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(870 Cto1150 C)(EPA,2002).Proprietarychemicals,referredtoasenhancersoradditives,canbeaddedtothereagenttolowerthetemperaturerangeatwhichtheNOXreduction +&# reactionsoccur. (#(# b s(=08b 0  c. 0(#(#PollutantLoading: _SNCR_ԀtendstobelesseffectiveatlowerlevelsofuncontrolledNOX. (& TypicaluncontrolledNOXlevelsvaryfrom200_ppm_Ԁto400_ppm_Ԁ(_NESCAUM_,2000)._SNCR_Ԁis {)m' bettersuitedforapplicationswithhighlevelsofPMinthewastegasstreamthanSCR. (#(# B88B 0  d.0(#(#OtherConsiderations: Y,"((#(# ,"((#(# 02(#(#YZ02(#(#ZAmmoniaslipreferstoemissionsof_unreacted_Ԁammoniathatresult +!* fromincompletereactionoftheNOXandthereagent.Ammoniaslipmaycause:1)formation ,"+ ofammoniumsulfates,whichcanplugorcorrodedownstreamcomponents,2)ammoniaabsorptionintoflyash,whichmayaffectdisposalorreuseoftheash,and3)increasedplume q.c$- 0 0X X 0  visibility.IntheU.S.,permittedammoniasliplevelsaretypically2to10_ppm_Ԁ(EPA,2002).Ammoniaslipattheselevelsdonotresultinplumeformationorposehumanhealthhazards.Processoptimizationafterinstallationcanlowersliplevels. (#(# 0  0(#(#NitrousOxide(N2O)isabyproductformedduring_SNCR_.Ureabasedreductiongenerates L moreN2Othanammoniabasedsystems.Atmost,10%oftheNOXreducedinureabased  _SNCR_ԀisconvertedtoN2O.Nitrousoxidedoesnotcontributetogroundlevelozoneoracid   formation.(ICAC,2000) (#(#  EmissionStreamPretreatmentRequirements: None  k   CostInformation: Allcostsareinyear1999dollars.(_NESCAUM_,2000;_ICAC_,2000;andEPA,2002)    Thedifficultyof_SNCR_Ԁretrofitonexistinglargecoal-firedboilersisconsideredtobeminimal.However,thedifficultysignificantlyincreasesforsmallerboilersandpackagedunits.Theprimaryconcernisadequatewallspacewithintheboilerforinstallationofinjectors.Movementand/orremovalofexisting_watertubes_Ԁandasbestosfromtheboilerhousingmayberequired.Inaddition,adequatespaceadjacenttotheboilermustbeavailablefordistributionsystemequipmentandforperformingmaintenance.Thismayrequiremodificationsto_ductwork_Ԁandotherboilerequipment.Atypicalbreakdownofannualcostsforindustrialboilerswillbe15%to35%forcapitalrecoveryand65%to85%foroperatingexpense(ICAC,2000).Since_SNCR_Ԁisanoperatingexpensedriventechnology,itscostvariesdirectlywithNOXreductionrequirementsandreagentusage.Optimizationoftheinjection * systemafterstartupcanreducereagentusageand,subsequently,operatingcosts.Recentimprovementsin_SNCR_Ԁinjectionsystemshavealsoloweredoperatingcosts.Thereisawiderangeofcosteffectivenessfor_SNCR_Ԁduetothedifferentboilerconfigurationsandsitespecificconditions,evenwithinagivenindustry.CosteffectivenessisimpactedprimarilybyuncontrolledNOXlevel,requiredemissionsreduction,unitsizeandthermalefficiency,economiclifeoftheunit,and  degreeofretrofitdifficulty.Thecosteffectivenessof_SNCR_ԀislesssensitivetocapacityfactorthanSCR.ControlofNOXisoftenonlyrequiredduringtheozoneseason,typicallyJunethroughAugust.Since r _SNCR_Ԁcostsareafunctionofoperatingcosts,_SNCR_ԀisaneffectivecontroloptionforseasonalNOX E reductions.Costsarepresentedbelowforindustrialboilersgreaterthan100MMBtu/hr.  a.0  CapitalCost: 0( (#(#900to2,500$/MMBtu/hr(9,000to25,000$/MW)d"$( (#( (#   b.0  O&MCost:  ( 100to500$/MMBtu/hr(1,000to5,000$/MW)$^&(#(#   c.0  AnnualizedCost:  300to1000$/MMBtu/hr(3,000to10,000$/MW) %!((#(#  );   );!0  2=  d  .3  0(#(#  CostperTonofPollutantRemoved: );!?!݌e'"*(#(# Ќ        AnnualControl :0 2 400to2,500$/tonofNOXremoved)^$,2(#2(#       SeasonalControl :0 2 2,000to3,000$/tonofNOXremoved)5%-2(#2(# b (h80sb  TheoryofOperation:  +&/ )%&_SNCR_ԀisbasedonthechemicalreductionoftheNO)%&#)%&X)%&D$)%&moleculeintomolecularnitrogen(N)%&p$)%&2)%&$)%&)andwater 8-(1 vapor(H)%&$)%&2)%&.%)%&O).Anitrogenbasedreducingagent(reagent),suchasammoniaorurea,isinjectedintothe  .[)2 6    postcombustionfluegas.)%&V%)%&ThereductionreactionwithNOX)%&N&)%&isfavoredoverotherchemicalreaction  processes)%&&)%&attemperaturesrangingbetween1600Fand2100F(870Cto1150C),)%&'therefore,itis  consideredaselectivechemicalprocess(EPA,2002).Bothammoniaandureaareusedasreagents.Ureabasedsystemshaveadvantagesoverammoniabasedsystems.Ureaisnontoxic,lessvolatileliquidthatcanbestoredandhandledmoresafely.Ureasolutiondropletscanpenetratefartherintothefluegaswheninjectedintotheboiler,enhancingthemixingwiththefluegaswhichisdifficultinlargeboilers.However,ureaismoreexpensivethanammonia.TheNormalized_Stoichiometric_ԀRatio(_NSR_)definestheratioofreagenttoNOXrequiredtoachievethe H  targetedNOXreduction.Inpractice,morethanthetheoreticalamountofreagentneedstobeinjected  k  intotheboilerfluegastoobtainaspecificlevelofNOXreduction.  >  Inthe_SNCR_Ԁprocess,thecombustionunitactsasthereactorchamber.Thereagentisgenerallyinjectedwithintheboiler_superheater_Ԁand_reheater_Ԁradiantandconvectiveregions,wherethecombustiongastemperatureisattherequiredtemperaturerange.Theinjectionsystemisdesignedtopromotemixingofthereagentwiththefluegas.Thenumberandlocationofinjectionpointsisdeterminedbythetemperatureprofilesandflowpatternswithinthecombustionunit.Certainapplicationaremoresuitedfor_SNCR_Ԁduetothecombustionunitdesign.Unitswithfurnaceexittemperaturesof1550Fto1950F(840Cto1065C),residencetimesofgreaterthanonesecond,andhighlevelsofuncontrolledNOXaregoodcandidates. ,| Duringlowloadoperation,thelocationoftheoptimumtemperatureregionshiftsupstreamwithintheboiler.Additionalinjectionpointsarerequiredtoaccommodateoperationsatlowloads.EnhancerscanbeaddedtothereagenttolowerthetemperaturerangeatwhichtheNOXreductionreactionoccurs.The x useofenhancersreducestheneedforadditionalinjectionlocations. Advantages:  A b b')DTU_`a(\x8b\33\ '3     '302\3  0    CapitalandoperatingcostsareamongthelowestofallNOXreductionmethods.'301݌(#(# Ќ   '3     '312\3  0    Retrofitof_SNCR_Ԁisrelativelysimpleandrequireslittledowntimeforlargeandmediumsize  units.'31%2݌ (#(# Ќ   '3     '3=32\3  0    Costeffectiveforseasonalorvariableloadapplications.'3=3t3݌L (#(# Ќ   '3     '3742\3  0    WastegasstreamswithhighlevelsofPMareacceptable.'374n4݌2 !(#(# Ќ   '3     '3/52\3  0    CanbeappliedwithcombustioncontrolstoprovidehigherNOXreductions.'3/5f5݌!h"(#(# Ќ  \330\C999  9C Disadvantages:  "!$ ]33] '3     '362\3  0    Thewastegasstreammustbewithinaspecifiedtemperaturerange.'36 7݌z$&(#(# Ќ   '3     '372\3  0    NotapplicabletosourceswithlowNOXconcentrationssuchasgasturbines. d '37 8݌`% '(#(# Ќ   '3     '382\3  0    LowerNOXreductionsthanSelectiveCatalyticReduction(SCR).'38(9݌F&!((#(# Ќ   '3   0  '392\3  0(#(#  Mayrequiredownstreamequipmentcleaning.'39.:݌,'|")(#(# Ќ  ]336] '3   0  '3 ;2\3  0(#(#  Resultsinammoniainthewastegasstreamwhichmayimpactplumevisibility,andresaleor (b#* disposalofash.'3 ;@;݌ (#(# Ќ  _& " References:  *%- EPA,1998.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,InnovativeStrategiesandEconomicsGroup, OzoneTransportRulemakingNonElectricityGeneratingUnitCostAnalysis,Preparedby_Pechan_Ԅ_Avanti_ԀGroup,ResearchTrianglePark,NC.1998.'"*Z< .)2 80 8 8  EPA,1999.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,CleanAirTechnologyCenter. TechnicalBulletin:NitrogenOxides(NOX),WhyandHowTheyAreControlled.ResearchTrianglePark,NC.1998.  EPA,2002.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards.EPA )y AirPollutionControlCostManual,Section4Chapter1.EPA452/B02001.2002. L 4 O  5  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/dir1/cs4-2ch1.pdf6?O@  7f p/@  _ICAC_,2000.InstituteofCleanAirCompanies,Inc. WhitePaper:SelectiveNonCatalyticReduction(_SNCR_)forControllingNOXEmissions.Washington,D.C.2000. H  _NESCAUM_,2000.NortheastStatesforCoordinatedAirUseManagement. StatusReportsonNOX  >  ControlsforGasTurbines,CementKilns,IndustrialBoilers,andInternalCombustionEngines:Technologies&CostEffectiveness.Boston,MA.2002._#(nn#           ( _