ÿWPC¯( ^OthK'OlD'näD‰]ÃCn|å.¹k¢µÓNmŸM#wÔ·¥¢8Ü´uËêÏ–"ño°æÛQ9ë΃‹Rßiœƒw@Ÿ| ëžgÂ;{@<ã®ty¸SAÖ\È|Æ»œ¸™¯ÜUk­–“§EE©Ù7šÄxYÎí[–’bÛ su€¨¸Øã)‡ÐÞàø®|~.ã,+A -DCEéé]Or² QŽC&Ü@§kwÌ*œÑi‚Yýþ¶èxvˆ iÃ5·ºK¾§º i_՞膞+„ÁB’˜ ¸×ðQ ËÑn—$¶ÈÅ¥p¤è aBCÅk{˜×b)5&%û,7á2ÉJ ·ÆaÙïKÏJ'ª(Z[Bß½J_ž"ßÍ£Þx¹wª^\åeWRÒ &— 5"™ãÁpy¥Ü—ÔåÅ5/E—Ô²U#¸ÇD‘Ó·~€¸þ7ë=WF]eÔP+?ï¬Bœ`âŸè*s ©uÆu4yRkÈh ÿ™X„Ê ýÅ’áMŠâ ’Y¤†]m*CŸí’5fƒù!Nrñ ^Ú~rw«mצ8z÷tmpüºÁ®¥€mÞ^‹ƒaçðÌéÆÙøž½+hW}°Â­Íuo&#çÌL8U : %JšP 0Úê 0íÄ 0± 0± 0&Ä 09ê 0L# 0_o 0âÎ 0̰ 0Å| 0ÄA 0¬ 0¬± 0¬] 0¬  0ص 0£ 0¯0 0xß 0kW 0k 0~- 0~« 0&) 0·O* 00 E½ 0®¿ 1m! 0¹r" +# 0=<# 0Fy# 0P¿# 1“$ 0z¢$ 1·%Ó%n­ã% 0r& B'#!'N@(^ B(wN(4^(r( mt(N‹("(<þ6X9€`("Courier 10cpiX' É  92.07.16 final category list 2preamble  0 .   z^ ëJ:Right Par[1]Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersàÐ..àÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà°..°àà0..àÌÌzq 4ç:Right Par[2]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..ààÐ` ..` àÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0` ..` àÌÌz„ g:Right Par[3]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà..ààи ..¸ àÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà` ..` àà0¸ ..¸ àÌÌz— Ö:Right Par[4]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà..àà..ààÐ..àÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà¸ ..¸ àà0..àÌÌzª _Ø:Right Par[5]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà..àà..àà..ààÐh..hàÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0h..hàÌÌz½ ,ç:Right Par[6]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà..àà..àà..àà..ààÐÀ..ÀàÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàh..hàà0À..ÀàÌÌzÐ wÃ:Right Par[7]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà..àà..àà..àà..àà..ààÐ..àÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàÀ..Ààà0..àÌÌzã Jò:Right Par[8]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà..àà..àà..àà..àà..àà..ààÐp..pàÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0p..pàÌÌlC0 b:Technical[1]Technical Document StyleÌòòò òÔ  ÔÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÌÌóóà..àó ól8%™Ë:Technical[2]Technical Document StyleÌò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€òòÔ  ÔÔ  ÔóóÌÌà..àó ól5!›6:Technical[3]Technical Document StyleÌò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌà..àó ól4!Ÿf:Technical[4]Technical Document Styleò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌà..àó ól:’:Technical[5]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€.€€ó ól:Ò:Technical[6]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€.€€ó ól::Technical[7]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€.€€ó ól:R:Technical[8]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€.€€ó óVa8Document[1]Document StyleÌÔ  Ôà@ì..ìàòòò òÔ  ÔÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔˆÌÌóóó óV8\Å8Document[2]Document StyleÌò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€òòÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÌÌó óóóVH¤8Document[3]Document StyleÌà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌó óVÛy8Document[4]Document Styleà..àò òòò.óó€€ó óV 9w8Document[5]Document Styleà0..àÌÌV 9{8Document[6]Document Styleà8..àÌÌV& —è8Document[7]Document Styleà0..àà0` ..` àÌÌV& —ì8Document[8]Document Styleà0..àà8` ..` àÌÌ&ÿÿ$1x?Çt2PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paperÓÈÓÑ °ÑÑè°ÑÖ€ÿÿÖ Ý ƒðJ(ÝÓ  ÓÔ€X2NXXXÔÔ€X2NXXX2NÔÝ  ÝÔ€2NXXX2NÔÓ  ÓÔ€X2NXX2NÔÔ€X2NXXX2NÔÓÈÓÒX°ÒÒ°°ÒÓÿÿÀ°œXÓß?€. 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'°ø*–dE°ø*?ßÌÌàHHÀà1ˆÌÌàHHÀà2ˆÌÌàHHÀà3ˆÌÌàHHÀà4ˆÌÌàHHÀà5ˆÌÌàHHÀà6ˆÌÌàHHÀà7ˆÌÌàHHÀà8ˆÌÌàHHÀà9ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà10ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà11ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà12ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà13ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà14ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà15ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà16ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà17ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà18ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà19ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà20ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà21ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà22ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà23ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà24ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà25ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà26ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà27ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà28Ô  à.À+Ô(e2Í$¨¨Ý ƒ-s!ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XˆXXXÔÔ€XˆXXXˆÔÝ  ÝjDÿÿ4Tech InitInitialize Technical StyleÓ(€ "  (ÓØØ  ÿÿCuy±ÉåTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1fEÿÿ2Doc InitInitialize Document StyleÓ€$ÓÈÓ(€ (  (ÓØØ%&'(ÿÿ$˜˜Ìà0 àà à(ÿÿ$™™à0 àà0 àà à((ÿÿ$ššà0 àà0 àà0 àà à ÿÿA_ekqw‡DocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)R& ÿÿ8BibliogrphyBibliographyà0..àà°..°àÌÌ ÿÿCƒ‰•›£«±Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)#|x «<þ6X9€`("Courier 10cpiXôxþ6X@ÉÇ;X@(Js$¡¡Ó  ÓÔ€X2NXXXÔÔ€X2NXXX2NÔ d˜HP DeskJet 500,X,,,,,X0;¤•'c€î/?õ$ü!ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ñ ° ÑÑ X ÑÝ ƒ-s!ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XˆXXXÔÔ€XˆXXXˆÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ = Ñò òÔ_ÔFederal€Registeró ó€/€July€16,€1992€/€Noticesà€( ( C(#àò ò31576„91ó óˆÐ ° Ðð2ðððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððð0ðÐ  ð Ðò òENVIRONMENTAL€PROTECTION€AGENCY€Ð ŒÜ ÐÌ[FRL„4152„7]€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌInitial€List€of€Categories€of€Sources€Under€Section112(c)(1)€of€the€Clean€Air€ActÏAmendments€of€1990ÌÌAGENCY:ó ó€€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA)Ð  P  ÐÌò òACTION:ó ó€€Notice€of€initial€list€of€categories€of€major€and€area€sources.Ð Ü,  Ðð2ðððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððð0ðÐ Ì  Ðò òSUMMARY:ó ó€€This€notice€publishes€an€initial€list€of€categories€of€major€and€area€sources€ofÐ ¸  Ðhazardous€air€pollutants€(HAP's),€as€required€under€Section112(c)(1)€of€the€Clean€Air€Act€(CAA)Ïas€amended€in€1990.€€The€statute€requires€the€Agency€to€promulgate€regulations,€over€the€Ï10years€following€amendment€of€the€CAA,€establishing€emission€standards€for€each€listedÏcategory€of€major€sources€and€area€sources.€€Ìà  àToday's€list€does€not€constitute€completion€of€the€listing€requirements€underÏSection112(c)(3),€pursuant€to€the€area€source€program€under€Section112(k)(3)(B),€or€the€listingÏrequirements€under€Section112(c)(6),€relating€to€sources€of€specific€pollutants.€€Today's€noticeÏdoes€not€contain€guidance€or€procedures€for€filing€petitions€to€delete€listed€categories€of€sources,Ïas€allowed€under€Section112(c)(9)(B).€€Moreover,€because€of€uncertainties€in€the€available€dataÏbases€concerning€sources€and€emissions€of€HAP's,€all€categories€of€major€and€area€sourcesÏmeeting€the€listing€criteria€in€Section112(c)(1)€may€not€be€included€on€today's€list.€€In€addition,Ïall€categories€of€sources€may€not€be€disaggregated€to€the€extent€necessary€eventually€for€theÏestablishment€of€emission€standards.€€Descriptions€of€the€categories€on€today's€list€are€included€inÏthe€docket,€to€identify€industry€sectors,€processes€and€equipment€that€may€constitute€each€listedÏcategory.€Ìà  àThe€Agency€considers€the€listing€of€categories€of€sources€under€Section112(c)(1)€to€be€anÏongoing€process.€€Under€Section112(c)(1),€the€Agency€is€obligated€to€revise€the€list€ifÏappropriate,€in€response€to€public€comment€or€new€information,€from€"time€to€time,€but€no€lessÏoften€than€every€8€years."€€The€Agency€intends€to€maintain€the€list€as€part€of€the€regulatoryÏdevelopment€process€of€establishing€emission€standards€and€may€revise€the€list€on€the€basis€ofÏdeletion€determinations€as€part€of€the€source€category€deletion€process€to€be€defined€in€a€laterÏò òFederalRegisteró ó€notice.€€€Ð %T # ÐÌò òEFFECTIVE€DATE:ó ó€€July€16,€1992.Ð à&0"% ÐÌÑ <= Ñò òADDRESSES:ó ó€€Docket.€€Docket€No.€A-90-49,€containing€supporting€information€used€inÐ ¼( $' Ðdeveloping€the€notice,€is€available€for€public€inspection€and€copying€between€8:30€a.m.€andÏ3:30p.m.,€Monday€through€Friday,€at€the€Agency's€Air€Docket,€roomM1500,€U.S.ÏEnvironmental€Protection€Agency,€401MStreet,SW.,€Washington,D.€C.€20460.€€A€reasonableÏfee€may€be€charged€for€copying.ÌÐ \-¬(,<^ Ðò òFOR€FURTHER€INFORMATION€CONTACT:ó ó€€For€information€concerning€categories€ofÐ ° Ðsources€involving€the€production,€handling,€refining€or€use€of€chemicals€or€petroleum,€or€productsÏthereof,€contact€Mr.€David€Svendsgaard,€Chemicals€and€Petroleum€Branch,€Emission€StandardsÏDivision€(MD-13),€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards,€U.S.€Environmental€ProtectionÏAgency,€Research€Triangle€Park,€€N.C.€€27711,€telephone€number€(919)541-2380.Ì€€€€€For€information€concerning€categories€of€sources€involving€fuel€combustion,€incineration,Ïmetals€and€minerals€processing,€contact€Mr.€William€Maxwell,€telephone€number€(919)541-5430,ÏIndustrial€Studies€Branch,€at€the€above€address.Ì€€€€€For€general€information€concerning€this€notice,€contact€Mr.€Thomas€Lahre,€PollutantÏAssessment€Branch,€telephone€number€(919)541-5668,€at€the€above€address.ÌÌò òSUPPLEMENTARY€INFORMATION:ó ó€€The€information€presented€in€this€notice€is€organizedÐ Ø(  Ðas€follows:ÌI.€€€Legislative€Background€Relating€to€the€Initial€Source€à p àCategory€ListÐ ´  ÐII.à0  àIdentification€of€Categories€and€Subcategories€on€June€21,€1991€Preliminary€Draft€ListРð (#(# ÐIII.€Discussion€of€Major€Issues€and€Responses€to€CommentsÌà0  àA.à0` (#(#àDelineation€of€Categories€and€SubcategoriesÐxÈ` (#` (# Ðà0  àB.à0` (#(#àListing€of€Categories€of€Area€SourcesÐd´` (#` (# Ðà0  àC.à0` (#(#àData€Base€QualityÐP ` (#` (# Ðà0  àD.à0` (#(#àConsistency€With€Section€112€and€Section€129€Provisions€Relating€to€SpecificÐ <Œ ÐCategories€of€SourcesÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àE.à0` (#(#àListing€of€Regulated€CategoriesÐd` (#` (# Ðà0  àF.à0` (#(#àJudicial€Review€of€Listà0À` (#` (#à€€€ÐPÀ(#À(# ÐIV.à0  àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Categories€of€Area€SourcesÐì<(#(# Ðà0  àA.à0` (#(#àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Category€of€Commercial€Sterilizers€UsingÐ Ø( ÐEthylene€OxideÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àB.à0` (#(#àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Categories€of€€Chromium€ElectroplatersÐ ° Ðand€AnodizersÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àC.à0` (#(#àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Category€of€CommercialÐ ˆØ ÐPerchloroethylene€Dry€CleanersÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àD.à0` (#(#àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Category€of€Cleaners€Using€HalogenatedÐ ` ° ÐSolventsÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àE.à0` (#(#àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Category€of€Asbestos€ProcessingÐ8"ˆ ` (#` (# ÐV.à  àDescriptions€of€Listed€CategoriesÐ $#t! ÐVI.à0  àRelationship€of€List€to€Definition€of€Ssource€for€Early€ReductionÐ$`"(#(# ÐVII.à  àAdministrative€RequirementsÐ ü$L # Ðà  àA.à ` àDocketÐ è%8!$ Ðà  àB.à ` àExecutive€Order€12291€ReviewÐ Ô&$"% Ðà  àC.à ` àPaperwork€Reduction€ActÐ À'#& Ðà  àD.à ` àRegulatory€Flexibility€Act€ComplianceÐ ¬(ü#' ÐÌò òTable€1€„„€Initial€List€of€Categories€of€Major€and€Area€Sources€of€Hazardous€Air€Pollutantsó óÐ „*Ô%) ÐÌòòAcronym€ListóóÐ \,¬'+ ÐÐ H-˜(, ÐCAA€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àClean€Air€Actа¸ (#¸ (# ÐCFC-113€€€€€€=à0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#àtrichlorotrifluoroethane€Ðœì(#(# ÐCFR€€€€€€€€€€=à ` àà ¸ àCode€of€Federal€RegulationsÐ ˆØ ÐCTG€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àControl€Technology€GuidelinesÐtĸ (#¸ (# ÐCNS€€€€€€€€€€=€€€€€€central€nervous€system€€ÌCr(+3)€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àtrivalent€chromiumÐL œ¸ (#¸ (# ÐCr(+6)€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àhexavalent€chromium€€€€€€Ð8 ˆ¸ (#¸ (# ÐCWA€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àClean€Water€ActÐ$ t¸ (#¸ (# ÐDOE€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àDepartment€of€EnergyÐ `¸ (#¸ (# ÐFR€€€€€€€€€€€=€€€€€€Federal€RegisterÌGACT€€€€€€€€€=à ` àà ¸ àgenerally€available€control€technologyÐ è 8  ÐHAP€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àhazardous€air€pollutantsÐÔ$ ¸ (#¸ (# Ðkg/yr€€€€€€€€=€€€€€€kilograms€per€yearÌMACT€€€€€€€€€=à0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#àmaximum€achievable€control€technologyЬü (#(# Ðlb/yrà  à€€€=à ` àà ¸ àpounds€per€yearÐ ˜è  ÐMC€€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àmethylene€chlorideÐ„Ô ¸ (#¸ (# ÐMg/yr€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àmegagrams€per€yearÐpÀ¸ (#¸ (# ÐMSHA€€€€€€€€€=à0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#àMine€Safety€and€Health€AdministrationÐ\¬(#(# ÐNEDS€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àNational€Emissions€Data€SystemÐH˜¸ (#¸ (# ÐNESHAP€€€€€€€=à0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#ànational€emission€standards€for€hazardous€air€pollutantsÐ4„(#(# ÐNRC€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àNuclear€Regulatory€CommissionÐ p¸ (#¸ (# ÐNSPS€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#ànew€source€performance€standardsÐ \¸ (#¸ (# ÐOMB€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àOffice€of€Management€and€BudgetÐøH¸ (#¸ (# ÐOSHA€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àOccupational€Safety€and€Health€AdministrationÐä4¸ (#¸ (# ÐOTVC€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àopen€top€vapor€cleanersÐÐ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐPCE€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àperchloroethyleneм ¸ (#¸ (# Ðppmà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€=à0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àparts€per€millionШø(#(# ÐPM€€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àparticulate€matterÐ”ä¸ (#¸ (# ÐPOTW€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àpublicly€owned€treatment€worksЀи (#¸ (# ÐPSD€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àprevention€of€significant€deteriorationÐl¼¸ (#¸ (# ÐRACT€€€€€€€€€=à ` àà ¸ àreasonably€available€control€technologyÐ X ¨ ÐRCRA€€€€€€€€€=€€€€€€Resource€Conservation€and€Recovery€ActÌSCC€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àsource€classification€codesÐ0"€ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐSIC€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àStandard€Industrial€ClassificationÐ#l!¸ (#¸ (# ÐSOCMI€€€€€€€€=à0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#àsynthetic€organic€chemical€manufacturing€Ð$X"(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àindustryÐ (#(# ÐTCA€€€€€€€€€€=à ` àà ¸ à1,1,1-trichloroethaneÐ à%0!$ ÐTCE€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àtrichloroethyleneÐÌ&"%¸ (#¸ (# Ðtmà  àà ` à€€€=à ¸ àà  àtrademarkÐ ¸'#& ÐTRIS€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àToxic€Release€Inventory€SystemФ(ô#'¸ (#¸ (# Ðtpy€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àtons€per€yearÐ)à$(¸ (#¸ (# ÐVOC€€€€€€€€€€=à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àvolatile€organic€compoundsÐ|*Ì%)¸ (#¸ (# ÐU.€S.à  à€€€=à ` àà ¸ àUnited€Statesà h àÐ h+¸&* ÐÌò òI.€€€Legislative€Background€Relating€to€the€Initial€Source€à È àCategory€ListÐ @-(, Ðó óÌ€€€€€The€Clean€Air€Act€Amendments€of€1990€[Pub.L.101-549]€require,€under€the€revisions€toÏSection112,€that€the€Agency€evaluate€and€promulgate€regulations€requiring€control€of€emissionsÏof€HAP's€from€categories€of€major€and€area€sources.€€The€term€"major€source"€is€defined€inÏparagraph€112(a)(1)€to€mean€any€stationary€source€or€group€of€stationary€sources€located€within€aÏcontiguous€area€and€under€common€control€that€emits€or€has€the€potential€to€emit€consideringÏcontrols,€in€the€aggregate,€10€tons€per€year€(tpy)€or€more€of€any€hazardous€air€pollutant€or€25tpyÏor€more€of€any€combination€of€hazardous€air€pollutants.Ìà  àThe€term€"stationary€source,"€from€Section111,€means€any€building,€structure,€facility,€orÏinstallation€which€emits€or€may€emit€any€air€pollutant.€€The€Agency€may€establish€a€lesser€quantityÏof€pollutant€emissions€for€the€definition€of€a€major€source€than€that€specified€in€the€previousÏsentence,€based€on€various€characteristics€of€the€pollutants€being€emitted€(including€potency,Ïpersistence,€potential€for€bioaccumulation,€or€other€relevant€factors).€€The€Agency€may€establishÏdifferent€criteria€for€the€definition€of€a€major€source€in€the€case€of€radionuclides.€€The€term€"areaÏsource,"€as€defined€in€Section112(a)(2),€means€any€stationary€source€of€HAP's€that€is€not€a€majorÏsource.€€Section112(c)€requires€the€Agency€to€list€categories€of€major€sources€and€area€sources.€ÏBecause€most€groupings€of€sources€are€based€on€process€or€product„oriented€criteria,€they€mayÏinclude€a€mix€of€both€major€and€area€sources.€€The€distinction€between€categories€of€major€andÏarea€sources€is€discussed€in€more€detail€later€in€this€notice.Ìà  àSection112(b)€includes€a€list€of€chemicals,€compounds,€or€groups€of€chemicals€deemed€byÏCongress€to€be€hazardous€air€pollutants.€€Section112(c)(1)€requires€the€Agency€to€publish,€withinÏ1year€of€enactment€of€the€CAA€Amendments€of€1990,€a€list€of€categories€of€major€and€areaÏsources€emitting€one€or€more€listed€HAP.€€Categories€of€area€sources€may€be€listed€subject€to€theÏadditional€requirements€of€Section112(c)(3),€which€require€the€Agency€to€find€a€"threat€ofÏadverse€effects€to€human€health€or€the€environment€(by€such€sources€individually€or€in€theÏaggregate)€warranting€regulation€under€[Section112]."Ìà  àThere€are€additional€requirements€for€listing€source€categories€under€Section112(c)(3)Ïand€Section112(c)(6).€€Section112(c)(3)€refers€to€the€area€source€strategy€required€underÏSection112(k).€€This€strategy€requires€that€the€Agency€list€in€5€years,€and€subject€to€regulation€in€Ï10years,€sufficient€categories€of€area€sources€to€account€for€90€percent€of€the€aggregateÏemissions€of€each€of€30€or€more€HAP's.€€These€30€or€more€HAP's€shall€be€those€determined€toÏpresent€the€greatest€threat€to€public€health€in€the€largest€number€of€urban€areas.€€Section112(c)(6)Ïrequires€the€listing€within€5€years€of€categories€of€sources€assuring€that€at€least€90€percent€of€theÏaggregate€emissions€of€each€of€seven€specific€pollutants€are€subject€to€emission€standards€underÏSection€112(d)€within€10€years€of€enactment€of€the€CAA€Amendments.€€Although€some€of€theÏcategories€that€will€be€identified€under€these€sections€are€probably€already€included€on€today's€list,Ïthere€are€likely€to€be€others€which€have€not€yet€been€identified.€€The€publication€of€today's€listÏdoes€not€constitute€completion€of€the€requirements€of€Section112(c)(3)€or€Section112(c)(6).Ìà  àOther€requirements€in€Section112(c)€affect€the€listing€of€specific€categories€of€sources.€ÏSection112(c)(4)€gives€the€Agency€the€discretion€to€list€any€category€of€sources€previouslyÏregulated€under€Section112€before€enactment€of€the€CAA€Amendments€of€1990.€ÏSection112(c)(7)€requires€the€Agency€to€establish€a€separate€category€for€research€facilities€asÏnecessary€to€assure€equitable€treatment€of€€such€facilities.€€Section112(c)(8)€requires€the€AgencyÏto€list€boat€manufacturing€as€a€separate€subcategory€when€establishing€emissions€standards€forÏstyrene.€€In€addition,€there€are€provisions€elsewhere€in€Section112€and€Section129€that€imposeÐ @-(, Ðlisting€requirements€on€the€Agency,€both€directly€and€indirectly.€€These€provisions,€and€theÏAgency's€resulting€actions,€are€discussed€in€detail€in€Sections€III.D€and€III.E€in€today's€notice.Ìà  àRevisions€to€today's€list€may€also€result€from€deletion€determinations€underÏSection112(c)(9)(B).€€Under€Section€112(c)(9)(B),€the€Agency€may€delete€a€category€from€theÏlist,€based€on€petition€of€any€person€or€on€the€Administrator's€own€motion,€upon€a€determinationÏthat:€(1)in€the€case€of€sources€that€emit€HAP's€that€may€result€in€cancer,€no€source€in€theÏcategory€(or€group€of€sources€in€the€case€of€area€sources)€emits€HAP's€in€quantities€that€mayÏcause€lifetime€cancer€risk€greater€than€1„in„1€million€to€the€most€exposed€individual;€or,€(2)€in€theÏcase€of€sources€that€emit€HAP's€that€may€result€in€non„cancer€adverse€health€effects€or€adverseÏenvironmental€effects,€emissions€from€no€source€in€the€category€(or€group€of€sources€in€the€caseÏof€area€sources)€exceed€a€level€adequate€to€protect€public€health€with€an€ample€margin€of€safetyÏand€no€adverse€environmental€effects€will€result.€€The€Agency€shall€grant€or€deny€a€petition€toÏdelete€a€category€within€1€year€after€the€petition€is€filed.€€Procedures€for€such€petitions€will€beÏaddressed€in€a€separate€ò òFederal€Registeró ó€notice.€€Under€Section112(c)(9)(A),€the€Agency€shallÐ ¬ü  Ðdelete€a€source€category€if€all€pollutants€emitted€by€that€category€have€been€deleted€from€the€HAPÏlist€under€Section112(b)(3)(C)€or€Section112(b)(3)(D).Ìà  àRevisions€to€today's€list€may€also€arise€from€the€establishment€of€lesser€quantities€for€theÏdefinition€of€major€sources,€under€Section112(a),€resulting€in€additional€categories€of€majorÏsources.€€Special€studies€required€under€various€provisions€of€Section112,€or€informationÏgathered€by€the€Agency€during€the€regulatory€development€process,€may€also€result€in€changes€toÏthe€list.Ìà  àSection112(c)(2)€requires€the€establishment€of€emission€standards€under€Section112(d)Ïfor€every€category€of€sources€included€on€the€initial€list€published€pursuant€to€Section112(c)(1).€ÏEmission€standards€established€for€categories€listed€under€Section112(c)€shall€be€promulgatedÏaccording€to€the€schedule€for€standards€set€forth€in€€€Section112(e).€€In€determining€where€sourceÏcategories€should€be€placed€on€this€schedule€under€Section112(e),€the€Agency€shall€consider€theÏknown€or€anticipated€adverse€effects€of€the€emitted€pollutants€on€health€and€the€environment;€theÏquantity€and€location€of€emissions;€and€the€efficiency€of€grouping€categories€according€to€theÏpollutants€emitted€or€the€processes€or€technologies€used.€€The€schedule€for€promulgation€ofÏemission€standards€for€each€category€of€HAP€sources€is€to€be€published,€after€an€opportunity€forÏcomment,€within€24months€of€enactment.ÌÌò òII.à0  àIdentification€of€Categories€and€Subcategories€on€June€21,€1991€Preliminary€DraftÐ 4"„  ÐListÐ (#(# Ðó óÌà  àThat€list€of€categories€of€sources€was€made€available€for€public€comment€on€June€21,€1991Ï(56FR28548).€€The€preliminary€draft€list€was€compiled€from€a€number€of€data€bases,€describedÏbelow,€each€having€certain€strengths€and€weaknesses.€€Ìà  à1.€€The€National€Emissions€Data€System€(NEDS)€is€an€Agency€data€base€of€reportedÏemissions€from€sources€emitting€more€than€90.7€megagrams€per€year€(Mg/yr)€[100€tons€per€yearÏ(tpy)]€of€criteria€air€pollutants,€including€volatile€organic€compounds€(VOC)€and€particulateÏmatter€(PM).€€The€sources€included€in€NEDS€are€classified€by€unique€identifiers,€termed€sourceÏclassification€codes€(SCC's).€€Speciation€profiles€have€been€assigned€to€each€of€the€SCC's.€€TheseÏspeciation€profiles€are€an€estimate€of€the€chemical€species€comprising€the€total€VOC€or€PMÏemissions€for€a€category.€€In€many€cases,€the€chemical€species€constituents€are€HAP's.€€A€categoryÐ D-”(, Ðwas€included€on€the€preliminary€draft€list€if€HAP€emissions€were€associated€with€a€sourceÏclassification€code€in€NEDS,€but€only€for€species€profiles€having€a€data€quality€ranking€of€"A,"Ï"B,"€"C,"€or€"D."€€Species€profiles€having€an€"E"€ranking€were€not€used,€because€of€insufficientÏquality.€€(See€Docket€No.A-90-49,€Items€No.II„A„45€and€46€for€published€species€profiles.)Ìà  à2.€€Categories€of€the€synthetic€organic€chemical€manufacturing€industry€(SOCMI)€wereÏidentified€from€literature€describing€SOCMI€reactants€and€products.€€A€SOCMI€category€wasÏlisted€if€it€either€manufactured€a€chemical€on€the€list€of€HAP's€or€if€it€used€one€or€more€of€theÏlisted€HAP's€to€produce€another€chemical.€à À àà  àÐ $ t Ѐ€€€€3.€€Published€production€and€consumption€data€for€organic€chemicals€were€used€to€identifyÏorganic€chemical€end„user€processes€emitting€HAP's.€€There€are€a€total€of€five€general€categoryÏgroupings€for€which€such€data€were€used:€€foam€blowing€processes,€process€solvent€use,Ïpolymerization€processes,€pesticide€production,€and€pharmaceutical€production.€€Production€andÏconsumption€data€were€obtained€for€each€chemical€from€readily€available€literature.€€Each€end€useÏof€a€chemical€was€identified€as€a€category.€€Ìòòóóà  à4.€€The€Agency's€Toxic€Release€Inventory€System€(TRIS)€was€a€fourth€source€of€data€thatÐ ˜è  Ðwas€used€to€identify€HAP€emitters.€€The€TRIS€data€base€contains€emissions€data€reported€byÏindividual€industrial€facilities€as€required€under€Section313€of€the€Emergency€Planning€andÏCommunity€Right-to-Know€Act€of€1986.€€Emissions€data€in€TRIS€are€reported€on€a€plant€wideÏbasis.€€Standard€Industrial€Classification€(SIC)€Codes€are€reported€in€TRIS€but€the€entries€areÏusually€not€specific€enough€to€identify€categories€of€sources.€€For€this€reason,€it€is€difficult€to€useÏthe€TRIS€data€base€for€identifying€categories,€or€to€determine€where€there€is€overlap€between€theÏTRIS€data€base€and€the€methods€described€above.€€The€TRIS€data€base€did,€however,€identifyÏplants€emitting€listed€pollutants€not€identified€through€the€methods€described€above.€€Ìà  à5.€€The€list€of€categories€developed€by€using€the€several€data€sources€described€above€wasÏaugmented€by€reviewing€existing€studies€by€the€Agency's€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€andÏStandards.€€A€major€portion€of€this€effort€consisted€of€reviewing€data€developed€in€support€ofÏprevious€ò òFederal€Registeró ó€notices€describing€previous€Section112€regulatory€decisions.€€For€theÐ ¨ø Ðmost€part,€the€methods€described€above€had€already€identified€most€of€the€categories.€€However,Ïin€some€cases€additional€categories€were€identified€from€these€references€and€were€added€to€theÏlist.Ìà  àToday's€initial€list€in€Table€1€is€based€on€these€same€sources€of€data€in€addition€toÏinformation€supplied€in€response€to€the€publication€of€the€preliminary€draft€list.€ÌÌò òIII.€Discussion€of€Major€Issues€and€Responses€to€CommentsÐ  #p! Ðó óÌà  àIn€the€preamble€to€the€June€21,€1991,€preliminary€draft€list€(56€FR€28548),€commentsÏwere€requested€on€a€number€of€issues.€€Over€140€comments€were€received€from€industryÏrepresentatives,€environmental€groups,€State€and€local€air€agencies,€universities,€other€FederalÏAgencies,€and€various€other€public€and€private€interests.€€In€general,€comments€were€receivedÏrelating€to:€€(1)the€quality€and€inclusiveness€of€the€data€base,€(2)the€definition€and€disaggregationÏof€various€categories€of€sources,€(3)the€need€for€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€health€orÏenvironmental€effects€before€listing€categories€of€area€sources,€and€(4)alternatives€for€listingÏcategories€of€steam€electric€generators€and€incinerators.€€Following€is€a€summary€of€the€majorÏcomments€received€along€with€responses€to€these€comments.€€The€selection€of€particular€commentÏresponses€for€discussion€in€today's€notice€is€intended€to€indicate€the€Agency's€position€on€theÐ D-”(, Ðmajor€issues€raised€by€the€commenters.€€(All€comments€and€responses€are€contained€in€DocketÏNo.€A-90-49.)ÌÌòòA.à0  àDelineation€of€Categories€and€SubcategoriesóóÐtÄ(#(# ÐÌà  àSection112(c)(1)€states€that€"the€Administrator€shall€publish...a€list€of€all€categories€andÏsubcategories€of€major€sources€and€area€sources."€€The€terms€"category"€and€"subcategory"€areÏnot€defined€in€Section112,€nor€is€the€relation€of€either€of€these€terms€defined€with€respect€to€theÏterm€"source."€€Ìà  àIn€the€June€21,€1991,€notice,€comment€was€requested€on€the€appropriate€distinctions€theÏAgency€should€make€between€categories€and€subcategories.€€In€addition,€information€wasÏrequested€for€the€division,€or€disaggregation,€of€listed€groups€of€sources€into€categories€andÏsubcategories,€along€with€accompanying€documentation.ÌÌRelationship€Between€Source€and€Category€of€SourceÌÌà  àBecause€of€the€undefined€relationship€between€source€and€category€of€sources€in€theÏCAA,€this€relationship€needs€to€be€defined€in€the€context€of€today's€initial€list€of€categories.€ÏSection112(a)(3)€provides€that€"stationary€source"€shall€have€the€same€meaning€for€purposes€ofÏthis€section€as€it€has€under€Section111(a),€which€is€"any€building,€structure,€facility,€or€installationÏwhich€emits€or€may€emit€any€air€pollutant."€€As€Section€112€applies€to€all€stationary€sourcesÏemitting€HAP's,€any€entity€covered€by€this€section€must€be€a€building,€structure,€facility€orÏinstallation€that€emits€HAP's.€€Whether€such€source€is€considered€"major"€will€depend€upon€itsÏsize€and€configuration,€or€upon€the€size€and€configuration€of€the€larger€source€of€which€it€is€aÏpart.Ìà  àA€"category"€of€sources€is€a€group€of€sources€having€some€common€features€suggestingÏthat€they€should€be€regulated€in€the€same€way€and€on€the€same€schedule.€€Thus,€for€example,Ïindustrial€process€cooling€towers€would€be€considered€a€source€category.€€Each€tower€emittingÏmore€than€the€amount€of€HAP's€provided€in€Section€112(a)€as€qualifying€a€source€as€a€majorÏsource,€or€each€tower€located€within€a€larger€source€emitting€that€amount€of€HAP's,€would€beÏsubject€to€maximum€achievable€control€technology€(MACT)€for€major€sources.Ìà  àAs€a€result,€a€large€plant€or€facility,€such€as€a€refinery€or€chemical€manufacturing€plant,Ïwould€clearly€be€a€"major€source,"€but€would€also€comprise€multiple€source€categories.€€ForÏexample,€a€large€plant€would€likely€contain€stationary€sources€included€within€the€industrialÏcooling€tower€source€category,€as€well€as€sources€within€the€process€heater€category,€industrialÏboiler€category,€etc.€€Ìà  àCategories€having€sources€whose€HAP€emissions€exceed€the€major€source€threshold€inÏSection112(a),€or€having€sources€that€are€commonly€located€on€the€premises€of€major€sources,Ïare€categories€of€major€sources.€€Conversely,€categories€having€sources€which€neither€exceed€theÏmajor€source€HAP€emission€threshold€under€Section112(a),€nor€are€commonly€located€on€theÏpremises€of€major€sources,€are€categories€of€area€sources.€€ÌÌUse€of€the€Term€"Category"€or€"Subcategory"€€Ìâ âÐ T,¤'+ Ðà  àSeveral€commenters€suggested€using€only€the€term€"category"€rather€than€both€"category"Ïâ âand€"subcategory,"€for€various€reasons.€€Although€the€language€in€Section112€generally€usesÏthese€terms€together,€seemingly€interchangeably,€the€comments€stated€that€there€are€severalÏinstances€where€only€the€term€"category"€is€used.€€Sections112(c)(9)(A)€and€112(c)(9)(B)(i)Ïprovide€for€deleting€of€categories€of€sources€only.€€Similarly,€Section112(f)(2)(A)€obligates€theÏAdministrator€to€promulgate€standards€to€mitigate€residual€risks€only€for€categories€of€sources.€€InÏresponse€to€these€comments,€the€Agency€has€decided€to€use€the€term€"category"€to€designate€allÏof€the€groupings€of€HAP-emitting€sources€in€today's€list.€€The€exclusive€use€of€the€termÏ"category"€will€clarify€the€applicable€requirements€of€Section112.€€This€decision€does€not€affectÏthe€degree€of€disaggregation€of€industry€groups€in€today's€list€of€categories€or€the€authority€of€theÏAgency€to€distinguish€among€classes,€types,€and€sizes€of€sources€in€establishing€emissionÏstandards.€€During€the€standard„setting€process,€the€Agency€may€in€some€cases€find€it€appropriateÏto€combine€several€listed€categories€into€one,€or€further€divide€a€category.€€This€decision€does€notÏaffect€the€Agency's€authority€to€define€subcategories€of€sources€at€a€later€date.Ìà  àAn€exception€to€the€exclusive€use€of€the€term€"category"€has€been€made€in€the€proposedÏrule€establishing€emission€standards€for€perchloroethylene€dry€cleaning€facilities€(56€FR€64382),Ïwherein€subcategories€were€defined€for€each€category€to€differentiate€between€the€two€majorÏtypes€of€machines€used€in€dry€cleaning,€i.e.,€"dry„to„dry"€and€"transfer."€€This€is€consistent€withÏthe€Agency's€strategy€(discussed€later€in€this€Section)€of€identifying€and€listing€disaggregatedÏcategories€and/or€appropriate€subcategories€as€part€of€the€rulemaking€process,€after€gatheringÏsufficient€information€to€identify€appropriate€aggregations€for€standard„setting€purposes.ÌÌSuggested€Additions€of€Categories€€ÌÌà  àSome€commenters€suggested€adding€specific€categories€to€the€list.€€In€response,€where€theÏcomments€included€reasonable€documentation,€the€Agency€has€added€the€suggested€categories.ÌÌSuggested€Deletions€of€Categories€€ÌÌà  àMany€commenters€suggested€deleting€categories€that€were€on€the€draft€preliminary€list,€forÏreasons€summarized€below.Ìà  àSome€commenters€contended€that€all€sources€in€certain€categories€are€area€sources,Ïthereby€requiring€the€Administrator€to€make€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€health€or€environmentalÏeffect€before€listing€those€categories.€€The€Agency€agrees€that€such€a€finding€of€threat€shouldÏprecede€listing€categories€of€area€sources€(see€SectionIII.B€for€more€discussion).€€WhereÏcommenters€demonstrated€the€existence€of€no€major€sources€of€HAP€emissions€within€categories,Ïthose€categories€were€deleted€from€the€preliminary€draft€list,€as€long€as€no€finding€of€threat€ofÏadverse€effects€was€made.€€The€Agency€may€list€such€categories€as€area€source€categories€later€ifÏa€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€can€be€made,€per€Section112(c)(3),€or€may€list€them€underÏthe€area€source€strategy€required€under€Section112(k).Ìà  àSome€commenters€contended€that€no€sources€in€certain€categories€emitted€any€HAP's,€andÏtherefore€should€not€be€listed.€€The€Agency,€in€response,€deleted€categories€if€a€commenterÏprovided€reasonable€evidence€of€no€HAP€emissions€and€if€the€Agency's€own€data,€upon€review,Ïâ âcould€not€support€the€existence€of€HAP€emissions.Ð T,¤'+ Ðà  àSome€commenters€contended€that€other€provisions€in€amended€Section€112,€or€SectionÏâ â129,€either€preclude€the€listing€of€specific€categories,€or€give€the€Agency€the€discretion€not€to€listÏspecific€categories€at€this€time.€€In€response,€the€Agency€acknowledges€that€its€discretion€to€list€orÏomit€some€categories€of€sources€is€limited€by€other€provisions.€€Therefore,€the€Agency€hasÏattempted€to€make€today's€list€consistent€with€these€other€provisions.€€These€various€otherÏprovisions€are€discussed€in€detail€in€SectionIII.D€of€today's€notice.Ìà  àSome€commenters€contended€that€regulations€exist€or€are€being€developed€under€otherÏtitles€of€the€CAA€or€other€statutes,€either€by€EPA€or€other€agencies,€for€many€categories€ofÏsources€on€the€preliminary€draft€list.€€These€commenters€further€argued€that€categories€subject€toÏthese€other€statutes€should€not€be€listed€under€Section112(c)(1)€and€thus€be€subject€to€"dualÏregulation."€€In€response,€the€Agency€does€not€believe€that€the€existence€of€another€applicableÏregulation,€or€the€imminent€prospect€of€a€regulation,€either€under€the€CAA€or€under€anotherÏstatute,€gives€the€Agency€general€discretion€to€omit€from€today's€list€any€category€of€sourcesÏunder€Section112(c)(1).€€(There€are€specific€exceptions€to€this€position,€however,€as€is€discussedÏin€more€detail€in€SectionsIII.D€and€E€of€today's€notice.)€€Moreover,€listing€does€not€necessarilyÏlead€to€duplicate€regulation€because€air€emission€regulations€issued€under€another€statute€mayÏbecome€the€basis€for€the€"MACT€floor,"€which€is€the€minimum€degree€of€emissions€reductionÏprescribed€for€new€and€existing€sources€subject€to€emission€standards€under€Section112(d).Ìà  àSome€commenters€suggested€deleting€poorly€defined€and€broadly€overlapping€categoriesÏof€sources€to€avoid€confusion€when€identifying€sources€subject€to€regulation€in€each€category.€ÏCommenters€most€frequently€criticized€the€following€categories€and€groupings:€€"[product€orÏchemical]€use",€"chemical€intermediate,"€"primary€and€secondary€metals,€miscellaneous,"€"surfaceÏcoating€operations,€general€solvent€uses,"€"in€situ€fuel€use,"€and€"TRIS€production€and€use,"€theÏlatter€involving€the€production€or€use€of€HAP's€as€reported€to€the€Agency's€TRIS€data€base.€€InÏresponse,€the€Agency€has€removed€a€number€of€previously€listed€categories€that€were€poorlyÏdefined€and/or€broadly€inclusive.€€For€example,€most€of€the€general€"[product€or€chemical]€use"Ïcategories€have€been€deleted.€€As€another€example,€the€generic€"waste€treatment€and€disposal"Ïcategory€has€been€removed.€€As€still€another€example,€the€broad€category€of€"TRIS€productionÏand€use"€has€likewise€been€deleted.€€Many€of€the€operations€covered€under€these€deletedÏcategories€are€still€covered€in€today's€list,€but€are€included€in€the€logical€parent€grouping€instead€ofÏin€a€separate€category.€€For€instance,€rather€than€listing€wastewater€treatment€operations€as€part€ofÏa€generic,€stand„alone€wastewater€treatment€grouping,€these€operations€are€now€included€underÏthe€listing€of€their€respective€production€operations.€€Hence,€even€though€many€broad€categoriesÏstill€remain€on€today's€list,€the€Agency€has€eliminated€many€categories€that€were€poorly€definedÏand€overlapping.€€(General€descriptions€of€all€categories€of€sources€are€located€in€DocketÏNo.A-90-49,€Item€No.IV„A„55.€€See€SectionV€of€today's€notice€for€more€discussion€of€theseÏdescriptions.)Ìà  àSome€commenters€suggested€not€listing€categories€of€sources€where€insufficient€evidenceÏexisted€to€demonstrate€that€there€were€any€major€sources€in€those€categories.€€In€other€words,€theÏcommenters€suggesting€only€listing€categories€of€sources€that€either€exceeded€the€quantity€ofÏHAP's€required€to€define€a€major€source,€pursuant€to€€Section112(a),€or€which€are€commonlyÏlocated€on€the€premises€of€a€major€source.€€Upon€review€of€all€comments€and€the€original€dataÏbases,€the€Agency€has€responded€by€only€including€categories€of€major€sources€where€there€wasÏreasonable€certainty€that€at€least€one€stationary€source€in€the€category€is€a€major€source€or€whereÏsources€in€the€category€are€commonly€located€on€the€premises€of€major€sources.€€In€this€latterÐ @-(, Ðregard,€the€Agency€does€not€interpret€the€9.07/22.7Mg/yr€(10/25tpy)€threshold€in€Section112(a)Ïto€apply€only€to€the€category,€itself,€for€purposes€of€listing€categories€of€major€sources.€€In€casesÏwhere€sources€in€the€category€typically€emit€less€than€this€threshold,€the€Agency€may€neverthelessÏlist€any€such€category€as€a€category€of€major€sources€if€sources€in€that€category€are€commonlyÏassociated€with€major€sources.€€For€example,€industrial€process€cooling€towers,€which€individuallyÏemit€chromium€emissions€in€amounts€less€than€0.907Mg/yr€(1tpy),€are€listed€as€a€category€ofÏmajor€sources€since€such€towers€are€commonly€found€on€the€premises€of€petroleum€refineries,Ïchemical€manufacturing€plants,€and€other€major€sources.€€Thus,€MACT€standards€set€for€theÏcooling€tower€major€source€category€will€be€applicable€to€cooling€towers€that€are€a€component€ofÏa€larger€major€source,€such€as€a€refinery,€even€though€no€individual€source€in€this€category€is€itselfÏa€major€source.€€This€position€is€supported€by€the€legislative€history€of€the€1990€amendments.€ÏSenator€Durenberger,€one€of€the€managers€of€the€Senate€Bill,€stated€that€"[t]he€managers'€intentÏis...that€where€the€entire€plant€is€a€major€source,€any€portion€thereof€to€which€a€MACT€standardÏapplies€is€subject€to€that€standard€regardless€of€the€total€emissions€from€that€portion."€€136Cong.ÏRec.€S.16927€(October27,1990).Ìà  àNote€that€any€such€category€may€also€be€listed€as€a€category€of€area€sources€on€today'sÏlist,€if€accompanied€by€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effect,€if€the€Agency€elects€to€establishÏstandards€for€sources€in€the€same€category€that€are€not€major€sources.€€For€example,€chromeÏplaters€and€anodizers€are€also€listed€as€categories€of€area€sources€on€today's€list€because€many€areÏnot€located€on€the€premises€of€major€sources.€€(The€listing€of€categories€of€area€sources€isÏdiscussed€later€in€sectionIII.B.)ÌÌÌAppropriate€Disaggregation€of€Categories€€ÌÌà  àMany€comments€were€received€on€the€extent€to€which€the€Agency€identified€appropriateÏsubdivisions€of€industry€groups.€€Many€commenters€contended€that€insufficient€or€inappropriateÏcategories€were€included€on€the€draft€preliminary€list€and€that€many€categories€on€the€draft€list€didÏnot€sufficiently€differentiate€among€dissimilar€processes€based€on€variations€in€size,€operations,Ïraw€materials,€emissions,€controllability,€etc.€€The€major€rationale€for€further€disaggregation,€perÏthe€comments,€are:Ì€€€€€1.€€Disaggregation€of€broad€categories€affords€the€Agency€with€scheduling€flexibility€inÏpromulgating€standards€under€Section112(d).€€The€Agency€cannot,€per€language€in€ÏSection112(d)(1),€distinguish€among€classes,€types,€and€sizes€of€sources€within€a€category€orÏsubcategory€in€establishing€standards€for€the€purpose€of€delaying€compliance€with€standards.€ÏHence,€the€commenters€argue€that€the€Agency€must€list€disaggregated€categories€in€order€to€avoidÏhaving€to€establish€standards€for€all€categories€within€a€broad€group€at€the€same€time.Ì€€€€€2.€€Disaggregation€of€broad€categories€reduces€the€likelihood€that€dissimilar€categories€will€beÏconsidered€together€for€the€purposes€of€defining€emission€standards€under€Section112(d),€orÏwhen€determining€the€need€for€subsequent€standards€to€address€residual€risk€under€Section112(f).€ÏThe€commenters€argue€that€the€definition€of€narrowly€applicable€categories€of€sources€willÏpromote€more€cost„effective,€technically€appropriate,€and,€in€some€cases,€safer€controls€becauseÏany€such€controls€would€be€based€on€a€consideration€of€similar€sources.Ì€€€€€3.€€Disaggregation€of€broad€categories€into€relatively€narrow€categories€makes€the€sourceÏcategory€deletion€petition€process€more€viable€since€the€deletion€criteria€imposed€underÐ @-(, ÐSection112(c)(9)(B)€would€have€to€be€demonstrated€for€fewer€sources€in€narrower€industryÏgroupings.€€Trade€associations,€in€turn,€would€be€better€able€to€gather€the€necessary€informationÏfor€preparing€deletion€petitions€if€narrower€industry€groupings€were€made.Ì€€€€€4.€€Disaggregation€of€broad€categories€into€better€resolved€categories€affords€both€industryÏand€air€agencies€with€a€better€indication€of€which€sources€may€be€affected€by€various€regulatoryÏprovisions€of€Section112.Ìà  àIn€contrast€to€the€above€comments,€several€commenters€opposed€excessive€disaggregationÏof€source€categories.€€These€commenters€expressed€concern€that€some€categories€might€beÏdisaggregated€so€finely€as€to€result€in€the€inclusion€of€only€a€few€sources,€which€might€result€inÏMACT€floors€that€would€not€result€in€effective€emission€standards.€Ìà  àIn€response€to€the€many€comments€concerning€appropriate€disaggregation€of€sourceÏcategories,€the€Agency€acknowledges€potential€advantages€and€disadvantages€of€definingÏcategories€either€very€broadly€or€very€narrowly.€€Ultimately,€in€accordance€with€Section112(d),Ïthe€Agency€will€need€to€identify€the€"best€controlled€similar€sources"€when€establishing€emissionÏstandards€for€new€sources€in€a€category€and€"the€best€performing€12€percent"€of€sources€whenÏestablishing€emission€standards€for€existing€sources€in€a€category.€€Hence,€the€Agency€recognizesÏthat€further€disaggregation€of€many€listed€categories€of€sources€may€be€necessary€prior€toÏpromulgation€of€emission€standards.€€The€Agency€has€the€discretion€to€distinguish€among€classes,Ïtypes,€and€sizes€of€sources€within€a€category€in€establishing€standards.Ìà  àIn€general,€the€Agency€has€decided,€at€this€time,€in€most€cases,€to€list€broad€categories€ofÏmajor€and€area€sources€rather€than€very€narrowly€defined€categories.€€The€main€reason€for€thisÏdecision€is€that,€even€considering€the€many€comments€received,€the€Agency€has€too€littleÏinformation€to€anticipate€specific€groupings€of€similar€sources€that€are€appropriate€for€definingÏMACT€floors€for€the€purpose€of€establishing€standards.€€Criteria€that€may€need€to€be€consideredÏin€defining€categories€of€similar€sources€include€similarities€in:€€process€operations€(includingÏdifferences€between€batch€and€continuous€operations),€emissions€characteristics,€control€deviceÏapplicability€and€costs,€safety,€and€opportunities€for€pollution€prevention.€€The€Agency€anticipatesÏthat€all€of€the€above€criteria,€and€perhaps€others,€can€be€accounted€for€appropriately€by€theÏAgency€only€after€gathering€significant€information€for€each€listed€category€of€sources€during€theÏcourse€of€establishing€emission€standards.Ìà  àThe€Agency€is€aware€of€the€potential€disadvantages€of€listing€broad€categories€of€sources.€ÏThe€Agency€believes€that€many€of€these€disadvantages€can€be€adequately€overcome€in€severalÏways.€€First,€a€general€description€of€each€listed€category€is€contained€in€the€docket€accompanyingÏtoday's€notice€(Docket€No.A-90-49,€Item€No.IV„A„55).€€This€description€assists€in€definingÏwhat€industry€sectors,€operations,€and/or€equipment€may€be€included€in€each€listed€category.€ÏSecond,€Section112(c)€allows€revisions€to€be€made€to€the€list,€including€additions€and€deletions,Ïin€response€to€public€comment,€new€information,€or€through€petition.€€In€this€regard,€since€theÏAgency€initiates€the€development€of€standards€years€before€expected€promulgation,€industry€andÏthe€public€have€opportunities€for€considerable€input€to€the€process€and€can€learn€of€the€Agency'sÏintentions€for€standards€early€in€the€process.€€Third,€because€of€anticipated€revisions€to€the€list,€theÏbroad€categories€on€today's€initial€list€will€not€necessarily€represent€the€pool€of€sources€that€will€beÏconsidered€for€the€purposes€of€identifying€MACT€floors€for€establishing€emission€standards€underÏSection112(d)€or€for€purposes€of€determining€the€need€for€residual€risk€standards€underÏSection112(f).€€In€this€latter€regard,€MACT€floors€may€be€based€on€smaller€pools€of€sources€inÏinstances€where€categories€on€today's€list€are€disaggregated€later€during€standard€setting.Ð @-(, Ðà  àThe€Agency€acknowledges€that,€by€listing€broad€categories,€it€loses€some€flexibility€inÏscheduling€standards€for€different€operations,€or€subcategories,€within€broad€categories.€€TheÏreason€for€this,€as€pointed€out€by€several€commenters,€is€that€Section112(d)€does€not€allow€theÏAgency€to€distinguish€among€classes,€types,€and€sizes€of€sources€within€a€category€where€suchÏaction€would€lead€to€a€delay€of€the€compliance€date€for€any€source€within€the€broad€category.€ÏHence,€once€a€broad€category€is€initially€defined,€the€Agency€is€obligated€to€establish€standardsÏfor€the€entire€category€according€to€the€schedule€developed€under€Section112(e),€regardless€ofÏhow€many€classes,€types,€and€sizes€of€sources€are€subsequently€defined€under€that€broad€category.€Ìà  àWhile€the€Agency€may€not€define€subcategories€within€a€category€if€such€subcategoriesÏwould€result€in€a€delay€in€compliance€with€standards,€the€Agency€may,€at€its€discretion,€establishÏstandards€for€listed€categories€or€subcategories€within€a€listed€category€sooner€than€scheduledÏunder€Section112(e).€€This€option€gives€the€Agency€scheduling€flexibility€in€a€manner€consistentÏwith€Section112(d)(1)€and€enables€the€Agency€to€consider€broader€categories€for€establishingÏstandards€and€determining€compliance.€€In€this€regard,€the€Agency€may€aggregate,€into€a€singleÏcategory€on€any€revised€list,€categories€or€subcategories€which€have€been€disaggregated€on€theÏinitial€list.€€This€may€be€done€for€the€purpose€of€setting€a€single€emission€standard€for€theÏaggregated€category.€€This€would€not€result€in€the€delay€of€the€compliance€date€of€any€listedÏcategory.Ìà  àThe€Agency€also€has€the€authority,€under€Section112(i),€to€establish€compliance€dates€forÏexisting€sources€up€to€3€years€following€the€effective€date€of€any€emission€standards.€€ThisÏauthority€also€provides€some€scheduling€flexibility€if€the€Agency€decides€to€disaggregate€aÏcategory€of€sources€into€subcategories.Ìà  àThe€Agency€acknowledges€the€existence€of€overlap€in€some€categories€on€today's€list.€€ForÏexample,€synthetic€organic€chemical€manufacturing€is€listed€as€a€category,€but€so€are€processÏheaters€and€industrial€process€cooling€towers,€which€can€also€be€found€on€the€premises€ofÏchemical€manufacturing€facilities.€€To€avoid€confusion€in€the€regulatory€schedule€[required€underÏSection112(e)]€due€to€any€such€overlap€in€coverage,€and€to€avoid€confusion€when€establishingÏstandards,€a€footnote€has€been€added€to€today's€list€stating€that€"all€listed€categories€are€exclusiveÏof€any€specific€operations€or€processes€included€under€other€categories€that€are€listed€separately."€ÏThis€strategy€allows€the€Agency€to€schedule€the€establishment€of€standards€for€overlappingÏcategories€at€different€times,€at€the€Agency's€discretion,€based€on€the€criteria€for€scheduling€inÏSection112(e).€€Hence,€in€the€above€example,€the€Agency€would€have€the€discretion€to€scheduleÏthe€promulgation€of€standards€for€process€heaters€and€industrial€process€cooling€towers€separatelyÏfrom€all€other€operations€covered€under€the€category€of€synthetic€organic€chemical€manufacturing.ÌÌConsistency€with€Section111€and€Part€C€€ÌÌà  àSeveral€commenters€noted€that€Section112(c)(3)€requires€that€"to€the€extent€possible,€theÏcategories€and€subcategories€listed€under€[Section112(c)]€shall€be€consistent€with€the€list€ofÏsource€categories€established€pursuant€to€Section111€and€Part€C"€of€the€CAA.€€One€commenterÏmentioned€that€both€major€and€area€sources,€per€the€language€in€Section112(a),€are€stationaryÏsources€that€have€the€same€meaning€as€such€term€has€under€Section111,€i.e.€"any€building,Ïstructure,€facility€or€installation€which€emits€or€may€emit€any€air€pollutant."€€The€latter€commenterÏcontended€that€this€definition€of€stationary€source€excludes€some€operations€(e.g.,€certainÏapplications€of€architectural€paints€and€coatings)€which€do€not€conform€to€this€definition.€€OneÐ @-(, Ðcommenter€noted€that€categories€defined€under€Section111€and€Part€C€represent€a€"high€order€ofÏaggregation,"€and€therefore,€in€order€to€be€consistent€with€these€other€parts€of€the€CAA,€today'sÏlist€should€not€identify€overly€"fine„grained"€categories€of€sources.€€Conversely,€anotherÏcommenter€contended€that€the€listing€under€Section111€has€no€relevance€since€there€is€noÏdifferentiation€between€major€and€area€sources.Ìà  àIn€response€to€these€comments,€the€Agency€reviewed€the€categories€of€sources€establishedÏpursuant€to€Section111€and€Part€C,€along€with€many€other€data€bases€(see€€SectionII),€whenÏdeveloping€the€initial€list€in€today's€notice.€€Many€of€the€categories€of€sources€in€Section111€andÏPart€C€are€included€on€today's€list.€€Some€categories€in€Section111€and€Part€C€are€not€on€today'sÏlist€because€the€Agency€did€not€have€reasonable€evidence€that€they:€€(1)are€categories€of€majorÏsources,€or€(2)are€categories€of€area€sources€which€present€a€threat€of€adverse€health€orÏenvironmental€effects€warranting€regulation€under€€Section112.€€In€general,€the€level€ofÏaggregation€of€categories€on€today's€list€is€consistent€with€that€level€inherent€in€Section111€andÏPart€C.Ìà  àThe€categories€of€sources€on€today's€list€are€generally€consistent€with€the€definition€ofÏstationary€sources€in€€Section111.€€The€Agency€interprets€this€definition€to€include€a€wide€varietyÏoperations€and€activities€that€emit€HAP's,€including€categories€of€stationary€sources€that€emitÏfugitive€emissions.€€No€categories€of€mobile€sources€are€included€on€today's€list.€€ÌÌConsistency€with€Categorization€Under€Existing€Clean€Air€Act€(CAA)€Standards€€ÌÌà  àSeveral€commenters€contended€that€the€Agency,€in€listing€categories€of€sources€underÏSection112(c),€needs€to€consider€adopting€categories€consistent€with€those€already€establishedÏunder€existing€CAA€regulations.€€Specifically,€these€commenters€contended€that€today's€list€shouldÏconform€to€existing€categories€subject€to€the€Agency's€new€source€performance€standardsÏ(NSPS),€€(40CFR€Part60),€or€in€the€Agency's€control€techniques€guidelines€(CTG's)€forÏestablishing€reasonably€available€control€technology€(RACT).€€The€rationale€given€was€that€thisÏconsistency€would€avoid€confusion,€unnecessary€costs,€and€dislocation€within€the€affectedÏindustries,€and€provide€uniformity€with€the€applications€of€the€rules€for€the€prevention€ofÏsignificant€deterioration€(PSD),€NSPS,€and€nonattainment€regulations.€€The€commenters€arguedÏthat€the€categories€defined€in€setting€NSPS€and€CTG's€demonstrate€reasonable€subdivisions€ofÏcategories€already€identified€by€the€Agency€as€necessary€for€establishing€appropriate€controls€forÏdissimilar€processes.€€Hence,€the€commenters€contend€that€this€same€level€of€categorizationÏshould€be€preserved€on€today's€list€and€considered€as€a€basis€for€promulgating€standards€underÏSection112(d).€€Ìà  àIn€response,€the€Agency€agrees€that€it€is€appropriate,€when€establishing€standards€forÏcategories€of€sources€on€today's€list,€to€consider€categories€of€sources€already€defined€underÏexisting€statutes,€particularly€categories€regulated€under€the€CAA.€€The€Agency€intends€toÏconsider€consistency€with€categories€subject€to€existing€standards€as€one€of€many€criteria€to€beÏconsidered€when€revising€today's€list€prior€to€the€establishment€of€emission€standards€underÏSection112(d).ÌÌConsistency€with€Clean€Water€Act€Categorization€Process€€Ìâ âÐ T,¤'+ Ðà  àSeveral€commenters€suggested€that€the€Agency€should€use,€as€a€starting€point,€categoriesÏâ âof€sources€identified€for€effluent€limitation€guidelines€under€the€Clean€Water€Act€(CWA).€€TheÏcommenters€contended€that€the€lessons€learned€in€the€source€categorization€process€under€theÏCWA€underscore€the€importance€of€identifying€appropriate€categories€of€sources€for€whichÏspecific€emissions€standards€may€need€to€be€developed.Ìà  àWhen€compiling€today's€initial€list,€the€Agency€did€not€adopt€the€categories€of€sourcesÏidentified€under€the€effluent€limitation€guidelines€under€the€CWA.€€This€decision€was€made€forÏtwo€reasons.€€First,€the€Agency€made€the€decision€not€to€define€overly€narrow€categories€in€thisÏinitial€list€(see€earlier€discussion€in€SectionIII).€€Second,€the€Agency€is€not€certain,€at€this€time,Ïwhether€categories,€identified€for€purposes€relating€to€water€effluent€standards,€would€beÏappropriate€for€establishing€air€standards.€€Nevertheless,€the€Agency€intends€to€consider€theÏcategory€definitions€used€in€setting€effluent€guidelines€when€subsequently€revising€today's€initialÏlist€and€when€developing€emission€standards.ÌÌòòB.à0  àListing€of€Categories€of€Area€SourcesóóИè (#(# ÐÌà  àSection112(c)(1)€of€the€CAA€Amendments€of€1990€requires€the€Agency€to€publish€a€listÏof€all€categories€of€major€sources€and€area€sources.€€This€requirement€for€listing€categories€of€areaÏsources€is€modified€in€Section112(c)(3)€with€language€stating:€€Ìthe€Administrator€shall€list...each€category€or€subcategory€of€area€sources€which€theÏAdministrator€finds€presents€a€threat€of€adverse€effects€to€human€health€or€the€environment€(byÏsuch€sources€individually€or€in€the€aggregate)€warranting€regulation€under€this€section.€Ìà  àSection112(c)(3)€also€requires€that€the€Agency€shall,€not€later€than€5€years€after€the€dateÏof€enactment€of€the€CAA€Amendments€of€1990€and€pursuant€to€Section112(k)(3)(B),€listÏcategories€of€specific€HAP's€presenting€a€health€threat€in€urban€areas.€€Section112(c)(3)€furtherÏrequires€that,€within€10€years€after€enactment€of€the€CAA€Amendments,€the€Agency€must€ensureÏthat€categories€of€certain€area€sources€are€subject€to€regulation,€according€to€emission€and€riskÏreduction€criteria€prescribed€in€Sections112(c)€and€(k).€€The€categories€of€area€sources€on€today'sÏinitial€list€of€categories€of€area€sources€do€not€constitute€completion€of€this€requirement.Ìà  àThere€are€other€requirements€in€Section112€that€may€directly€or€indirectly€result€in€theÏlisting€and€promulgation€of€standards€for€categories€of€area€sources.€€Section112(c)(6)€requires,Ïby€1995,€the€listing€of€categories€of€sources€of€specific€pollutants€(alkylated€lead€compounds,Ïpolycyclic€organic€matter,€hexachlorobenzene,€mercury,€polychlorinated€biphenyls,Ï2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodi„€benzofurans,€and€2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin),€assuring€thatÏsources€accounting€for€90€percent€or€more€of€the€aggregate€emissions€of€each€pollutant€areÏsubject€to€standards€within€10€years€of€enactment€of€the€CAA€Amendments.€€Section112(k)Ïrequires€the€listing€of€categories€of€area€sources€as€part€of€a€national€strategy€to€reduce€emissionsÏof€not€less€than€30€HAP's€and€to€achieve€a€reduction€in€cancer€incidence€of€not€less€than€75Ïpercent.€€Studies€or€analyses€performed€as€part€of€the€Great€Lakes€and€Coastal€Waters€programÏunder€Section112(m),€or€as€part€of€other€studies€under€Section112€involving€mercury€emissions,Ïoil€and€gas€wells€and€pipeline€facilities,€hydrogen€sulfide,€and€hydrofluoric€acid,€may€all€potentiallyÏresult€in€the€listing€of€additional€categories€of€area€sources€at€some€later€date.ÌÌAlternative€Approaches€for€Listing€Categories€of€Area€Sources€€ÌÐ @-(, Ðà  àIn€the€draft€preliminary€list€(56€FR€28548),€many€categories€of€area€sources€were€listedÏand€no€distinction€was€made€between€categories€of€major€and€area€sources.€€The€Agency€solicitedÏcomments€on€three€approaches€under€consideration€for€addressing€categories€of€area€sources€onÏtoday's€list:Ì€€€€€1.€€Constrain€the€list€to€include€only€categories€of€major€sources€and€categories€of€area€sourcesÏthat€are€sufficiently€well€characterized€to€permit€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects.€€AdditionalÏcategories€of€area€sources€would€be€subsequently€added€at€some€later€date€when€sufficient€dataÏwere€gathered€to€make€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effect.Ì€€€€€2.€€Make€an€interim€finding€that€all€categories€of€area€sources€should€be€listed€by€virtue€of€anyÏemissions€of€HAP's,€but€later€delete€any€categories€determined€to€be€inappropriately€listed,€usingÏthe€source€category€deletion€process€in€Section112(c)(9)(B).Ì€€€€€3.€€Develop€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€that€is€based€on€limited€available€data€thatÏcould€be€applied€to€all€identified€categories€of€area€sources€on€the€preliminary€draft€list.€€ThisÏfinding€would€be€less€rigorous€than€the€first€approach€due€to€data€limitations€and€available€time.€ÏThis€approach€would€result€in€a€more€comprehensive€list€than€envisioned€in€the€first€approach.Ìà  àMany€comments€were€received€on€the€approach€that€should€be€taken€for€includingÏcategories€of€area€sources€on€today's€list.€€The€overwhelming€majority€of€commenters,€particularlyÏindustry€representatives,€favored€the€first€approach€cited€above€requiring€a€detailed€finding€ofÏthreat€of€adverse€effects€before€listing€a€category€of€area€sources.€€Many€commenters€contendedÏthat€the€language€of€Section112(c)€clearly€requires€such€a€finding.€€Many€of€these€sameÏcommenters€further€contended€that€Congress€clearly€did€not€intend€a€listing€approach€similar€toÏthe€second€or€third€options€listed€above.€€These€commenters€cited€as€evidence€the€requirement,Ïboth€under€Sections112(c)€and€112(k),€for€an€area€source€program€and€for€specific€reductions€inÏarea€source€emissions€and€associated€cancer€incidence€only€after€considerable€study.€ÏFurthermore,€if€no€finding€or€a€less€rigorous€finding€were€utilized€for€listing€categories€of€areaÏsources,€these€commenters€asserted€that€the€Agency€and€potentially€regulated€sources€would€beÏoverwhelmed€with€rigid€regulatory€obligations€bearing€little€relation€to€HAP€emissions,€exposures,Ïor€risks.€€Moreover,€these€commenters€asserted€that€this€course€of€action€might€result€in€theÏdevelopment€and€evaluation€of€many€unneeded€and€onerous€petitions€to€delete€categories€ofÏsources.Ìà  àSeveral€commenters€supported€the€second€approach€cited€above€wherein€all€categories€ofÏarea€sources€are€listed€based€on€any€level€of€HAP€emissions.€€The€rationale€given€by€theÏcommenters€was€that€this€approach€would€ensure€that€all€categories€of€area€sources€wouldÏultimately€be€examined€before€deletion€from€the€list.Ìà  àSeveral€commenters€suggested€considering€a€òòde€minimisóó€emission€cutoff€so€that€very€smallÐ $X" Ðsources€within€a€category€would€not€be€subject€to€standards.€€Such€a€òòde€minimisóó€level€could€beÐ ô$D # Ðdefined€specifically€for€each€category€of€area€sources€or€defined€generically€for€all€categories€ofÏarea€sources.€€The€purpose€of€this,€per€the€commenters,€would€be€to€assure€that€industry€andÏAgency€resources€are€not€expended€on€sources€that€pose€negligible€risk€to€human€health€or€theÏenvironment.Ìà  àIn€response€to€these€comments,€the€Agency€agrees€that€the€language€of€Section112(c)(3)Ïclearly€requires€that€a€finding€be€made€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€to€human€health€or€theÏenvironment€warranting€regulation€under€Section€112€in€order€for€a€category€of€area€sources€to€beÏlisted.€€Hence,€the€Agency€has€removed€all€categories€from€today's€list€for€which:€€(1)the€availableÏinformation€indicates€that€the€category€contains€only€area€sources,€and€(2)the€Agency€hasÐ @-(, Ðinsufficient€information€at€this€time€to€make€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€warrantingÏregulation.€€The€Agency€has€listed€today€ò òó óa€number€of€categories€of€area€sources€for€which€theÐ œì ÐAgency€has€adequate€information€to€make€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€warrantingÏregulation€under€Section112.€€A€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€for€these€listed€area€sourceÏcategories€is€presented€in€SectionIV€in€today's€notice.€€Ì€€à  àRegarding€the€commenter's€recommendation€that€the€Agency€consider€òòde€minimisóó€levels,Ð L œ Ðthe€Agency€has€the€discretion,€when€establishing€standards,€to€distinguish€among€classes,€types,Ïand€sizes€of€sources€within€categories€in€setting€standards€under€Section112(d)(2).€€The€AgencyÏshall€consider€costs€and€non„air€quality€health€and€environmental€impacts€and€energyÏrequirements.€€In€addition,€the€Agency€may€set€generally€available€control€technology€(GACT)Ïstandards€for€area€sources€under€Section112(d)(5).€€The€Agency€considers€this€discretionÏsufficient€to€avoid€establishing€unwarranted€and€inappropriate€emission€standards€for€very€smallÏemitters.€€ÌÌApplicability€of€Emission€Standards€to€Categories€of€Major€and€Area€Sources€€ÌÌà  àThe€Agency€identifies€a€category€of€major€sources€as€one€characterized€either€by€theÏpresence€of€at€least€one€major€source€in€the€category,€based€on€the€HAP€emission€thresholdÏdefined€in€Section112(a),€or€by€the€common€association€of€sources€in€the€category€with€majorÏsources.€€Because€of€this,€all€sources€in€many€listed€categories€of€major€sources€may€not€be€majorÏsources,€and€some€will€be€area€sources.€€It€is€the€Agency's€intent€that€if€no€finding€of€threat€ofÏadverse€effects€warranting€regulation€is€made,€then€only€major€sources€in€a€listed€category€areÏsubject€to€regulation€under€Section112.€€A€footnote€accompanies€the€list€of€categories€of€majorÏsources€in€today's€list€indicating€that€only€major€sources€within€any€category€shall€be€subject€toÏemission€standards€under€Section112€unless€a€finding€is€made,€for€the€area€sources€in€a€category,Ïof€threat€of€adverse€effects€to€human€health€or€the€environment€warranting€regulation€underÏSection112.Ìà  àIn€certain€cases€the€Agency€has€determined,€or€may€determine€during€the€standardsÏdevelopment€process,€that€the€area€sources€in€a€listed€category€of€sources€warrant€regulationÏunder€Section112.€€In€such€cases,€the€Agency€may€make€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€andÏadd€these€categories€of€area€sources€to€the€list.€€As€an€alternative,€the€Agency€may€establish€aÏlesser€quantity€emission€rate€for€some€or€all€HAP's,€under€Section112(a),€which€could€have€theÏeffect€of€enabling€the€Agency€to€list€certain€categories€as€major€sources€that€only€contained€areaÏsources€before€the€establishment€of€lesser€quantity€emission€rates.ÌÌAlternatives€for€making€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effectsÌÌà  àMost€commenters€contended€that€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€health€or€environmentalÏeffects€is€necessary€under€the€language€of€Section€112(c)(3);€however,€few€comments€wereÏreceived€on€the€specific€nature€of€the€finding.€€One€commenter€suggested€using€the€deletionÏcriteria€in€Section112(c)(9)(B)€as€the€basis€for€this€finding.€€The€rationale€for€this€comment€isÏthat,€because€those€same€criteria€must€be€used€by€a€petitioner€to€demonstrate€that€a€category€ofÏsources€should€be€deleted,€they€should€be€used€to€add€categories€of€area€sources.€€For€example,Ïsince€a€petitioner€would€have€to€demonstrate€that€no€source€in€a€category€caused€a€cancer€riskÏexceeding€one€in€a€million€to€the€maximally€exposed€individual€in€order€to€have€a€category€ofÐ @-(, Ðsources€deleted€from€the€list,€the€commenter€argued€that€the€Agency€should€have€to€show,Ïconversely,€that€at€least€one€source€in€a€category€exceeded€this€same€risk€level€in€order€toÏdemonstrate€a€threat€of€adverse€health€effects€and€list€a€category€of€area€sources.€€In€response€toÏthis€comment,€the€Agency€interprets€the€broad€language€of€Section112€as€allowing€risk€and€otherÏfactors€to€be€assessed€in€determining€if€a€threat€of€adverse€effects€exists€warranting€regulationÏunder€Section112.Ìà  àThe€Agency's€criteria€for€area€source€findings,€and€the€findings€for€each€area€sourceÏcategory€included€on€today's€list,€are€presented€in€SectionIV€later€in€this€notice.Ìò òó óÌòòC.à0  àData€Base€QualityóóÐü L (#(# ÐÌà  àMany€comments€were€receivedò òó ó€on€the€quality€of€the€data€base€used€in€developing€theÐ Ô$  Ðpreliminary€draft€list€published€on€June€21,€1991€(56€FR€28548).€€Most€commonly,€theÏcommenters€identified€particular€aspects€of€the€data€base€that€they€felt€were€inadequate€for€listingÏmany€categories€of€sources.Ìà  àMany€commenters€indicated€that€the€Agency€had€inadequate€data€to€demonstrate€that€atÏleast€one€source€in€many€categories€was,€in€fact,€a€major€source.€€In€this€regard,€many€commentersÏargued€that€the€Agency€needs€to€demonstrate€the€existence€of€at€least€one€major€source€in€aÏcategory€before€that€category€could€be€listed€as€a€category€of€major€sources.€€Ìà  àIn€response,€the€Agency€agrees€that,€in€order€to€be€listed€as€a€category€of€major€sources:Ï(1)€there€must€be€at€least€one€major€source€in€that€category,€(2)€or,€as€discussed€in€SectionIII.AÏof€today's€notice,€sources€in€the€category€of€concern€must€commonly€be€located€on€the€premisesÏ(i.e.,€within€the€contiguous€area€under€common€control)€of€a€major€source,€as€defined€inÏSection112(a).€€Hence,€when€reviewing€the€data€base€used€to€develop€the€preliminary€draft€list,€inÏlight€of€comments€received€in€this€regard,€the€Agency€considered€the€adequacy€of€the€dataÏshowing€the€existence€of€at€least€one€major€source€in€each€category€or€the€common€association€ofÏa€category€with€major€sources.€€Where€reasonable€evidence€was€available€suggesting€that€theseÏcriteria€are€met,€that€category€was€included€as€a€category€of€major€sources€on€today's€list.€€InÏmany€instances,€the€Agency€sought€out€additional€data€from€the€Agency's€TRIS€and€other€internalÏAgency€sources€to€confirm€the€existence€of€a€major€source€in€each€listed€category€of€majorÏsources€or€the€common€location€of€a€category€on€the€premises€of€major€sources.Ìà  àAs€discussed€in€SectionII€in€today's€notice,€species€profiles€were€used€as€an€indicator€ofÏHAP€emissions€when€compiling€the€preliminary€draft€list.€€These€profiles€have€quality€rankingsÏranging€from€"A"€to€"E,"€with€"A"€reflecting€the€best€profile€quality€and€"E"€reflecting€the€poorestÏprofile€quality.€€Many€comments€were€received€concerning€the€use€of€species€profiles€with€lesserÏquality€for€estimating€HAP€emissions.€€At€the€outset,€profiles€having€"E"€quality€rankings€wereÏnot€used€at€all€by€the€Agency€because€of€insufficient€quality.€€Some€commenters€suggested€notÏusing€"D"€ranked€profiles,€which€were€based€on€measured€emissions€from€a€single€source€orÏengineering€calculations€from€more€than€one€source.€€Some€commenters€suggested€only€using€theÏhighest€quality€species€profiles€that€are€ranked€"A."€€Some€commenters€pointed€out€that€particularÏspecies€profiles,€no€matter€the€quality€ranking,€were€inapplicable€to€the€category€to€which€theyÏwere€applied.€€Ìà  àIn€response€to€comments€relating€to€species€profiles,€the€Agency€continues€to€believe€thatÏspecies€profiles€are€an€appropriate€tool€for€identifying€sources€of€HAP€emissions€and€forÏestimating€HAP€emissions,€when€applied€to€particulate€and€volatile€organic€matter€emissions.€Ð @-(, ÐHence,€profiles€having€quality€rankings€of€"A"€through€"D"€were€still€considered€in€preparingÏtoday's€list,€with€several€qualifications.€€First,€the€Agency€agrees€that€some€species€profiles€wereÏinappropriately€applied€to€some€categories€on€the€preliminary€draft€list.€€Any€categories€that€wereÏincluded€on€the€preliminary€draft€list,€based€solely€on€inappropriate€profiles,€were€not€included€onÏtoday's€list.€€Second,€all€categories€on€the€preliminary€draft€list,€regardless€of€profile€qualityÏranking,€were€reviewed€before€being€retained€on€today's€list.€€Some€of€these€categories€are€notÏincluded€on€today's€list€because€the€Agency€could€not€verify€the€existence€of€at€least€one€majorÏsource€within€the€categories€or€the€common€location€of€the€categories€on€the€premises€of€majorÏsources.ÌÌòòD.à  àConsistency€With€Section€112€and€Section€129€Provisions€Relating€to€Specific€CategoriesÐ è 8  Ðof€SourcesóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌListing€of€Electric€Utility€Steam€Generating€Units€ÌÌ€à  àMany€commenters€contended€that€electric€utility€steam€generating€units€should€not€beÐ „Ô  Ðlisted€because€of€provisions€under€Section112(n)(1)€requiring€the€Agency€to€perform€a€study€ofÏthe€hazards€to€public€health€from€these€units.€€Section112(n)(1)€further€states€that€the€AgencyÏshall€regulate€these€units€under€Section112€only€if€the€Agency€finds€such€regulation€appropriateÏand€necessary€after€considering€the€results€of€the€study.€€Ìà  àSome€commenters€suggested€various€reasons€for€listing€electric€utility€steam€generatingÏunits€on€today's€initial€list.€€These€commenters€stated€that€Section112(n)(1)€does€not€precludeÏlisting€utilities.€€Only€regulation€of€electric€utility€steam€generating€units€is€precluded€before€theÏAgency€reviews€the€results€of€the€requisite€electric€utility€study.€€Other€commenters€also€raised€aÏfairness€issue.€€These€commenters€contended€that€electric€utility€steam€generating€units€shouldÏcertainly€be€listed€if€smaller€combustion€units€had€to€be€listed€and€subject€to€standards.€€Some€ofÏthese€same€commenters€suggested,€as€an€alternative,€that€non„utility€combustion€units€should€beÏincluded€in€the€utility€study,€and€not€listed€until€the€results€of€utility€study€were€available.€Ìà  àIn€response€to€these€comments,€the€Agency€agrees€that€a€study€of€hazards€from€electricÏutility€steam€generating€units€is€required€before€regulating€these€units.€€Given€this€requirement,€theÏAgency€sees€little€benefit€in€listing€these€units€unless€this€study€demonstrates€significant€publicÏhealth€hazards,€warranting€regulation.€€Hence,€electric€utility€steam€generating€units,€as€defined€inÏSection112(a)(8),€are€not€included€on€today's€initial€list€of€categories€of€major€and€area€sources.€ÏThe€Agency€has€initiated€the€study€of€these€units,€as€required€under€Section112(n)(1).Ìà  àIn€response€to€comments€suggesting€that€the€Agency€delete€non„utility€boilers€fromÏtoday's€list,€the€Agency€does€not€have€the€authority€under€Section112€to€exclude€otherÏcombustion€units€(except€for€certain€solid€waste€incineration€units,€as€described€in€the€followingÏsubsection).€€The€provisions€of€Section112(n)(1)€only€apply€to€electric€utility€steam€generatingÏunits,€as€defined€in€Section112(a)(8).€€Moreover,€the€Agency€has€determined€that€severalÏcategories€of€non„utility€boilers€and€units€not€meeting€the€definition€of€an€electric€utility€steamÏgenerating€unit€are€categories€of€major€sources€and€are€thus€required€to€be€included€on€today'sÏlist.ÌÌListing€of€Solid€Waste€Incinerator€Units€€ÌÐ @-(, Ðà  àThe€term€solid€waste€incineration€unit,€under€Section129(g)(1),€means€"a€distinctÏoperating€unit€of€any€facility€which€combusts€any€solid€waste€material€from€commercial€orÏindustrial€establishments€or€the€general€public€(including€single€and€multiple€residences,€hotels,Ïand€motels)."€€Section129(h)(2)€states€that€"no€solid€waste€incineration€unit€subject€toÏperformance€standards€under€[Section129]€and€Section111€shall€be€subject€to€standards€underÏSection112(d)€of€this€Act."€€The€Agency€interprets€€Section129(h)(2)€to€preclude€the€inclusionÏon€today's€list€(or€any€revision€of€this€list)€of€solid€waste€incineration€units€combusting€municipalÏwaste,€hospital€waste,€medical€waste,€infectious€waste,€commercial€or€industrial€waste.€€TheÏrationale€for€this€is€that€Section129(a)€specifically€requires€the€Agency€to€promulgate€standardsÏfor€units€combusting€these€particular€wastes€under€Section111€and€Section129.€€The€AgencyÏinterprets€Section129€as€not€requiring€standards€to€be€promulgated€for€sewage€sludgeÏincineration€units€under€Section129,€so€these€units€are€included€on€today's€list.Ìà  à€€Section129(g)(5)€states€that€"an€incineration€unit€shall€not€be€considered€to€beÏcombusting€municipal€waste€for€purposes€of€Section111€or€[Section129]€if€it€combusts€a€fuelÏfeed€stream,€30€percent€or€less€of€the€weight€of€which€is€comprised,€in€aggregate,€of€municipalÏwaste."€€The€Agency€interprets€this€as€allowing€standards€to€be€established€for€fuel€combustionÏcategories€on€today's€list€that€combust€up€to€30€percent€municipal€waste.€€Today's€list€does€notÏidentify€specific€fuels€or€fuel€mixtures€associated€with€categories€of€fuel€combustion.Ìà  àProvisions€in€Section129(g)(1)€exclude€certain€other€categories€of€combustion€fromÏinclusion€as€solid€waste€incineration€units.€€Excluded€are€metal€recovery€facilities€(includingÏprimary€or€secondary€smelters),€qualifying€cogeneration€facilities€burning€homogeneous€wasteÏ(such€as€tires,€used€oil,€but€not€including€refuse„derived€fuel),€certain€air€curtain€incinerators,€andÏincinerators€permitted€under€Section3005€of€the€Solid€Waste€Disposal€Act€€[Pub.L.94-580].€ÏAny€such€combustion€units€are€subject€to€listing€under€Section112(c)€if€all€other€listing€criteria€inÏSection112€are€met.€€Of€these€categories,€today's€list€includes€several€categories€of€smelters€andÏhazardous€waste€incinerators.Ìà  àNo€solid€waste€incineration€units€are€included€on€today's€list€as€categories€of€area€sources.Ìà  àA€number€of€commenters€agreed€with€the€Agency's€earlier€position€that€various€types€ofÏsolid€waste€incinerators€should€not€be€included€on€today's€list€of€categories€because€of€theÏexclusion€in€Section129.€€As€stated€above,€the€Agency€has€not€changed€this€position€for€mostÏtypes€of€incineration€in€this€notice.€€Ìà  àSeveral€commenters€argued€that€sewage€sludge€incinerators€should€not€be€listed€becauseÏthey€are€already€regulated€under€the€CWA€and€by€NSPS€and€NESHAP's.€€In€response,€theÏAgency€does€not€consider€sewage€sludge€incineration€units€to€be€covered€under€Section129,€so€itÏhas€the€authority€to€list€and€set€standards€for€these€units€under€Section112.€€The€Agency€does€notÏhave€the€discretion€to€omit€this€category€because€of€existing€regulations€under€the€CWA€orÏexisting€NSPS.€€Moreover,€Section112(c)(4)€gives€the€Agency€the€authority€to€list€any€categoryÏof€sources€previously€regulated€by€NESHAP's€before€the€CAA€Amendments€of€1990.€€ÌÌListing€of€Research€Facilities€€ÌÌà  àThe€Agency€received€two€comments€regarding€the€listing€of€research€facilities€underÏSection112(c)(7).€€Both€commenters€urged€the€Agency€to€recognize€the€unique€qualities€ofÏâ âresearch€laboratories€as€expressed€in€Section112.€€Specifically,€Section112(c)(7)€requires€theÐ T,¤'+ ÐAgency€"to€establish€a€separate€category€covering€research€or€laboratory€facilities,€as€necessary€inÏorder€to€assure€the€equitable€treatment€of€such€facilities.€€Ìâ âà  àThe€preliminary€draft€list€of€categories€of€sources€did€not€include€a€category€for€researchÏfacilities€or€laboratories.€€At€the€time€of€publication€of€the€draft€list,€the€Agency€had€insufficientÏinformation€to€list€research€facilities€as€a€category€of€major€sources.€€The€Agency€did€not€receive,Ïthrough€public€comment,€any€specific€emissions€data€that€support€the€addition€of€a€category€forÏresearch€facilities.€€Due€to€this€lack€of€evidence,€the€Agency€did€not€add€research€facilities€orÏlaboratories€to€today's€initial€list€of€categories€of€sources.ÌÌListing€of€Boat€Manufacturing€€ÌÌà  àThe€Agency€has€identified€major€sources€of€HAP€emissions€in€the€category€of€boatÏmanufacturing,€and€has€added€boat€manufacturing€as€a€category€of€major€sources€on€today's€list.Ìà  àSection112(c)(8)€of€the€CAA€requires€the€Agency€to€list€boat€manufacturing€as€a€separateÏsubcategory,€when€establishing€standards€for€styrene.€€However,€as€explained€earlier€in€today'sÏnotice,€the€Agency€has€interpreted€the€terms€"subcategory"€and€"category"€to€be€interchangeableÏin€the€context€of€today's€initial€list.€€Hence,€boat€manufacturing€has€been€listed€as€a€category€ofÏmajor€sources.€€This€meets€the€intent€of€the€CAA€that€boat€manufacturing€be€consideredÏseparately€from€any€other€category€when€establishing€standards.ÌÌListing€of€Radionuclide€Emitters€€ÌÌà  àThe€Agency€received€several€comments€on€the€listing€of€radionuclide€emitters.€€TheÏcommenters€noted€that€the€Agency€had€omitted€all€categories€of€radionuclide€emitters€from€theÏpreliminary€draft€list€and€suggested€the€addition€of€underground€and€surface€uranium€mines,ÏDepartment€of€Energy€(DOE)€facilities,€as€well€as€facilities€already€licensed€by€the€NuclearÏRegulatory€Commission€(NRC).€€Ìà  àCategories€of€radionuclide€emitters€are€not€included€on€today's€initial€list€because€ofÏseveral€provisions€in€Section112.€€At€the€outset,€the€Agency€notes€that€no€source€of€radionuclideÏemissions€meets€the€major€source€threshold€for€HAP's.€€Section112(a)(1)€allows€the€Agency€toÏdefine€criteria€for€differentiating€between€major€and€area€sources€of€radionuclide€emitters€that€areÏdifferent€from€the€weight„based€thresholds€established€for€other€HAP's.€€At€this€time,€the€AgencyÏhas€not€decided€how€to€define€these€different€criteria.€€Hence,€because€categories€of€major€andÏarea€sources€of€radionuclide€emissions€are€not€differentiated€at€this€time,€and€cannot€beÏdifferentiated€based€on€the€9.07/22.7Mg/yr€(10/25tpy)€threshold€in€Section112(a)€or€anyÏexisting€lesser€quantity€emission€rates,€the€Agency€considers€their€inclusion€on€today's€listÏinappropriate.€€Categories€of€radionuclide€emitters€may€be€added€to€the€list€at€a€later€date.Ìà  àSection112(d)(9)€authorizes€the€Agency€not€to€regulate,€under€Section112,€emissionsÏfrom€facilities€licensed€by€the€NRC€if€the€Agency€first€determines€by€rule€that€the€regulatoryÏprogram€implemented€by€the€NRC€provides€an€ample€margin€of€safety€to€protect€public€health.€ÏAt€this€time,€the€Agency€is€engaged€in€a€variety€of€information€gathering€and€rulemaking€activitiesÏto€determine€whether€the€NRC€programs€are€sufficient€to€provide€an€ample€margin€of€safety.€€ForÏinstance,€the€Agency€has€proposed€to€rescind€regulatory€NESHAPS€for€nuclear€power€reactorsÏand€non„operational€uranium€mill€tailing€disposal€sites€licensed€by€NRC€and€is€gatheringÏinformation€as€to€whether€NESHAPS€are€necessary€for€the€remaining€NRC€licensees.€€Hence,€noÐ @-(, Ðcategories€of€sources€regulated€by€the€NRC€are€listed€on€today's€list€because€of€radionuclideÏemissions.€€The€Agency€will€decide€whether€or€not€to€add€any€NRC„licensed€categories€onceÏsufficient€information€has€been€gathered.Ìà  àSection112(q)(2)€states€that€no€standard€shall€be€established€under€Section112,€asÏamended,€for€radionuclide€emissions€from€elemental€phosphorous€plants,€grate€calcinationÏelemental€phosphorous€plants,€phosphogypsum€stacks,€or€any€subcategory€of€the€foregoing.€ÏUnder€Section112(q)(2),€these€source€categories€continue€to€be€governed€by€the€previous€versionÏof€Section112.€€None€of€these€categories€has€been€listed€due€to€emissions€of€radionuclides.€Ìà  àSection112(q)(3)€gives€the€Agency€the€discretion€to€regulate€radionuclide€emissions€from:€Ï(1)non„DOE€facilities€which€are€not€licensed€by€the€NRC,€(2)coal„fired€utility€and€industrialÏboilers,€(3)underground€and€surface€uranium€mines,€and€(4)disposal€of€uranium€mill€tailingsÏpiles.€€These€source€categories€are€subject€to€NESHAPS€and€general€rulemakings€under€theÏprevious€version€of€the€CAA.€€The€Agency€has€not€listed€any€of€these€categories€of€sources€due€toÏtheir€radionuclide€emissions€on€today's€list.ÌÌListing€of€Coke€Ovens€€ÌÌà  àThe€Agency€received€few€comments€regarding€the€listing€of€coke€ovens.€€The€CAAÏAmendments,€under€Section112(d)(8),€instruct€the€Agency€to€"promulgate€regulationsÏestablishing€emission€standards...for€coke€oven€batteries."€€In€response,€the€Agency€listed€severalÏcategories€of€coke€oven€operations€in€the€preliminary€draft€list€under€the€industry€group€"ferrousÏmetals€processing."€€ÌÌListing€of€Publicly€Owned€Treatment€Works€€ÌÌà  àIn€the€preliminary€draft€list,€the€Agency€included€a€category€for€"wastewater€treatmentÏsystems"€under€the€industry€group€"waste€treatment€and€disposal."€€This€category€included€bothÏpublicly€owned€treatment€works€(POTW's)€and€industrial€waste€water€treatment€plants.Ìà  àMany€commenters€argued€that€the€category€"wastewater€treatment€systems"€was€tooÏbroad€to€address€realistically€the€wide€variation€in€existing€facilities€and,€at€a€minimum,€should€beÏdivided€into€two€categories:€€POTW's€and€industrial€waste€water€treatment€plants.€€In€addition,Ïmany€commenters€argued€that€this€broad€category€overlapped€with€industry€categories€listedÏelsewhere.€€For€example,€the€broad€categories€listed€in€the€industry€group€"production€of€syntheticÏorganic€chemicals"€already€encompass€wastewater€treatment€systems€as€well€as€many€otherÏoperations€such€as€process€vents€and€equipment€leaks.€€Ìà  àIn€response€to€these€comments,€the€Agency€has€eliminated€the€category€"wastewaterÏtreatment€systems."€€The€Agency€agrees€that€industrial€wastewater€treatment€plants€are€logicallyÏcovered€under€the€respective€industry€groups€on€today's€list,€and€do€not€need€to€be€listedÏseparately.Ìà  àTwo€provisions€in€Section112€affect€the€listing€of€POTW's.€€Section112(e)(5)€requiresÏthe€Agency€to€promulgate€standards€for€POTW's,€pursuant€to€Section112(d),€not€later€than€5Ïyears€after€the€date€of€enactment€of€the€CAA.€€Section112(n)(3)€states€that€the€Agency€mayÏprovide€for€control€measures€that€include:€€(1)pretreatment€of€discharges€causing€HAP€emissionsÏor€(2)process€or€product€substitutions€or€limitations€that€may€be€effective€in€reducing€suchÏemissions.€€Ð @-(, Ðà  àThe€Agency€has€included€a€category€of€"POTW€emissions"€on€today's€list.€€The€AgencyÏhas€the€discretion,€under€Section112(n)(3),€to€conduct€studies€to€characterize€POTW€emissionsÏand€to€demonstrate€control€measures,€considering€alternatives€involving€pretreatment€ofÏdischarges€and€process€or€product€substitutions€or€limitations.€€The€Agency€intends€to€conductÏstudies€to€characterize€HAP€emissions€from€industries€discharging€to€POTW's€and€to€identifyÏindustrial,€commercial€and€residential€discharges€that€contribute€to€such€emissions.€€The€AgencyÏhas€the€authority,€under€Section112(n)(3),€to€consider€the€efficacy€of€regulations€involvingÏpretreatment€of€discharges.€€When€such€information€is€obtained,€the€Agency€will€add€to€the€sourceÏcategory€list,€if€necessary,€to€insure€regulation€of€POTW€emissions.ÌListing€of€Oil€and€Gas€Wells€and€Pipeline€Facilities€€ÌÌà  àThe€Agency€received€numerous€comments€regarding€the€category€"oil€and€gas€production"Ïin€the€preliminary€draft€list.€€The€commenters€stated€that€based€upon€Section112(n)(4),€theÏAgency€had€erroneously€included€oil€and€gas€production€wells€in€the€oil€and€gas€productionÏcategory.€€Commenters€generally€urged€the€Agency€to€delete€production€wells€as€either€a€categoryÏof€area€or€major€sources.Ìà  àThe€Agency€agrees€with€the€commenters€that€the€CAA€Amendments€mandate€certainÏlimitations€regarding€the€listing€of€oil€and€gas€production€wells.€€Section112(n)(4)€limits€theÏAgency's€ability€to€list€oil€and€gas€wells€(and€associated€equipment)€as€categories€of€major€or€areaÏsources.€€Ìà  àSection112(n)(4)(A)€specifically€requires€that€each€oil€and€gas€well€(and€associatedÏequipment),€pipeline€compressor,€and€pump€station€at€a€source€must€be€considered€individually,Ïrather€than€in€aggregate€across€a€common€area€under€contiguous€control,€to€determine€whetherÏsuch€units€or€stations€are€major€sources.€€The€Agency€has€evidence€that€certain€individual€unitsÏcan€exceed€the€major€source€threshold.€€Such€units€would€not€be€excluded€from€being€a€majorÏsource€under€Section112(n)(4)(A).€€Ìà  àSection112(n)(4)(B)€requires€the€Agency€to€determine€that€HAP€emissions€from€oil€andÏgas€production€wells€(with€its€associated€equipment),€present€more€than€a€negligible€risk€ofÏadverse€effects€to€public€health€before€these€categories€can€be€listed€as€categories€of€area€sources.€ÏSection112(n)(4)(B)€further€limits€any€such€category€to€only€include€sources€located€in€anyÏmetropolitan€statistical€area€with€a€population€exceeding€1€million.€€The€Agency€has€not€madeÏsuch€a€determination€at€this€time.€€Hence,€oil€and€gas€wells€(with€its€associated€equipment),Ïpipeline€compressors,€and€pump€stations€are€not€listed€as€categories€of€area€sources€on€today'sÏlist.ÌÌòòE.à0  àListing€of€Regulated€CategoriesóóÐô$D #(#(# ÐÌà  àSeveral€commenters€questioned€the€listing€of€some€categories€of€sources€currentlyÏregulated€under€the€CAA€or€anotherò òó ó€statute.€€In€some€cases,€various€commenters€pointed€out€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðcertain€categories€of€sources€on€the€draft€list€are€(or€will€be)€controlled€by€NSPS€underÏSection111,€by€previously€defined€NESHAP's€under€Section112€before€the€CAA€AmendmentsÏof€1990,€by€CTG's,€under€the€CWA,€under€the€Resources€Conservation€and€Recovery€ActÏ(RCRA),€or€under€the€Federal€Insecticide,€Fungicide€and€Rodenticide€Act.€€The€commentersÏâ âcontended€that€"dual€regulation"€would€cause€confusion€and€hardship€to€the€regulated€community.Ð T,¤'+ Ðà  àIn€response€to€these€comments,€the€Agency€has€no€general€discretion,€under€Section112,Ïâ âto€exclude€categories€of€sources€from€today's€list€if€they€are€subject€to€other€statutes.€€Moreover,Ïwith€a€few€exceptions,€discussed€below,€the€Agency€has€no€discretion€to€exclude€categories€thatÏare€subject€to€other€CAA€standards.€€Ìà  àSection112(c)(4)€states€that€the€Agency€"may,€at€the€Administrator's€discretion,€list€anyÏcategory...previously€regulated€under€this€section€as€in€effect€before€the€date€of€enactment€of€theÏCAA€Amendments€of€1990."€€This€gives€the€Agency€the€discretion€to€list€categories€of€sources€ifÏthe€Administrator€decides€that€existing€NESHAP's€are€inadequate.€€However,€the€"savingsÏprovision"€under€Section112(q)(1)€obligates€the€Agency€to€review€and,€if€appropriate,€reviseÏexisting€NESHAP's€to€comply€with€the€requirements€of€Section112(d)€within€10€years.Ì€€€€€Section112(n)(7)€obligates€the€Agency€to€take€into€account€and€be€consistent€with€anyÏregulations€under€RCRA,€also€known€as€the€Solid€Waste€Disposal€Act.€€Ìà  àThe€Agency€has€declined€to€list€categories€of€radionuclide€emitters€in€light€of€the€CAAÏstatutory€provisions,€discussed€in€Section€III.D€of€this€notice,€and€because€the€Agency€is€stillÏdeveloping€the€criteria€for€differentiating€between€major€and€area€sources€of€radionuclide€emitters.€ÏLikewise,€as€described€in€SectionIII.D€of€this€notice,€the€language€in€Section129(h)(2)€precludesÏthe€listing€of€many€categories€of€solid€waste€incineration€units€that€are€subject€to€standards€underÏSections€111€and€129€of€the€CAA.€€Ìà  àMarine€vessel€loading€and€unloading€facilities€are€not€listed€on€today's€list€because€theÏAgency€intends€to€regulate€HAP's€as€well€as€emissions€of€VOC's€and€other€pollutants€underÏauthority€of€Section183(f)€of€the€CAA.€€Section183(f)€requires€that€the€Agency,€in€conjunctionÏwith€the€Coast€Guard,€establish€emissions€standards€for€emissions€of€"VOC's€and€any€other€airÏpollutant€from€loading€and€unloading€tank€vessels."€€Given€the€Congressional€mandate€to€consultÏwith€the€Coast€Guard€and€consider€safety€impacts€in€developing€tank€vessel€standards,€the€AgencyÏbelieves€it€advisable€to€address€all€tank€vessel€emissions€in€a€comprehensive,€multi„faceted€mannerÏunder€Section183(f).€Ìà  àIn€response€to€comments€regarding€"dual€regulation,"€the€Agency€notes€that€theÏestablishment€of€standards€under€Section112€does€not€necessarily€lead€to€duplicate€regulation.€ÏThis€is€because€air€emission€regulations€issued€under€another€statute€would€likely€become€theÏbasis€for€MACT€floors€under€Section112,€which€are€defined€by€evaluating€best€performingÏexisting€sources€within€any€category€or€best€controlled€similar€sources€for€new€sources.ÌÌòòF.à0  àJudicial€Review€of€ListóóÐ0"€ (#(# ÐÌà  àSection112(e)(4)€states€notwithstanding€Section307€of€this€Act€[dealing€withÏadministrative€proceedings€and€judicial€review],€no€action€of€the€Administrator...listing€a€sourceÏcategory€or€subcategory€under€subsection(c)€shall€be€a€final€Agency€action€subject€to€judicialÏreview,€except€that€any€such€action€may€be€reviewed€under€Section307€when€the€AdministratorÏissues€emission€standards€for€such€pollutant€or€category.€ÌTherefore,€today's€list€is€not€a€final€Agency€action€and€is€not€subject€to€judicial€review.ÌÌò òIV.à0  àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Categories€of€Area€SourcesÐ|*Ì%)(#(# Ðó óÌà  àAs€discussed€earlier€in€SectionIII.B€of€this€notice,€in€order€to€list€categories€of€areaÏsources€the€Agency€must€find€a€threat€of€adverse€health€or€environmental€effects€warrantingÐ @-(, Ðregulation€under€Section112.€€The€Agency€hereby€lists€the€following€categories€of€area€sourcesÏfor€which€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€warranting€regulation€under€Section112€has€beenÏmade:€commercial€sterilizers€using€ethylene€oxide,€chromium€electroplaters€and€anodizers,Ïperchloroethylene€dry€cleaners,€halogenated€solvent€cleaners,€and€asbestos€processing.€€AdditionalÏarea€source€categories€may€be€listed€from€time€to€time€as€sufficient€data€become€available€toÏsupport€a€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€warranting€regulation€under€Section€112.Ìà  àToday's€list€includes€some€source€categories€which€are€listed€twice,€once€for€the€majorÏsources€within€the€category€and€once€for€the€area€sources.€€This€is€necessary€because€someÏcategories€are€comprised€of€both€area€and€major€sources.€€Where€categories€of€area€sources€areÏlisted,€a€finding€is€required€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€warranting€regulation€under€Section112.Ìà  àThe€language€of€Section112€provides€limited€guidance€on€the€nature€of€the€finding€ofÏ"threat€of€adverse€effects€to€human€health€or€the€environment...warranting€regulation€underÏ[Section112]."€€The€term€"adverse€environmental€effect"€is€defined€in€Section€112(a)€as€anyÏsignificant€and€widespread€adverse€effect,€which€may€reasonably€be€anticipated,€to€wildlife,Ïaquatic€life,€or€other€natural€resources,€including€adverse€impacts€on€populations€of€endangered€orÏthreatened€species€or€significant€degradation€of€environmental€quality€over€broad€areas.€Ìà  àSection112(a)€contains€no€concomitant€definition€of€adverse€health€effect.€€The€areaÏsource€provisions€of€Section112(k),€however,€are€closely€linked€to€Section112(c)€and€state€thatÏhealth€effects€considered€under€this€program€shall€include,€but€not€be€limited€to,€carcinogenicity,Ïmutagenicity,€teratogenicity,€neurotoxicity,€reproductive€dysfunction€and€other€acute€and€chronicÏeffects€including€the€role€of€such€pollutants€as€precursors€of€ozone€or€acid€aerosol€formation.€€Ìà  àMoreover,€the€finding€is€one€of€a€threat€of€adverse€effect,€not€a€demonstration€of€theÏadverse€effect,€per€se.€€Ìà  àIn€the€findings€accompanying€the€area€source€listings€in€today's€notice,€quantitativeÏassessments€of€risk€are€an€important€consideration€in€assessing€significant€threats€of€adverse€healthÏeffects.€€Quantitative€risk€assessment,€in€this€context,€means€the€estimation€of€a€mathematicalÏprobability€of€an€individual€or€population€being€subject€to€some€adverse€health€effect,€such€asÏcancer.€€The€Agency€has€historically€developed€assessments€of€cancer€risks,€both€to€maximallyÏexposed€individuals€and€populations,€as€part€of€its€regulatory€actions€under€Section112.€ÏPopulation€risks€are€expressed€in€terms€of€the€total€number€of€cancer€cases€(i.e.,€cancer€incidence)Ïthat€could€be€expected€to€occur€in€a€given€time€within€a€prescribed€area,€considering€the€exposureÏof€the€population€within€the€area€to€ambient€concentrations€of€toxic€air€pollutants.€€Most€typically,Ïin€these€findings,€nationwide€cancer€incidence€is€expressed€on€an€annual€basis€(i.e.,€cases€perÏyear).€€In€contrast,€a€maximum€individual€"lifetime"€risk€is€expressed€as€the€risk€of€contractingÏcancer€associated€with€an€exposure€for€70years€(an€assumed€life€span)€to€the€maximum,€modeled,Ïlong„term€concentration€of€the€listed€HAP's€in€the€proximity€of€emitting€sources.€€(The€findings€inÏtoday's€notice€do€not€demonstrate€any€threat€of€adverse€environmental€effects,€only€human€healthÏeffects;€future€findings€may€be€based€on€environmental€effects€as€the€appropriate€informationÏbecomes€available.)Ìà  àSection112(c)€of€the€CAA€Amendments€of€1990€does€not€offer€a€"bright€line"€test€for€theÏAgency€to€use€in€making€an€area€source€finding.€€Instead,€considering€the€language€cited€above,Ïthe€Agency€believes€it€has€discretion€to€consider€a€range€of€health€effects€endpoints€and€exposureÏcriteria€in€making€a€finding€of€a€threat€of€adverse€effects.€€In€the€findings€for€the€listed€categoriesÏof€area€sources€given€later€in€today's€notice,€the€Agency€considers€factors€such€as€the€number€ofÏsources€in€a€category,€the€quantity€of€emissions€from€sources€individually€or€in€aggregate,€theÐ @-(, Ðtoxicity€of€the€HAP€emissions,€the€potential€for€individual€and€population€exposures€and€risks,€andÏthe€geographical€distribution€of€sources.€€Ìà  àIn€determining€what€constitutes€a€significant€threat€of€adverse€effects,€the€AgencyÏconsiders€the€risk€criteria€developed€in€the€establishment€of€the€benzene€NESHAP€in€light€of€theÏDC€Circuit€Court's€decision€on€the€Agency's€vinyl€chloride€emission€standards€to€be€an€importantÏprecedent€(òòNatural€Resources€Defense€Council,€Inc.óó€v.€òòEPAóó,€824€F.2d€at€1146€[1987])(the€"òòVinylÐ L œ ÐChlorideóó"€decision).€€In€the€September€14,€1989€ò òFederal€Registeró ó€implementing€the€òòVinylÐ 8 ˆ ÐChlorideóó€decision€(54FR38044),€the€Agency€presents€an€approach€for€providing€for€theÐ ( x Ðprotection€of€public€health€with€an€ample€margin€of€safety€under€Section€112.€ÌIn€protecting€public€health€with€an€ample€margin€of€safety€under€Section€112,€EPA€strives€toÏprovide€maximum€feasible€protection€against€risks€to€health€from€hazardous€air€pollutants€by€(1)Ïprotecting€the€greatest€number€of€persons€possible€to€an€individual€lifetime€risk€level€of€no€higherÏthan€approximately€1€in€1€million€and€(2)€limiting€to€no€higher€than€approximately€1€in€10Ïthousand€the€estimated€risk€that€a€person€living€near€a€plant€would€have€if€he€or€she€were€exposedÏto€the€maximum€pollutant€concentrations€for€70€years.€€Ìà  àIn€the€September€14,€1989€ò òFederal€Registeró ó,€the€Agency€indicates€that,€as€a€first€step€inÐ ˆØ  Ðthis€process,€it€considers€incidence€(i.e.,€the€numbers€of€persons€estimated€to€suffer€cancer€orÏother€serious€health€effects€as€a€result€of€exposure€to€a€pollutant)€to€be€an€important€measure€ofÏthe€health€risk.€ÌThe€EPA€believes€that€even€if€the€MIR€(maximum€individual€risk)€is€low,€the€overall€risk€may€beÏunacceptable€if€significant€numbers€of€persons€are€exposed€to€a€hazardous€air€pollutant,€resultingÏin€a€significant€estimated€incidence.€€Consideration€of€this€factor€would€not€be€reduced€to€aÏspecific€limit€or€range...but€estimated€incidence€would€be€weighed€along€with€other€health€riskÏinformation€in€judging€acceptability.Ìà  àIn€the€September€14,€1989€ò òFederal€Registeró ó,€the€Agency€indicates€that€attention€will€alsoÐ Ø( Ðbe€accorded€to€the€weight€of€evidence€of€the€potential€human€carcinogenicity€or€other€healthÏeffects€of€a€pollutant.€€The€uncertainties,€gaps€in€data,€and€science€policy€assumptions€associatedÏwith€any€risk€measures€must€also€be€weighed.€€As€a€second€step€in€determining€the€appropriateÏlevel€of€control,€the€Agency€will€examine€both€these€factors€above€and€other€relevant€factors€suchÏas€the€extent€of€exposure,€the€incidence€of€adverse€effect,€and€the€cost€of€control.€€The€AgencyÏwill€use€these€factors€in€determining€whether€a€regulation€provides€an€ample€margin€of€safety.€ÏThe€Agency€believes€that€consideration€of€these€additional€factors€is€also€appropriate€inÏdetermining€whether€a€category€of€area€sources€poses€a€significant€threat€of€adverse€health€effectsÏwarranting€regulation€under€Section112.€€This€interpretation,€however,€does€not€supersede€theÏstatutory€requirements€of€the€area€source€program€under€Section112(k).Ìà  àIn€summary,€the€Agency€will€not€examine€a€single€parameter€or€measure€for€making€aÏfinding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€for€the€purpose€of€listing€any€category€of€area€sources.€ÏInstead,€in€determining€that€a€significant€threat€of€adverse€effects€exists€warranting€regulationÏunder€Section112,€the€Agency€will€look€to€a€collection€of€parameters€and€measures€involvingÏemissions,€toxicities,€numbers€of€facilities,€the€reasonableness€of€control€measures,€populationÏexposures€to€HAP€emissions,€individual€risks€and€population€incidence.€€In€determining€whatÏconstitutes€a€significant€threat,€the€Agency€will€consider€the€criteria€for€determining€acceptableÏrisks€and€an€ample€margin€of€safety€arising€from€the€establishment€of€benzene€NESHAP's€in€lightÏof€the€òòVinyl€Chlorideóó€decision.€€An€important€criterion€in€determining€a€significant€threat€isÐ `,°'+ Ðevidence€that€a€category€of€area€sources€may€pose€a€cancer€risk€to€the€maximally€exposedÐ L-œ(, Ðindividual(s)€in€excess€of€one€in€10,000.€€Another€important€criterion€is€evidence€that€significantÏcancer€incidence€may€result€due€to€many€persons€exposed€to€HAP€emissions€from€a€category€ofÏarea€sources,€even€if€the€maximum€individual€risk€to€any€individual€is€low.€€In€addition,€theÏAgency€may€consider€a€number€of€additional€factors€as€appropriate.Ìò òó óà  àAs€reflected€in€its€interpretation€of€the€òòVinyl€Chlorideóó€decision€(54€FR€38044),€the€AgencyÐ `° Ðrecognizes€uncertainties€in€current€estimates€of€risk€based€on€maximum,€modeled€concentrationsÏand€the€use€of€conservative,€upperbound€risk€assumptions€(such€as€continuous€exposures€for€24Ïhours€per€day€for€70€years).€€The€Agency€acknowledges€that€current€cancer€risk€estimates€do€notÏnecessarily€reflect€the€true€risk,€but€often€represent€a€conservative€risk€level€which€is€anÏupperbound€that€is€unlikely€to€be€exceeded.€€The€Agency€intends€to€improve€its€risk€assessmentÏprocedures€in€accordance€with€guidance€from€its€own€Risk€Assessment€Council€and€through€theÏrisk€assessment€studies€required€under€Sections112(f),€112(o),€and€303€of€TitleIII€of€the€CAAA.Ìà  àEach€finding€detailed€below€is€based€on€qualitative€and€quantitative€informationÏdemonstrating€a€significant€threat€of€adverse€effects€to€health€or€the€environment€by€suchÏcategories€of€sources€individually€or€in€the€aggregate,€as€required€under€Section112(c)(3).€€MostÏdata€used€in€the€area€source€findings€were€gathered€from€published€reports.€€Summary€informationÏonly€is€presented€in€each€finding€in€today's€notice.€€Information€from€references€supporting€today'sÏfindings€is€available€in€the€docket€(Docket€No.A-90-49,€Item€No.IV„B„44).ÌÌòòA.à  àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Category€of€Commercial€Sterilizers€UsingÐ 4„ ÐEthylene€OxideÌóóÌà  àEthylene€oxide€is€widely€used€as€a€sterilant/fumigant€in€the€production€of€medicalÏequipment€and€in€sterilization€and€fumigation€operations.€€Current€estimates€indicate€that€there€areÏabout€190€facilities€in€the€U.S.€performing€ethylene€oxide€commercial€sterilization.€€CommercialÏsterilization€is€performed€by€medical€equipment€suppliers,€pharmaceutical€manufacturers,€spiceÏmanufacturers,€contract€sterilizers,€libraries,€museums€and€archives,€and€laboratories.€€EmissionsÏof€ethylene€oxide€are€estimated€at€1.1€millionkg/yr€(2.4millionlb/yr)€from€commercial€facilities.Ìà  àThe€adverse€health€effects€from€ethylene€oxide€are€well€documented.€€Numerous€studiesÏexist€which€attest€to€the€health€effects€from€both€acute€and€chronic€exposures€to€ethylene€oxide.€ÏHeadaches,€nausea,€vomiting,€and/or€respiratory€irritation€are€common€symptoms€resulting€fromÏacute€inhalation€exposure€to€ethylene€oxide.€€Studies€of€subchronic€and€chronic€exposures€indicateÏthat€ethylene€oxide€has€serious€long„term€effects.€€Plant€workers€exposed€to€high€levels€ofÏethylene€oxide€over€a€1-week€to€3-month€periods€reported€the€development€of€neurologicalÏabnormalities€and€cataracts.€€Ìà  àAnimal€experiments€and€human€epidemiological€studies€indicate€that€ethylene€oxide€is€aÏprobable€human€carcinogen.€€Animals€exposed€to€ethylene€oxide€over€long€periods€of€time€exhibitÏincreased€incidence€of€tumors,€including€brain€neoplasms,€and€leukemia.€€Studies€of€personsÏoccupationally€exposed€to€ethylene€oxide€indicate€the€possibility€of€a€significant€associationÏbetween€exposure€and€cancer€incidence,€for€both€stomach€cancer€and€leukemia.Ìà  àThe€reproductive€and€teratogenic€effects€of€ethylene€oxide€inhalation€have€been€examinedÏin€laboratory€animals.€€Studies€indicate€that€exposure€to€ethylene€oxide€produces€maternalÏtoxicity,€depression€of€fetal€weight€gain,€fetal€death,€and€fetal€malformation€in€females€andÏreduced€sperm€numbers€and€motility€in€males.€€Recent€studies€on€ethylene€oxide€have€alsoÏexamined€the€mutagenicity€associated€with€ethylene€oxide€and€the€ability€of€ethylene€oxide„Ð @-(, Ðinduced€genetic€damage€to€cause€adverse€reproductive€impacts.€€Ethylene€oxide€has€been€shownÏto€cause€mutations€in€mammalian€cells,€both€somatic€and€germ.€€Ìà  àDue€to€the€adverse€effects€associated€with€ethylene€oxide€observed€in€both€animals€andÏhumans,€the€Agency€is€concerned€about€ethylene€oxide€emissions€as€well€as€the€presence€ofÏethylene€oxide€in€the€ambient€air.€€Studies€have€confirmed€the€presence€of€ethylene€oxide€aboveÏbackground€concentrations€in€many€areas€of€the€nation,€including€areas€of€high€population.€€ManyÏethylene€oxide€sterilizers€are€located€near€population€centers€and€may€pose€a€threat€to€theÏsurrounding€public.€€Ìà  àThe€Agency€has€conducted€nationwide€analyses€of€emissions,€exposures,€and€cancer€risksÏassociated€with€commercial€sterilizers€using€ethylene€oxide.€€The€Agency€estimates€that€as€manyÏas€three€increased€cancer€cases€arise€in€the€U.S.€annually€from€exposure€to€commercial€sterilizersÏusing€ethylene€oxide.€€The€Agency€estimates€that€the€maximum€individual€lifetime€cancer€riskÏassociated€with€any€commercial€sterilizer€is€as€high€as€one€in€100€(1x10òò-2óó).€€Furthermore,€aboutÐ À  Ð120,000€persons€living€in€the€proximity€of€commercial€sterilizers€are€estimated€to€be€subject€toÏupper„bound€lifetime€individual€risks€possibly€in€excess€of€one€in€10,000€(1x10òò-4óó);€aboutÐ ˜è  Ð2,300,000€persons€are€subject€to€lifetime€individual€risks€possibly€in€excess€of€one€in€100,000Ï(1x10òò-5óó);€and€about€35,000,000€persons€--€or€about€one€sixth€the€entire€U.S.€population€--€areÐ pÀ Ðsubject€to€lifetime€individual€risks€exceeding€one€in€1,000,000€(1x10òò-6óó).Ð \¬ Ðà  àCurrently,€there€are€no€Federal€regulations€covering€ethylene€oxide€sterilizer€emissions,Ïexcept€Occupational€Safety€and€Health€Administration€(OSHA)€requirements€for€workplaceÏexposure€levels.€€Sixteen€States€and€Puerto€Rico€have€developed€regulations;€however,€noÏnational€regulations€currently€exist€that€address€all€ethylene€oxide€emissions€from€commercialÏsterilizers.Ìà  àSince€there€are€few€commercial€sterilizers€that€exceed€9.07Mg/yr€(10tpy)€of€ethyleneÏoxide€emissions,€they€must€be€listed€as€categories€of€area€sources€in€order€to€be€regulated€underÏSection112(d).€€The€Agency€hereby€finds€that€the€high€emission€levels,€documented€exposures,Ïand€known€and€suspected€adverse€health€effects€associated€with€ethylene€oxide€emissions€fromÏcommercial€sterilizers€present€a€threat€of€adverse€effects€to€human€health.€€The€Agency€thusÏincludes€this€category€on€the€list€of€categories€of€area€sources€on€today's€list.ÌÌòòB.à  àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Categories€of€€Chromium€Electroplaters€andÐ X ¨ ÐAnodizersÌóóÌà  àThe€chromium€electroplating€industry€consists€of€hard€chromium€electroplaters,€decorativeÏchromium€electroplaters,€and€anodizers.€€Hard€chromium€electroplating€involves€coating€a€baseÏmetal,€such€as€steel,€with€a€relatively€thick€layer€of€chromium,€in€order€to€provide€a€wear€resistantÏsurface.€€Hard€plating€is€most€often€used€on€items€such€as€hydraulic€cylinders€and€rods,€zinc€dieÏcastings,€plastic€molds,€engine€components,€and€marine€hardware.€€Decorative€plating,€on€theÏother€hand,€usually€plates€the€base€metal€(i.e.,€brass,€steel,€aluminum,€or€plastic)€with€a€layer€ofÏnickel€and€then€a€thin€layer€of€chromium€in€order€to€produce€a€bright,€wear-€and€tarnish„resistantÏsurface.€€Decorative€plating€is€most€often€used€on€automotive€trim,€bicycles,€hand€tools,€andÏplumbing€fixtures.€€A€third€type€of€chromium€electroplater,€anodizers,€uses€chromic€acid€to€formÏan€oxide€layer€on€aluminum€to€provide€corrosion€resistance.€€Chromium€anodizing€is€primarilyÏused€on€aircraft€parts€and€architectural€structures€that€are€subject€to€high€stress€and€corrosiveÏconditions.€€Although€chromium€may€be€used€in€other€operations€at€metal€finishing€plants,€today'sÐ @-(, Ðnotice€only€includes€those€processes€that€use€chromic€acid€in€an€electrolytic€cell€to€depositÏchromium€metal€or€to€form€an€oxide€film€on€a€product.Ìà  àThe€chromium€electroplating€industry€is€comprised€of€an€estimated€1,540€hardÏelectroplaters,€2,800€decorative€electroplaters,€and€680€chromic€acid€anodizers,€or€approximatelyÏ5,000€operations€nationwide.€€These€operations€vary€in€size€from€small€shops€with€only€one€orÏtwo€small€tanks€to€large€shops€with€several€tanks€that€are€operated€almost€continuously.€€SomeÏplating€operations€are€done€in€stand„alone€"job€shops,"€whereas€others€are€done€on€the€premisesÏof€larger€sources,€and€are€called€"captive€shops."€€Although€no€single€electroplating€operationÏemits€more€than€9.07Mg/yr€(10tpy)€of€chromium,€electroplaters€are€estimated€to€emit€159Mg/yrÏ(175tpy)€of€chromium€per€year€nationwide.€Ìà  àChromium€electroplaters€can€present€an€adverse€health€threat€to€populations€living€nearÏthe€source€of€emissions.€€Chromium€electroplaters€mostly€emit€the€hexavalent€form€of€chromium,ÏCr(+6),€as€chromic€acid€mist,€and€lesser€amounts€of€trivalent€chromium,€Cr(+3).€€Current€healthÏeffects€data€suggest€that€the€hexavalent€form€of€chromium€is€the€most€toxic€of€all€chromiumÏcompounds.€€Both€human€case€studies€and€epidemiological€studies€attest€to€the€adverse€healthÏeffects€from€inhalation€of€hexavalent€chromium.€€Acute€exposure€to€hexavalent€chromium€hasÏbeen€shown€to€cause€nasal€irritation€in€workers€and€other€individuals.€€Intermediate€and€chronicÏinhalation€exposure€to€chromium€has€been€reported€to€cause€adverse€respiratory€tract€effects,Ïincluding€irritation€and€perforation€of€the€nasal€mucosa,€decreases€in€lung€function,€and€renalÏproteinuria.€€Animal€studies€of€acute€organ€toxicity€also€suggest€that€chromium€compounds€mayÏproduce€kidney€and€liver€damage.Ìà  àThe€carcinogenic€health€effects€from€chromium€are€also€well€documented.€€HexavalentÏchromium€is€considered€a€GroupA€carcinogen€because€there€is€adequate€evidence€for€itsÏcarcinogenicity€in€humans.€€Specifically,€chronic€occupational€exposure€to€chromium€has€beenÏassociated€with€increased€incidence€of€respiratory€cancer€in€workers.€€The€association€of€exposureÏto€chromium€and€the€induction€of€lung€cancer€is€strengthened€by€the€high€lung€cancer€mortalityÏratios€found€in€various€epidemiological€studies,€the€consistency€of€results€across€several€studies,Ïthe€increased€tumors€found€in€association€with€increasing€doses,€and€the€specificity€of€the€tumorÏsite.€€The€role€of€trivalent€chromium€in€carcinogenesis€is€presently€unclear.Ìà  àReproductive€studies€on€animals€also€suggest€that€chromium€compounds€may€have€someÏfetal€and€maternal€toxicity€effects.€€Although€conclusive€results€can€not€be€drawn€from€theÏavailable€data,€studies€suggest€that€chromium€compounds€can€adversely€affect€fetal€developmentÏand€male€reproduction€in€experimental€animals.Ìà  àThe€Agency€has€developed€nationwide€emission€and€population€exposure€estimatesÏassociated€with€chrome€platers€and€anodizers.€€Based€on€this€analysis,€the€Agency€estimates€thatÏchrome€platers€and€anodizers€contribute€significantly€to€the€total€increased€cancer€incidence€in€theÏU.S.€from€airborne€toxics.€€Hard€chrome€platers,€decorative€chrome€platers,€and€acid€anodizersÏmay€cause€as€many€as€110€increased€cancer€cases€per€year€in€the€U.S.€€In€addition€to€significantÏpopulation€risks,€chrome€platers€and€anodizers€contribute€significantly€to€maximum€individualÏcancer€risks€in€the€proximity€of€particular€facilities.€€The€Agency€estimates€that€maximum,€upper„¼bound€individual€risks€range€from€two€chances€in€100,000€(2x10òò-5óó)€for€small€acid€anodizingÐ )à$( Ðplants€to€five€chances€in€1,000€(5x10òò-3óó)€for€large€hard€plating€operations.€€All€estimates€of€risk€inÐ |*Ì%) Ðâ âthis€analysis€are€based€on€hexavalent€chromium€only,€and€not€on€trivalent€Ô_Ôchromium.Ð h+¸&* Ðà  àAn€Agency€study€of€Southeast€Chicago€estimates€that€chrome€Ô_ÔplatersÔ_Ô€contribute€about€oneÏsixth€of€the€total€cancer€incidence€due€to€all€sources€of€airborne€Ô_ÔtoxicsÔ_Ô€in€the€study€area,€includingÏsteel€mills,€road€vehicles,€and€other€industrial€sources.€€€€Ìâ âà  àAn€Agency€analysis€of€cancer€incidence€from€air€toxic€emissions€in€five€large€U.S.€citiesÏshows€that€chrome€Ô_ÔplatersÔ_Ô€contribute€about€one€tenth€of€the€total€increased€cancer€incidence€dueÏto€all€sources€of€airborne€Ô_ÔtoxicsÔ_Ô.€€Extrapolating€the€cancer€rate€in€the€five€cities€to€the€U.S.€yieldsÏan€estimate€of€as€high€as€90€increased€cases€per€year.Ì€€à  àCurrently,€the€only€Federal€emission€regulations€for€Ô_ÔelectroplatersÔ_Ô€are€limited€to€OSHAÐ $ t Ðworkplace€emission€standards,€designed€specifically€to€limit€worker€exposures.€€Fourteen€StatesÏhave€adopted€or€proposed€regulations€for€controlling€chromium€emissions€from€Ô_ÔelectroplatersÔ_Ô.Ìà  àThe€Agency€hereby€finds€that€the€overall€emissions,€exposures,€and€known€and€suspectedÏhealth€impacts€associated€with€chromium€Ô_ÔelectroplatersÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔanodizersÔ_Ô€present€a€threat€of€adverseÏeffects€to€human€health.€€Based€on€the€finding€above,€the€Agency€has€included€chromiumÏÔ_ÔelectroplatersÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔanodizersÔ_Ô€on€today's€initial€list€as€categories€of€area€sources.€€ÌÌòòÌC.à  àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Category€of€Commercial€Ô_ÔPerchloroethyleneÔ_Ô€DryÐ pÀ ÐCleanersÌóóÌà  àA€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€for€commercial€Ô_ÔperchloroethyleneÔ_Ô€dry€cleaners€isÏpresented€in€a€proposed€rule€to€establish€emission€standards€for€Ô_ÔperchloroethyleneÔ_Ô€dry€cleanersÏ(56€FR€64382).ÌÌòòD.à  àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Category€of€Cleaners€Using€Ô_ÔHalogenatedÔ_ÔÐ ä4 ÐSolventsÌóóÌà  àÔ_ÔHalogenatedÔ_Ô€solvents€are€widely€used€throughout€industry€to€clean€the€surface€of€metalÏparts,€electronic€components,€and€other€nonporous€substrates.€€The€cleaning€machines€that€useÏÔ_ÔhalogenatedÔ_Ô€solvents€are€categorized€as€one€of€three€types:€€cold€cleaners,€open€top€vaporÏcleaners€(Ô_ÔOTVCÔ_Ô's),€and€in„line€or€Ô_ÔconveyorizedÔ_Ô€cleaners.€€Machines,€including€maintenanceÏcleaners,€that€use€petroleum€distillate€type€solvents€are€not€included€in€this€category€of€areaÏsources€at€this€time.€€The€five€largest€industry€users€of€Ô_ÔhalogenatedÔ_Ô€solvents€for€cleaning,€byÏStandard€Industries€Classification€(SIC)€Code,€are€SIC€25€(furniture€and€fixtures),€SIC€34Ï(fabricated€metal€products),€SIC€36€(electric€and€electronic€equipment),€SIC€37€(transportationÏequipment),€and€SIC€39€(miscellaneous€manufacturing€industries).€€In€addition€to€these€industryÏgroups,€many€non„manufacturing€industries€(such€as€railroad,€bus,€aircraft,€and€truck€maintenanceÏfacilities;€automotive€and€electric€tool€repair€shops;€automobile€dealers;€and€service€stations)€alsoÏuse€these€solvents€for€cleaning.Ìà  àIn€all€of€these€industries,€the€most€commonly€used€Ô_ÔhalogenatedÔ_Ô€solvents€are€methyleneÏchloride€(MC),€trichloroethylene€(Ô_ÔTCEÔ_Ô),€Ô_ÔperchloroethyleneÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔPCEÔ_Ô),€Ô_ÔtrichlorotrifluoroethaneÔ_ÔÏ(Ô_ÔCFCÔ_Ô-113),€and€1,1,1-Ô_ÔtrichloroethaneÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔTCAÔ_Ô).€€Use€of€these€chemicals€is€found€throughout€manyÏindustries€because€they€can€dissolve€many€common€residues€from€manufacturing€processes,€haveÏlittle€or€no€Ô_ÔflammabilityÔ_Ô,€and€can€achieve€a€high€degree€of€cleanliness€on€even€small€parts.€€Ìà  àThe€Agency€estimates€that€there€are€approximately€100,000€small€cold€cleaners,€25,000€toÏ35,000€Ô_ÔOTVCÔ_Ô's,€and€2,500€to€4,000€in„line€(cold€and€vapor)€cleaners.€€Specific€emission€levelsÐ @-(, ÐÔ_Ôfrom€each€type€of€machine€may€vary;€however,€the€Agency€has€estimated€that€emissions€rangeÏfrom€2,500€to€6,000kg/yr€(5,520€to€13,250lb/yr),€depending€on€the€schedule€of€operation.€€MostÏof€the€solvent€losses€from€halogenated€cleaners€are€to€the€air.Ìà  àDue€to€the€high€usage€and€emissions€of€these€cleaners€throughout€industry,€as€well€as€theÏlarge€number€of€cleaners,€there€is€a€great€potential€for€exposure€to€the€HAP's€used€as€solvents.€ÏTwo€degreasing€solvents,€CFC-113€and€TCA,€have€also€been€implicated€as€causing€stratosphericÏozone€depletion.€€The€TCA€has€also€been€shown€to€be€photochemically€reactive€and€contribute€toÏincreases€in€tropospheric€ozone€levels.€€Both€of€these€two€chemicals,€CFC-113€and€TCA,€will€beÏphased€out€with€other€Agency€regulations€under€Title€VI€of€the€CAA.Ìà  àThe€health€effects€associated€with€halogenated€solvent€cleaners€are€most€well€documentedÏfor€MC,€TCE,€and€PCE.€€Both€MC€and€TCE€are€considered€probable€human€carcinogens€and€areÏclassified€in€GroupB2,€while€PCE€is€still€under€review.Ìà  àEvidence€indicating€the€carcinogenicity€of€MC€is€€available€through€animal€studies.€ÏAnimal€inhalation€studies€on€MC€have€shown€significant€increases€in€liver€and€lung€adenomas€andÏcarcinomas€in€both€males€and€females.€€Other€animal€studies€have€indicated€that€exposure€toÏelevated€levels€of€MC€can€cause€benign€mammary€tumors.€€Based€upon€this€available€animalÏevidence,€the€Agency€has€determined€that€MC€is€a€probable€human€carcinogen.€€In€addition€toÏthese€adverse€effects,€short„term€exposure€to€MC€has€been€known€to€cause€impairments€in€centralÏnervous€system€(CNS)€functioning.€€Case€reports€of€exposure€to€MC€have€shown€that€humansÏexposed€to€MC€exhibited€narcosis,€irritability,€analgesia,€and€fatigue.€Ìà  àBoth€PCE€and€TCE€are€moderately€toxic€substances€that€appear€to€target€the€CNS,Ïcausing€dizziness,€headaches€and€slowing€of€mental€activity.€€Over€longer€periods€of€exposure,Ïthese€adverse€effects€may€also€be€seen€in€the€liver€and€kidneys€as€well€as€the€eyes€and€upperÏrespiratory€tract.€€The€carcinogenic€effects€from€both€these€chemicals€has€also€been€investigated,Ïmostly€through€animal€experiments.€€Results€of€TCE€tests€indicate€that€inhalation€may€result€in€theÏformation€of€renal€tumors.€€Other€TCE€studies€suggest€that€inhalation€is€fetotoxic€and€may€causeÏlitter€resorption€and€reduced€fetal€body€weight.Ìà  àAn€Agency€analysis€has€been€conducted€of€nationwide€exposures,€individual€lifetime€risks,Ïand€population€incidence€from€halogenated€solvent€cleaners€emissions.€€This€analysis€estimatesÏthat€as€many€as€six€increased€cancer€cases€are€attributable€to€halogenated€solvent€cleaners,Ïannually,€in€the€U.S.€€This€study€also€suggests€that€upper„bound€maximum€individual€lifetimeÏrisks€in€the€proximity€of€these€cleaners€range€from€as€high€as€one€in€1,000,000€(1x10òò-6óó)€to€one€inÐ D!” Ð10,000€(1x10òò-4óó).€€Nationally,€the€maximum€individual€risk€near€a€large€facility€with€multipleÐ 0"€  Ðconveyorized€cleaners€is€as€high€as€five€in€10,000€(5x10òò-4óó).Ð #l! Ðà  àBased€upon€the€evidence€presented,€the€Agency€finds€that€cleaners€using€halogenatedÏsolvents€present€a€threat€of€adverse€impact€to€human€health€or€the€environment.€€The€AgencyÏtherefore€adds€them€to€the€of€categories€of€area€sources€on€today's€initial€list.€€ÌÌòòE.à  àFinding€of€Threat€of€Adverse€Effects€for€Category€of€Asbestos€ProcessingÐ ¸'#& ÐóóÌà  àThe€Agency€is€hereby€listing€one€category€of€asbestos„related€sources:€asbestosÏprocessing.€€Asbestos€processing€includes€asbestos€milling,€manufacturing,€and€fabrication.€ÏProducts€that€are€manufactured€or€fabricated€using€asbestos€include,€but€are€not€limited€to,Ïâ âtextiles,€papers€and€felts,€friction€materials,€cements,€vinyl„asbestos€floor€tiles,€gaskets€andÐ T,¤'+ Ðpackings,€shotgun€shell€wads,€asphalt€concrete,€fireproofing€and€insulating€materials,€and€chlorine.€ÏÌâ âà  àInformation€on€asbestos€emissions€has€been€limited€by€the€lack€of€an€appropriateÏmeasuring€method.€€Therefore,€engineering€estimates€of€emission€have€been€made€from€otherÏavailable€information,€when€appropriate,€including€process€data€and€worker€concentration€data.€ÏUnder€the€current€NESHAP,€emissions€from€asbestos€processing€are€estimated€at€€1,020kg/yrÏ(2,240lb/yr)€given€full€compliance€with€the€current€NESHAP.€€This€includes€all€emissions€fromÏmilling,€manufacturing,€and€fabricating.€€Due€to€the€potency€of€asbestos€and€the€well€documentedÏhealth€hazards€(described€below),€the€Agency€is€concerned€about€these€emissions€even€thoughÏexact€amounts€have€not€been€quantified.Ìà  àThe€health€effects€associated€with€exposure€to€asbestos€are€well€documented.€€NumerousÏoccupational€exposure€studies,€supported€by€animal€studies,€clearly€indicate€that€asbestos€is€aÏhuman€(GroupA)€carcinogen.€€The€major€impacts€associated€with€asbestos€inhalation€are€lungÏcancer€and€mesothelioma.€€Studies€have€confirmed€that€death€from€lung€cancer€and€mesotheliomaÏis€proportional€to€the€cumulative€exposure€(duration€times€the€intensity).€€Studies€also€indicateÏthat€asbestos€is€linked€to€gastrointestinal€cancers,€although€these€occur€at€a€lower€rate€than€thatÏseen€for€lung€cancer.Ìà  àThe€Agency€has€completed€an€analyses€of€cancer€incidence€and€maximum€individualÏcancer€risks€associated€with€asbestos€emissions€from€the€category€of€asbestos€processing.€ÏAvailable€Agency€estimates€of€maximum€lifetime€cancer€risks€in€the€vicinity€of€processingÏoperations€are€based€on€early€emission€estimates€that€have€since€been€revised€to€reflect€moreÏrecent€and€improved€information.€€However,€estimates€of€maximum€risk€derived€using€theseÏearlier€estimates€of€emissions€were€evaluated€and,€for€asbestos€processing,€appear€to€still€beÏapplicable.€€These€available€data€suggest€that€upper„bound€maximum€individual€lifetime€risks€areÏabout€two€in€1,000€(2x10òò-3óó)€for€production€in€the€manufacturing€sector.Ð Ð  Ðà  àRegulations€to€control€workplace€exposures€and/or€emissions€from€asbestos€have€beenÏestablished€by€OSHA,€the€Mine€Safety€and€Health€Administration€(MSHA),€EPA,€and€States.€ÏThe€most€recent€Agency€NESHAP,€promulgated€€November20,€1990,€amended€the€earlierÏNESHAP€ò òó óto€enhance€enforcement€and€promote€compliance€with€the€current€standards€withoutÐ €Ð Ðaltering€the€stringency€of€existing€controls.€€Since€the€initial€promulgation€in€1973,€many€StatesÏhave€adopted€more€stringent€requirements€than€the€Agency;€therefore,€no€uniform€standard€nowÏexists.€€The€Agency€intends€to€consult€and€coordinate€with€OSHA€and€other€regulatory€agenciesÏto€establish€regulations€that€are€more€compatible€and€consistent€than€current€regulations,€as€wellÏas€easier€to€understand.€€This€should€improve€compliance€with€all€regulations.Ìà  àBased€on€emission€and€risk€information€discussed€previously,€and€the€known€health€effectsÏof€asbestos,€the€Agency€has€determined€thatò òó ó€asbestos€processing€presents€a€threat€of€adverseÐ ô$D # Ðeffects€to€human€health.€€Emissions€data€from€ò òó óthis€category€ò òó óindicate€that€no€sourcesò òó ó€emit€greaterÐ à%0!$ Ðthan€9.07Mg/yr€(10tpy)€of€asbestos.€€Based€on€the€finding€above,€the€Agency€hereby€includes€theÏcategory€of€asbestos€processing€on€today's€list.Ìà  àIn€addition€to€the€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€given€above,€the€Agency€hasÏadditional€authority€to€list€and€establish€standards€for€the€category€of€asbestos€processing€underÏSections112(c)(4)€and€112(q)(1).€€Section112(c)(4)€gives€the€Agency€the€authority€to€list€anyÏcategory€or€subcategory€of€sources€previously€regulated€under€Section112€as€in€effect€beforeÏenactment€of€the€CAA€Amendments€of€1990.€€Section112(q)(1)€obligates€the€Agency€to€reviewÏand,€if€appropriate,€revise€each€standard€previously€promulgated€under€Section112€beforeÐ @-(, Ðenactment,€to€comply€with€the€requirements€of€Section112(d),€within€€10years€after€the€date€ofÏenactment€of€the€CAA€Amendments€of€1990.€€Since€the€category€of€asbestos€processing€has€aÏpromulgated€NESHAP,€the€Agency€exercises€its€discretion€to€list€this€category€under€theÏauthority€of€Sections112(c)(4)€and€112(q)(1).ÌÌò òV.à  àDescriptions€of€Listed€Categoriesó óÐ L œ ÐÌà  àBecause€some€of€the€categories€on€today's€list€encompass€several€industry€sectors,Ïoperations,€and/or€types€of€equipment,€the€Agency€recognizes€the€importance€of€describing€whatÏis€included€under€each€listed€category.€€Hence,€descriptions€are€included€in€the€accompanyingÏdocket€(Docket€No.A„90„49,€Item€No.IV„A„55)€for€the€purpose€of€delineating,€to€the€extentÏcurrently€possible€with€available€data,€the€potential€coverage€of€each€category.€€The€AgencyÏrecognizes€that€these€descriptions,€like€the€list€itself,€may€be€revised€from€time€to€time€as€betterÏinformation€becomes€available.€€The€Agency€intends€to€revise€these€descriptions€as€part€of€theÏprocess€of€establishing€standards€for€each€category.€€Ultimately,€a€definition€of€each€listedÏcategory,€or€subsequently€listed€subcategories,€will€be€incorporated€in€each€rule€establishing€aÏNESHAP€for€a€category.€€It€is€not€the€Agency's€intent€that€the€descriptions,€in€the€docketÏaccompanying€today's€notice,€limit€what€may€be€included€under€each€category€for€the€purposes€ofÏestablishing€emission€standards€either€under€Section112(d)€or,€on€a€case„by„case€basis€underÏSection112(j),€or€for€purposes€relating€to€other€parts€of€Section112€involving€the€definition€ofÏsource€or€category€of€sources.€€ÌÌò òVI.à  àRelationship€of€List€to€Definition€of€Source€for€Early€Reductionó óÐ øH ÐòòóóÌà  àThe€identification€of€categories€and€subcategories€of€major€sources€in€today's€initial€list€hasÏno€bearing€whether€any€particular€facility€or€grouping€is€a€"source"€for€purpose€of€the€earlyÏreduction€program€under€€Section112(i)(5)€or€a€major€source€for€purposes€of€€Section112(a)(1).€ÏThe€term€"major€source"€is€defined€in€Section112(a)(1)€in€such€a€way€that€it€refers€to€theÏemissions€occurring€from€a€contiguous€area€under€common€control.€€By€contrast,€the€AgencyÏmust€identify€"categories€and€subcategories"€of€major€and€area€sources€generically€for€theÏpurposes€of€today's€initial€list€and€for€establishing€standards€under€Section112(d).€€In€most€cases,Ïthis€identification€will€be€made€as€product€or€process€oriented€groupings€which€will€not€affect€theÏdefinition€of€"source"€for€purposes€of€either€the€early€reduction€under€€Section112(i)(5)€or€theÏdefinition€of€a€"major€source"€under€Section112(a)(1).€€The€definition€of€source€in€the€earlyÏreduction€program€is€described€in€SectionII.B€of€the€Proposed€Regulations€GoverningÏCompliance€Extensions€for€Early€Reduction€of€Hazardous€Air€Pollutants€[June€13,€1991,€56€FRÏ27338].ÌÌò òVII.à0  àAdministrative€Requirementsó óи'#&(#(# ÐÌòòA.à  àDocketóóÐ )à$( ÐÌà  àThe€docket€is€an€organized€and€complete€file€of€all€the€information€submitted€to€orÏâ âotherwise€considered€by€the€Agency€in€the€development€of€this€initial€list€of€categories€of€sources.€Ô_ÔÐ T,¤'+ ÐThe€principal€purpose€of€this€docket€is€to€allow€interested€parties€to€identify€and€locate€documentsÏthat€serve€as€a€record€of€the€process€engaged€in€by€the€Agency€to€publish€today's€initial€list.Ìâ âÌòòB.à  àExecutive€Order€12291€ReviewóóÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àExecutive€Order€12291€requires€the€Agency€to€determine€whether€this€action€is€"major"Ïand€therefore€subject€to€the€requirement€of€a€Regulatory€Impact€Analysis.€€This€action€is€notÏmajor€because€it€imposes€no€additional€regulatory€requirements.€€This€notice€was€submitted€to€theÏOffice€of€Management€and€Budget€(OMB)€for€review.€€Any€written€comments€from€OMB€andÏwritten€EPA€responses€are€available€in€the€docket.ÌÌòòC.à  àPaperwork€Reduction€ActóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àThis€action€does€not€contain€any€information€collection€requirements€subject€to€OMBÏreview€under€the€Paperwork€Reduction€Act,€55€U.S.C.€3501€et€seq.ÌÌòòD.à  àRegulatory€Flexibility€Act€ComplianceóóÐ pÀ ÐÌà  àPursuant€to€5€U.S.C.€605(6),€I€hereby€certify€that€this€action€will€not€have€a€significantÏeconomic€impact€on€a€substantial€number€of€small€entities€because€it€imposes€no€newÏrequirements.ÌÌà  àDated:€July€2,€1992.€ÌÌò òMichael€Shapiro,ó óÐ Ð  ÐòòAssistant€AdministratorÐ ¼  Ðfor€Air€and€Radiation.óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ[FR€Doc.€92„16260€Filed€7„15„92;€8:45€am]ÌÌò òBILLING€CODE€6560„50„Mó ó€Ô_ÔññÐ X ¨ ÐÌññññÔ_Ôò òFederal€Registeró ó€/€July€16,€1992€/€Noticesà€( ( C(#àò ò31591„92ó óˆÐ 4"„  Ðð2ðððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððð0ðÐ $#t! ÐÑ€7ÑÌà@j j ìàòòTable€1.€€Initial€List€of€Categories€of€Major€and€Area€ˆÐ ü$L # ÐÓ  Ó€Sources€of€Hazardous€Air€Pollutantsóó€ÔÐÿ¸%!è%8!ÔaÔ0è%8!¸%!ÔÐ è%8!$ ÐÌÌò òFUEL€COMBUSTIONó óÐ ¬(ü#' ÐÓ  ÓÌCategory€NameÌÌà0  àEngine€Test€FacilitiesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àIndustrial€Boilers€ÔÐÿ-h(H-˜(ÔbÔ0H-˜(-h(ÔÐH-˜(,(#(# ÐÑ7"Ñâ 7âѰ°ÑÑX°Ñâ 7âÑ  Ñà0  àInstitutional/Commercial€Boilers€ÔÐÿ€Ðÿ°ÔbÔ0°€ÐÿÔÐ (#(# Ðà0  àProcess€HeatersÐ (#(# Ðà0  àStationary€Internal€Combustion€Engines€ÔÐÿX¨ˆØÔbÔ0ˆØX¨ÔÐ (#(# Ðà0  àStationary€Turbines€ÔÐÿD”tÄÔbÔ0tÄD”ÔÐ (#(# ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òNON„FERROUS€METALS€PROCESSINGó óÐ 8 ˆ ÐÓ  ÓÌCategory€NameÌÌà0  àPrimary€Aluminum€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSecondary€Aluminum€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPrimary€Copper€SmeltingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPrimary€Lead€SmeltingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSecondary€Lead€SmeltingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àLead€Acid€Battery€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPrimary€Magnesium€RefiningÐ (#(# ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òFERROUS€METALS€PROCESSINGó óÐ 4„ ÐÓ  ÓÌCategory€NameÌÌà0  àCoke€By„Product€PlantsÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCoke€Ovens:€€Charging,€Top€Side,€and€Door€LeaksÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCoke€Ovens:€€Pushing,€Quenching,€and€Battery€StacksÐ (#(# Ðà0  àFerroalloys€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àIntegrated€Iron€and€Steel€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àNon„Stainless€Steel€Manufacturing€„€Electric€Arc€Furnace€Ð (#(# Ðà0  à€€(EAF)€OperationÐ (#(# Ðà0  àStainless€Steel€Manufacturing€„€Electric€Arc€FurnaceÐ (#(# Ðà0  à€€(EAF)€OperationÐ (#(# Ðà0  àIron€FoundriesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSteel€FoundriesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSteel€Pickling€„€HCl€ProcessÐ (#(# ÐÌÐ  à%0!$ ÐÓ  Óò òMINERAL€PRODUCTS€PROCESSINGó óÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÌCategory€NameÌÌà0  àAlumina€ProcessingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àAsphalt/Coal€Tar€Application€„€Metal€PipesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àAsphalt€Concrete€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àAsphalt€ProcessingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àAsphalt€Roofing€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àChromium€Refractories€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àClay€Products€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àLime€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àMineral€Wool€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPortland€Cement€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àTaconite€Iron€Ore€ProcessingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àWool€Fiberglass€ManufacturingÐ (#(# ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òPETROLEUM€AND€NATURAL€GAS€PRODUCTION€AND€REFININGó óÐ H˜ ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àOil€and€Natural€Gas€Production€Ð (#(# Ðà0  àPetroleum€Refineries€„€Catalytic€Cracking€(Fluid€and€other)Ð (#(# Ðà0  à€€Units,€Catalytic€Reforming€Units,€and€Sulfur€Plant€UnitsÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPetroleum€Refineries€„€Other€Sources€Not€Distinctly€ListedÐ (#(# ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òLIQUIDS€DISTRIBUTIONó óÐ €Ð ÐÓ  ÓÌCategory€NameÌÌà0  àGasoline€Distribution€(Stage€1)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àOrganic€Liquids€Distribution€(Non„Gasoline)Ð (#(# ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òSURFACE€COATING€PROCESSESó óÐ à%0!$ ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àAerospace€Industries€Ð (#(# Ðà0  àAuto€and€Light€Duty€Truck€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àFlat€Wood€Paneling€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àLarge€Appliance€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àMagnetic€Tapes€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àManufacture€of€Paints,€Coatings,€and€Adhesives€Ð (#(# Ðà0  àMetal€Can€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àMetal€Coil€(Surface€Ô_ÔCoating)Ð0T+/(#(# Ðà0  àMetal€Furniture€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àMiscellaneous€Metal€Parts€and€Products€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àPaper€and€Other€Webs€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àPlastic€Parts€and€Products€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àPrinting,€Coating,€and€Dyeing€of€FabricsÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPrinting/Publishing€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àShipbuilding€and€Ship€Repair€(Surface€Coating)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àWood€Furniture€(Surface€Coating)Ð $ t(#(# ÐÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òWASTE€TREATMENT€AND€DISPOSALó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àHazardous€Waste€IncinerationÐ (#(# Ðà0  àMunicipal€LandfillsÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSewage€Sludge€IncinerationÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSite€RemediationÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSolid€Waste€Treatment,€Storage€and€Disposal€FacilitiesÐ (#(# Ðà0  à€€(TSDF)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àPublicly€Owned€Treatment€Works€(POTW)€EmissionsÐ (#(# ÐÌÓ  Óò òÌAGRICULTURAL€CHEMICALS€PRODUCTIONó óÐ (x  ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  à2,4„D€Salts€and€Esters€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  à4„Chloro„2„Methylphenoxyacetic€Acid€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  à4,6„Dinitro„o„Cresol€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCaptafol€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCaptan€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àChloroneb€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àChlorothalonil€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àDacthal€(tm)€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSodium€Pentachlorophenate€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àTordon€(tm)€Acid€ProductionÐ (#(# ÐÌÓ  Óò òÌFIBERS€PRODUCTION€PROCESSESó óÐ øH ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àAcrylic€Fibers/Modacrylic€Fibers€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àRayon€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSpandex€ProductionÐ (#(# ÐÌÓ  ÓÌò òFOOD€AND€AGRICULTURE€PROCESSESó óÐ (#x& ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àBaker's€Yeast€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCellulose€Food€Casing€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àVegetable€Oil€ProductionÐ (#(# ÐÌÓ  Óò òÌPHARMACEUTICAL€PRODUCTION€PROCESSESó óÐ €*Ð%/ ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àPharmaceuticals€ProductionÐ (#(# ÐÌÐ  X/¨*5 ÐÓ  Óò òPOLYMERS€AND€RESINS€PRODUCTIONó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àAcetal€Resins€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àAcrylonitrile„Butadiene„Styrene€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àAlkyd€Resins€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àAmino€Resins€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àBoat€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àButadiene„Furfural€Cotrimer€(R„11)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àButyl€Rubber€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCarboxymethylcellulose€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCellophane€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCellulose€Ethers€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àEpichlorohydrin€Elastomers€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àEpoxy€Resins€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àEthylene„Propylene€Elastomers€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àFlexible€Polyurethane€Foam€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àHypalon€(tm)€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àMaleic€Anhydride€Copolymers€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àMethylcellulose€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àMethyl€Methacrylate„Acrylonitrile„Butadiene„StyreneÐ (#(# Ðà0  à€€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àMethyl€Methacrylate„Butadiene„Styrene€TerpolymersÐ (#(# Ðà0  à€€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àNeoprene€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àNitrile€Butadiene€Rubber€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àNon„Nylon€Polyamides€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àNylon€6€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPhenolic€Resins€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolybutadiene€Rubber€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolycarbonates€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolyester€Resins€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolyethylene€Terephthalate€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolymerized€Vinylidene€Chloride€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolymethyl€Methacrylate€Resins€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolystyrene€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolysulfide€Rubber€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolyvinyl€Acetate€Emulsions€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolyvinyl€Alcohol€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolyvinyl€Butyral€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolyvinyl€Chloride€and€Copolymers€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àReinforced€Plastic€Composites€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àStyrene„Acrylonitrile€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àStyrene„Butadiene€Rubber€and€Latex€ProductionÐ (#(# ÐÌÐ  È($. ÐÓ  Óò òPRODUCTION€OF€INORGANIC€CHEMICALSó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àAmmonium€Sulfate€Production€„€Caprolactam€By„Product€PlantsÐ (#(# Ðà0  àAntimony€Oxides€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àChlorine€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àChromium€Chemicals€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCyanuric€Chloride€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àFume€Silica€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àHydrochloric€Acid€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àHydrogen€Cyanide€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àHydrogen€Fluoride€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPhosphate€Fertilizers€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPhosphoric€Acid€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àQuaternary€Ammonium€Compounds€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSodium€Cyanide€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àUranium€Hexafluoride€ProductionÐ (#(# ÐÌÓ  Óò òÌÌPRODUCTION€OF€ORGANIC€CHEMICALSó óÐ à ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àSynthetic€Organic€Chemical€ManufacturingÐ (#(# ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òMISCELLANEOUS€PROCESSESó óÐ 0€ ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àAerosol€Can„Filling€FacilitiesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àBenzyltrimethylammonium€Chloride€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àButadiene€Dimers€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCarbonyl€Sulfide€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àChelating€Agents€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àChlorinated€Paraffins€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àChromic€Acid€AnodizingÐ (#(# Ðà  àCommercial€Dry€Cleaning€(Perchloroethylene)€„€TransferÌà0  à€€MachinesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCommercial€Sterilization€Facilitiesà0È(#(#àЀ%Ð )È(#È(# Ðà0  àDecorative€Chromium€ElectroplatingÐ (#(# Ðà  àDodecanedioic€Acid€Productionà0  àÐ'`"+(#(# Ðà0  àDry€Cleaning€(Petroleum€Solvent)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àEthylidene€Norbornene€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àExplosives€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àHalogenated€Solvent€CleanersÐ (#(# Ðà0  àHard€Chromium€ElectroplatingÐ (#(# Ðà  àHydrazine€ProductionÌà0  àIndustrial€Dry€Cleaning€(Perchloroethylene)€„€TransferÐ (#(# Ðà0  à€€MachinesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àIndustrial€Dry€Cleaning€(Perchloroethylene)€„€Dry„to„DryÐ (#(# Ðà0  à€€MachinesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àIndustrial€Process€Cooling€TowersÐ (#(# ÐÐ  p0À+7 ÐÓ  Óò òMISCELLANEOUS€PROCESSES€„€continuedó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓCategory€NameÌÌà0  àOBPA/1,3„Diisocyanate€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPaint€Stripper€UsersÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPhotographic€Chemicals€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPhthalate€Plasticizers€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPlywood/Particle€Board€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àPolyether€Polyols€Productionà0(#(#àÐà 0 (#(# Ðà  àPulp€and€Paper€ProductionÌà0  àRocket€Engine€Test€FiringÐ (#(# Ðà0  àRubber€Chemicals€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSemiconductor€ManufacturingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSymmetrical€Tetrachloropyridine€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àTire€ProductionÐ (#(# Ðà0  àWood€TreatmentÐ (#(# ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òCATEGORIES€OF€AREA€SOURCESó ó€ÔÐÿ€Ð°ÔcÐ €Ð ÐÌÓ  Óà0  àAsbestos€ProcessingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àChromic€Acid€AnodizingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCommercial€Dry€Cleaning€(Perchloroethylene)€„€Transfer€€Ð (#(# Ðà0  à€€MachinesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCommercial€Dry€Cleaning€(Perchloroethylene)€„€Dry„to„Dry€€Ð (#(# Ðà0  à€€MachinesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCommercial€Sterilization€FacilitiesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àDecorative€Chromium€ElectroplatingÐ (#(# Ðà0  àHalogenated€Solvent€CleanersÐ (#(# Ðà0  àHard€Chromium€ElectroplatingÐ (#(# ÐÌÌÌaÔ0à`°Ô€All€categories€in€Table€1€are€categories€of€major€sourcesÏunless€specifically€identified€as€categories€of€area€sources.€ÏOnly€major€sources€within€any€category€shall€be€subject€toÏemission€standards€under€Section112€unless€a€finding€is€made,Ïfor€the€area€sources€in€the€category,€of€a€threat€of€adverseÏeffects€to€human€health€or€the€environment€warranting€regulationÏunder€Section112.€€All€listed€categories€are€exclusive€of€anyÏspecific€operations€or€processes€included€under€other€categoriesÏthat€are€listed€separately.ÌÌÔÐÿ0'€"`'°"ÔbÔ0`'°"0'€"Ô€Sources€defined€as€electric€utility€steam€generating€unitsÏunder€Section112(a)(8)€shall€not€be€subject€to€emissionÏstandards€pending€the€findings€of€the€study€required€underÌSection112(n)(1)€and€subsequent€listing€and€regulation€thereof.ÌÌÔÐÿ+h&H+˜&Ôc€Ô0H+˜&+h&ÔA€finding€of€threat€of€adverse€effects€to€human€health€or€theÏenvironment€warranting€regulation€under€Section112€has€been€madeÏfor€each€category€of€area€sources€listed€in€Table1.Ô†ÿÿÔÔ†ÿÿÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔññÔ_Ô