ÿWPC} ˆÇ— zåB@áš½îqd=QŒ÷˜»Ô17¹Æ¹ì,о’ûxXFíÍ ¹zÔ…ƒÊ+› Ç¹2àºK3Æb™hhP! ¹×šÓQhÒÙ»¦;åÒ@ ¬Ø¼u!í¥¬Ošˆsåv²Ë~qî=¾ßÉL„W,sU³úï61:Êz ßtš!éÉs]ôý97šÀ¤Í£ÞOÙ#©”åñ•lÉeÎËG¼×üH˜ÓÔ-ìβ¦ ¯8OekÜöÛ5i¦oiÔ³ ' û¹p3…¹ ï£1"xÚ¬}ñl¹ ?yØk|èˆX7¥ „ÿ|%³ Ž ÐIII.à  àœBACKGROUNDà  à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à€3›Ð ¦ ö  ÐA.à  àòòRole€of€Fire€in€the€œWildlandóóà h à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à€3›Ð  X  ÐB.à  àòòChanges€in€Fire€Management€œPolicyóóà À à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à€4›Ð jº  ÐC.à  àòòAir€Quality€œConsiderationsóóà h à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à€5›Ð Ì  МD.›à  àœòòVisibility›€œImpairmentóóà  à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à€6›Ð .~  ÐIV.à  àDESCRIPTION€OF€œPOLICYà À à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à€7›Ð à  ÐV.à  àCOLLABORATION€AMONG€LAND€AND€AIR€QUALITY€œMANAGERS€.€.à Ð à€9›Ð òB ÐA.à  àòòLand€and€Vegetation€œManagementóóà À à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€à Ð à10›Ð T¤ Ðà  à1.à ` àAlternative€œTreatments€à À à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à10›Ð ¶ Ðà  àà ` àa.à ¸ àòòUtilization€and€mechanical€œtreatmentsóó€à È à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€€à Ð à10›Ð h Ðà  àà ` àb.à ¸ àòòChemical€œtreatmentsóóà À à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à11›Ð zÊ Ðà  àà ` àc.à ¸ àòòFire€œtreatmentsóóà À à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à11›Ð Ü,  Ðà  à2.à ` àRole€of€Federal€Land€Managers€œ(FLMððs)€à p à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€à Ð à11›Ð >Ž" Ðà  àà ` àa.à ¸ àòòFederal€land€use€and€fire€management€œplanningóóà  à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à11›Ð  ð$ Ðà  àà ` àb.à ¸ àòòEvaluating€environmental€œimpactsóóà p à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€à Ð à13›Ð R& Ðà  à3.à ` àRole€of€State€and€Other€Public€Land€œManagersà È à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à14›Ð d ´( Ðà  à4.à ` àRole€of€Private€Land€œManagersà  à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à14›Ð Æ!* Ðà  à5.à ` àRole€of€Indian€Land€œManagersà  à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à15›Ð (#x, Ðà  à6.à ` àRole€of€Air€Quality€œManagersà  à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.à Ð à15›Ð Š$Ú. ÐB.à  àòòAir€Quality€œManagementóóà h à€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€.€à Ð à15›Ð ì% Ž Ðareas.€€For€the€purposes€of€this€policy,€concentrations€of€PM€are€taken€as€the€primary€indicatorsÏof€ambient€air€quality.€€ÌÓ=€6zXÐXdÐXd=Óà  àò òAir€Quality€Manageró ó:€The€regulatory€body€responsible€for€managing€the€air€qualityÐ d´  Ðprotection€program€for€a€State,€local€or€tribal€government.ò òÐ Ì  Ðà  àAir€Quality€Related€Values€(AQRV)ó ó:€Those€special€attributes€of€a€mandatory€Class€IÐ .~  ÐFederal€area€that€deterioration€of€air€quality€may€adversely€affect.ò ò€€ó óSome€examples€of€AQRVÐ –æ  Ðinclude:€flora€and€fauna,€water,€visibility,€and€odor€among€others.ò òÐ þN Ðà  àAmbient€Airó ó:€That€portion€of€the€atmosphere,€external€to€buildings,€to€which€the€generalÐ `° Ðpublic€has€access.Ìà  àò òAdministrative€Unitó ó:€A€unit€of€land€(Forest,€Refuge,€Park,€etc.)€under€the€administrationÐ *z Ðof€a€public€land€management€agency.Ìà  àò òAP„42ó ó:€The€Environmental€Protection€Agencyððs€(EPA)€Compilation€of€Air€PollutantÐ ôD  ÐEmission€Factors€for€stationary€point,€area,€and€mobile€sources.€An€emission€factor€is€aÏrepresentative€value€that€attempts€to€relate€the€quantity€of€a€pollutant€released€to€the€atmosphereÏwith€an€activity€associated€with€the€release€of€that€pollutant.€€Emission€factors€are€then€used€toÏestimate€the€magnitude€of€a€sourceððs€pollutant€emissions.Ìà  àThe€plan€includes€the€project€objective,€fire€prescription€(including€smoke€managementÏcomponents),€personnel,€organization,€equipment,€etc.Ìà  àò òClass€I€Areaó ó:à ¸ à€An€area€set€aside€under€the€Clean€Air€Act€(CAA)€to€receive€the€mostÐ ¨$ø. Ðstringent€protection€from€air€quality€degradation.€€Mandatory€Class€I€Federal€areas€are€€(1)Ïinternational€parks,€(2)€national€wilderness€areas€which€exceed€5,000€acres€in€size,€(3)€nationalÏmemorial€parks€which€exceed€5,000€acres€in€size,€and€(4)€national€parks€which€exceed€6,000Ïacres€and€were€in€existence€prior€to€the€1977€CAA€Amendments.€€The€extent€of€a€mandatoryÏClass€I€Federal€area€includes€subsequent€changes€in€boundaries,€such€as€park€expansions.Ð ˜+è&8 Ðà  àò òDe€Minimis€Firesó ó:€Fires€that€will€cover€fewer€than€X€acres€or€consume€less€than€Y€tonsÐ ° Ðof€fuel,€as€established€by€a€State€or€tribe.Ìà  àò òFederal€Implementation€Plan€(FIP)ó ó:€ò ò¢£€ó óA€plan€(or€portion€thereof)€promulgated€by€theÐ zÊ ÐAdministrator,€as€provided€for€under€the€CAA€and€any€applicable€EPA€regulations,€includingÏregulations€governing€tribal€air€plans,€to€fill€all€or€a€portion€of€a€gap€or€otherwise€correct€all€or€aÏportion€of€an€inadequacy€in€a€State€or€tribal€implementation€plan€(TIP),€and€which€may€includeÏenforceable€emission€limitations€or€other€control€measures,€means€or€techniques€(includingÏeconomic€incentives,€such€as€marketable€permits€or€auctions€of€emissions€allowances),€andÏprovides€for€attainment€of€the€relevant€national€ambient€air€quality€standard€(NAAQS).Ìà  àò òFederal€Land€Manager€(FLM)ó ó:€With€respect€to€any€lands€in€the€United€States,€theÐ .~  ÐSecretary€of€the€Federal€department€with€authority€over€such€lands.€€Generally,€the€SecretariesÏdelegate€their€authority€to€specific€elements€within€each€department.€€For€example,€the€NationalÏPark€Service€and€the€Fish€and€Wildlife€Service€manage€those€areas€under€the€authority€of€theÏDepartment€of€the€Interior.ÌÓ=€6zXÐXdXÐXd=Óà  àò òFire€Dependent€Ecosystemó ó:ò ò€€ó óA€community€of€plants€and€animals€that€must€experienceÐ n Ðrecurring€disturbances€by€fire,€in€order€to€sustain€its€natural€plant€succession,€structure€andÏcomposition€of€vegetation,€and€maintain€appropriate€fuel€loading€and€nutrient€cycling€to€ensureÏproper€ecosystem€function.Ìà  àò òFire€Management€Plan€(FMP)ó ó:€A€strategic€plan€that€defines€a€program€to€manageÐ ¬ü$ Ðwildland€and€prescribed€fires,€and€documents€the€FMP€to€meet€management€objectives€outlinedÏin€the€approved€land€use€plan.€€The€plan€is€supplemented€by€operational€procedures€such€asÏpreparedness€plans,€burn€plans€and€prevention€plans.Ìà  àò òFueló ó:€Includes€combustible€vegetative€matter€such€as€grass,€trees,€shrubs,€limbs,Ð :#Š, Ðbranches,€duff,€and€stumps.Ìà  àò òIndian€Landó ó:€Indian€land€in€this€document€refers€to€Indian€country€which€is€(a)€all€landÐ &T!0 Ðwithin€the€limits€of€any€Indian€reservation€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€United€StatesÏGovernment,€notwithstanding€the€issuance€of€any€patent,€and,€including€rights„of„way€runningÏthrough€the€reservation,€(b)€all€dependent€Indian€communities€within€the€borders€of€the€UnitedÏStates€whether€within€the€original€or€subsequently€acquired€territory€thereof,€and€whether€withinÐ ’+â&8 Ðor€without€the€limits€of€a€state,€and€(c)€all€Indian€allotments,€the€Indian€titles€to€which€have€notÏbeen€extinguished,€including€rights„of„way€running€through€the€same.€[See€18€U.S.C.€1151.]€Ìà  àò òLand€Use€Planó ó:€A€broad€scale,€long€range€plan€(e.g.,€forest€plan,€refuge€plan€or€resourceÐ tÄ Ðmanagement€plan)€that€identifies€the€scope€of€actions€and€goals€for€the€land€and€resourcesÏadministered€by€a€land€owner/manager.Ìà  àò òNational€Ambient€Air€Quality€Standards€(NAAQS)ó ó:€Standards€for€maximumÐ   ð  Ðacceptable€concentrations€of€pollutants€in€the€ambient€air€to€protect€public€health€with€anÏadequate€margin€of€safety,€and€to€protect€public€welfare€from€any€known€or€anticipated€adverseÏeffects€of€such€pollutants€(e.g.,€visibility€impairment,€soiling,€materials€damage,€etc.)€in€theÏambient€air.Ìà  àò òNational€Environmental€Policy€Act€(NEPA)ó ó:ò ò€€ó óEstablishes€procedures€that€FederalÐ à  Ðagencies€must€follow€in€making€decisions€on€Federal€actions€which€may€impact€the€environment.ÏProcedures€include€evaluation€of€environmental€effects€of€proposed€actions,€and€alternatives€toÏproposed€actions;€involvement€of€the€public€and€cooperating€agencies.Ìà  àò òNuisance€Smokeó ó:€Amounts€of€smoke€in€the€ambient€air€which€interfere€with€a€right€orÐ n Ðprivilege€common€to€members€of€the€public,€including€the€use€or€enjoyment€of€public€or€privateÏresources.Ìà  àò òParticulate€Matter€(PM)ó ó:€Any€airborne€finely€divided€material,€except€uncombinedÐ Jš" Ðwater,€which€exists€as€a€solid€or€liquid€at€standard€conditions€(e.g.,€dust,€smoke,€mist,€fumes,€orÏsmog).Ìà  àò òPMòò2.5óó:ó ó€Particles€with€an€aerodynamic€diameter€less€than€or€equal€to€a€nominal€2.5Ð v Æ( Ðmicrometers.Ìà  àò òPMòò10óó:ó ó€Particles€with€an€aerodynamic€diameter€less€than€or€equal€to€a€nominal€10Ð @#, Ðmicrometers€(including€PMòò2.5óó).Ð ¨$ø. Ðà  àò òPrescribed€Fireó ó:€Any€fire€ignited€by€management€actions€to€meet€specific€objectivesÐ  &Z!0 Ð(i.e.,€managed€to€achieve€resource€benefits).Ì.€€à  àò òPrescriptionó ó:€Measurable€criteria€which€guide€selection€of€appropriate€managementÐ Ô($$4 Ðresponse€and€actions.€€Prescription€criteria€may€include€the€meteorological€conditions€affectingÏthe€area€under€prescription,€as€well€as€factors€related€to€the€state€of€the€area€to€be€burned€such€asÐ ž+î&8 Ðthe€fuel€moisture€condition€and€other€physical€parameters.€€Other€criteria€which€may€beÏconsidered€include€safety,€economic,€public€health,€environmental,€geographic,€administrative,Ïsocial€or€legal€considerations,€and€ecological€and€land€use€objectives.Ìà  àò òPrevention€of€Significant€Deterioration€(PSD)ó ó:€€A€requirement€in€the€CAA,€whichÐ Ö& Ðestablishes€the€maximum€allowable€increases€in€ambient€air€concentrations€of€selected€airÏpollutants€above€baseline€concentrations€in€areas€designated€as€Class€I,€Class€II,€or€Class€III.€Ìà  àò òProject€Planó ó:€A€strategic€plan€for€accomplishing€specific€actions€and€goals€(objectives)Ð  R  Ðestablished€in€a€land€use€plan.€€A€project€may€include€several€activities€such€as€cutting€andÏhauling€trees€and€shrubs,€planting€trees,€building€trails,€and€fire€treatment.€Ìà  àò òRegional€Hazeó ó:€€Generally,€concentrations€of€fine€particles€in€the€atmosphere€extendingÐ .~  Ðup€to€hundreds€of€miles€across€a€region€and€promoting€noticeably€hazy€conditions;€wide„spreadÏvisibility€impairment,€especially€in€mandatory€Class€I€Federal€areas€where€visibility€is€anÏimportant€value.Ìà  àò òSensitive€Receptorsó ó:€Population€centers€such€as€towns€and€villages,€camp€grounds€andÐ ¼  Ðtrails,€hospitals,€nursing€homes,€schools,€roads,€airports,€mandatory€Class€I€Federal€areas,€etc.Ïwhere€smoke€and€air€pollutants€can€adversely€affect€public€health,€safety€and€welfare.Ìà  àò òSmoke€Management€Program€(SMP)ó ó:€Establishes€a€basic€framework€of€procedures€andÐ è8  Ðrequirements€for€managing€smoke€from€fires€that€are€managed€for€resource€benefits.€€TheÏpurposes€of€SMPððs€are€to€mitigate€the€nuisance€and€public€safety€hazards€(e.g.,€on€roadways€andÏat€airports)€posed€by€smoke€intrusions€into€populated€areas;€to€prevent€deterioration€of€air€qualityÏand€NAAQS€violations;€and€to€address€visibility€impacts€in€mandatory€Class€I€Federal€areas€inÏaccordance€with€the€regional€haze€rules.€Ìà  àò òState€Implementation€Plan€(SIP)ó ó:€€A€CAA€required€document€in€which€States€€adoptÐ :#Š, Ðemission€reduction€measures€necessary€to€attain€and€maintain€NAAQS,€and€meet€otherÏrequirements€of€the€Act.Ìà  àò òSuppressionó ó:€A€management€action€intended€to€protect€identified€values€from€a€fire,Ð f'¶"2 Ðextinguish€a€fire,€or€alter€a€fire's€direction€of€spread.Ìà  àò òTribal€Implementation€Plan€(TIP)ó ó:€€A€document€authorized€by€the€CAA€in€whichÐ 0*€%6 Ðeligible€tribes€adopt€emission€reduction€measures€necessary€to€attain€and€maintain€NAAQS,€andÐ ˜+è&8 Ðmeet€other€requirements€of€the€CAA€for€lands€within€tribal€jurisdictions.Ìò òà  àViolation€of€the€PM€NAAQS:ó ó€As€revised€in€1997,€the€daily€PMòò10óó€standard€is€violatedÐ b Ðwhen€the€99th€percentile€of€the€distribution€of€24„hour€concentrations€for€a€period€of€1€yearÏ(averaged€over€3€calendar€years)€exceeds€150€ððg/mòò3€óóat€any€monitor€within€an€area.€€The€annualÐ Ü, ÐPMòò10óó€standard€is€violated€when€the€arithmetic€average€of€24„hour€concentrations€for€a€period€of€1Ð > Ž Ðyear€(averaged€over€3€calendar€years)€exceeds€50€ððg/mòò3óó€at€any€monitor€within€an€area.€Ð   ð  Ðà  àThe€new€NAAQS€levels€for€PMòò2.5óó€are€set€at€a€daily€concentration€less€than€or€equal€to€65Ð  R  Ðððg/mòò3óó,€and€an€annual€mean€concentration€of€less€than€or€equal€to€15€ððg/mòò3.óó€€The€daily€standard€isÐ d´  Ðviolated€when€the€98th€percentile€of€the€distribution€of€the€24„hour€concentrations€for€a€period€ofÏ1€year€(averaged€over€3€calendar€years)€exceeds€65€ððg/mòò3óó€at€any€monitor€within€an€area.€€TheÐ (x  Ðannual€standard€is€violated€when€the€annual€arithmetic€mean€of€the€24„hour€concentrations€fromÏa€network€of€one€or€more€population„oriented€monitors€(averaged€over€3€calendar€years)€exceedsÏ15€ððg/mòò3óó.€€Compliance€with€the€annual€PMòò2.5óó€NAAQS€is€based€on€population„oriented€monitorsÐ Nž Ðbecause€the€health€information,€upon€which€the€standard€is€based,€relates€area„wide€healthÏstatistics€to€area„wide€air€quality€as€measured€by€one€or€more€monitors.Ìà  àò òVolatile€Organic€Compounds€(VOC)ó ó:€€Any€organic€compound€which€participates€inÐ tÄ Ðatmospheric€photochemical€reactions,€which€are€measured€by€a€reference€method,€an€equivalentÏmethod,€or€an€alternative€method.€Some€compounds€are€specifically€listed€as€exempt€due€to€their€Ïhaving€negligible€photochemical€reactivity.€[See€40€CFR€51.100.]€€Photochemical€reactions€ofÏVOCððs€with€oxides€of€nitrogen€and€sulfur€can€produce€Oòò3óó€and€PM.Ð R& Ðà  àò òWildfireó ó:€An€unwanted€wildland€fire.Ð d ´( Ðà  àò òWildlandó ó:€An€area€where€development€is€generally€limited€to€roads,€railroads,€powerÐ Ì!* Ðlines,€and€widely€scattered€structures.€€The€land€is€not€cultivated€(i.e.,€the€soil€is€disturbed€lessÏfrequently€than€once€in€10€years),€is€not€fallow,€and€is€not€in€the€United€States€Department€ofÏAgriculture€(USDA)€Conservation€Reserve€Program.€€The€land€may€be€neglected€altogether€orÏmanaged€for€such€purposes€as€wood€or€forage€production,€wildlife,€recreation,€wetlands€orÏprotective€plant€cover.€ò ò[The€distinction€between€wildlands,€to€which€the€recommendations€inÐ ¼( $4 Ðthis€document€apply,€and€agricultural€lands€is€subject€to€further€discussion.]€ó óÐ $*t%6 Ðà  àò òWildland€Fire:ó ó€Any€non„structural€fire,€other€than€prescribed€fire,€€that€occurs€in€theÐ †+Ö&8 Ðwildland.€€òòNoteóó:€Wildland€fires€include€unwanted€(wild)€fires€and€naturally€ignited€fires€that€areÐ ° Ðmanaged€within€a€prescription€to€achieve€resource€benefits.Ìà  àò òWildland€Fire€Situation€Analysis€(WFSA)ó ó:€€A€real€time€decision„making€processÐ tÄ Ðcarried€out€by€federal€land€management€agencies€to€select€an€appropriate€management€responseÏto€wildland€fire.€€The€WFSA€considers€fire€fighter€and€public€safety,€risk€to€property€andÏresources,€fire€fighting€resources€available,€land€management€objectives€and€environmental,Ïsocial€economic€and€political€constraints.€€The€environmental€and€social€constraints€consideredÏinclude,€among€other€things,€how€air€quality€and/or€visibility€will€be€affected€at€sensitiveÏreceptors€by€each€alternative€fire€management€strategy.Ìà  àò òWildland/Urban€Interfaceó ó:€The€line,€area€or€zone€where€structures€and€other€humanÐ (x  Ðdevelopment€meets€or€intermingles€with€the€wildland.ÌÌÌ›Ì