateÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Carbon€monoxide:Ì€€100€tons€per€year€(tpy)Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Nitrogen€oxides:Ì€€40€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Sulfur€dioxide:Ì€€40€tpyÌ€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€Particulate€matter:Ì€€25€tpy€of€particulate€matter€emissionsÌ€€15€tpy€of€PM€sub€10€emissionsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Ozone:Ì€€40€tpy€of€volatile€organic€compoundsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Lead:Ì€€0.6€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Asbestos:Ì€€0.007€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Beryllium:Ì€€0.0004€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Mercury:Ì€€0.1€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Vinyl€Chloride:Ì€€1€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Fluorides:Ì€€3€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Sulfuric€acid€mist:Ì€€7€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Hydrogen€sulfide€(H€sub€2S):Ì€€10€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Total€reduced€sulfur€(including€H€sub€2S):Ì€€10€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Reduced€sulfur€compounds€(including€H€sub€2S):Ì€€10€tpyÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Municipal€solid€waste€landfills€emissions:Ì€€40€tpy€of€nonmethane€organic€compounds€(as€measured€by€Method€25C)Ì€€Ì€€€€€€PART€60-STANDARDS€OF€PERFORMANCE€FOR€NEW€STATIONARY€SOURCESÌ€€Ì€€€€€€1.€The€authority€citation€for€part€60€continues€to€read€as€follows:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Authority:€42€U.S.C.€7401,€7411,€7414,€7416,€and€7601.Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€2.€Part€60€is€amended€by€adding€a€new€Subpart€WWW€to€read€as€follows:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Subpart€WWW-Standards€of€Performance€for€Municipal€Solid€Waste€(MSW)€LandfillsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Sec.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€60.750€Applicability€and€designation€of€affected€facility.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€60.751€Definitions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€60.752€Standards€for€air€emissions€from€MSW€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€60.753€Test€methods€and€procedures.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€60.754€Compliance€provisions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€60.755€Monitoring€of€operations.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€60.756€Reporting€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€60.757€Recordkeeping€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€60.758€Design€specifications€for€active€vertical€collection€systems.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€SUBPART€WWW-Standards€of€Performance€for€Municipal€Solid€Waste€(MSW)€Landfills€Ì€€Sec.€60.750€Applicability€and€designation€of€affected€facility.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€provisions€of€this€subpart€apply€to€each€municipal€solid€waste€(MSW)€Ì€€landfill€that€began€accepting€waste€on€or€after€May€30,€1991.€Sec.€60.751€Ì€€Definitions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(a)€As€used€in€this€subpart,€all€terms€not€defined€herein€shall€have€the€Ì€€meaning€given€them€in€the€Act€or€in€subpart€A€of€this€part.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Closed€landfill€means€a€landfill€in€which€refuse€is€no€longer€being€placed,€and€Ì€€in€which€no€additional€wastes€will€be€placed€without€first€filing€a€notification€of€Ì€€modification€as€prescribed€under€Sec.€60.14.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Commercial€solid€waste€means€all€types€of€solid€waste€generated€by€stores,€Ì€€offices,€restaurants,€warehouses,€and€other€nonmanufacturing€activities,€excluding€Ì€€residential€and€industrial€wastes.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Controlled€landfill€means€any€landfill€at€which€collection€and€control€systems€Ì€€are€required€as€a€result€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate.€The€landfill€is€considered€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€controlled€at€the€time€a€collection€and€control€system€design€plan€is€submitted€in€Ì€€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(i).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Design€capacity€means€the€maximum€amount€of€waste€landfill€can€accept,€as€Ì€€specified€in€the€construction€permit€issued€by€the€county€or€State€agency€Ì€€responsible€for€regulating€the€landfill.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Household€waste€means€any€solid€waste€(including€garbage,€trash,€and€sanitary€Ì€€waste€in€septic€tanks)€derived€from€households€(including€single€and€multiple€Ì€€residences,€hotels€and€motels,€bunkhouses,€ranger€stations,€crew€quarters,€Ì€€campgrounds,€picnic€grounds,€and€day-use€recreation€areas).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Industrial€solid€waste€means€solid€waste€generated€by€manufacturing€or€Ì€€industrial€processes,€that€is€not€a€hazardous€waste€regulated€under€subtitle€C€of€Ì€€the€Resource€Conservation€and€Recovery€Act.€Such€waste€may€include,€but€is€not€Ì€€limited€to,€the€following€manufacturing€processes:€electric€power€generation;€Ì€€fertilizer/agricultural€chemicals;€food€and€related€products/by-products;€Ì€€inorganic€chemicals;€iron€and€steel€manufacturing;€leather€and€leather€products;€Ì€€nonferrous€metals€manufacturing/foundries;€organic€chemicals;€plastics€and€resins€Ì€€manufacturing;€pulp€and€paper€industry;€rubber€and€miscellaneous€plastic€products;€Ì€€stone,€glass,€clay,€and€concrete€products;€textile€manufacturing;€transportation€Ì€€equipment;€and€water€treatment.€This€term€does€not€include€mining€waste€or€oil€and€Ì€€gas€waste.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Landfill€means€an€area€of€land€or€an€excavation€in€which€wastes€are€placed€for€Ì€€permanent€disposal,€and€which€is€not€a€land€application€unit,€surface€impoundment,€Ì€€injection€well,€or€waste€pile.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Municipal€solid€waste€landfill€or€MSW€landfill€means€an€entire€disposal€Ì€€facility€in€a€contiguous€geographical€space€where€household€waste€is€placed€in€or€Ì€€on€land.€An€MSW€landfill€may€also€receive€commercial€waste,€sludges,€and€industrial€Ì€€solid€waste.€Portions€of€an€MSW€landfill€may€be€separated€by€access€roads.€An€MSW€Ì€€landfill€may€be€publicly€or€privately€owned.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Muncipal€solid€waste€landfill€emissions€or€MSW€landfill€emissions€means€any€gas€Ì€€derived€through€a€natural€process€through€the€decomposition€of€organic€waste€Ì€€deposited€in€an€MSW€waste€disposal€site€or€from€the€evolution€of€volatile€organic€Ì€€species€in€the€waste.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€NMOC€or€NMOC's€means€nonmethane€organic€compounds,€as€measured€according€to€the€Ì€€provisions€of€Sec.€60.753.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Sludge€means€any€solid,€semi-solid,€or€liquid€waste€generated€from€a€municipal,€Ì€€commercial,€or€industrial€wastewater€treatment€plant,€water€supply€treatement€Ì€€plant,€or€air€pollution€control€facility€exclusive€of€the€treated€effluent€from€a€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€wastewater€treatment€plant.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Solid€waste€means€any€garbage,€refuse,€sludge€from€a€waste€treatment€plant,€Ì€€water€supply€treatment€plant,€or€air€pollution€control€facility€and€other€discarded€Ì€€material,€including€solid,€liquid,€semi-solid,€or€contained€gaseous€material€Ì€€resulting€from€industrial,€commercial,€mining,€and€agricultural€operations,€and€Ì€€from€community€activities,€but€does€not€include€solid€or€dissolved€materials€in€Ì€€domestic€sewage,€or€solid€or€dissolved€materials€in€irrigation€return€flows€or€Ì€€industrial€discharges€that€are€point€sources€subject€to€permit€requirements€under€Ì€€33€U.S.C.€1342,€or€sources€of€special€nuclear,€or€by-product€material€as€defined€by€Ì€€the€Atomic€Energy€Act€of€1954,€as€amended€(68€Stat.€923).€Sec.€60.752€Standards€for€Ì€€air€emissions€from€MSW€landfills.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(a)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€an€MSW€landfill€having€a€maximum€design€capacity€Ì€€less€than€100,000€megagrams€(Mg)€(111,000€tons),€shall€submit€an€initial€design€Ì€€capacity€report€to€the€Administrator€as€provided€for€in€Sec.€60.756.€This€report€Ì€€shall€fulfill€the€requirements€of€this€regulation€except€as€provided€for€in€Ì€€paragraphs€(a)€(1)€and€(2)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€An€amended€design€capacity€report€as€provided€for€in€Sec.€60.756(a)(2)€is€Ì€€required€providing€notification€of€any€increase€in€the€design€capacity€of€a€Ì€€landfill€subject€to€the€provisions€of€this€subpart,€whether€the€increase€results€Ì€€from€an€increase€in€the€area€or€depth€of€the€landfill,€a€change€in€the€operating€Ì€€procedures€of€the€landfill,€or€any€other€means.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€Any€increase€in€the€maximum€design€capacity€of€a€landfill€exempted€from€the€Ì€€additional€provisions€of€this€subpart€on€the€basis€of€the€design€capacity€cutoff€in€Ì€€paragraph€(a)€of€this€section,€which€results€in€a€maximum€design€capacity€equal€to€Ì€€or€greater€than€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons),€shall€nullify€the€exemption€and€subject€Ì€€the€owner€or€operator€to€the€provisions€of€paragraph€(b)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(b)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€an€MSW€landfill€having€a€design€capacity€equal€to€Ì€€or€greater€than€100,000€Mg€(111,000€tons)€shall€calculate€an€NMOC€emission€rate€for€Ì€€the€landfill€using€the€procedures€provided€in€Sec.€60.753.€The€NMOC€emission€rate€Ì€€shall€be€recalculated€annually,€except€as€provided€for€in€Sec.€60.756(b)(1)(ii)€Ì€€below.€Each€owner€or€operator€shall€compare€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€to€Ì€€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€NMOC.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€If€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€is€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€the€Ì€€owner€or€operator€shall:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€Submit€an€annual€emission€report€to€the€Administrator,€except€as€provided€Ì€€for€in€Sec.€60.756(b)(1)(ii);€andÌ€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€Recalculate€the€NMOC€emission€rate€periodically€as€provided€for€Sec.€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€60.756(b)(1)(ii)€until€such€time€as€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€is€equal€to€Ì€€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€and€a€collection€and€control€system€is€Ì€€installed,€or€the€landfill€is€closed.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(A)€If€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€is€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€Ì€€(167€tpy)€on€any€subsequent€calculation,€the€owner€or€operator€shall€install€a€Ì€€collection€and€control€system€in€compliance€with€paragrah€(b)(2)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(B)€If€the€landfill€is€permanently€closed,€a€closure€notification€shall€be€Ì€€submitted€to€the€Administrator€as€provided€for€in€Sec.€60.756.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€If€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€is€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€Ì€€(167€tpy),€the€owner€or€operator€shall:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€Submit€either€(A)€or€(B)€paragraph€(b)(2)(i)€of€this€section:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(A)€A€notification€of€intent€to€install€a€collection€and€control€system€Ì€€conforming€to€the€specifications€provided€in€Sec.€60.758€below.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(B)€A€collection€and€control€system€design€plan€to€the€Administrator€or€Ì€€designated€reviewing€Agency.€The€collection€and€control€system€shall€be€designed€in€Ì€€conformance€to€the€guidance€provided€in€Chapter€9€of€the€background€information€Ì€€document€(BID),€EPA-450/3-90-011(a),€and€shall€effectively€address€the€design€Ì€€parameters€provided€in€paragraph€(b)(a)(ii)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€Install€a€collection€and€control€system€within€1€1/2€years€of€the€Ì€€submittal€of€the€design€plan€or€notification€of€intent.€The€collection€system€shall€Ì€€effectively€capture€the€gas€that€is€generated€within€the€landfill.€The€collection€Ì€€system€shall:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(A)€Be€designed€to€handle€the€maximum€expected€gas€flowrate€over€the€lifetime€Ì€€of€the€gas€control€or€treatment€system€equipment€from€the€entire€area€of€the€Ì€€landfill€that€warrants€control€over€the€equipment€lifetime;Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(B)€Collect€gas€from€each€area,€cell,€or€group€of€cells€in€the€landfill€in€Ì€€which€refuse€has€been€placed€for€a€period€of€2€years€or€more.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(C)€Collect€gas€at€a€sufficient€extraction€rate.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(iii)€Route€the€collected€gas€to€a€control€or€treatment€system€in€compliance€Ì€€with€paragraph€(b)(2)(iii)€(A),€(B)€or€(C)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(A)€Route€the€collected€gas€to€an€open€flare€designed€and€operated€in€Ì€€accordance€with€40€CFR€60.18.Ì€€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€€€€€(B)€Route€the€collected€gas€to€a€control€system€designed€and€operated€within€Ì€€the€parameters€demonstrated€in€the€performance€test€to€reduce€NMOC's€by€98€weight-Ì€€percent.€When€an€enclosed€combustor€is€used€for€control,€reduction€of€the€outlet€Ì€€NMOC€concentration€to€20€ppmvd€as€hexane€at€3€percent€oxygen€shall€fulfill€this€Ì€€requirement.€The€ppmvd€shall€be€established€by€Method€25.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(C)€Route€the€collected€gas€to€a€treatment€system€that€processes€the€collected€Ì€€gas€for€subsequent€sale€or€use.€The€sum€of€all€emissions€from€any€atmospheric€vent€Ì€€from€the€gas€treatment€system€shall€be€subject€to€the€requirements€of€paragraph€Ì€€(b)(2)(ii)(A)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(iv)€Operate€the€collection€and€control€device€in€compliance€with€Secs.€60.754€Ì€€and€60.755€of€this€subpart.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(v)€The€collection€and€control€system€may€be€capped€or€removed€provided€the€Ì€€conditions€of€each€of€paragraphs€(b)(2)(v)€(A),€(B),€and€(C)€of€this€section€are€Ì€€met:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(A)€The€landfill€must€be€no€longer€accepting€waste€and€be€permanently€closed.€A€Ì€€closure€report€must€be€submitted€to€the€Administrator€as€provided€for€in€Sec.€Ì€€60.766;Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(B)€The€collection€and€control€system€must€have€been€in€continuous€operation€a€Ì€€minimum€of€15€years;€andÌ€€Ì€€€€€€(C)€Following€the€procedures€in€Sec.€60.753(b),€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€must€be€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy)€on€three€successive€test€dates.€The€test€Ì€€dates€must€be€no€closer€than€3€months€apart,€and€no€longer€than€6€months€apart.€Ì€€Sec.€60.753€Test€methods€and€procedures.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(a)€The€landfill€owner€or€operator€shall€estimate€the€NMOC€emission€rate€using€Ì€€either€the€equation€provided€in€paragraph€(a)(1)(i)€of€this€section€or€the€equation€Ì€€provided€in€paragraph€(a)(1)(ii)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)(i)€The€following€equation€shall€be€used€if€the€actual€year-to-year€Ì€€acceptance€rate€is€known.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€nÌ€€€Q€sub€T€€€summation€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€i€1Ì€€€Ì€€€2€k€L€sub€o€M€sub€i€(esup€-kti)€(C€sub€NMOC)€(3.595€X€10sup€-9)Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€Ì€€€€€€where,Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€Q€sub€T€Total€NMOC€emission€rate€from€the€landfill,€Mg/yrÌ€€Ì€€€€€€k€landfill€gas€generation€constant,€1/yrÌ€€Ì€€€€€€L€sub€o€methane€generation€potential,€m€sup€3/MgÌ€€Ì€€€€€€M€sub€i€mass€of€refuse€in€the€i€sup€th€section,€MgÌ€€Ì€€€€€€t€sub€i€age€of€the€i€sup€th€section,€yrsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€C€sub€NMOC€concentration€of€NMOC,€ppmvÌ€€Ì€€€€€€€3.595X10sup€-9€conversion€factorÌ€€Ì€€€€€€The€NMOC€emission€rate€is€the€sum€of€each€NMOC€emission€rate€for€each€yearly€Ì€€submass.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€The€following€equation€shall€be€used€if€the€actual€year-by-year€refuse€Ì€€acceptance€rate€is€unknown.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€M€sub€NMOC€2L€sub€o€R€(1-esup€-kt)€(C€sub€NMOC)€(3.595X10sup€-9)Ì€€Ì€€€€€€where,Ì€€Ì€€€€€€M€sub€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€of€NMOC,€Mg/yrÌ€€Ì€€€€€€L€sub€o€refuse€methane€generation€potential,€m€sup€3/Mg€refuseÌ€€Ì€€€€€€R€average€annual€acceptance€rate,€Mg/yrÌ€€Ì€€€€€€k€methane€generation€rate€constant,€1/yrÌ€€Ì€€€€€€t€age€of€landfill,€yrsÌ€€Ì€€€€€€C€sub€NMOC€concentration€of€NMOC,€ppmv€as€hexaneÌ€€Ì€€€€€€3.595X10sup€-9€conversion€factorÌ€€Ì€€€€€€In€the€absence€of€site-specific€data,€the€values€to€be€used€for€k,€L€sub€o,€Ì€€and€NMOC€concentration€are€0.02/yr,€230€m€sup€3/Mg,€and€8,000€ppmv€as€hexane,€Ì€€respectively.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€The€owner€or€operator€shall€compare€the€calculated€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€Ì€€to€the€standard€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€If€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€is€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€then€Ì€€the€landfill€owner€shall€submit€an€emission€rate€report€as€provided€in€Sec.€Ì€€60.756(b)(1),€and€shall€recalculate€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€periodically.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€If€the€calculated€NMOC€emission€rate€is€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€Ì€€(167€tpy),€then€the€landfill€owner€shall€either€install€controls€in€compliance€with€Ì€€Sec.€60.752(b)(2),€or€determine€a€site-specific€NMOC€concentration€using€the€Ì€€procedures€provided€in€paragraph€(a)(3)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(3)€The€landfill€owner€or€operator€shall€estimate€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€Ì€€using€the€following€sampling€procedure.€The€landfill€owner€or€operator€shall€Ì€€install€a€minimum€of€five€sample€probes.€The€owner€shall€collect€and€analyze€at€Ì€€least€one€sample€of€landfill€gas€from€each€probe€for€NMOC€concentration€using€Ì€€Method€25C.€The€landfill€owner€shall€recalculate€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€using€Ì€€the€average€NMOC€concentration€from€the€collected€samples€instead€of€the€default€Ì€€value€in€the€equation€provided€in€paragraph€(a)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€If€the€resulting€mass€emission€rate€is€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€Ì€€(167€tpy),€then€the€landfill€owner€or€operator€shall€install€controls€in€compliance€Ì€€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2),€or€determine€the€site-specific€gas€generation€rate€constant€Ì€€using€the€procedure€provided€in€paragraph€(a)(4)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€If€the€resulting€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€is€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€Ì€€then€the€landfill€owner€or€operator€shall€demonstrate€that€the€NMOC€mass€emission€Ì€€rate€is€below€the€level€of€the€standard€with€80€percent€confidence.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(A)€The€owner€or€operator€shall€use€the€following€equation€to€determine€the€Ì€€number€of€samples€required€to€show€80€percent€confidence:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€(t.€sub€20)€sup€2€s€sup€2Ì€€€n€€------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€D€sup€2Ì€€€Ì€€€Ì€€Ì€€€€€€where,Ì€€Ì€€€€€€n€number€of€samples€required€to€demonstrate€80€percent€confidence.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€t€sub€.20€student-t€value€for€a€two-tailed€confidence€interval€and€a€Ì€€probability€of€.20.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€s€standard€deviation€of€the€initial€set€of€samples,€ppmv.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€The€landfill€owner€shall€install€the€required€number€of€probes€or€50€probes,€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€whichever€is€less.€At€least€one€sample€of€landfill€gas€from€each€probe€must€be€Ì€€collected€and€analyzed€using€Method€25C.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(B)€The€landfill€owner€or€operator€shall€recalculate€the€NMOC€mass€emission€Ì€€rate€using€the€new€average€NMOC€concentration€in€the€formula€provided€in€Sec.€Ì€€60.753(a).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(iii)€The€landfill€owner€or€operator€shall€compare€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€Ì€€obtained€in€paragraph€(a)(3)(ii)(B)€of€this€section€to€the€standard€of€150€Mg€Ì€€NMOC/yr€(167€tpy).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(A)€If€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€is€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€Ì€€tpy),€then€the€owner€or€operator€shall€install€controls€in€compliance€with€Sec.€Ì€€60.752(b)(2),€or€proceed€to€paragraph€(a)(4)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(B)€If€the€NMOC€emission€rate€is€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€the€owner€or€Ì€€operator€shall€submit€an€annual,€or€a€5-year€estimate€of€the€emission€rate€report€Ì€€as€provided€in€Sec.€60.756(b)(1)(ii)€and€shall€update€the€site-specific€NMOC€Ì€€concentration€using€the€procedures€provided€in€Sec.€60.753(a)(3)€every€5€or€10€Ì€€years.€If€the€average€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€plus€two€standard€deviations€is€less€Ì€€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€the€owner€or€operator€shall€update€the€site-specific€NMOC€Ì€€concentration€every€10€years.€If€the€average€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€plus€two€Ì€€standard€deviations€is€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€then€the€owner€or€operator€Ì€€shall€update€the€site-specific€NMOC€concentration€every€5€years.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(4)€The€landfill€owner€or€operator€shall€estimate€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€Ì€€using€a€site-specific€landfill€gas€generation€rate€constant,€k.€The€site-specific€Ì€€landfill€gas€generation€rate€constant€and€the€resulting€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€Ì€€shall€be€determined€using€the€procedures€provided€in€Method€2E,€which€is€Ì€€incorporated€by€reference.€The€landfill€owner€or€operator€shall€compare€the€Ì€€resulting€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€to€the€standard€of€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€If€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€is€equal€to€or€greater€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€Ì€€tpy),€then€the€owner€or€operator€shall€install€controls€in€compliance€with€Sec.€Ì€€60.752(b)(2).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€If€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€is€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy),€then€the€Ì€€owner€or€operator€shall€submit€an€annual€emission€rate€report€as€provided€in€Sec.€Ì€€60.756(b)€and€shall€recalculate€the€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€annually,€using€the€Ì€€site-specific€landfill€gas€generation€rate€constant€and€NMOC€concentration€Ì€€obtained€in€paragraph€(a)(2)€of€this€section.€The€calculation€of€the€landfill€gas€Ì€€generation€rate€constant€is€performed€only€once,€and€the€value€obtained€is€used€in€Ì€€all€subsequent€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€calculations.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(b)€After€the€installation€of€a€collection€and€control€system€in€compliance€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2),€the€owner€or€operator€shall€estimate€the€NMOC€emission€rate€Ì€€using€the€equation€below.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€M€sub€NMOC€1.89X10sup€-3€Q€sub€LFG€C€sub€NMOCÌ€€Ì€€€€€€where,Ì€€Ì€€€€€€M€sub€NMOC€mass€emission€rate€of€NMOC,€Mg/yrÌ€€Ì€€€€€€Q€sub€LFG€flowrate€of€landfill€gas,€m€3€/minÌ€€Ì€€€€€€C€sub€NMOC€NMOC€concentration,€ppmvÌ€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€The€flowrate€of€landfill€gas,€Q€sub€LFG,€shall€be€obtained€by€measuring€the€Ì€€total€landfill€gas€flowrate€at€the€common€header€pipe€that€leads€to€the€control€Ì€€device€using€an€orifice€meter€as€described€in€Method€2E.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€The€average€NMOC€concentration,€C€sub€NMOC,€shall€be€determined€by€Ì€€collecting€and€analyzing€landfill€gas€sampled€from€the€common€header€pipe€using€Ì€€Method€25C.€Sec.€60.754€Compliance€provisions.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(a)€The€following€methods€shall€be€used€to€determine€whether€the€gas€collection€Ì€€system€is€in€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(ii).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€For€the€purposes€of€calculating€the€maximum€expected€gas€generation€Ì€€flowrate€from€the€landfill€to€determine€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(ii)(A),€Ì€€the€following€equation€shall€be€used:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Q€sub€m€2L€sub€o€R€(1-esup€-kt)Ì€€Ì€€€€€€where,Ì€€Ì€€€€€€Q€sub€m€maximum€expected€gas€generation€flow€rate,€m€3€/yrÌ€€Ì€€€€€€L€sub€o€refuse€methane€generation€potential,€m€3€/Mg€refuseÌ€€Ì€€€€€€R€average€annual€acceptance€rate,€Mg/yrÌ€€Ì€€€€€€k€methane€generation€rate€constant,€1/yrÌ€€Ì€€€€€€t€age€of€the€landfill€plus€the€gas€mover€equipment€life€or€active€life€of€the€Ì€€landfill,€whichever€is€less,€in€years.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€A€value€of€230€m€3€/Mg€shall€be€used€for€L€sub€o.€If€Method€2E€has€been€Ì€€performed,€the€value€of€k€determined€from€the€test€shall€be€used:€if€not,€a€value€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€of€0.02€yearssup€-1€shall€be€used.€A€value€of€15€years€shall€be€used€for€gas€mover€Ì€€equipment€life.€The€active€life€of€the€landfill€is€the€age€of€the€landfill€plus€the€Ì€€estimated€number€of€years€until€closure.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€For€the€purposes€of€calculating€the€area€of€influence€of€the€gas€collection€Ì€€system€to€determine€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(ii)(B),€the€owner€or€operator€Ì€€should€use€Method€2E.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(3)€For€the€purpose€of€demonstrating€whether€the€gas€collection€system€flowrate€Ì€€is€sufficient€to€determine€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(ii)(C),€the€Ì€€owner/operator€shall€measure€gauge€pressure€in€the€gas€collection€header.€If€a€Ì€€positive€pressure€exists,€the€gas€collection€system€flowrate€shall€be€increased€Ì€€until€a€negative€pressure€is€measured.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(4)€If€the€gauge€pressure€at€a€wellhead€is€positive,€the€valve€shall€be€opened€Ì€€to€restore€negative€pressure.€If€negative€pressure€cannot€be€achieved,€an€Ì€€additional€well€shall€be€added.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(b)€To€determine€whether€the€control€device€designed€and€operated€according€to€Ì€€the€parameters€established€in€Sec.€60.18€(for€open€flares),€or€for€other€control€Ì€€devices€the€parameters€in€the€performance€test€to€reduce€NMOC's€by€98€weight-Ì€€percent,€is€in€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(iii),€the€parameters€shall€be€Ì€€monitored€provided€in€Sec.€60.755.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(c)€An€owner€or€operator€seeking€to€demonstrate€compliance€with€Sec.€Ì€€60.752(b)(2)(iii)€using€a€device€other€than€an€open€or€enclosed€flare,€boiler,€gas€Ì€€turbine,€incinerator€or€I.C.€engine€shall€provide€to€the€Administrator€information€Ì€€demonstrating€that€the€standards€can€be€continuously€achieved.€Sec.€60.755€Ì€€Monitoring€of€operations.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(a)€Each€owner€or€operator€seeking€to€comply€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(ii)€for€the€Ì€€gas€collection€system€shall€install€a€sampling€port€at€each€well€and€measure€the€Ì€€gauge€pressure€in€the€gas€collection€header€on€a€monthly€basis.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(b)€Each€owner€or€operator€seeking€to€comply€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(iii)€using€Ì€€an€enclosed€combustion€device€shall€monitor€the€residence€time€and€temperature€Ì€€established€during€the€initial€performance€test€to€reduce€NMOC's€by€98€percent.€Ì€€Each€owner€or€operator€shall€calibrate,€maintain,€and€operate€according€to€the€Ì€€manufacturer's€specifications,€the€following€equipment:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€A€temperature€monitoring€device€equipped€with€a€continuous€recorder€and€Ì€€having€an€accuracy€of€plus€or€minus€1€percent€of€the€temperature€being€measured€Ì€€expressed€in€degrees€Celsius€or€plus€or€minus€0.5€degrees€C,€whichever€is€greater.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€A€flow€indicator€that€provides€a€record€of€gas€flow€to€the€control€device€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€at€intervals€of€every€15€minutes.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(c)€Each€owner€or€operator€seeking€to€comply€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(iii)€using€Ì€€an€open€flare€shall€install,€calibrate,€maintain,€and€operate€according€to€the€Ì€€manufacturer's€specifications€the€following€equipment:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€A€heat€sensing€device,€such€as€an€ultraviolet€beam€sensor€or€thermocouple,€Ì€€at€the€pilot€light€to€indicate€the€continuous€presence€of€a€flame.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€A€flow€indicator€that€provides€a€record€of€gas€flow€to€the€flare€at€Ì€€intervals€of€every€15€minutes.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(d)€Each€owner€or€operator€seeking€to€demonstrate€compliance€with€Sec.€Ì€€60.752(b)(2)(iii)€using€a€device€other€than€an€open€flare€or€a€closed€combustion€Ì€€device€shall€provide€to€the€Administrator€information€describing€the€operation€of€Ì€€the€control€device€and€the€operating€parameters€that€would€indicate€proper€Ì€€performance.€The€Administrator€will€specify€appropriate€monitoring€procedures.€Sec.€Ì€€60.756€Reporting€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(a)€Each€owner€or€operator€subject€to€the€requirements€of€this€subpart€shall€Ì€€submit€an€initial€design€capacity€report€to€the€Administrator.€The€initial€design€Ì€€capacity€report€must€be€submitted€within€90€days€of€the€issuance€of€the€Ì€€construction€or€operating€permit,€or€within€30€days€of€the€date€construction,€or€Ì€€reconstruction€as€defined€under€Sec.€60.15,€of€an€affected€facility€commences,€or€Ì€€initial€acceptance€of€refuse,€whichever€is€earlier.€The€initial€design€capacity€Ì€€report€shall€fulfill€the€requirements€of€the€notification€of€the€date€construction€Ì€€is€commenced€as€required€under€Sec.€60.7(a)(1).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€The€initial€design€capacity€report€shall€contain€the€following€information:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€A€map€or€plot€of€the€landfill,€providing€the€size€and€location€of€the€Ì€€landfill,€and€identifying€all€areas€where€refuse€may€be€landfilled€according€to€the€Ì€€provisions€of€the€State€or€county€permit;Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€The€maximum€design€capacity€of€the€landfill.€Where€the€maximum€design€Ì€€capacity€is€specified€in€the€State€or€county€construction€or€RCRA€permit,€a€copy€of€Ì€€the€permit€specifying€the€maximum€design€capacity€may€be€submitted.€If€the€maximum€Ì€€design€capacity€of€the€landfill€is€not€specified€in€the€permit,€the€maximum€design€Ì€€capacity€must€be€calculated€using€good€engineering€principles.€The€calculations€Ì€€must€be€provided,€along€with€such€parameters€as€depth€of€refuse,€refuse€acceptance€Ì€€rate,€and€compaction€practices.€The€State,€county,€or€Administrator€may€request€Ì€€other€reasonable€information€as€may€be€necessary€to€verify€the€maximum€design€Ì€€capacity€of€the€landfill.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€An€amended€design€capacity€report€must€be€submitted€to€the€Administrator,€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€providing€notification€of€any€increase€in€the€size€of€the€landfill,€whether€the€Ì€€increase€results€from€an€increase€in€the€permitted€area€or€depth€of€the€landfill,€a€Ì€€change€in€the€operating€procedures,€or€any€other€means€which€results€in€an€increase€Ì€€in€the€maximum€design€capacity€of€the€landfill.€The€amended€design€capacity€report€Ì€€must€be€submitted€within€90€days€of€the€issuance€of€an€amended€construction€or€Ì€€operating€permit,€or€the€actual€use€of€additional€land,€or€the€change€in€operating€Ì€€procedures€which€will€result€in€an€increase€in€maximum€design€capacity,€whichever€Ì€€comes€first.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(b)€Each€owner€or€operator€subject€to€the€requirements€of€this€subpart€shall€Ì€€submit€an€annual€NMOC€emission€rate€report€to€the€Administrator,€except€as€provided€Ì€€for€in€paragraph€(b)(1)(ii)€of€this€section.€The€State€or€county€agency€or€the€Ì€€Administrator€may€request€such€additional€information€as€may€be€reasonably€Ì€€necessary€to€verify€the€reported€NMOC€emission€rate.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€The€annual,€or€5-year€estimate€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€shall€be€Ì€€calculated€using€the€formula€and€procedures€provided€in€Sec.€60.753.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€The€initial€NMOC€emission€rate€report€shall€be€submitted€within€90€days€of€Ì€€the€date€waste€acceptance€commences€and€may€be€combined€with€the€initial€design€Ì€€capacity€report€required€in€paragraph€(a)€of€this€section.€Subsequent€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€reports€shall€be€submitted€annually€thereafter,€except€as€provided€for€in€Ì€€paragraphs€(b)(1)€(ii)€and€(iii)€of€this€section.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€The€owner/operator€may€elect€to€submit€an€estimate€of€the€NMOC€emission€Ì€€rate€for€the€next€5€years€in€lieu€of€the€annual€report,€provided€that€the€estimated€Ì€€NMOC€emission€rate€in€each€of€the€5€years€is€less€than€150€Mg/yr€(167€tpy).€This€Ì€€estimate€must€include€the€current€amount€of€refuse-in-place€and€the€estimated€waste€Ì€€acceptance€rate€for€each€of€the€5€years€for€which€an€NMOC€emission€rate€is€Ì€€estimated.€All€data€and€calculations€upon€which€this€estimate€is€based€must€be€Ì€€provided.€This€estimate€must€be€revised€at€least€every€5€years.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(iii)€If€the€actual€waste€acceptance€rate€exceeds€the€estimated€waste€Ì€€acceptance€rate€in€any€year€reported€in€the€5-year€estimate,€a€revised€5-year€Ì€€estimate€must€be€submitted.€The€revised€estimate€shall€cover€the€five€years€Ì€€beginning€with€the€year€in€which€the€actual€waste€acceptance€rate€exceeded€the€Ì€€estimated€waste€acceptance€rate.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€The€annual,€or€5-year€estimate€of€the€NMOC€emission€rate€report€shall€Ì€€include€all€the€data,€calculations,€sample€reports€and€measurements€used.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(3)€Each€owner€or€operator€subject€to€the€requirements€of€this€subpart€is€Ì€€exempted€from€the€requirements€of€paragraph€(b)€of€this€section€after€the€Ì€€installation€of€collection€and€control€systems€in€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)€Ì€€during€such€time€as€the€collection€and€control€system€is€in€continuous€operation€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€and€in€compliance€with€Sec.€60.754.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(c)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€a€controlled€landfill€shall€submit€a€closure€Ì€€report€to€the€Administrator.€For€the€purposes€of€this€subpart,€closure€means€that€Ì€€refuse€is€no€longer€being€placed€in€the€landfill,€and€that€no€additional€wastes€Ì€€will€be€placed€into€the€landfill€without€filing€a€notification€of€modification€as€Ì€€prescribed€under€Sec.€60.14.€The€Administrator€may€request€such€additional€Ì€€information€as€may€be€reasonably€necessary€to€verify€that€permanent€closure€has€Ì€€taken€place.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(d)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€a€controlled€landfill€shall€submit€an€equipment€Ì€€removal€report€to€the€Administrator€prior€to€removal€or€cessation€of€operation€of€Ì€€the€control€equipment.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€The€equipment€removal€report€shall€contain€the€following€items:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€A€copy€of€the€closure€report€submitted€in€accordance€with€paragraph€(c)€of€Ì€€this€section;Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€A€copy€of€the€initial€performance€test€report€demonstrating€the€15€year€Ì€€minimum€control€period€has€expired;Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(iii)€Dated€copies€of€the€three€successive€NMOC€emission€rate€reports€Ì€€demonstrating€that€the€landfill€is€no€longer€emitting€above€the€level€of€the€Ì€€standard.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€The€Administrator€may€request€such€additional€information€as€may€be€Ì€€reasonably€necessary€to€verify€that€all€of€the€conditions€for€removal€in€Sec.€Ì€€60.752(b)(2)(v)€have€been€met.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(e)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€a€controlled€landfill€shall€submit€to€the€Ì€€Administrator€semiannual€reports€of€the€following€recorded€information.€The€initial€Ì€€report€shall€be€submitted€within€90€days€of€installation€and€startup€of€the€Ì€€collection€and€control€system,€and€shall€include€the€initial€performance€test€Ì€€report€required€under€Sec.€60.8.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€Exceedance€of€parameters€monitored€under€Sec.€60.755€(a)€and€(b)(1).Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€All€periods€when€the€gas€stream€is€diverted€from€the€control€device€or€has€Ì€€no€flowrate.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(3)€All€periods€when€the€control€device€was€not€operating.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(4)€For€control€devices€using€open€or€enclosed€flares,€all€periods€when€the€Ì€€pilot€flame€of€the€flare€was€absent.Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€Ì€€€€€€(f)€Each€owner€or€operator€seeking€to€comply€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(i)(A)€shall€Ì€€include€the€following€with€the€initial€performance€test€report€required€under€Sec.€Ì€€60.8:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€A€diagram€of€the€collection€system€showing€vertical€extraction€well€Ì€€spacing,€including€the€locations€of€any€areas€excluded€from€collection€and€the€Ì€€proposed€sites€for€the€future€addition€of€wells;Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€The€data€upon€which€the€radii€of€influence€and€the€gas€mover€sizing€are€Ì€€based;Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(3)€The€documentation€of€the€presence€of€asbestos€for€each€area€from€which€Ì€€collection€wells€have€been€excluded€based€on€the€presence€of€asbestos:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(4)€The€sum€of€the€gas€generation€rates€for€all€areas€from€which€collection€Ì€€wells€have€been€excluded€based€on€the€presence€of€nondegradable€materials€and€the€Ì€€calculations€of€gas€generation€rate€for€each€excluded€area;€andÌ€€Ì€€€€€€(5)€The€provisions€for€increasing€gas€mover€capacity€with€increased€gas€Ì€€generation€rate,€if€the€present€gas€mover€is€inadequate€to€move€the€maximum€Ì€€flowrate€expected€over€the€life€of€the€landfill.€Sec.€60.757€Recordkeeping€Ì€€requirements.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(a)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€an€MSW€landfill€subject€to€the€provisions€of€Sec.€Ì€€60.752(b)€shall€keep€up-to-date,€readily€accessible€records€of€the€maximum€design€Ì€€capacity,€the€current€amount€of€refuse-in-place,€and€the€year-by-year€waste€Ì€€acceptance€rate.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(b)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€a€controlled€landfill€shall€keep€up-to-date,€Ì€€readily€accessible€records€of€the€following€data€measured€during€the€initial€Ì€€performance€test/compliance€determination€for€the€life€of€the€control€equipment.€Ì€€Records€of€subsequent€tests€must€be€maintained€for€a€minimum€of€2€years.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(1)€Where€an€owner€or€operator€subject€to€the€provisions€of€this€subpart€seeks€Ì€€to€demonstrate€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(ii):Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€The€calculated€maximum€expected€gas€generation€flowrate€using€Method€2E.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€The€calculated€area€of€influence€of€the€extraction€wells.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(iii)€Gauge€pressure€in€the€gas€collection€header€at€the€point€where€each€well€Ì€€is€connected€to€the€gas€collection€header€pipe.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(2)€Where€an€owner€or€operator€subject€to€the€provisions€of€this€subpart€seeks€Ð   	 @-(,   Ð€€to€demonstrate€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(iii)€through€use€of€an€enclosed€Ì€€combustion€device:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€The€average€combustion€temperature€measured€every€15€minutes€and€averged€Ì€€over€the€same€time€period€of€the€performance€testing.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€The€percent€reduction€of€NMOC€determined€as€specified€in€Sec.€60.754(b)€Ì€€achieved€by€the€control€device.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(3)€Where€an€owner€or€operator€subject€to€the€provisions€of€this€subpart€seeks€Ì€€to€demonstrate€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(iii)€through€use€of€a€boiler:Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(i)€A€description€of€the€location€at€which€the€process€vent€stream€is€Ì€€introduced€into€the€boiler€or€process€heater,€andÌ€€Ì€€€€€€(ii)€The€average€combustion€temperature€of€the€boiler€or€process€heater€with€a€Ì€€design€heat€input€capacity€of€less€than€44€MW€(150€million€Btu/hr)€measured€at€Ì€€least€every€15€minutes€and€averaged€over€the€same€time€period€of€the€performance€Ì€€testing.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(4)€Where€an€owner€or€operator€subject€to€the€provisions€of€this€subpart€seeks€Ì€€to€demonstrate€compliance€with€Sec.€60.752(b)(2)(iii)€through€use€of€an€open€flare,€Ì€€the€flare€type€(i.e.,€steam-assisted,€air-assisted,€or€nonassisted),€all€visible€Ì€€emission€readings,€heat€content€determination,€flowrate€measurements,€and€exit€Ì€€velocity€determinations€made€during€the€performance€test,€continuous€records€of€the€Ì€€flare€pilot€flame€monitoring,€and€records€of€all€periods€of€operations€during€which€Ì€€the€pilot€flame€is€absent.Ì€€Ì€€€€€€(c)€Each€owner€or€operator€of€a€controlled€landfill€subject€to€the€provisions€Ì€€of€this€subpart€shall€keep€up-toñ ñÌñ ñ