ÿWPC÷ £e¬…·­y´áy´jÐDòJt´9Ëɦ§|Í[Mç²É“ˆÓj£ˆè1. låS¢Ê…ål ®íª,ØW Œƒ¸|]´i8 ?Dðˆ*=E§@—ÆSþU˜‰ÈC²r÷Q'M†°€2¼Ÿ›"LCýòèD¥ž ÌmÛ—z _èqt” uւ鮣øû-ÒTsDœe»Ï²Ÿñ.žy¶`¾“8`uÀ(oxL¤´ü#,Ý%,Ù46o·cìü(Á)¡–V¡ú¢þ¯4‹b¨…“eÒ|ˆ¦Ì¨œ7d zoN´)j€ 9E§¼Š½¿ïµUä$Ï2Úô&QIm(,$ÎúþjBZºXÜ›5R]@N/¡Âi·T]µX>ß_Ü¥2M™µ!Ñï{Ê0ídLbqËŠý˜Ò­ê¦¾±ÅîC¦qAfß°{Q½#®B©)"»'`9ö…„P[Ø÷p"ÿ“¡S§(å¿UµÚÅêa!k’ø2ì›Z§:’N¸Úã/–D*ž0ÉÈÖt¥ê)/8$æ‚£ ‹†ä¤ý=­¼anõ6W3WóöGøô{¬¢ApÑQütT!hË êo×cIöÿ¥_Ôm ÊòC|]‚K沋£7΋S#!ŠU N« %ù 0~ÿU:}UN·wF 4K _ 0Øn F ÆH UB U0P € Nˆ mŠ Š Š Š Š Š Š Š Š Š Š Š Š Š 0 4¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ 0›Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Æp 06 6 AQµ Æ 0›Ì 0Dg D/« BÚ˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0&a0® Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX(V>e$¡¡Ñ7€PëXXdãXXdã7ÑÔ€XµÇXXXÔ,wF˜AZ‹"Arial Regular&a0® Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular 7D89:U;U<=U>D?E@EADëƒ)$w Roma3|xA<NNDA7:QuickFormat1Ô€X XXXÔÔ€X XXX ÔÔÔÔ€X XXXÔÔ€X XXX ÔÔÔLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ô\  `*Times New RomanTT*Ͼ¦ `CG TimesÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ&c$"ð"ðà0 à(s3®|$££Ý ƒ>e!ÝÑ8€mŠXXdìdì8ÑÔ€X?XXXÔÝ  ÝI, II,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5N1g`.I, II,Uppercase RomanÚƒJÚÚ  Ú.Û€JÛà0 àNO(PQCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(s3®|$¢¢Ý ƒ>e!ÝÑ8€mŠXXdìdì8ÑÔ€X?XXXÔÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óRR'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ>e!ÝÑ8€mŠXXdìdÈ8ÑÔ€X?XXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€XmŠXXX?ÔÔ€ HL!XXmŠÔò òÓ  Óñ1ññ0ñdñ0ññ1ññ1ñDñ1ññ2ñraftñ2ñó óñ7ñÐ ° Ðñ7ññ8ñ„ñ8ññ3ñ1/ñ3ññ4ñ15ñ4ññ5ñ/ñ5ññ4ñ98ñ4ññ6ñÐ ° Ðñ6ñÌÓÃÓÔ€¼ðË»! HLÔò òÓ  ÓAIR€MONITORING€FOR€Ô_ÔWILDLANDÔ_Ô€FIRE€OPERATIONSÐ .~ ÐÌÓ«Óà@ppìàó óJ.€Kennedy€and€G.€Ô_ÔGuayÔ_ԈРV ¦ Ðò òÔ€XmŠX»¼ðËÔó óÌà@ìì*ìàˆÌà  àThe€following€are€recommendations€for€conducting€an€ambient€air€monitoring€program€inÏsupport€of€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€fire€operations.€€These€guidelines€are€designed€to€assist€public€landÏmanagement€agencies,€Tribal€authorities,€and€private€land€owners€in€the€assessment€of€smokeÏimpacts€from€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€fire€activities.€€€It€generally€describes€Ô‡XmŠXXXmŠÔimportant€differences€betweenÐ T  ÐÔ_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€fire€monitoring€and€monitoring€for€compliance€with€national€ambient€air€qualityÏstandards€(NAAQS),Ô#†XmŠXXXmŠ[#Ô€how€air€monitoring€can€support€development€and€assessment€of€smokeÐ Ü,  Ðmanagement€plans,€and€how€air€agencies€and€fire/land€management€agencies€can€collaborate€toÏconduct€monitoring€where€needed.€€€Information€on€types€of€monitors€available,€cost€estimates,Ïand€suggestions€for€operational€guidelines€are€also€provided.ÌÌò òòòWhat€are€the€differences€between€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€fire€and€NAAQS€compliance€monitoring?Ð xÈ Ðó óóóÌà  àThe€primary€purpose€for€monitoring€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€fire€impacts€is€to€support€the€smokeÏmanagement€planning€process,€primarily€in€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô„urban€interface€and€Class€1€areas.€€UsesÏinclude:€1)€as€a€tool€in€assessing€smoke€management€program€effectiveness,€2)€to€assess€smokeÏimpacts€on€sensitive€receptors,€including€firefighter€safety,€and€visibility€impacts€to€Class€1€areas,Ïand€3)€for€input€and€validation€of€modeling€studies€and€other€research€on€smoke€behavior.€€TheseÏadditional€points€will€help€to€further€clarify€the€differences€between€recommended€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€fireÏair€monitoring€and€monitoring€for€compliance€with€the€NAAQS:ÌÌò òNAAQS€Monitoringó óÐ ¬ü ÐÝ‚cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚cF Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  ÝMonitoring€for€NAAQS€compliance€€requires€a€long„term€fixed€network€which€meets€theÐ ˜è ÐState€and€Local€Air€Monitoring€Station€(SLAMS)€criteria€of€40€Ô_ÔCFRÔ_Ô€Part€58€andÏappendices;€Criteria€include:€quality€assurance,€monitoring€methodology,€siting,€etc.݃cF a ݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚cö Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  ÝMonitoring€for€NAAQS€compliance€requires€the€use€of€federal€reference€or€equivalentÐ H#˜  Ðmethods€pursuant€to€40€Ô_ÔCFRÔ_Ô€Parts€50€and€53;݃cö  ݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚c. Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  ÝMonitoring€for€NAAQS€compliance€is€generally€done€in€high€population€areas€and€isÐ  &\!# Ðprimarily€filter„based.€€Data€from€filter„based€monitors€is€collected€every€24€hours€andÏthen€must€be€weighed.€€This€delay€is€obviously€an€impediment€to€providing€burnÏmanagers€and€air€quality€managers€with€the€information€they€need€to€respond€ñ9ñin€a€timelyÏmanner€ñ9ñto€unacceptable€smoke€impacts.݃c. I ݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌò òñ:ñÐ ”+ä&) Ðñ:ñFire€Monitoringó óñ;ñÐ ° Ðñ;ñÌ*à0  àStates€are€responsible€for€deployment€of€SLAMS€networks.€€A€state€may€decide€to€locateÐ ˆØ Ða€SLAMS€or€special€purpose€monitor€(Ô_ÔSPMÔ_Ô)€in€any€populated€area€where€repeated€orÏanticipated€€levels€of€smoke€exposure€from€fires€is€high.€Should€the€NAAQS€be€violatedÏat€a€fixed€SLAMS€or€Ô_ÔSPMÔ_Ô€site€(that€meets€Ô_ÔCFRÔ_Ô€guidelines)€Ô‡XmŠXXXmŠÔdue€to€smoke€impactsÔ#†XmŠXXXmŠU#Ô,€thatÐ L œ Ðviolation€is€considered€valid€under€the€Clean€Air€Act.€ñ<ñ€Please€refer€to€ò òSection€VIIó ó€of€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐPolicy€for€discussion€on€how€violations€of€the€NAAQS€will€be€addressed.Ð (#(# Ðñ<ññ=ñÐ (#(# Ðñ=ñÌ*à0  àMonitoring€for€smoke€impacts€from€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€fire€will,€in€most€cases,€include€short„termÐ  ` Ðmonitoring€of€fire€events€with€portable,€or€semi„portable€instruments.€€While€such€short„¼term€monitoring€should€follow€established€protocols€(e.g.,€siting€design,€operationalÏprocedures,€quality€assurance,€etc.),€federal€reference€method€and€SLAMS€requirementsÏwould€not€need€to€be€strictly€adhered€to.€€Therefore,€except€in€cases€where€SLAMS€andÏfederal€reference€methods€are€being€utilized,€this€program€cannot€be€used€to€determineÏcompliance€with€the€NAAQS.€€€€Ð (#(# ÐÌÝ‚cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚cGÝð"ðà0  àÝ  ÝÔ‡XmŠXXXmŠÔMonitoring€of€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€fire€is€usually€done€Ô#†XmŠXXXmŠ#ÔÔ‡XmŠXXXmŠÔto€measure€smoke€impacts€in€a€quantitativeÐ pÀ Ðsense€without€regard€to€comparisons€with€the€NAAQS.Ô#†XmŠXXXmŠ#ÔÔ‡XmŠXXXmŠÔ€One€example€of€such€monitoringÐ \¬ Ðis€a€real„time€Ô_ÔnephelometerÔ_Ô€network€established€by€the€State€of€Oregon€to€monitorÏburning€activity€in€the€Blue€Mountains.€€This€method€is€far€more€effective€than€filter„¼based€monitoring€since€the€feedback€from€the€monitors€is€instantaneous€and€so€burningÏcan€be€modified€or€terminated€where€unacceptable€smoke€impacts€are€occurring.€€Ô#†XmŠXXXmŠÒ#ÔÔ‡XmŠXXXmŠÔ€Ô#†XmŠXXXmŠ·#Ô݃cGb݌Р\(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌò òòòMonitoring€to€support€smoke€management€programsó óóóÐ ä4 ÐÌÝ‚ A7ÿÝÔ€XmŠXXXmŠÔÔ€XmŠXXXmŠÔÔÔÝ  ÝÝ‚ A7ÝÝ  Ýà  àAir€monitoring€can€be€used€to€support€a€number€of€objectives€in€the€smoke€managementÐ ¸ Ðplanning€process.€€ñ>ñÔ‡Xœ XXXmŠÔñ>ñFor€a€small€project€where€smoke€sensitive€receptors€are€not€expected€to€beÏimpacted€and€the€NAAQS€is€not€approached,€visual€monitoring€of€the€direction€of€the€smokeÏplume€may€be€sufficient.€€Posting€personnel€on€potentially€affected€roadways€to€monitor€forÏsmoke€and€to€initiate€safety€measures€for€motorists,€using€aircraft€to€track€the€progress€of€theÏsmoke€plume,€continued€tracking€of€meteorological€conditions€during€the€fire,€and€a€network€ofÏpersons€at€the€various€sensitive€receptors€visually€monitoring€for€smoke€impacts€are€examples€ofÏmonitoring€techniques.€€Ambient€monitoring€may€be€warranted€for€projects€which€are€expectedÏto€be€multiple€day€events€and/or€may€potentially€cause€the€NAAQS€to€be€approached€in€smokeÏsensitive€areas.€€€Ýƒ A7ø݌̌Ô€XmŠXXXmŠÔÔ€XmŠXXXmŠÔÔÔÝ  ÝÌà  àMost€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€and€prescribed€fires€will€take€place€in€remote€areas,€however,€some€doÏoccur€at€the€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô/urban€interface.€€Since€most€ambient€air€monitoring€takes€place€in€urbanÏpopulation€centers,€States/Tribes€should€consider€establishing€monitoring€sites,€in€addition€toÏthose€in€the€current€monitoring€network,€near€sensitive€receptors€at€the€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô/urban€interfaceÏduring€fire€seasons.€€When€the€State/Tribe€determines€that€additional€monitoring€is€warranted,Ïthe€following€elements€should€be€considered:Ìà  à„à0 ` àtype€and€size€of€fires€requiring€special€air€monitoring,Ðd+´&*` (#` (# Ðà  à„à0 ` àwho€will€purchase€and€service€monitors,а` (#` (# Ðà  à„à0 ` àwhere€monitors€should€be€located,Мì` (#` (# Ðà  à„à0 ` àtype€of€monitors€that€will€be€used€at€each€location,ЈØ` (#` (# Ðà  à„à0 ` àsampling€time€duration€and€frequency,ÐtÄ` (#` (# Ðà  à„à0 ` àsample€analyses€required,€Ð`°` (#` (# Ðà  à„à0 ` àstorage€and€use€of€monitoring€resultsÐL œ` (#` (# ÐÌòòPublic€Notification€and€Firefighter€SafetyÐ $ t Ðóóà  àThere€are€real€limitations€on€the€use€of€ambient€monitoring€data€for€real€time€decisionÐ  ` Ðmaking€for€the€purpose€of€protecting€public€and€firefighter€health.€€The€24„hour€NAAQS€forÏparticulate€matter€(PM„2.5€and€PM„10)€Federal€reference€(or€equivalent)€monitors€operate€on€aÏ24„hour€schedule€and€are€therefore€not€appropriate€for€real€time€decision€making.€€On€the€otherÏhand,€non„filter€based€real€time€samplers€provide€a€instantaneous€reading€of€increasing€PM€levelsÏand€thus€can€be€used€for€public€notification,€fire€management,€or€firefighter€safety€purposes€.€ÏAmbient€monitoring€can€be€useful€for€multi„day€events€where€mid„stream€fire€managementÏdecisions€are€possible,€either€to€change€the€prescription€or€to€issue€an€air€quality€advisory€toÏnearby€communities.€€€ñ>ñÔ#†X ÓXXX Óê#Ôñ>ñÔ‡XmŠXXXmŠÔIt€will€be€up€to€the€judgement€of€the€burn€boss€and/or€local€air€qualityÐ pÀ Ðofficials€to€determine€when€to€issue€an€air€quality€advisory.€Ô#†XmŠXXXmŠÊ&#Ôñ?ñÔ‡Xœ XXXmŠÔñ?ñ€Where€smoke€impacts€to€downwindÐ \¬ Ðcommunities€may€be€of€concern,€measuring€air€quality€levels€can€help€provide€assurance€to€thoseÏcommunities€that€a€fire€is€being€carefully€"monitored".€€Where€SLAMS€sites€exist€in€downwindÏcommunities,€compliance€with€the€NAAQS€can€be€tracked.€€€ÌòòÌEvaluating€Smoke€Management€Plan€EffectivenessóóÐ øH Ðà  àMonitoring€is€one€tool€which€can€determine€how€well€a€smoke€management€plan€isÏworking€with€regard€to€the€concentration€levels€of€harmful€pollutants€impacting€firefighters€orÏsensitive€populations.€The€design€of€any€given€monitoring€network€depends€on€the€purpose€forÏwhich€it€is€being€conducted.€€If,€for€example,€the€use€is€to€determine€the€distance€or€direction€ofÏsmoke€travel€for€purposes€of€developing€or€assessing€smoke€management€plans,€a€series€ofÏmonitors€at€various€downwind€distances€would€be€appropriate.€€Monitoring€frequency€shouldÏalso€be€often€enough€to€determine€smoke€travel€under€various€conditions€or€to€determine€theÏduration€of€smoke€exposure€to€receptors.€€Where€post„burn€analysis€is€being€conducted,€theÏsampling€design€might€call€for€samplers€to€gather€data€at€various€locations€to€assess€if€the€smokeÏmanagement€measures€are€successful.€€€Having€good€data€is€essential€in€post„burn€analysis€to€aidÏin€improving€smoke€management€plans.Ìà  àñ?ñÔ#†XmŠX XXœ§'#Ôñ?ñÌà  àMonitoring€for€smoke€management€plan€effectiveness€can€be€limited€by:€the€vagaries€ofÏfire/smoke€behavior€and€monitor€siting€options;€not€having€enough€monitors€for€the€application;Ïbudget€constraints;€coordination€with€fire€managers;€inadequate€training€or€knowledge€ofÏmonitoring€methods;€unclear€monitoring€objectives€or€inadequate€network€design.€€Ì€€Ìò òòòPartnershipsó óóóÐ )à$( ÐÌà  àJoint€monitoring€efforts€among€stakeholders€(including€public€land€managementÐ d+´&* Ðagencies,€Tribal€authorities,€state/€local€air€agencies,€non„governmental€agencies,€and€privateÏland€owners)€can€greatly€increase€collaboration,€reduce€costs,€and€take€more€advantage€of€airÏmonitoring€as€a€useful€tool€in€assessing€air€quality€impacts€of€smoke.€€A€number€of€collaborativeÏmonitoring€arrangements€already€exist€across€the€country,€which€can€provide€useful€lessons€forÏfuture€collaborative€efforts.€€For€example,€the€state€of€Oregon€in€cooperation€with€the€ForestÏService€and€the€Bureau€of€Land€Management€entered€into€an€agreement€to€establish€a€real„timeÏair€quality€monitoring€network€to€minimize€prescribed€burning€impacts€originating€in€the€BlueÏMountains€and€protect€air€quality€in€NE€Oregon,€SE€Washington€and€Western€Idaho.ÌÌà  àState/local€air€agencies€play€a€key€role€in€this€process€by€providing€technical€assistance,Ïtraining,€and€sometimes€instrumentation€to€stakeholders.€€They€can€also€activate€idle€networkÏsamplers€to€support€smoke€tracking€efforts.€€Local€air€agency€personnel€are€often€willing€toÏoperate€and€maintain€instrumentation,€assist€in€data€analysis€and€reporting,€and€issue€healthÏadvisories€when€requested.€€Ô_ÔMOUÔ_Ô's€between€stakeholders€(such€as€the€one€between€Oregon€andÏthe€federal€government)€can€be€a€good€vehicle€for€detailing€what€services€would€be€provided€andÏwho€would€pay€for€salaries€and€per€diem.€€ÌÌà  àAnother€very€important€aspect€to€partnerships€is€the€smoke€management€planning€andÏnegotiation€process€among€stakeholders.€€The€greater€the€understanding€and€collaboration€thatÏcan€be€achieved€among€the€various€governmental€agencies€in€this€process,€the€more€sharing€of€Ïtechnical€assistance,€personnel€and€monitoring€resources€can€take€place€to€achieve€mutuallyÏdesired€goals.ÌÌÌÔ‡ Xså XXXmŠÔòòò òWhat€type€of€monitors€are€available?Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àóóó óTwo€general€types€of€ambient€air€quality€monitors€are€available€for€use€in€samplingÐ ° Ðprescribed€fire€emissions;€those€which€have€been€certified€as€federal€reference€method€monitorsÏ(Ô_ÔFRMsÔ_Ô)€and€those€which€show€comparable€results,€but€have€not€been€certified.€€The€Ô_ÔFRMsÔ_Ô€areÏmore€commonly€associated€with€fixed€SLAMS€sites.€€These€samplers€are€large,€not€easilyÏtransportable,€require€line€power€and€are€labor€intensive.€The€current€PM„10€and€PM„2.5Ïsamplers€are€available€in€both€continuous€and€manual€configurations.€€Manual€€samplers€areÏcollect€particles€on€a€filter€medium€and€are€designed€to€give€24€hour€measurements.€€TheÏcontinuous€sampler€provides€data€hourly€in€addition€to€providing€a€24€hour€average€and€is€betterÏsuited€for€indicating€changing€levels€of€€particulate€on€an€hour„by„hour€basis.Ô#†XmŠX X XsåV6#ÔÔ‡ Xså XXXmŠÔ€€Ô#†XmŠX X Xså`:#ÔÔ‡XmŠXXXmŠÔFilter„basedÐ 0$€" Ðsamplers€allow€for€Ô_ÔspeciationÔ_Ô€analysis€of€soil,€Ô_ÔorganicsÔ_Ô€(carbon),€metals,€and€other€compounds€„Ïanalyses€which€also€help€to€validate€modeled€estimates€of€these€componentsÔ#†XmŠXXXmФ:#ÔÔ‡ Xså XXXmŠÔ.Ð &l!$ ÐÌà  àFor€prescribed€burns€where€smoke€changes€direction€frequently€or€the€duration€of€theÏburn€is€short,€a€portable€sampler€is€more€desirable.€€Two€types€of€Ô#†XmŠX X Xsåò;#ÔÔ‡ Xså XXXmŠÔportable€monitors€are€currentlyÐ ü(L$' Ðavailable,€filter€based€and€non€filter€based.€€In€general,€the€filter€based€sampler€is€similar€to€theÏÔ_ÔFRMÔ_Ô€sampler€while€the€non€filter€based€monitor€(integrating€Ô_ÔnephelometersÔ_Ô)€correlates€backÏscattering€of€light€off€the€particles€in€the€gas€stream€to€produce€a€concentration.€One€of€the€newerÐ Ì+'* Ðtechnologies€combines€a€Ô_ÔnephelometerÔ_Ô€with€a€portable€particulate€sampler€to€provide€a€real„timeÏcontinuous€monitor€with€a€filter€collection€capability.€€The€advantage€is€instantaneous€dataÏreadout€with€the€ability€to€do€filter€Ô_ÔspeciationÔ_Ô€later.€€€The€limitation€of€these€portable€samplers€isÏthat€they€may€not€be€as€accurate€as€the€Ô_ÔFRMsÔ_Ô€and€their€data€could€not€be€certified€forÏdetermining€compliance€with€the€particulate€standard„€shortcomings€which€are€not€believed€to€beÏcritical€for€this€application.€Ô#†XmŠX X Xsåï<#ÔÔ‡XmŠXXXmŠÔÐ ` ° ÐÌà  àFinally,€there€are€monitors€available€which€combine€different€measurement€parametersÏsuch€as€for€aerosols€(e.g.,€nitrates,€sulfates€and€carbon€compounds),€fine€and€coarse€particulates,Ïsome€gaseous€pollutants,€and€visual€(camera)€components€.€€IMPROVE€sites€are€probably€theÏbest€example,€and€certainly€most€widely€used,€sampler€of€this€type€which€are€used€primarily€for€€ÏÔ#†XmŠXXXmŠ9A#Ôñ@ñÔ‡Xœ XXXmŠÔñ@ñmonitoring€visibility€impacts€in€Class€1€areas.€The€Interagency€Monitoring€of€Protected€VisualÐ ì<  ÐEnvironments€(IMPROVE)€network€is€a€cooperative€effort€among€several€agencies,€includingÏÔ_ÔNPSÔ_Ô,€EPA,€Ô_ÔNOAAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔUSFSÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔSTAPPAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔFWSÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔWESTARÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔBLMÔ_Ô,€and€Ô_ÔNESCAUMÔ_Ôñ@ñÔ#†XmŠX XXœC#Ôñ@ñÔ‡XmŠXXXmŠÔ.€€The€IMPROVEÐ Ä  Ðprogram€Ô_ÔwasÔ_Ô€designed€in€1985€and€initiated€at€20€locations€in€1987.€The€objective€of€the€programÏis€to€monitor€visibility€in€Class€I€visibility€protected€areas€(156€national€parks€and€wildernessÏareas€nationwide).€€Ô#†XmŠXXXmŠoE#ÔÔ‡XmŠXXXmŠÔSeveral€additional€agencies€have€adopted€the€instrumentation€and€protocolsÐ ˆØ Ðdeveloped€for€IMPROVE€for€use€in€their€programs,€bringing€the€number€of€IMPROVEÏlook-alike€sites€to€more€than€40€in€this€country€and€nearly€60€worldwide.ÌÔ#†XmŠXXXmŠËF#ÔÔ‡ Xså XXXmŠÔÌò òòòHow€much€do€samplers€costóó?Ð <Œ Ðó óÌà  àMonitors€cost€between€$2000€and€$20,000€with€fixed€site€continuous€samplers€andÏremote„operated€integrated€meteorological/particulate€samplers€priced€at€the€upper€end€of€theÏrange.€€Fixed€site€installations€€cost€approximately€$10,000€depending€on€the€type€of€shelter€andÏlocal€power€requirements.Ô#†XmŠX X XsåH#ÔÔ‡ Xså XXXmŠÔ€A€basic€portable€Ô_ÔnephelometerÔ_Ô€costs€around€$5000€with€the€samplerÐ ì< Ðversion€around€$8000„$10,000.€€The€capital€costs€of€filter€handling€and€weighing€isÏapproximately€$20,000€„30,000€if€a€microbalance€balance€is€needed€to€be€purchased.€OperatingÏand€data€analysis€are€in€addition€to€the€above€capital€costs.ÌÌòòò òHow€often€should€sampling€be€done?óóó ó€Ð œ ì ÐÌà  àThe€standard€sampling€duration€for€Ô_ÔFRMsÔ_Ô€is€a€twenty„four€hour€period€starting€atÏmidnight€and€ending€at€midnight€the€following€evening.€€For€the€purpose€of€smoke€managementÏplans,€the€monitoring€times€can€be€adjusted€to€what€makes€sense.€€Start€times€may€be€shifted€toÏearly€in€the€morning;€sampling€duration€may€be€adjusted€to€shorter€periods€to€facilitate€advisoryÏupdates.€Ô#†XmŠX X XsåºI#ÔÔ‡ Xså XXXmŠÔ€When€basing€action€on€continuous€sampler€readings,€the€recommended€sample€periodÐ <&Œ!$ Ðshould€be€at€least€3„6€hours.€€ÌÌòòò òHow€should€data€be€analyzed?€€óóó óÐ  )\$' ÐÌà  àData€analysisòòò ò€óóó ódependsòòò ò€óóó óon€the€intended€use.€€Where€immediate€operational€decisions€andÐ ì*<&) Ðpublic€notification€€are€being€based€on€the€data€results,€only€real€time€monitoring€informationÐ Ü+,'* Ðshould€be€used.€€In€a€post€burn€analysis€mode,€the€entire€data€set,€including€filter€analyses€andÏmeteorological€data,€can€be€used€to€assess€smoke€dispersion€patterns,€validate€air€quality€models,Ïfine€tune€action€plans€to€improve€public€notification€systems,€and€revise€smoke€managementÏplans.€€Laboratory€support€is€essential€for€filter€weighing€and€Ô_ÔspeciationÔ_Ô.ÌÌÔ#†XmŠX X XsåLM#Ôò òòòMonitoring€Protocolsóóó óÐ ` ° ÐÌà  àProtocols€should€be€developed€and€agreed€upon€before€conducting€a€monitoring€programÏor€project.€€Protocols€should€include€siting€design€and€rationale€for€monitor€placement;€routineÏquality€control€check€procedures€against€certifiable€standards€(traceable€to€National€Bureau€ofÏStandards€where€possible);€quality€assurance€procedures€on€instruments€and€data,€data€analysisÏprocedures,€QC€and€Ô_ÔQAÔ_Ô;€data€storage€and€accessibility,€and€reporting€(to€whom,€how€often,€whatÏformat,€etc).€€The€Federal€monitoring€guideline€in€40€Ô_ÔCFRÔ_Ô€58€can€provide€some€framework€forÏdeveloping€a€monitoring€protocol,€as€well€as€other€existing€field€and€research€study€protocols.ÌÌòòReferencesÐ ”ä  ÐÌóó1.à0  àCode€of€Federal€Regulations,€Title€40,€Parts€50,€53,€58,€and€Appendices.Ðl¼(#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àPrescribed€Fire€Ô_ÔUnderñAñ€ñAñstoryÔ_Ô€Burning€Smoke€Monitoring€Plan,€USDA€Forest€Service,Ð D” ÐPacific€Northwest€Region.€€Prepared€by€CH2MHill.€€Contract€#€53„82„FT„03„2.€€òòDraftóóÐ 0€ ÐApril€1,€1997.€€