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X!  '.    ?+ ` hp x (#X?  ?+ 4 <DL!X?%XX%|XXX%X   7[!XX#XX! 7[#(e2$ Jz|!XXXXXX     1($XXXXXX      1    _TheNational_Wildland_ԀFireCoordinatingGrouprecommendedanewterminology,effective  January1,1998thatredefines_wildland_Ԁfireas anynonstructurefire,otherthanprescribedfire,thatoccursinthe_wildland_.Prescribedfirewouldincludeonlyfiresignitedbymanagementaction.Ifthatlanguageisadoptedbytheagencies,thisparagraphallotherusesof _wildland_Ԁfireand prescribedfirewillhavetoberevised.($    (f(3($ Jz|!XXXXXX       0    .'3XX3XXXX   _'   !X      3|XX4||'.     X!  '.    ?+ ` hp x (#X?  ?+ 4 <DL!X?4XX%|3XXX%X  3 7[!XXAPPENDIXD#3XX! 7[#\  `*Times New RomanTT\  `*Times New RomanTTC"?? C9burnaverage(tabularvalue) 9??*@C"?? C9$` $sitespecificinformationtoallowconsumptiontobeapportionedintoflamingvs.smolderingphases =???*DC?? C=0` h` X0AssignedbasedonAP42.(NotethatAP42section E onwildlandfiremustbeupdated) N???=%FC  ??? CN7.Typeofburnor $ ` ` X$0   fuelbed    0   E???4)   C??? CE! ` !category ;???*(C"??? C;none =????*(C"??? C='` '0  # broadcast,pile,rightofway,  0  # spotburning J???7)C???? CJ3` h` X3Canincreaseaccuracyofconsumptionestimatesandemissionfactorassignment.5+) C   ??? 5*M?\ededr9)@Z9)@9)@ 9)@A99@Q[4-4-,r9)@,99)@,9)@, 9)@,)99@+  3???"    C38.PurposeofBurn ;???*  C??? C;! ` ` X!category ;???*  C"??? C;none =????*  C"??? C=$` $ecosystemmanagement,wastedisposal,habitatenhancement =????* C???? C=0` h` X0CanbeusedifSIPstrategiesorpermittingdiffersbyclassofburn5+) C  ???? 5    U/TRY3' LetterO'33' Letter'3 Letter LandscapeT  t4Q:44 <DL!T$&)\+-` XQXXATRO'3 Letter LandscapeY3' Letter'3 Letter Landscape3' LetterTWILDFIREEMISSIONINVENTORYDATAREQUIREMENTS  recommendedforallreportedwildfireslargerthan10acresandconsumingmorethan100tonsofbiomass      ] 0  3      0 t  ]@4` hp x (#%'0*,.44 ,<X]0  04--   #XAXL# 4-4- *La dedr9)@99)@9)@ 9)@)99@M?\--,9)@,:9)@,39)@,v 9)@,99@+  7??5" 8  C7 INFORMATION H 0 NEEDED ???5*8 C"??5 C?Units ???5*8 C"??5 C?MinimumRequirement ???5*8  C"??5 C?34` , X3OverviewofOptionsforIncreasingPrecision ????5*8  C"??5 C?< 4` h, X<Comments L??=%8  C"  ???5 CLQ1.Timeperiod 9??*8 C?? C9-4` , X-time 9??*8 C"?? C9year 9??*8 C"?? C9-4` ,-season;month;wildfirestart,majorspread,control,anddeclaredoutdates;activitybyday =???*C?? C= @* < 4` h, X<Finesttimeresolutionforwhichtheinventoryresultswillbeused. L??=%( C  ??? CL2.Location 9??*C?? C9-4` , X-n/a 9??*C"?? C9administrativearea 9??* C"?? C9-4` ,-county;latitudeandlongitude;watershed =???* C?? C=< 4` h, X< L??=%C  ??? CL3.Areaactuallyburned 9??* C?? C9-4` , X-acres 9??* C"?? C9acres 9??* !C"?? C9-4` ,-acresblackstratifiedbyothercategoriesofinformationsuchasdate,fuelbed,areaburnedinsevere,moderateandlowintensity,etc. =???*&C?? C=< 4` h, X<Currently,reportedwildfireareaburnedisgenerallyperimeterareawhichresultsinasystematicoverestimationofareaburnedbyasmuchasonethird. L??=% *C  ??? CL4.Fuelbeddescription 9??*C?? C9-4` , X-typeortonsperacre 9??* C"?? C9grass/brush/forestfloor/forestcrownsorslash 9??*  C"?? C9-4` ,-vegetativetype,fuelprofile,fuelprofilebyloadingcategory(high/medium/low),percentofareaburnedbyfuelbeddescription =???* C?? C=< 4` h, X<Criticalforestimatingfuelloadingandassigninganemissionfactorbutmayalsobeusedforestimatingfuelconsumed.Unfortunately covertypeatpointofignitionisallthatisindicatedonfirereports.Minimally,acresburnedaretobestratifiedby grass,brush,forestfloor,timbercrowns,orslash.Thisisthemostcriticallylackingvariableinmostcurrentfirereports,andsomeapproachtoaugmentingtheinformationshouldbeconsidered. L??=%C  ??? CL5.Fuelconsumed 9??*C?? C9-4` , X-percentortons/acre 9??*p C"?? C9expertestimate 9??*C"?? C9-4` ,-moreresearchisneededtodevelopalgorithmstopredictwildfirefuelconsumption =???*p C?? C=< 4` h, X<Verydifficulttoestimateaccuratelyandlikelyvarieswidelythroughoutawildfirearea. L??=% !C  ??? CL6.Emissionfactor 9??*p "C?? C9-4` , X-lbs/ton 9??*p #C"?? C9averagevaluefromtable 9??*x` %C"?? C9-4` ,-seefuelbeddescription =???*p &C?? C=< 4` h, X<AssignedbasedonAP42.(NotethatAP42section p ' onwildlandfiremustbeupdated.) N???=%x` (C  ??? CN7.ControlStrategy ;???*x` )C??? C;-4` , X-category ;???*x` *C"??? C;none ;???*x` +C"??? C;-4` ,-fullsupression,modified,limited =????*hP-C??? C=< 4` h, X<MaybeusedinsomeSIPstrategiesinordertoidentifysourcesthatareallowedtoburntoachieveresourcebenefitsoreconomicefficiency.5+)X@0C   ???? 5]@4` hp x (#%'0*,., X]0  04--    4-4- 0  04--    4-4-   XXA  8 2 TRY3' LetterO'3 Letter Landscape3' Letter'3 Letter LandscapeTEMISSIONINVENTORYPRECISIONOPTIONS h  \-exp    XAXXAXXXA' X, X'    B.4 <DL!XBXXA      F  ?+F  N V^f!X?Ekexp    XAXXAXXXA! XFX!  F  ?+ 4 <DL!X? LEVEL0DEFAULTLEVELOFINVENTORY  8  Level0isbasedoninformationcurrentlyavailableinpublishedreports,orinthefilesandmemoriesofburners.StatesshouldresorttothislevelonlyifLevelIisunattainable. Part1.CurrentPrescribedBurningLevel0   TwomultiplestateexamplesareusefulinunderstandingpossibleapproachestoaLevel0inventoryforcurrentprescribedburning.PetersonandWard(1992)compiledanestimateofburningthat_was_Ԁaccomplishedduring1989usingsimplesurveyformsthataskedburnmanagersinall50statesfortheapproximateareaburnedintheirjurisdiction,thefiredangerratingfuelmodel(20possible),theirfuelconsumptionobjective,seasonaldistributionoftheburning,thereasonforburning,andtheirpredictionoffireusetrends.Estimatesofduffandlitter(organiclayer)loadingswereaddedtothefuelmodelsusingexpertjudgment.Generalizedconsumptionestimatesweremadebasedoneithertheconsumptionobjective,ifreported,oranexpertjudgmentbasedonthereasonforburning.Emissionfactorswereassignedbasedonfuelmodel.Thisinventoryremainsthebestnationalinventoryavailable,butisquitevariableinitsaccuracy.Also,therehasbeendramaticchangeinseveralstatesintheamountofburningsince1989duetochangingtimberharvestsandduetotheincreaseinburningforecosystemrestoration.Itwouldbepossibletorepeatthistypeofstudyforamorerecentperiodofrecordwithafewmonths effort,butitwouldsuffersimilar_QA_/QCproblems,andonceagainbea   singlesnapshotintimeratherthananongoingprocess._Lahm_ԀandPeterson(inpreparation)compiledaspatiallyresolvedinventoryofprescribedburningduring1currentandtwofutureyears(1995,2015,and2040)for10westernstatesaspartoftheGrandCanyonVisibilityTransportCommissionstudy.Fourteenvegetativecovertypeswerespatiallymappedthroughoutthedomainusingremotesenseddatawithinwhichuptothreelevels(high,medium,andlow)werespecifiedbyfieldburnersandusedtocharacterizefuelloadingresultingin37uniquefuelmodels.Fuelconsumption_was_Ԁestimatedusingalgorithmsthatreliedonanexpertpanelassignedfuelmoisture(dry,normal,orwet)believedtobemostfrequentlyassociatedwiththeburnerreportedtypeofburning(initialentry,maintenance,broadcast,pile,orprescribednaturalfire).Emissionfactorswereassignedbasedonthevegetativecovertype. +$' ЇThe_Lahm_ԀandPetersoninventoryprovidesagoodmodelforestimatingemissionsfromfutureprescribedburningandfuturewildfirebutthedatacompiledaspartoftheGrandCanyonVisibilityTransportCommissionstudyneedsrefinementatthestateorlocalleveltogainaccuracy. Part2.CurrentWildfireActivityLevel0    Nomeaningfulestimateofrecentwildfireemissionsexistsonanationalscale,althoughthe_GCVTC_Ԁinventoriedaveragewildfireemissionsfor10Westernstatesfortheperiod19861992.Wildfireareaburnedisreasonablyavailableinpublishedstatisticalsummariesandinagencyrecords,buttheonlyinformationconsistentlyavailableisareaburned,date,andlocation.Meaningfulbiomassinformationisonlyoccasionallyavailable.Anexpertcouldroughlycategorizetheinformationavailableinfirereportsintocovertypes(e.g.forest,brush,andgrassland),presumeabiomassconsumptionforeach(e.g.40,10,and2tonsperacre)andapplyasingleemissionfactor(e.g.27lbs./ton).Thiswouldnotbeahugeeffort,butithasnotyetbeendone. Part3.FuturePrescribedBurningLevel0   Theoretical,butunspecificestimatesoffutureprescribedfireareavailablefromHardy(unpublished1997)Theseestimatesarebasedonthehistoricnaturalfrequencyoffire,appliedtomapsofecosystemdistribution,usingfuelmodelsandgeneralconsumptionandemissionfactorvalues.Theydonotreflectpolicyortruemanagementintent.Estimatesoffutureprescribedfire(years2015and2040)arealsoavailablefromthe_Lahm_ԀandPetersoninventoryfor10westernstates.Theseweredevelopedusingsimilarmethodologytothe1995inventorybutfieldmanagerswereaskedtoestimatefuturefireusebasedsolelyonwhattheybelievedecosystemsneedtoremainhealthyandexcludinganticipated(andunquantifiable)futurepoliticalrealities,funding,andpersonnelrestrictions(althoughperceptionsoftheseundoubtedlyinfluencedtheprocess).Intheaggregate,resultsfromtheFEPagreewithwhatlandmanagersexpectforthefutureroleoffireinecosystemsoftheWest,andwithexistinglandmanagementandfireusegoalslaidoutinmajoragencyplanningdocuments.Theaccuracyoftheinputdataisinconsistentbetweenandwithinthe10statesso,althoughthemethodologyisusefulfordevelopingfutureinventoriesofthistype,thedataneedsrefinementatthestateorlocalleveltogainaccuracy.Althoughfederallandmanagershavesetgeneralgoalsforincreasingprescribedburning,andinfacttheincreasehasalreadybeguninsomejurisdictions,noconsistently ,%( developed,detailedprojectionofburningplannedfortheendofthenextdecadehasbeencompiled. [SAM,ISTHISSTILLTRUE?] Aslandmanagementandprogramplansare  completedoverthenextfewyears,theseprojectionswillbecomeincreasinglyavailable.Aninterimstepfordevelopinganemissionsinventoryforfutureprescribedburningwouldbetousethe_Lahm_ԀandPetersonmethodology(withappropriatemodificationsandadjustments)andapplyittoeachindividualstate.Existingdataforthe10westernstatesmustbereviewedandupdated,anddatafortheremaining40statesneedstobecompiled. Part4.FutureWildfireActivityLevel0  x`  Wildfireshaveincreaseddramaticallyinsomeregionsofthecountry,especiallyintheWest,duringthepastdecade.Therearesomespeculativeeffortsthatprojectthefrequenciesofwildfiresunderfuturelanduseandclimatescenarios(e.g._FosbergSampsonandcClark,1996_1993,,_Lenihan_Ԁunpublished)Noestimateoffuturewildfireactivityiscurrentlyavailablethatwouldprovideareasonablebasisforanemissioninventoryprojection.Ourrecommendation,intheabsenceofimprovedanalysis,istousetheperiod19871996tocharacterizetheaverageareaburnedbywildfireinfutureyears.Thisinventoryneedstobedeveloped.&  LEVELI"BASICLEVELOFINVENTORY    LevelIistheminimumlevelthatwouldbeconsideredanationalnormtosupportSIPdevelopment . LevelIinventoryreliesoninformationcurrentlyavailabletosomestates fN viaburnpermitprograms,smokemanagementprograms,andindividualwildfirereports.Existingdatacollectionwouldbeaugmentedduring19982000(orotherthreeyearperiodconsistentwithSIPdevelopment)by:  C < $#NCB.4` <DL!XB0 4 0` 4!4! 4 (2  1  )3  0` ` !` !Providingaminimalprescribedburnreportincludingrawdataonthetime # period,location,fueltype,andfuelconsumptionforallfireslargerthanthede_minimus_Ԁvalueinallstatesduringthe3yearperiod,'    ` !` ! H+ 4 <DL!4, XH0 4  4!4! ,        B.4` <DL!XB0 4 0` 4!4! 4 (2  2  )3  0` ` !` !Providingasmallamountofadditionalinformationforallwildfires(10acres ' # orlarger)thatdescribesthe_fuelbed_Ԁintheburnedarea(i.e.identifiesthepredominantfuelasone5basictypes),and ` !` ! H+ 4 <DL!4, XH,imat      B.4` <DL!XB0 4 0` 4!4! 4 (2  3  )3  0` ` !` !Providingsomeadditionalinformationforlargewildfires(100acresor d+L$' larger)thatalsodescribesthespatialvariabilityinfueltypeandfuel T,<%( consumedoverthearea,i.e.stratifiestherawdatabyfueltypeandfireseverity. ` !` ! ,imat      C < $$<CH+ 4 <DL!4, XH Part1.CurrentPrescribedBurningLevelI    Werecommendthatallstatescompilestatisticsduringthenextthreeyears,basedprimarilyonburningpermitsissuedinmanystates,withsomeverificationandfillinginofdatabystateforestryofficesattheendoftheburningseason.Thiswillrequiresomestatestobegincollectinginformationonprescribedburningforthefirsttime.TheminimuminformationrequiredtoproduceaLevelIprescribedfireinventoryis:*=> dd9)@:9)@39)@v 9)@99@La!!, jZ@,jj@+  3???" hP  C3$4 X$InformationNeeded =????*x` C??? C=04 <DX0RequiredDataandSource L?=%x` C  ???? CL$4 X$(1)Timeperiod =??*x` C? C=04 <DX0Year,(19982000)@ 0  4            tobegina3yearrollingaverage. x`  Dateofignitionisstronglyrecommendedbecauseofgreaterutilityandeaseofcollection. L??=%X@ C ?? CL$4 X$(2)Location =???*X@C?? C=04 <DX0Appropriateadministrativeunit(county,park,forest,and/ordistrict) L??=%H0C  ??? CL$4 X$(3)Areaactuallyburned =???*H0C?? C=04 <DX0Acres,eitherfromapostburnreport,oranexpertjudgmentadjustmentofthetotalofplannedpermittedburnactivity P????=%(C  ??? CP$4 X$(4)_Fuelbed_Ԁdescription =????*(C???? C=04 <DX0Singlecharacterizationofthefuelbedintograss,brush,forestfloor,forestcrowns,orslash L??=%C  ???? CL$4 X$(5)Fuelconsumed =???*C?? C=04 <DX0Assignmentofaveragesbyalocalornationalexpert L??=%C  ??? CL$4 X$(6)Emissionfactor =???*C?? C=04 <DX0AP42assignedbasedon_fuelbed_Ԁdescription N???=%C  ??? CN$4 X$(7)Typeofburnorpurposeforburn =????*!C??? C=04 <DX0NotrequiredatLevelI5+)"C   ???? 5?+ 4 <DL!X?   # & @  Part2.CurrentWildfireActivityLevelI   TheminimuminformationrequiredtoproduceaLevelIwildfireinventoryis:*`AB dd jZ@jj@=>!!`, jZ@,jj@+  3???"   C3$4 X$InformationNeeded =????* C??? C=04 <DX0RequiredDataandSource L?=% C  ???? CL$4 X$(1)Timeperiod =??* C? C=04 <DX0Yearofburn,fromfirereport.Dateofignitionisstronglyrecommendedbecauseofgreaterutilityandeaseofcollection. L??=%  C ?? CL$4 X$(2)Location =???* C?? C=04 <DX0Administrativeunit,fromfirereport L??=% C  ??? CL$4 X$(3)Areaactuallyburned =???* C?? C=04 <DX0Fromfirereport(beawarethatperimeteracresaregenerallyreportedratherthanacresactuallyburned) L??=% C  ??? CL$4 X$(4)_Fuelbed_Ԁdescription D =???* C?? C=04 <DX0_Fuelbed_Ԁdescription,atleasttothelevelofstratificationofacresburnedbygrass,brush,forestfloor,forestcrowns,andslash,isrequired.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyaugmentingtheindividualfirereportsonallwildfiresorbyauditingwildfireeffectsinaseparatesamplingeffort. L??=%hPC  ??? CL$4 X$(5)Fuelconsumed =???*hPC?? C=04 <DX0Assignmentofaveragesbyalocalornationalexpert L??=%hPC  ??? CL$4 X$(6)Emissionfactor =???*hPC?? C=04 <DX0AP42assignedbasedon_fuelbed_Ԁdescription N???=%hPC  ??? CN$4 X$(7)Controlstrategy =????*hPC??? C=04 <DX0NotrequiredforLevelI5+)hPC   ???? 5?+ 4 <DL!X?'@J Part3.FuturePrescribedBurningLevelI X@  SameapproachasinLevel0.Thisleveldoesnotprovidejustificationforanincreasingprescribedburnprogramorformaintainingacontroversiallevelofburning. Part4.FutureWildfireActivityLevelI   # SameapproachasinLevel0.Thisleveldoesnotprovideforconsideringthetradeoffsbetweenprescribedfiresandwildfires. LEVELII"LEVELRECOMMENDEDFORBURNPROGRAMSWHEN %) ADDITIONALANALYSISIS_WARRENTED_  &* ALevelIIinventorymaybeindicatedinstateswherepressuresonburnprogramsrequiregreateraccountabilitybytheburnersandthestate,wherethepublicand/orelectedofficialsneedbetterjustificationofwhyburningisnecessary,wheretighterrestrictionsaredesiredoncertaintypesofburningtoallowformoreofanothertype,and/orwhereprojectedincreasesinburninginornearnonattainmentareasrequires 8, %0 conformityanalysis.ALevelIIinventorydoesnotprovideenoughinformationtoperformdispersionmodelanalysissodoesnotprovideenoughinformationtolink_wildland_Ԁburningquantitativelytoairqualityortospecificairqualityeventsorimpacts.Prescribedburningisaverydiverseactivityandtheinformationrequiredtodescribeitindetailcanbeverycomplexanduniquebyvegetativecovertypeandareaofthecountry.ThereforeitisnotpossibletodescribeexactlythedatathatshouldbecollectedineverystatethatwishestoimplementaLevelIIinventory.Stateswillneedtostartwiththegeneralrecommendationsgivenbelowandworkwithexpertsfromtheburningandfiresciencecommunitiestocustomdesignthedataneedsspecifictothelocalvegetationtypes,availablescience,andfireusepatternsintheirareaofinterest.LevelIIprecisionrequiresmoreinformationthanisgenerallyrequiredforburningpermitsandfirereportsinmoststates.Theadditionalinformationwillallowimprovedprecisiontogaingreaterconfidenceintheresultsoftheinventory,understandanddescribehowandwhyprescribedfireisusedacrossthestateandwithinvariousvegetativetypes,detectuseof_BACM_Ԁtechniques,trackemissionreductionprogressdueto_BACM_,andallowalimited(circumstantial)abilitytolinkimpactstoprescribedburnactivities.XXAXAX Part1.CurrentprescribedburningLevelII   *`CD dd jZ@jj@AB!!`,o jZ@,ejj@+  3???"  C3$4 X$InformationNeeded =????*C??? C=04 <DX0RequiredDataandSource L?=%C  ???? CL$4 X$(1)Timeperiod =??*C? C=04 <DX0Finerresolutionthanoneyear,inordertoapplybetteralgorithmsforbiomassconsumedandtoenableSIPstrategiestargetedtospecifictimeperiodsduringtheyear.Recordingspecificdatesisstronglyrecommended. L??=%C ?? CL$4 X$(2)Location =???* C?? C=04 <DX0Additionalinformation,suchaslegaldescriptionorlatitudelongitudeandelevation;inordertoapplybetteralgorithmsforbiomassconsumedand L??=%"!C  ??? CL$4 X$(3)Areaactuallyburned =???*#"C?? C=04 <DX0Preburnestimatesmaynotbeusedalone,butmustbeverifiedaftertheburniscompleted. L??=%$x$C  ??? CL$4 X$(4)_Fuelbed_Ԁdescription =???*%x%C?? C=04 <DX0Includecovertype,fuelconditionclass,orloadingprofile.Firebehaviormodelaloneisinsufficient. L??=%&h'C  ??? CL$4 X$(5)Fuelconsumed =???*'h (C?? C=04 <DX0Reportsufficientfireweatherandfuelsinformationtoinfera)thresholdof_flammability_Ԁ(e.g.spreading,crowning,andsmoldering)andconsumption(e.g.fuelmoisture,etc.) L??=%P*8#,C  ??? CL$4 X$(6)Emissionfactor =???*P+8$-C?? C=04 <DX0FromAP42,basedonfuelandfiretype L??=%P+8$.C  ??? CL$4 X$(7)Typeofburn =???*P,8%/C?? C=04 <DX0PileorBroadcastburning N???=%P,8%0C  ??? CN$4 X$(8)Purposeforburn =????*(C??? C=04 <DX0Someindicationofwhetherburningisforproductionefficiency,firesafety,orecosystemmanagement.5+)C   ???? 5?+ 4 <DL!X? 4 Part2.CurrentWildfireActivityLevelII    *`EF d do jZ@ejj@CD!!`,R jZ@,rjj@+  1??"   C1'4 <X'InformationNeeded =???* C?? C=04 <DX0RequiredDataandSource L??=%  C  ??? CL'4 <X'(1)Timeperiod =???*  C?? C=04 <DX0Dateofignition,fromfirereport.Dateofcontrolwouldalsobeuseful. L??=% C  ??? CL'4 <X'(2)Location =???* C?? C=04 <DX0Administrativeunit,fromfirereport L??=%C  ??? CL'4 <X'(3)Areaactuallyburned =???* C?? C=04 <DX0Becauseonlyperimeteracresarereportedonindividualfirereports,thisassessmentofactualblackenedareamustbemadebyaugmentingthefirereportonallfiresforaperiodof3years,orbyauditingwildfireeffectsinaseparatestudy. L??=% C  ??? CL'4 <X'(4)_Fuelbed_Ԁdescription =???*C?? C=04 <DX0Forfiresgraterthan100acres,stratificationoffireareabyfueltypeorfuelconditionclass,suchasbyassigningoneofseveraldozenavailablestylized_fuelbed_Ԁprofilesorconductingacoarsefuelinventoryatindividualfires,isnecessary.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyaugmentingtheindividualfirereportsonallwildfiresorbyauditingwildfireeffectsinaseparatesamplingeffort. L??=%(C  ??? CL'4 <X'(5)Biomassconsumed =???*(C?? C=04 <DX0Biomassconsumptionmustbemodeledonthebasisofweatherinformationcollectedonornearindividualwildfires(asisroutinelydone)andthe_fuelbed_descriptioninblock4.Insomefueltypes,thiswillrequireupgradingofthe CONSUMEalgorithmsthroughadditionalfieldresearch. L??=%!$C  ??? CL'4 <X'(6)Emissionfactor =???*"%C?? C=04 <DX0FromAP42. N???=%"&C  ??? CN'4 <X'(7)ControlStrategy =????*#'C??? C=04 <DX0Full,Modified,orLimitedsuppression      O 0  5      5+)#(C   ???? 5?+ 4 <DL!X? Part3.FuturePrescribedBurningLevelII  ' + Theanticipatedprescribedburnprogrammustbedescribedastheaverage,maximum, )p"- andminimumannualprogramforthenexttenyearperiod.TheinformationmustbestratifiedaccordingtoeachofthecategoriesofinformationincludedinPart1. Part4.FutureWildfireActivityLevelII    Thereisnostandardprocedurecurrentlyavailabletoanticipatereductionofwildfireactivityduetoprescribedburningorclimatefluctuations.Suchanalysesmustbeindividuallytailoredtothespecificsituation,andmustconsiderthechangesineachofthecategoriesofinformationincludedinPart2. DATAMANAGEMENTISSUES  hP    B.4 <DL!XBXXA          XAXXAXXXA XX  Thusfar,wehaveonlydescribedtheminimumlevelofrawdatathatmustbecollected pX  forindividualfires,buthavenotdescribedtheanalysisthatmustbedonetoconverttherawdataintorealisticestimatesofthelevelofactivity(i.e.emissiontons)fromeachfire,fromaburnprogram,oratalocationovertime.Alloftheseissues,includingthedevelopmentofalgorithmsrequiredtoconverttherawdataintoemissionestimates,mustbeaddressedbeforethesedatarequirementshaveanyrealmeaning.       B.4 <DL!XBXXA      XAX LiteratureCited   C > $<CVXAXXXAHardy,ColinLahmandPeterson(fromJanice)Lenihan,James;Daly,Christopher;Bachelet,Dominique;Neilson,RonaldP.[I[iInpress].Simulatingbroadscalefireseverityindymanicgoadymnamicglobalvegetationmodel.NorthwestScience.Peterson,Janice;Ward,Darold.1992.AninventoryofparticulatematterandairtoxicemissionsfromprescribedfiresintheUnitedStatesfor1989.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculure,ForestService,PacificNorthwestResearchStation;Seattle,WA.FinalReporttotheEPA,IAG#DW129347360101989.72pp.Sampson,R.Neil;Clark,LanceR.1996.Wildfireandcarbonemissions:apolicymodelingapproach.In:Forestsandglobalchange,volume2:Forestmanagementopportunitiesformitigatingcarbonemissions.Washington,D.C.:AmericanForests:217235.Chapter13. +$' ЇSkeels,Jon.1997.Personalcommunication.ComputerSpecialist.USDAForestServiceRegion2,740SimmsStreet,Lakewood,Colorado80401.̀#XAXXVXA#