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XXXX7XXdd7@l l PRELIMINARTYYMETHOD (  (  pR PRE) 0016/19/86        `     PRE001METHOD_DIRECTMEASUREMENTOFGASVELOCITYANDVOLUMETRICFLOWRATEUNDERCYCLONICFLOWCONDITIONS(PROPELLERANEMOMETER)1. @ ApplicabilityandPrinciple    @ 1.1Applicability.ThismethodappliestothemeasurementofgasvelocitiesinlocationswherecyclonicflowconditionsexistandgastemperaturesrangefromOto50C(e.g.,coolingtowerexhausts). @ 1.2Principle.Apropelleranemometerisusedtomeasuregasvelocitydirectly.Theareaofthestackcrosssectionatthesamplinglocationisusedtocalculatevolumetricflowrate,andtemperatureandpressuremeasurementsareusedtocorrectvolumestostandardconditions.2. @ Apparatus |  @ Specificationsfortheapparatusaregivenbelow. @ 2.1PropellerAnemometer.Avaneaxialpropelleranemometercapableofmeasuringgasvelocitiestowithin2percent.Themanufacturersrecommendedrange(allangle)shallbesufficientfortheexpectedminimumflowratesatthesamplingconditions.Temperature,pressure,moisture,corrosivecharacteristics,andsamplinglocationsarefactorsnecessarytoconsiderinchoosingasuitablepropelleranemometer. @ 2.2DataOutputDevice.Adigitalvoltmeter,analogvoltmeter,stripchartrecorder,datalogger,orcomputercapableofdisplayingapropelleranemometeroutputtowithin1percentandataminimumfrequencyofonereadingperminute. @ 2.3TemperatureGauge.SameasMethod2,Section2.3forvolumecorrectiontostandardconditions. @ 2.4Barometer.SameasMethod2,Section2.5forvolumecorrectiontostandardconditions. @ 2.5CalibrationEquipment. @ 2.5.1SynchronousMotor.Avariablespeedsynchronousmotorcapableofprovidingaknownconstantrotationalspeedtotheinputshaftofthepropelleranemometerforpurposesofcomparing ),y'/ andadjustingtheoutputsignaltoknownvalues.̇  2.5.2BearingTorqueDisc.Avariabletorqueapplicatorcapableofapplyingarangeoftorquestotheinputshaftofthepropelleranemometerfromzerotothemanufacturersrecommended poorperformancecriterion...2.5.3WindTunnel.Awindtunnelcapableofprovidingstablevelocitiesovertheexpectedrangeofvelocitiestobemeasured.Airflowshouldbefullydevelopedturbulentflowintheaxialdirectiononly.Meansshallbeavailabletoquantifyambienttemperatureandpressureforcorrectiontostandardconditions.Meansshallalsobeavailabletorotatethepropelleranemometer,withinthewindtunnel,through180(90$ofthecenterline)andnotetheangleofrotationin10$increments...2.5.4CalibrationPitotTube.SameasMethod2,Section2.7fordeterminationofwindtunnelvelocitiestowithin1percent...2.5.5DifferentialPressureGaugeforCalibrationPitotTube.SameasMethod2,Section2.8forusewiththestandardpitottubeduringwindtunnelvelocitydeterminations.3...Procedure..3.1ProperMountingofPropellerAnemometer.Attachthepropelleranemometertoasuitabledevice(probe,rail,rod,etc.)Tofacilitatetraversingthestack/ductcrosssection.Ensurethatallflowobstructionscreatedby(1)thesamplingsupportequipment(rail,etc.)areaminimumoftwopropellerdiametersdownstreamofthepropellerand(2)thesamplingequipment(nozzles)areaminimumof2inchesupstreamofthepropellerandhaveamaximumobstructivearea(projectedarea)10percentthesizeofthepropellersareaofrotation.Ensurethatthepropelleranemometerisproperlyalignedwiththecenterlineofthestack/ductandstablymounted(vibrationandsubsequentmisalignmentwillcreateseriouserrorsinthevelocityandvolumetricflowrateresults).ConnectelectricalconnectionsforvelocitydatarecordingasshowninFigurePA1...3.2CrossSectionalArea.Determinethestack/ductdimensionsatthesamplinglocation.Includethetotalarea(atthesamplinglocation)withoutregardtothevelocityinthestack...3.3ZeroOutputSystem.Zeroallrecordingdevicesbycarefullybringthepropelleranemometertoastandstill.Recordambienttemperatureandpressuredataandnotetimeanddatease TD@zx  x `0%x,@ HKKKK@eߴshownintheexampledatasheetFigurePA2...3.4DeterminationofGasVelocity.MeasurethegasvelocityandtemperatureatthetraversepointsspecifiedbyMethod2orotherapplicablemethod.(Note:Duetothesizeofmostpropellers,traversepointswithin10cmofasidewalkwillbeunmeasurable.)Alternatively,basedonthepreliminarytraverseorthepreviousmeasurement,thestacktemperaturemaybemeasuredatasinglepointifthegastemperaturesatallpointsarewithin5$Foftheaveragetemperature.4...Calibration..4.1PropellerAnemometer.Thepropelleranemometershallbecalibratedbeforeitsinitialuseinthefield.Bothelectro/mechanicalandperformanceparametersshallbecheckedduringcalibrationaccordingtotheproceduressuppliedbythemanufacturer.Calibrationproceduresin4.1.1,4.1.2and4.1.3shallbeconductedbeforetheinitialfielduse.Calibrationproceduresin4.1.3shallbeconductedforeachpropellerinuseandwheneverthestructuralintegrityofapropellerorshaft/generatorhousingisinquestion...4.1.1GeneratorOutputTest.Toassesstheintegrityoftheelectricaloutput,avariablespeedsynchronousmotortorotatethepropelleranemometerinputshaftatknownrotationalvelocitieswillberequired.Aminimumoftwospeedsshallbeusedtochecktheelectricaloutputofeachshaft/generatorhousing.Thetwospeedschosenshallfalloneithersideoftheexpectedshaftvelocitiesunderfielduse...Couplethesynchronousmotortotheanemometerinputshaftaccordingtothemanufacturerspecifications(toensurenoslippageoccurs).Attachanoutputdevicetotheanemometerelectricaloutputsandstartthemotor.ObtainthefirstrotationaltestspeedandrecordtheanemometeroutputineithermVDCorrpm.Obtainthesecondrotationaltestspeedandrecordtheanemometeroutput.Continuewithadditionalrotationaltestspeedsifapplicable.Repeateachtestspeedinordertoobtainatotalofthreeoutputreadingsforeachspeed...Averagethethreeoutputreadingsfromeachrotationaltestspeedappliedandcomparetheseresultswiththemanufacturersspecifications(e.g.,linearrpm/mVratio).Resultsshouldcomparewithspecificationstowithin2percent...4.1.2BearingTorqueTest.Toassesstheintegrityofthemechanicalbearingssupportingtheinputshaft,abearingtorque X  X FIGUREPA2.EXAMPLEVELOCITYANDVOLUMETRICFLOWRATEDATASHEETPlant/Location򀀀Date򀀀Run򀀀Operators򀀀Time(start/finish򀀀Stack/ductdimensions򀀀m(in.)Crosssectionalarea򀀀m2(in.2)AnemometerIDno.򀀀CalibrationDate򀀀Anemometerelectromechanicalrotation򀀀Anemometeraxial/rotationalvelocityratio򀀀AmbientTemperature򀀀$C($F)BarometricPressure򀀀mmHg(in.Hg)* d,dT ,dT ,'dT ,dT ,dT ,dd +  )*)Traversepointno. Stack/DuctTemp. AnemometerOutput ""GasVelocityvs,m/s(A/s) *  ts,$C($F)  Ts,$K($R)  Va,mV  vr,rpm  %:%          пtestshallbeconducted.Attachatorqueapplicator(e.g.,bearingtorquedisc)totheanemometerinputshaftwhichwillapplyarangeofknown,repeatabletorquesbeyondthemanufacturers poorperformancecriterion.Startingwitha0.1gmcmtorque,continuallyincreasetheappliedtorquein0.1gmcmincrementsuntiltheshaftbeginstoturn.Recordtheappliedtorquerequiredtocreateshaftrotationandrepeattwotimes.Resultsfromallthreetestsshouldbebelowthemanufacturersspecificationfor poorperformance.Conductthischeckafterthenonaxialflowcalibrationtodocumentthetorquerequiredduringthecalibration...4.1.3NonAxialFlowTest.Assesstherepresentativenessofthemanufacturersangularflowcalibrationcurvebyconductingawindtunneltestoneachpropellerinuseandgeneratingapercentresponsevswindanglecurveforcomparison.Attachthepropelleranemometertothewindtunneltoallowafull180$rotation(90$fromthecenterline)withinthetunnel.Connectallotherapparatustodisplay/recordanemometeroutputs...Withthewindtunneloperatingat15to25fps,determinethevelocityatthepropellerlocationusingastandardpitotandadifferentialpressuregauge.Recordthebarometricpressureandtemperature.Startingwiththepropelleranemometerorientedintothedirectionofflow(0$)rotateandrecordtheoutputreadingsat10$incrementsfrom0$to+90$and0$to90$.Plottheseresultsonapercentresponsevswindanglegraphandcomparetothemanufacturersspecifications.Differencesshouldbewithin3percentateachpointforthe100percentaxialflowresponse.Usingthe100percentaxialflowresponse,computeavelocityresultandcompareittothevelocityresultsmeasuredusingthestandardpitotprobe.Thisdifferenceshouldbewith3percentofthepitotproberesultsat0$.Repeatthistestatavelocityof25to40fps;computethepercentdeviationsasabove...Note:Iftheresultsofthepropelleranemometerinitialcalibrationtestsarenotwiththerequiredspecifications,theneithercorrectivemaintenanceshouldbeimplementedtocorrectthedeficienciesortheequipmentinquestionshouldbeconsideredunsatisfactoryandreplaced...4.1.4FieldUseandRecalibration...4.1.4.1FieldUse.Whenthepropelleranemometerisusedinthefield,themanufacturerselectromechanicalratioandaxial/rotationalvelocityratioshallbeusedtoperformthevelocitycalculations...4.1.4.2Recalibration.Aftereachtestrun,bothabearingtorquecheckandageneratoroutputtestshallbeconducted.Ifthebearingtorquecheckismorethantwicethetorquerecordedafterthecalibrationorisintherangeof poorperformanceasdescribedbythemanufacturer,theanemometermustberepairedorreplacedandtherunrepeated.Thegeneratoroutputtestresultsmustbewith5percentofthepredictedvalueorthesystemmustberepairedorreplacedandtherunrepeated.Alternativelythetestermayopttoconductbothchecksattheconclusionofallruns.However,ifbothcriteriaarenotmet,allrunsmustberepeated...Ifbothchecksmeettheabovecriteriaandavisualinspectionofthepropellershowsnoapparentchanges,noadditionalcalibrationsmustbeconducted.Wheneverthepropelleranemometerfailstomeetofeithertheaboverequirementsorthepropellerbecomesdamaged,acompleterecalibrationasdescribedin4.1.1,4.1.2and4.1.3mustbeconducted...4.2TemperatureGauge.Aftereachtestseries,checkthetemperaturegaugeatambienttemperature.UseanAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials(ASTM)mercuryinglassreferencethermometer,orequivalent,asareference.Ifthegaugebeingcheckeddoesnotagreewithin2percent(absolutetemperature)ofthereference,thetemperaturedatacollectedinthefieldshallbeconsideredinvalidoradjustmentsofthetestresultsshallbemade,subjecttotheapprovaloftheAdministrator...4.3Barometer.CalibratethebarometerusedagainstamercurybarometerpriortothefieldtestasdescribedinMethod2.5...Calculations..Carryoutthecalculations,retainingatleastoneextradecimalfigurebeyondthatoftheacquireddata.Roundoffthefiguresafterthefinalcalculation...5.1NomenclaturebX,X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?Abh^,X  z hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?Ah..Asr..r=..Stackcrosssectionalarea,m2...Cer..r=..Constant,anemometermanufacturerselectromechanical(#..(#%..%..ratio,rpm/mV...Crr..r=Constant,anemometermanufacturersaxial/rotational .. (#..(#%..%velocityratio,cm/rev.bX,X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?Ab..Pbar..=4..4Barometricpressure,mmHg...Pg..=4..4Averagestaticpressure,mmHg...Q.s...=4..4Volumetricflowrateatstandardconditions(20$C .. (#..(#%..%and760mmHg),m3/min...Ts..=4..4Absolutestacktemperature,$K...ts..=4..4Stacktemperature,$C...Va..=4..4Anemometervoltageoutput,mV...vr..=4..4Rotationalvelocity,anemometeroutput,rpm...vs..=4..4Stackgasvelocity,m/sec...5.2Velocity...vr..=4..4CeVa .. ..h..h..(Eq.PA1)̇..vs..=4..4Crvr/100..h..h..(Eq.PA2)....=4..4CrCeVa/100..5.3VolumetricFlowRate...Qs..=4..4Asvs .. ..h..h..(Eq.PA3)....=4..460AsCrCeVa/1006...Bibliography..1.Gill,G.C.,H.W.Carson,andR.M.Holmes.A..PropellerTypeVerticalAnemometer.J.Applied(#..(#Meteorology,December1964...2.Gill,G.C.TheHelicoidAnemometer.Atmosphere,Vol. .. 11,No.4,1973.