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X   1.1Analyte.      ` ___________________________________________ l      ` 򀀀AnalyteCASNo. h     ` Mercury(Hg)7439976     1.2Applicability. p    1.2.1Thisspecificationisforevaluatingthe l acceptabilityoftotalvaporphaseHgcontinuousemission  monitoringsystems(CEMSs)installedontheexitgasesfrom t fossilfuelfiredboilersatthetimeoforsoonafter  p installationandwheneverspecifiedintheregulations.TheHg  CEMSmustbecapableofmeasuringthetotalconcentrationin x g/m3(regardlessofspeciation)ofvaporphaseHg,andrecording $t thatconcentrationonadrybasis,correctedto20degreesCand    7%CO2.ParticleboundHgisnotincluded.TheCEMSmust |!" includea)adiluent(CO2)monitor,whichmustmeetPerformance (#x$ Specification3,andb)anautomaticsamplingsystem.Existing $$ & diluentandflowmonitoringequipmentcanbeused. &!(   Thisspecificationisnotdesignedtoevaluateaninstalled ,(|#* CEMSsperformanceoveranextendedperiodoftimenordoesit )(%, identifyspecificcalibrationtechniquesandauxiliaryprocedures +&. toassesstheCEMSsperformance.Thesourceowneroroperator, 0-(0 however,isresponsibletocalibrate,maintain,andoperatethe  CEMSproperly.TheAdministratormayrequire,underSection114 \ oftheAct,theoperatortoconductCEMSperformanceevaluations X atothertimesbesidestheinitialtesttoevaluatetheCEMS   performance.See40CFRPart60,Sect.60.13(c). `  2.0SummaryofPerformanceSpecification  \    ProceduresformeasuringCEMSrelativeaccuracy,measurement   erroranddriftareoutlined.CEMSinstallationandmeasurement p  locationspecifications,anddatareductionproceduresare l  included.ConformanceoftheCEMSwiththePerformance  Specificationisdetermined. t 3.0Definitions  p   3.1ContinuousEmissionMonitoringSystem(CEMS)meansthe ( totalequipmentrequiredforthedeterminationofapollutant  concentration.Thesystemconsistsofthefollowingmajor < subsystems: 8   3.2SampleInterfacemeansthatportionoftheCEMSused   foroneormoreofthefollowing:sampleacquisition,sample L!" transport,sampleconditioning,andprotectionofthemonitor "H$ fromtheeffectsofthestackeffluent. $&   3.3HgAnalyzermeansthatportionoftheCEMSthat P&!( measuresthetotalvaporphaseHgmassconcentrationand (X#* generatesaproportionaloutput. )%,   3.4DiluentAnalyzer(ifapplicable)meansthatportionof `+&. theCEMSthatsensesthediluentgas(CO2)andgeneratesan -h(0 outputproportionaltothegasconcentration.    3.5DataRecordermeansthatportionoftheCEMSthat \ providesapermanentelectronicrecordoftheanalyzeroutput. d ThedatarecordercanprovideautomaticdatareductionandCEMS   controlcapabilities. l    3.6SpanValuemeanstheupperlimitoftheintendedHg  h  concentrationmeasurementrange.Thespanvalueisavalueequal   totwotimestheemissionstandard. |    3.7MeasurementError(ME)meansthedifferencebetween (x  theconcentrationindicatedbytheCEMSandtheknown 0 concentrationgeneratedbyareferencegaswhentheentireCEMS,  includingthesamplinginterface,ischallenged.AMEtest 8 procedureisperformedtodocumenttheaccuracyandlinearityof 4 theCEMSatseveralpointsoverthemeasurementrange.    3.8UpscaleDrift(UD)meansthedifferenceintheCEMS < outputresponsestoaHgreferencegaswhentheentireCEMS, D includingthesamplinginterface,ischallengedafterastated   periodofoperationduringwhichnounscheduledmaintenance, L!" repair,oradjustmenttookplace. "H$   3.9ZeroDrift(ZD)meansthedifferenceintheCEMSoutput $& responsestoazerogaswhentheentireCEMS,includingthe \&!( samplinginterface,ischallengedafterastatedperiodof (X#* operationduringwhichnounscheduledmaintenance,repair,or )%, adjustmenttookplace. `+&.   3.10RelativeAccuracy(RA)meanstheabsolutemean  -\(0 differencebetweenthepollutantconcentration(s)determinedby  theCEMSandthevaluedeterminedbythereferencemethod(RM) \ plusthe2.5percenterrorconfidencecoefficientofaseriesof X testsdividedbythemeanoftheRMtestsortheapplicable   emissionlimit. `  4.0Interferences.[Reserved]  \  5.0Safety.     Theproceduresrequiredunderthisperformancespecification |  mayinvolvehazardousmaterials,operations,andequipment.This (x  performancespecificationmaynotaddressallofthesafety $ problemsassociatedwiththeseprocedures.Itisthe  responsibilityoftheusertoestablishappropriatesafetyand ,| healthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicableregulatory ( limitationspriortoperformingtheseprocedures.TheCEMS  user'smanualandmaterialsrecommendedbythereferencemethod 0 shouldbeconsultedforspecificprecautionstobetaken. , 6.0EquipmentandSupplies.     6.1CEMSEquipmentSpecifications. @!"   6.1.1DataRecorderScale.TheCEMSdatarecorderoutput "<$ rangemustincludezeroandahighlevelvalue.Thehighlevel $& valuemustbeapproximately2timestheHgconcentration D&!( correspondingtotheemissionstandardlevelforthestackgas '@#* underthecircumstancesexistngasthestackgasissampled.If )$, alowerhighlevelvalueisused,theCEMSmusthavethe H+&. capabilityofprovidingmultiplehighlevelvalues(oneofwhich ,D(0 isequaltothespanvalue)orbecapableofautomatically  changingthehighlevelvalueasrequired(uptospecifiedhigh \ levelvalue)suchthatthemeasuredvaluedoesnotexceed95 X percentofthehighlevelvalue.     6.1.2TheCEMSdesignshouldalsoprovideforthe `  determinationofresponsedriftatboththezeroandmidlevel  \  value.Ifthisisnotpossibleorpractical,thedesignmust   allowthesedeterminationstobeconductedatalowlevelvalue d  (zeroto20percentofthehighlevelvalue)andatavalue `  between50and100percentofthehighlevelvalue.     6.2ReferenceGasDeliverySystem.Thereferencegas h deliverysystemmustbedesignedsothattheflowrateof d referencegasintroducedtotheCEMSisthesameatallthree  challengelevelsspecifiedinSection7.1andatalltimes l exceedstheflowrequirementsoftheCEMS. h   6.3Otherequipmentandsupplies,asneededbythe  applicablereferencemethodused.SeeSection8.6.2. p  7.0ReagentsandStandards. !l"   7.1ReferenceGases. "$$   7.1.1ZeroN2orAir.Lessthan0.1gHg/m3. $&   7.1.2MidLevelHgOandHgCl2.40%to60%ofspan. ,&|!(   7.1.3HighLevelHgOandHgCl2󀀀80%to100%ofspan. '(#*   7.2ReagentsandStandards.Mayberequiredforthe )$, referencemethods.SeeSection8.6.2. 0+&. 8.0PerformanceSpecificationTestProcedure. ,,(0   8.1InstallationandMeasurementLocationSpecifications.    8.1.1CEMSInstallation.InstalltheCEMSatanaccessible h locationdownstreamofallpollutioncontrolequipment.Since d theHgCEMSsamplesystemnormallyextractsgasfromasingle   pointinthestack,usealocationthathasbeenshowntobefree l  ofstratificationforSO2andNOxthroughconcentration  h  measurementtraversesforthosegases.Ifthecauseoffailure   tomeettheRAtestrequirementisdeterminedtobethe p  measurementlocationandasatisfactorycorrectiontechnique l  cannotbeestablished,theAdministratormayrequiretheCEMSto  berelocated. t   Measurementlocationsandpointsorpathsthataremost  p likelytoprovidedatathatwillmeettheRArequirementsare  listedbelow. x   8.1.1MeasurementLocation.Themeasurementlocation $t shouldbe(1)atleasteightequivalentdiametersdownstreamof   thenearestcontroldevice,pointofpollutantgeneration,bend, |  orotherpointatwhichachangeofpollutantconcentrationor (!x" flowdisturbancemayoccurand(2)atleasttwoequivalent "$$ diametersupstreamfromtheeffluentexhaust.Theequivalent $& ductdiameteriscalculatedasper40CFRpart60,AppendixA, ,&|!( Method1. '(#*   8.1.2HgCEMSSampleextractionPoint.Useasample )$, extractionpoint(1)nolessthan1.0meterfromthestackor 0+&. ductwall,or(2)withinthecentroidalvelocitytraverseareaof ,,(0 thestackorductcrosssection.    8.2ReferenceMethod(RM)MeasurementLocationandTraverse \ Points.TheRMmeasurementlocationshouldbeatapointor X pointsinthesamestackcrosssectionalareaastheCEMSis   located,accordingtothecriteriaabove.TheRMandCEMS `  locationsneednotbeimmediatelyadjacent.Theyshouldbeas  \  closeaspossiblewithoutcausinginterferencewithoneanother.   e  8.3MeasurementError(ME)TestProcedure.TheHgCEMS d  mustbeconstructedtopermittheintroductionofknown(NIST `  traceable)concentrationsofelementalmercury(HgO)andmercuric   chloride(HgCl2)separatelyintothesamplingsystemoftheCEMS h immediatelypreceedingthesampleextractionfiltrationsystem d suchthattheentireCEMScanbechallenged.Injectsequentially  eachofthethreereferencegases(zero,midlevel,andhigh l level)foreachHgspecies.CEMSmeasurementsofeachreference h gasshallnotdifferfromtheirrespectivereferencevaluesby  morethan5%ofthespanvalue.Ifthisspecificationisnot p  met,identifyandcorrecttheproblembeforeproceeding. !l"   8.4UpscaleDrift(UD)TestProcedure. "$   8.4.1UDTestPeriod.Whiletheaffectedfacilityis t$& operatingatmorethan50percentofnormalload,orasspecified  &p!( inanapplicablesubpart,determinethemagnitudeoftheUDonce '#* eachday(at24hourintervals)forsevenconsecutivedays x)$, accordingtotheproceduregiveninSections8.4.2through8.4.3. $+t&.   8.4.2ThepurposeoftheUDmeasurementistoverifythe , (0 abilityoftheCEMStoconformtotheestablishedCEMSresponse  usedfordeterminingemissionconcentrationsoremissionrates. \ Therefore,ifperiodicautomaticormanualadjustmentsaremade X totheCEMSzeroandresponsesettings,conducttheUDtest   immediatelybeforetheseadjustments,orconductitinsuchaway `  thattheUDcanbedetermined.  \    8.4.3ConducttheUDtestatthemidlevelpointspecified   inSection7.1.EvaluateupscaledriftforelementalHg(HgO) d  only.IntroducethereferencegastotheCEMS.RecordtheCEMS `  responseandsubtractthereferencevaluefromtheCEMvalue(see   exampledatasheetinFigure12A1). h   8.5ZeroDrift(ZD)TestProcedure. d   8.5.1ZDTestPeriod.Whiletheaffectedfacilityis  operatingatmorethan50percentofnormalload,orasspecified l inanapplicablesubpart,determinethemagnitudeoftheZDonce h eachday(at24hourintervals)forsevenconsecutivedays  accordingtotheproceduregiveninSections8.5.2through8.5.3. p    8.5.2ThepurposeoftheZDmeasurementistoverifythe !l" abilityoftheCEMStoconformtotheestablishedCEMSresponse "$ usedfordeterminingemissionconcentrationsoremissionrates. t$& Therefore,ifperiodicautomaticormanualadjustmentsaremade  &p!( totheCEMSzeroandresponsesettings,conducttheZDtest '#* immediatelybeforetheseadjustments,orconductitinsuchaway x)$, thattheZDcanbedetermined. $+t&.   8.5.3ConducttheZDtestatthezerolevelspecifiedin , (0 Section7.1.IntroducethezerogastotheCEMS.Recordthe  CEMSresponseandsubtractthezerovaluefromtheCEMvalue(see \ exampledatasheetinFigure12A1). X   8.6RelativeAccuracy(RA)TestProcedure.     8.6.1RATestPeriod.ConducttheRAtestaccordingtothe `  proceduregiveninSections8.6.2through8.6.6whilethe  \  affectedfacilityisoperatingatnormalfullload,oras   specifiedinanapplicablesubpart.TheRAtestcanbeconducted d  duringtheUDtestperiod. `    8.6.2ReferenceMethod(RM).Unlessotherwisespecifiedin   anapplicablesubpartoftheregulations,useeitherMethod29in h AppendixAto40CFRPart60,orASTMMethodD678402 d (incorporatedbyreferencein60.17)astheRMforHg.Donot  includethefilterableportionofthesamplewhenmaking l comparisonstotheCEMSresults.ConductallRMtestswith h pairedorduplicatesamplingsystems.    8.6.3SamplingStrategyforRMTests.ConducttheRMtests p  insuchawaythattheywillyieldresultsrepresentativeofthe !l" emissionsfromthesourceandcanbecomparedtotheCEMSdata. "$ Itispreferabletoconductthediluent(ifapplicable),moisture t$& (ifneeded),andHgmeasurementssimultaneously.However,  &p!( diluentandmoisturemeasurementsthataretakenwithinanhour '#* oftheHgmeasurementscanusedtoadjusttheresultstoa x)$, consistentbasis.InordertocorrelatetheCEMSandRMdata $+t&. properly,notethebeginningandendofeachRMtestperiodfor , (0 eachpairedRMrun(includingtheexacttimeofday)ontheCEMS  chartrecordingsorotherpermanentrecordofoutput. \   8.6.4NumberandlengthofRMTests.Conductaminimumof X ninepairedsetsofallnecessaryRMtestrunsthatmeetthe   relativestandarddeviationcriteriaofthisPS.Useaminimum `  sampleruntimeof2hoursforeachpair.  \    NOTE: MorethanninepairedsetsofRMtestscanbe   performed.Ifthisoptionischosen,testresultscanbe   rejectedsolongasthetotalnumberofpairedRMtestresults ,|  usedtodeterminetheCEMSRAisgreaterthanorequaltonine. ( However,alldatamustbereported,includingtherejecteddata.    8.6.5CorrelationofRMandCEMSData.CorrelatetheCEMS 0 andtheRMtestdataastothetimeanddurationbyfirst , determiningfromtheCEMSfinaloutput(theoneusedfor  reporting)theintegratedaveragepollutantconcentrationor 4 emissionrateforeachpollutantRMtestperiod.Considersystem 0 responsetime,ifimportant,andconfirmthattheresultsareon   aconsistentmoisture,temperature,anddiluentconcentration 8!" basiswiththepairedRMtest.Then,compareeachintegrated "4$ CEMSvalueagainstthecorrespondingaverageofthepairedRM $& values. <&!(   8.6.6PairedRMOutliers. '8#*   a.Outliersareidentifiedthroughthedeterminationof )$, precisionandanysystematicbiasofthepairedRMtests.Data @+&. thatdonotmeetthiscriteriashouldbeflaggedasadata ,<(0 qualityproblem.TheprimaryreasonforperformingdualRM  samplingistogenerateinformationtoquantifytheprecisionof \ theRMdata.Therelativestandarddeviation(RSD)ofpaired X dataistheparameterusedtoquantifydataprecision.Determine   RSDfortwosimultaneouslygathereddatapointsasfollows: `  Ѐ p:*&p \zR `.E} RRxp} p   \  whereCaandCbareconcentrationvaluesdeterminedfromtrainsA   andBrespectively.ForRSDcalculation,theconcentrationunits ^  areunimportantsolongastheyareconsistent.  Z   b.AminimumprecisioncriteriaforRMHgdataisthatRSD  foranydatapairmustbe10%aslongasthemeanHg b concentrationisgreaterthan1.0%g/m3.IfthemeanHg ^ concentrationislessthanorequalto1.0%g/m3,theRSDmustbe   20%.PairsofRMdataexceedingtheseRSDcriteriashouldbe f eliminatedfromthedatasetusedtodevelopaHgCEMS b correlationortoassessCEMSRA.    8.6.7CalculatethemeandifferencebetweentheRMandCEMS j!  valuesintheunitsoftheemissionstandard,thestandard #f" deviation,theconfidencecoefficient,andtheRAaccordingto $ $ theproceduresinSection12.0. n&!&   8.7Reporting.Ataminimum(checkwiththeappropriate (j#( EPARegionalOffice,State,orLocalAgencyforadditional )%* requirements,ifany),summarizeintabularformtheresultsof r+&, theRDtestsandtheRAtestsoralternativeRAprocedure,as -n(. appropriate.Includealldatasheets,calculations,charts  (recordsofCEMSresponses),referencegasconcentration \ certifications,andanyotherinformationnecessarytoconfirm X thattheperformanceoftheCEMSmeetstheperformancecriteria.   9.0QualityControl.[Reserved] `  10.0CalibrationandStandardization.[Reserved]  h  11.0AnalyticalProcedure.     Samplecollectionandanalysisareconcurrentforthis   PerformanceSpecification(seeSection8.0).RefertotheRM 4  employedforspecificanalyticalprocedures. 0 12.0CalculationsandDataAnalysis.    Summarizetheresultsonadatasheetsimilartothatshown D inFigure22forPerformanceSpecification2. @   12.1ConsistentBasis.AlldatafromtheRMandCEMSmust  beonaconsistentdrybasisand,asapplicable,onaconsistent H diluentbasis.CorrecttheRMandCEMSdataformoistureand D diluentasfollows:     12.1.1MoistureCorrection(asapplicable).Correcteach L!" wetRMrunformoisturewiththecorrespondingMethod4data; "H$ correcteachwetCEMSrunusingthecorrespondingCEMSmoisture $& monitordateusingEquation12A2. P&!( WGCz ( p @Xdddddddd@Ee'Zd0<> ' ####e(#e(# ######## ######## e(#e(#####  12.1.2CorrectiontoUnitsofStandard(asapplicable). -P(0 CorrecteachdryRMruntotheunitsoftheemissionstandard  withthecorrespondingMethod3Bdata;correcteachdryCEMSrun \ usingthecorrespondingCEMSdiluentmonitordataasfollows: X   12.1.2.1CorrecttoDiluentBasis.Thefollowingisan   exampleofconcentration(ppm)correctionto7%oxygen. `  \LHzx g  p @Xdddddddd@EOs d" =@   efefe(#e(# efefefef efefefef e(#e(#efef  Thefollowingisanexampleofmass/grosscalorificvalue `  (lbs/millionBtu)correction.   @lbs/MMBtu=Conc(dry)(Ffactor)(20.9/20.9%02) h   12.2ArithmeticMean.Calculatethearithmeticmeanofthe d difference,d,ofadatasetasfollows:  QA=z  0X @Xdddddddd@Eel76do-@ l efefe(#e(# efefefef efefefef e(#e(#efef  where: !l" 0  n=Numberofdatapoints."$(#(# 12.3StandardDeviation.Calculatethestandarddeviation,Sd, t$& asfollows:  &p!( ()[KGzx \  0X @Xddddddd@Ei((d5@ i'' eieie(#e(# eieieiei eieieiei eieieiei , (0eiei   where:  VFBz ( 0X@Xddddddd@Ee\7ddoe\ y!(#y!(#e(#e(# e(#e(#y!(#y!(#  12.4ConfidenceCoefficient.Calculatethe2.5percent `  errorconfidencecoefficient(onetailed),CC,asfollows:  \  [KGzx   0X @Xddddddd@EN>dv1@ ' eee(#e(# eeee eeee e(#e(#ee  12.5RelativeAccuracy.CalculatetheRAofasetofdata d  eveve(#e(# evevevev evevevev evevevev e(#e(#evevasfollows: p  ^NJz|   0X @Xddddddd@Ev'S b@ v'x߰   "$ where: t$& 0  |)dAxx6|0 (#(#=0m  (# (#Absolutevalueofthemeandifferences(from  &p!( Equation12A4).'#*m (#m (# 0  |CC|=0m (#(#Absolutevalueoftheconfidencecoefficient(from x)$, Equation12A6).$+t&.m (#m (# 0  )Rxx6)Mxx60 (#(#=0m  (# (#AverageRMvalue.Incaseswheretheaverage , (0 emissionsforthetestarelessthan50percentof  theapplicablestandard,substitutetheemission \ standardvalueinthedenominatorofEq.12A7in X placeof)Rxx6)Mxx6.Inallothercases,use)Rxx6)Mxx6. m (#m (# 13.0MethodPerformance. `    13.1MeasurementError(ME).MEisassessedatmidlevel  h  andhighlevelvaluesasgivenbelowusingstandardsforbothHgo   andHgCl2.ThemeandifferencebetweentheindicatedCEMS p  concentrationandthereferenceconcentrationvalueforeach l  standardshallbenogreaterthan5%ofspan.Thesame  differenceforthezeroreferencegasshallbenogreaterthan5% t ofspan.  p   13.2UpscaleDrift(UD).TheCEMSdesignmustallowthe  determinationofUDoftheanalyzer.TheCEMSresponsecannot x driftordeviatefromthebenchmarkvalueofthereference $t standardbymorethan5%ofspanforthemidlevelvalue.   EvaluateupscaledriftforelementalHg(HgO)only. |    13.3ZeroDrift(ZD).TheCEMSdesignmustallowthe (!x" determinationofdriftatthezerolevel.Thisdriftshallnot "$$ exceed5%ofspan. $&   13.4RelativeAccuracy(RA).TheRAoftheCEMSmustbeno ,&|!( greaterthan20percentofthemeanvalueoftheRMtestdatain '(#* termsofunitsoftheemissionstandard,or10percentofthe )$, applicablestandard,whicheverisgreater. 0+&. 14.0PollutionPrevention.[Reserved] ,,(0 15.0WasteManagement.[Reserved]  16.0AlternativeProcedures.[Reserved] h 17.0Bibliography.  p   17.140CFRPart60,AppendixB, Performance  ( Specification2SpecificationsandTestProceduresforSO2and   NOXContinuousEmissionMonitoringSystemsinStationarySources. 0     17.240CFRPart60,AppendixA, Method29 ,  DeterminationofMetalsEmissionsfromStationarySources.     17.3ASTMMethodD678402, StandardTestMethodfor 4  Elemental,Oxidized,ParticleBoundandTotalMercuryinFlueGas 0 GeneratedfromCoalFiredStationarySources(OntarioHydro  Method). 8 18.0TablesandFigures. 4 @bb' TABLE12A1.tVALUES.   *1 ddd Xdd Xdd Xe(#e(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  4'dd t4@na 0# \ 0@   t0.975 0# \ 0@*na 0# \ 0@;;5+t0.975 0# \  0@D?na 0# \! 0@ccOS t0.975 H;# \" t  PH@2 0#j# 0@  12.706 0#j$ 0@+7 0#j% 0@6+2.447 0#j& 0@D?12 0#j' 0@''PS 2.201 H;#j( P  PH@3 0#) 0@  4.303 0#* 0@+8 0#+ 0@6+2.365 0#, 0@D?13 0#- 0@''PS 2.179 H;#. P  PH@4 0#&!v/ 0@  3.182 0#&!v0 0@+9 0#&!v1 0@6+2.306 0#&!v2 0@D?14 0#&!v3 0@''PS 2.160 H;#&!v4 P  PH@5 0#"5 0@  2.776 0#"6 0@*10 0#"7 0@6+2.262 0#"8 0@D?15 0#"9 0@''PS 2.145 L;#": P  `L@6 4##2; 4@  2.571 4##2< 4@*11 4##2= 4@6+2.228 4##2> 4@D?16 4##2? 4@''PS 2.1313)'#2@  `   3a0  Thevaluesinthistablearealreadycorrectedforn1degreesoffreedom. % @ Usenequaltothenumberofindividualvalues.&B"B(#(#   +&H 0XXe0*45 dddd dd dd dd dd dd 1e(#e(#,dd ,dd ,9td ,td ,etd ,Ftd ,td +  <+(x(x  <Zero    Level X  Ѐ   Mid 8 level J=2`" @ JDay ;,! " ;Date (x and  ! Time ;,! h#" ;Reference (x& Value  ( (C) ;,! h*" ;CEMS (x- Value  / (M) ;,! h1" ;Measurement (x4 Error ;,! 6" ;Drift (x9  I?, ;"   I $  $; $ 2#\ < 2 2#\ = 2 2#\ > 2 2#\ ? 2 2#\ @ 2 @6#\ A   @ $  A $ 2#,| B 2 2#,| C 2 2#,| D 2 2#,| E 2 2#,| F 2 @6#,| G   @ $ f G $ 2#> H 2 2#> I 2 2#> J 2 2#> K 2 2#> L 2 @6#> M   @ $ (x M $ 2# N 2 2# O 2 2# P 2 2# Q 2 2# R 2 @6# S   w@ $ :S $ 2#rT 2 2#rU 2 2#rV 2 2#rW 2 2#rX 2 @6#rY w  @ $ aY $ 2#9Z 2 2#9[ 2 2#9\ 2 2#9] 2 2#9^ 2 @6#9_    @ $ #s_ $ 2#` 2 2#a 2 2#b 2 2#c 2 2#d 2 @6#e    @ $ 0e $ 2#f 2 2#g 2 2#h 2 2#i 2 2#j 2 P?#k   OPHigh p level A4). ~r$ A 2#s 2 2#t 2 2#u 2 2#v 2 2#w 2 @6#x O  /@ $ x $ 2# Zy 2 2# Zz 2 2# Z{ 2 2# Z| 2 2# Z} 2 @6# Z~ /  /@ $ ~ $ 2#N 2 2#N 2 2#N 2 2#N 2 2#N 2 @6#N /  /@ $  Z $ 2# 2 2# 2 2# 2 2# 2 2# 2 @6# /  /@ $ N  $ 2# & 2 2# & 2 2# & 2 2# & 2 2# & 2 @6# & /  /@ $ ! $ 2#"j 2 2#"j 2 2#"j 2 2#"j 2 2#"j 2 @6#"j /  /@ $ "& $ 2#^# 2 2#^# 2 2#^# 2 2#^# 2 2#^# 2 @6#^# /  ?@ ( $j ( 4#$ 4 4#$ 4 4#$ 4 4#$ 4 4#$ 43)'$  ?   3#X€X\##XeXXX€{# Figure12A1.ZeroandUpscaleDriftDetermination . '&#