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Q@70 Q@YYY P ^ TransportationEquipment g  ԍ  ԍ  ԍg \-(@ 0  solidwasteincineration(industrial) 7YYYY$"1.)AKKYYY 770953)'\-(B P YYYY 3'+   .L*B  ApplicableSourceType: Point   & y TypicalIndustrialApplications:  Y 'yY&  ThermalincineratorscanbeusedtoreduceemissionsfromalmostallVOCsources,includingreactorvents,distillationvents,solventoperations,andoperationsperformedinovens,dryers,andkilns.Theycanhandleminorfluctuationsinflow,however,excessfluctuationsrequiretheuseofaflare(EPA,1992).Theirfuelconsumptionishigh,sothermalunitsarebestsuitedforsmallerprocessapplicationswithmoderatetohighVOCloadings.IncineratorsareusedtocontrolVOCfromawidevarietyofindustrialprocesses,including,butnotlimitedtothefollowing(EPA,1992):&b UJKLMNORS(<,x(Qb   J3   J3)2<,3  0    Storingandloading/unloadingofpetroleumproductsandothervolatileorganicliquids;J3))݌b (#(# Ќ     J3   J3*2<,3  0    Vesselcleaning(railtankcarsandtanktrucks,barges);J3* +݌4 (#(# Ќ     J3   J3+2<,3  0    Processventsinthesyntheticorganicchemicalmanufacturingindustry(SOCMI);J3+,݌V (#(# Ќ     J3   J3,2<,3  0    Paintmanufacturing;J3,-݌( (#(# Ќ   J3     J3-2<,3  0    Rubberproductsandpolymermanufacturing;J3--݌ (#(# Ќ   J3     J3.2<,3  0    Plywoodmanufacturing;J3..݌|(#(# Ќ   J3     J3p/2<,3  0    Surfacecoatingoperations:J3p//݌N(#(# Ќ  0    0 (#(#Appliances,magneticwire,automobiles,cans,metalcoils,paper,filmandfoil,pressuresensitivetapesandlabels,magnetictape,fabriccoatingandprinting,metalfurniture,woodfurniture,flatwoodpaneling,aircraft,miscellaneousmetalproducts;  (# (#  J3     J312<,3  0    Flexiblevinylandurethanecoating;J311݌(#(# Ќ   J3     J3p22<,3  0    Graphicartsindustry;andJ3p22݌h(#(# Ќ   J3     J3J32<,3  0    Hazardouswastetreatmentstorage,anddisposalfacilities(TSDFs).J3J33݌:(#(# Ќ  & ~ EmissionStreamCharacteristics:  .     a.0  AirFlow: 󀀀Typicalgas'~R4Ԁflowratesforthermalincineratorsare0.24to24standardcubicmetersper  second(sm3/sec)(500to50,000standardcubicfeetperminute(scfm))(EPA,1996a).\(#(#   b.0  Temperature: Mostincineratorsoperateathighertemperaturesthantheignitiontemperature, P  whichisaminimumtemperature.Thermaldestructionofmostorganiccompoundsoccursbetween590Cand650C(1100Fand1200F).Mosthazardouswasteincineratorsareoperatedat980Cto1200C(1800Fto2200F)toensurenearlycompletedestructionoftheorganicsinthewaste(AWMA,1992). (#(#  K;   K;70  2<,  a  .3  0(#(#  PollutantLoading: 󀀀Thermalincineratorscanbeusedoverafairlywiderangeoforganicvapor #A& concentrations.Forsafetyconsiderations,theconcentrationoftheorganicsinthewastegasmustbesubstantiallybelowthelowerflammablelevel(lowerexplosivelimit,orLEL)ofthespecificcompoundbeingcontrolled.Asarule,asafetyfactoroffour(i.e.,25%oftheLEL)isused(EPA,1991,AWMA,1992).Thewastegasmaybedilutedwithambientair,ifnecessary,tolowertheconcentration.hhConsideringeconomicfactors,thermalincineratorsperformbestatinletconcentrationsofaround1500to3000ppmv,becausetheheatofcombustionofhydrocarbongasesissufficienttosustainthehightemperaturesrequiredwithoutadditionofexpensiveauxiliaryfuel(EPA,1995).K;77݌ (#(# Ќ  4_    d.0  OtherConsiderations: 󀀀Incineratorsarenotgenerallyrecommendedforcontrollinggases *,z'0 containinghalogenorsulfurcontainingcompounds,becauseoftheformationofhydrogenchloride,hydrogenfluoridegas,sulfurdioxide,andotherhighlycorrosiveacidgases.Itmaybenecessarytoinstallapostoxidationacidgastreatmentsysteminsuchcases,dependingontheoutletconcentration.Thiswouldlikelymakeincinerationanuneconomicaloption.(EPA,1996a).Thermal w/*4 incineratorsarealsonotgenerallycosteffectiveforlowconcentration,highfloworganicvaporstreams(EPA,1995). (#(# ; & y EmissionStreamPretreatmentRequirements:  &v   Typically,'y&>nopretreatmentisrequired,however,insomecases,aconcentrator(e.g.,carbonorzeoliteadsorption)maybeusedtoreducethetotalgasvolumetobetreatedbythemoreexpensiveincinerator. & y CostInformation:  C  Thefollowing'yC ?Ԁarecostranges(expressedin2002dollars)forpackagedthermalincineratorsofconventionaldesignundertypicaloperatingconditions,developedusingEPAcostestimatingspreadsheets(EPA,1996a)andreferencedtothevolumetricflowrateofthewastestreamtreated.Thecostsdonotincludecostsforapostoxidationacidgastreatmentsystem.Costscanbesubstantiallyhigherthanintherangesshownwhenusedforlowtomoderate_VOC_Ԁconcentrationstreams(lessthanaround1000to1500_ppmv_).Asarule,smallerunitscontrollingalowconcentrationwastestreamwillbemuchmoreexpensive(perunitvolumetricflowrate)thanalargeunitcleaningahighpollutantloadflow.OperatingandMaintenance(O&M)Costs,AnnualizedCost,andCostEffectivenessaredominatedbythecostofsupplementalfuelrequired.?  a.0  CapitalCost: $53,000to$190,000persm3/sec($25to$90per_scfm_)L(#(#   b.0  O&MCost: $11,000to$160,000persm3/sec($5to$75per_scfm_),annuallyE(#(#   c.0  AnnualizedCost: $17,000to$208,000persm3/sec($8to$98per_scfm_),annually(#(#   d.0  CostEffectiveness: $_165_`440`to$3,a5ab6b00permetricton($c150cd400dto$3,e2ef3f00pershortton),annualized G costpertonperyearofpollutantcontrolled (#(#  TheoryofOperation:     Incineration,orthermaloxidationistheprocessofoxidizingcombustiblematerialsbyraisingthetemperatureofthematerialaboveitsautoignitionpointinthepresenceofoxygen,andmaintainingitathightemperatureforsufficienttimetocompletecombustiontocarbondioxideandwater.Time,temperature,turbulence(formixing),andtheavailabilityofoxygenallaffecttherateandefficiencyofthecombustionprocess.Thesefactorsprovidethebasicdesignparametersfor_VOC_Ԁoxidationsystems(_ICAC_,1999).Astraightthermalincineratoriscomprisedofacombustionchamberanddoesnotincludeanyheatrecoveryofexhaustairbyaheatexchanger(thistypeofincineratorisreferredtoasarecuperativeincinerator).Theheartofthethermalincineratorisanozzlestabilizedflamemaintainedbyacombinationofauxiliaryfuel,wastegascompounds,andsupplementalairaddedwhennecessary.Uponpassingthroughtheflame,thewastegasisheatedfromitspreheatedinlettemperaturetoitsignitiontemperature.Theignitiontemperaturevariesfordifferentcompoundsandisusuallydeterminedempirically.Itisthetemperatureatwhichthecombustionreactionrateexceedstherateofheatlosses,therebyraisingthetemperatureofthegasestosome_highervalue.Thus,anyorganic/airmixturewilligniteifitstemperatureisraisedtoasufficientlyhighlevel(EPA,1996a).TherequiredlevelofVOCcontrolofthewastegasthatmustbeachievedwithinthetimethatitspendsinthethermalcombustionchamberdictatesthereactortemperature.Theshortertheresidencetime,thehigherthereactortemperaturemustbe.Thenominalresidencetimeofthereactingwastegasinthecombustionchamberisdefinedasthecombustionchambervolumedividedbythevolumetricflowrateofthegas.Mostthermalunitsaredesignedtoprovidenomorethan1secondofresidencetimetothewastegaswithtypicaltemperaturesof650to1100C(1200to2000F).Oncetheunitisdesignedandbuilt,theresidencetimeis u/*4 noteasilychanged,sothattherequiredreactiontemperaturebecomesafunctionoftheparticulargaseousspeciesandthedesiredlevelofcontrol(EPA,1996a).Studiesbasedonactualfieldtestdata,showthatcommercialincineratorsshouldgenerallyberunat870C(1600F)withanominalresidencetimeof0.75secondstoensure98%destructionofnonhalogenatedorganics(EPA,1992).KG Advantages:  n    IncineratorsareoneofthemostpositiveandprovenmethodsfordestroyingVOC,withefficienciesupto99.9999%possible.Thermalincineratorsareoftenthebestchoicewhenhighefficienciesareneededandthewastegasisabove20%oftheLEL.Q Disadvantages:  ]    Thermalincineratoroperatingcostsarerelativelyhighduetosupplementalfuelcosts.Thermalincineratorsarenotwellsuitedtostreamswithhighlyvariableflowbecauseofthereducedresidencetimeandpoormixingduringincreasedflowconditionswhichdecreasesthecompletenessofcombustion.Thiscausesthecombustionchambertemperaturetofall,thusdecreasingthedestructionefficiency(EPA,1991).Incinerators,ingeneral,arenotrecommendedforcontrollinggasescontaininghalogenorsulfurcontainingcompoundsbecauseoftheformationofhighlycorrosiveacidgases.Itmaybenecessarytoinstallapostoxidationacidgastreatmentsysteminsuchcases,dependingontheoutletconcentration(EPA,1996a).Thermalincineratorsarealsonotgenerallycosteffectiveforlowconcentration,highfloworganicvaporstreams(EPA,1995).R &  OtherConsiderations:  ,   Thermalincineratorsarenotusuallyaseconomical,onanannualizedbasis,asrecuperativeorregenerativeincineratorsbecausetheydonotrecoverwasteheatenergyfromtheexhaustgases.Thisheatcanbeusedtopreheatincomingair,thusreducingtheamountofsupplementalfuelrequired.Ifthereisadditionalheatenergyavailable,itcanbeusedforotherprocessheatingneeds.'SVV & y References:   " AWMA'y GX,1992.Air&WasteManagementAssociation,AirPollutionEngineeringManual.VanNostrand D"$ Reinhold,NewYork.EPA,1991.U.S.EPA,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment, ControlTechnologiesforHazardousAirPollutants,EPA/625/691/014,Washington,D.C.,June._EPA,1992.U.S.EPA,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, ControlTechniquesforVolatileOrganicEmissionsfromStationarySources,EPA453/R92018,ResearchTrianglePark,NC.,December.EPA,1995.U.S.EPA,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, SurveyofControlTechnologiesforLowConcentrationOrganicVaporGasStreams,EPA456/R95003,ResearchTrianglePark,NC.,May.EPA,1996a.U.S.EPA,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, _OAQPS_ԀControlCostManual,FifthEdition,EPA453/B96001,ResearchTrianglePark,NC.February.EPA,1996b.U.S.EPA, 1990NationalInventory,ResearchTrianglePark,NC,January. d/*4 ЇEPA,1998.U.S.EPA,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, StationarySourceControlTechniquesDocumentforFineParticulateMatter,EPA452/R97001,ResearchTrianglePark,NC.,October._ICAC_,1999.InstituteofCleanAirCompanies_internet_Ԁwebpagewww.icac.com,ControlTechnologyInformationThermalOxidation,pageaccessedMarch1999.