ÿWPC6  *¥ÏÍ”á4Fı#£]X°Î@u4FıVˆUİP·( )qªqåÁfhxŞ´l»Ó™®X칊 Ï ‰9=Ê1›q½Wr²‘`[•ˆcä‰Cª´“'à‡ÚlæÌœ¢Ã9…·õ%‚Ğ÷o"á6"h… ¢”R âdxyéVd[²€¿=MhÚ_Á)`’·æN}oÿét*Чê38aÒ•ÒbZŸÕPV‰‡'"€0D³/0sî™`–&çÒ†£‘–A„V ÂÌ¥•2Nšğo›‡lO¢èq_û5_î{Oˆü숤›é’¬—¼+‘.:•–rŸiFÚNʘXAò÷²£h!ï€L'2”Ûß‹ŸÃq€¶óúÍÿÄ3}èõ =î¶Q)ÏŒÿ¥^ÂY®%ͬ…Æázl#î/ĞåéZN['²6¸–ú•pı<2’…¬ÍÜŸéíÇØ2ºv çZ3Í’*9ªF–¶1ÆC ƒ2€Â¼ÅDÁ²ÔÏ€5İò“a8RkÙ%:=¶Nœw(¥±ıø úܬHğ6-oÆ%à¬0À³äuæ†r}6 'è¬ÙœœÎ'ĞT¼õb(@©pøC—ÓœH³*$#!øUN %g 0(mL•w@á4!5DÉL 0DNY[ m] 1‡t 1uû 0cp p p 0lÓ 0D? ƒ 0D‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ 0dLÍ Í Í Í B ˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡C:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT tuvwxDyzE{|{}ëƒ)$3|x} ¿İ ƒ ¯'İİ  İÔ_ÔÔ",USú ú, ú (ú:!ú&ú),ÔÔ€IXXÔSmoke€Management€Programsà@(ìàDRAFTˆà€úú1(#àà€@~~2(#àÔ"FUSú ú, ú (ú:!ú&ú)USú ú, ú (ú:!ú&ú)FÔDecember€31,€1997€(8:15am)ˆĞ ° ĞÔ_ÔColeenÔ_Ô€Campbellà@;;;ìà„three„ˆà€† † † (#àPage€Ú  Ú1Ú  Ú€of€10(3¯$§§İ ƒ!İİ  İ ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(нCEKQW]cioAutoList1A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.##37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à((3üİ$¤¤İ ƒ!İİ  İà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóH(3¯$©©İ ƒ!İİ  İ>c$"Small Circleğ"ğà0 à dİ ƒ!İİ  İÔ_Ôò òÔ_ÔÖ€ ÿÿÖÔ_ÔÓ=€faĞXdĞd=ÓÑ  ÑÑ  Ñà@ìì*ìàˆà0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#àà0Ğ x(#x(#àĞ Ğ (#Ğ (# ĞÌÓ  ÓELEMENTS€OF€A€SMOKE€MANAGEMENT€PROGRAMÌÓSÓÌó óThis€paper€is€a€discussion€of€smoke€management€programs€and€is€intended€to€provide€interestedĞ d ° Ğreaders€with€additional€information€on€the€subject€of€smoke€management,€and€to€provide€someÏrecommendations€for€a€basic€level€smoke€management€program.€€This€paper€Ô_ÔwasÔ_Ô€developed€byÏmembers€of€an€EPA€sponsored€workgroup€in€response€to€specific€questions€raised€about€smokeÏmanagement€in€the€development€of€a€policy€recommendation€to€EPA.€€Although€EPA€highlyÏrecommends€and€encourages€all€agencies€that€use€fire€as€a€resource€management€tool€to€adopt€atÏleast€a€basic€level€smoke€management€program,€in€no€way€should€any€of€the€informationÏpresented€in€this€paper€be€construed€as€an€EPA€requirement.€€In€developing€this€information€twoÏassumptions€were€made:ÌÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c¿İğ"ğà0  àİ  İò òEvery€ó óburn€project€should€be€evaluated€to€reduce€the€emissions€of€smoke€to€the€greatestĞ œè  Ğextent€possible.€€Alternatives€to€burning€should€be€considered€and€used€as€much€as€Ïpossible.€İƒc¿Ú݌Р(#(# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cİğ"ğà0  àİ  İIn€most€cases,€these€evaluations€are€conducted€by€a€land€management€agency€in€either€theĞ Pœ ĞState,€Tribal,€or€Federal€government,€although€some€State€air€agencies€are€the€responsibleÏauthority.€€İƒc/݌Р(#(# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cmİğ"ğà0  àİ  İWhen€private€individuals€or€non„governmental€entities€use€prescribed€burning,€they€oftenĞ L Ğrely€on€the€responsible€land€or€air€management€agency€to€perform€these€evaluations.݃cmˆİŒĞ (#(# ĞŒİ  İò òÌBACKGROUNDó óĞ Ä ĞÌà  àThe€key€to€successfully€balancing€the€use€of€prescriptive€fire€and€meeting€air€qualityÏobjectives€is€an€active€smoke€management€program€(Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô).€€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ôğğs€establish€a€basic€frameworkÏof€procedures€and€requirements€for€managing€smoke€from€prescriptive€fires€and€are€typicallyÏdeveloped€by€States/Tribes€with€cooperation€and€participation€by€land€owners/managers.€€TheÏpurposes€of€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ôğğs€are€to€mitigate€the€nuisance€and€public€safety€hazards€(e.g.,€on€roadways€andÏat€airports)€posed€by€smoke€intrusions€into€populated€areas;€to€avoid€significant€deterioration€ofÏair€quality€and€potential€NAAQS€violations;€and€to€avoid€visibility€impacts€in€Class€I€areas.€€TheÏsmoke€management€program€can€be€used€to€evaluate€the€potential€air€quality€impacts€ofÏindividual€and€multiple€projects€and€coordinate€emissions€from€prescriptive€fire€activity€in€anÏarea.€€€The€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€is€generally€administered€by€a€central€agency.€€Usually,€the€state€naturalÏresources€agency,€air€quality€agency€or€tribal€authority€is€responsible€for€administering€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_ÔÏfor€the€state€or€tribal€lands.€€Although€in€some€cases€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€is€cooperatively€administered€byÏmore€than€one€agency.€Occasionally,€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€may€cover€an€Ô_ÔairshedÔ_Ô€and€be€administered€by€aÏlocal€agency.€€With€increased€prescriptive€fire€activity,€the€necessity€for€interstate€or€regionalÏcoordination€will€also€increase.€Land€management€agencies,€land€owners€and€air€quality€agenciesÏare€encouraged€to€work€together€to€develop€a€program€tailored€to€the€needs€of€the€area.€€IfĞ p-¼&* Ğprograms€are€developed€through€partnerships,€the€resulting€programs€will€be€much€moreÏeffective€in€meeting€resource€management€goals,€protecting€public€health€and€meeting€air€qualityÏobjectives.€ÌÌà  àThe€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€may€form€the€framework€for€a€state„€wide€program€which€could€apply€to€allÏprescriptive€burns€in€that€state,€or€the€administering€authority€may€decide€that€only€burns€overÏsome€Ô_ÔdeminimisÔ_Ô€level€need€to€be€subject€to€such€a€program.€Under€the€umbrella€of€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€andÏfor€the€purposes€of€this€paper,€smoke€management€on€an€individual€burn€basis€will€be€called€theÏsmoke€management€plan€(SMPlan).€€Section€VI€of€the€policy€uses€the€terminology€smokeÏmanagement€components€of€burn€plans€to€describe€what€is€meant€here€by€SM€plan.€€The€size€andÏcomplexity€of€a€particular€burn€usually€determines€the€type€of€SM€Plan€developed,€but€someÏStates€do€not€require€a€SM€plan€be€developed€at€all,€or€they€limit€this€requirement€to€large€burns.€ÏFor€example,€€for€a€small€pile€burn€far€from€any€smoke€sensitive€areas€it€may€be€sufficient€toÏignite€the€fire€on€a€day€with€good€smoke€dispersal,€and€to€visually€monitor€the€smoke€impacts.€€InÏsuch€cases,€many€States€do€not€require€the€agency€or€individual€performing€the€burn€to€submit€aÏformal€written€burn€plan.€€Instead,€the€agency€administering€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€will€use€many€of€theÏelements€described€in€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€€section€below€and€in€Section€VI,€and€or€some€or€all€of€theÏcomponents€of€a€smoke€management€plan€(SM€plan)€described€below€and€in€Section€VI€€toÏevaluate€the€burners€request.€€Based€on€its€consideration€of€these€elements€and€components€theÏadministering€agency€will€either€approve€or€disapprove€the€request.€€At€the€other€end€of€theÏspectrum,€for€a€landscape€burn€project€that€has€the€potential€to€affect€many€smoke€sensitive€areasÏover€multiple€days,€the€administering€agency€may€require€that€the€burners€have€a€SM€Plan€thatÏincludes€a€very€narrow€window€for€meteorological€conditions€(wind€speed,€wind€direction,€andÏdispersion€conditions),€an€ambient€air€monitoring€program,€a€notification€system€for€persons€withÏrespiratory€illnesses,€and€coordination€with€highway€safety€personnel.ÌÌò òINTRODUCTIONó óĞ ¬ø ĞÌà  àStates€and€tribes€may€follow€a€variety€of€approaches€to€manage€the€use€of€€fire€to€avoidÏNAAQS€violations€and€to€ensure€progress€in€meeting€long€term€visibility€goals€in€federallyÏmandated€Class€I€areas.òò€€States€or€tribes€with€prescriptive€fire€projects€having€the€potential€toĞ \"¨ Ğaffect€smoke€sensitive€areas€are€encouraged€to€develop€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ôğğs€with€participation€by€the€affectedÏland€owners/managers€and€air€managers.óó€€òòóóThe€purpose€of€a€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€is€to€establish€a€basicĞ 4$€  Ğframework€of€procedures€and€requirements€for€managing€smoke€from€prescriptive€fires€to€avoid:ÌÌà0  à1)€sending€smoke€into€populated€areas,€Ğ (#(# Ğà  à2)€violations€of€the€NAAQS,Ìà0  à3)€visibility€impacts€in€federally€mandated€Class€I€areas,€to€the€extent€practicable,€and€Ğ (#(# Ğà0  à4)€regional€haze€impacts.€€Ğ (#(# ĞÌExisting€Ô_ÔSMPsÔ_Ô€differ€widely€among€states/tribes,€nevertheless,€effective€Ô_ÔSMPsÔ_Ô€should€contain€theÏfollowing€basic€components:ÌĞ l-¸&* ĞÓL€ н(#LÓİ ‚3£ İİ  İİ‚3£ÿİÔ2нÔÚ  ÚAÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àİ  İAuthorization€to€Burn݃3£ÿ*݌д(#(# ĞŒİ  İÔ_Ôİ ‚3£ İİ  İİ‚3£ëİÔ2нÔÚ  ÚBÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àİ  İMinimizing€Air€Pollutant€Emissions݃3£ë݌Рì(#(# ĞŒİ  İİ ‚3£ İİ  İİ‚3£ÔİÔ2нÔÚ  ÚCÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àİ  İSmoke€Management€Components€Of€Burn€Plans݃3£Ôÿ݌ЌØ(#(# ĞŒİ  İà  àà ` à1.€€Actions€to€minimize€prescriptive€fire€emissionsÌà  àà ` à2.€€Evaluation€of€smoke€dispersion€Ìà  àà ` à3.€€Public€notification€and€exposure€reduction€proceduresÌà  àà ` à4.€€Air€quality€monitoringÌİ ‚3£ İİ  İİ‚3£Ñ!İÔ2нÔÚ  ÚDÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àİ  İPublic€Education€and€Awareness݃3£Ñ!ü!İŒĞ( t(#(# ĞŒİ  İİ ‚3£ İİ  İİ‚3£¶"İÔ2нÔÚ  ÚEÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àİ  İSurveillance€and€Enforcement݃3£¶"á"İŒĞ`(#(# ĞŒİ  İİ ‚3£ İİ  İİ‚3£™#İÔ2нÔÚ  ÚFÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àİ  İProgram€Evaluation݃3£™#Ä#İŒĞL (#(# ĞŒİ  İÌà  àOnce€specific€procedures€and€requirements€of€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€for€a€state/tribe€or€Ô_ÔairshedÔ_Ô€areÏdetermined,€they€are€usually€implemented€through€regulation€or€through€a€Memorandum€ofÏUnderstanding€between€affected€parties.€€€As€the€number,€size€or€complexity€of€prescriptive€firesÏincreases,€a€state/tribe€may€find€their€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€needs€to€be€revised€to€ensure€protection€of€theÏNAAQS€and€so€that€visibility€goals€are€met.€ÌÌà  àA€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€may€combine€varying€degrees€of€complexity€for€the€basic€smoke€managementÏcomponents.€€For€example,€a€program€may€use€a€complex€method€of€evaluating€smoke€dispersal,Ïbut€have€minimal€emission€inventory€requirements.€€Effective€Ô_ÔSMPsÔ_Ô€may€treat€various€types€orÏsizes€of€prescriptive€fire€projects€differently.€A€more€detailed€smoke€dispersion€evaluation€andÏpost„burn€emission€inventory€may€be€appropriate€for€a€multiple€day€broadcast€burn€project.€ÏWhile€a€small€pile€burn,€expected€to€last€an€hour,€being€done€by€a€landowner€may€need€toÏestablish€only€basic€ignition€parameters€within€which€the€fire€can€be€ignited.€€It€is€recognized€thatÏresources€to€develop€a€comprehensive€SM€plan€are€not€always€available,€especially€for€theÏprivate€woodland€owner.ÌÌò òELEMENTS€OF€THE€SMOKE€MANAGEMENT€PROGRAMó óĞ ˜ä ĞÌà  àThis€section€provides€more€detail€on€each€of€the€elements€of€a€smoke€managementÏprogram€(Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô),€and€on€each€component€of€an€individual€basic€SM€plan.€€An€example€of€theÏminimal€requirements€of€a€basic€level€program€is€given€for€each€of€the€elements.€€Following€theÏbasic€level€requirements€are€examples€of€additional€methods€which€might€be€considered€orÏcustomized€for€a€state€or€tribal€program.€€€Some€of€the€examples€are€from€existing€programs€inÏvarious€states.€€Since€conditions€in€each€area€will€vary,€it€is€difficult€to€define€specific€examplesÏas€being€at€a€certain€level€of€complexity.€€The€complexity€of€the€program€should€be€matched€toÏthe€amount€or€type€of€prescriptive€burning€activity€which€occurs€in€the€area.€€States€have€foundÏthat€€programs€are€most€cost€effective€when€the€resources€needed€to€ensure€proper€smokeÏmanagement,€provide€for€future€planning,€and€gather€information€used€for€evaluation€areÏmatched€to€the€amount€of€activity.€ÌÌòòò òA.€€Authorization€to€Burnó óĞ €,Ì%) ĞóóĞ l-¸&* Ğà  àThe€agency€administering€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€€establishes€a€mechanism€to€review€and€approve€theÏsmoke€management€portion€of€the€burn€plan€for€specific€projects.€€Authorization€to€igniteÏ(complete)€various€types€or€sizes€of€projects€may€be€handled€in€different€ways.€€This€evaluationÏand€approval€is€closely€linked€to€the€smoke€dispersion€evaluation€component€of€the€SM€plan.€€InÏsome€states€evaluation€of€the€two€components€occurs€simultaneously.€€ÌÌò òBasic€Level€ó óĞ < ˆ ĞÌà  àA€mechanism€for€notification€of€the€central€authorizing€agency€of€planned€prescriptiveÏfires€is€necessary.€€This€notification€includes€specific€information€about€the€planned€burn€whichÏwill€be€used€by€the€central€authorizing€agency€to€evaluate€the€burn€project.€€An€agency€mayÏreview€the€burn€planğğs€smoke€management€components€or€review€specific€information€from€theÏplan.€€To€review€and€evaluate€the€project€the€authorizing€agency€will€need€some€or€all€of€theÏfollowing€information€such€as€the€size€of€the€burn,€type€of€burn,€purpose€of€the€project,€fuel€typeÏand€density,€smoke€sensitive€receptors,€and€expected€season€for€burn€ignition.€€The€amount€andÏtype€of€information€required€varies€from€agency€to€agency.€€Ô% € ÔAuthorization,€conditionalÏauthorization,€€or€denial€of€the€project€must€be€given€in€a€timely€fashion€€ÌÌò òExamples€of€Burn€Plan€Review€and€Authorizationó óĞ L˜ ĞÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cÛ3İğ"ğà0  àİ  İColorado,€New€Mexico,€and€Wyoming€are€among€the€states€which€require€Ô_ÔsubmittalÔ_Ô€of€aĞ $p Ğpermit€application€form€which€includes€details€about€the€project.€İƒcÛ3ö3݌Р(#(# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c*5İğ"ğà0  àİ  İIn€Washington,€review€and€approval€of€the€smoke€management€plan€and€an€applicationĞ è4 Ğform€are€completed€and€the€approved€project€filed€until€scheduling€of€the€project€isÏrequested.€€The€state,€which€has€a€legislated€emission€reduction€goal,€sends€DepartmentÏof€Natural€Resources€inspectors€into€the€field€to€determine€the€fuel€loading€of€specificÏprojects€before€ignition.€€This€information€is€used€to€estimate€potential€smoke€impacts,Ïand€to€evaluate€whether€the€emission€reduction€goals€are€met€after€the€burn€is€completed.€ÏBurning€done€for€the€restoration€of€forest€health€is€exempt€from€these€emission€reductionÏgoals.€€İƒc*5E5݌Р(#(# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c28İğ"ğà0  àİ  İAs€a€pilot€project,€land€management€agencies€burning€in€Californiağğs€San€Joaquin€ValleyĞ 4$€  Ğare€using€a€Windows„based€computerized€program€to€schedule€fires€for€the€Ô_ÔairshedÔ_Ô.€€ThisÏsystem,€called€the€Prescribed€Fire€Incident€Reporting€System€(Ô_ÔPFIRSÔ_Ô),€schedules€projectsÏon€the€basis€of€information€such€as€expected€smoke€impacts€and€availability€of€safetyÏpersonnel.€€Once€it€is€fully€developed,€the€system€is€intended€to€be€used€statewide.݃c28M8݌Р(#(# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cÁ:İğ"ğà0  àİ  İIn€New€Mexico€seasonal€permit€approval€is€given€and€seasonal€notification€of€completedĞ ¼)#& Ğprojects€is€required.݃cÁ:Ü:݌Р(#(# ĞŒİ  İ€€Ìò òSpecialized€ProblemsĞ €,Ì%) Ğó óĞ l-¸&* Ğà  àSince€planning€to€complete€a€project€on€a€specific€day€is€not€possible,€authorizingÏagencies€are€often€inundated€for€approval€requests€on€days€with€favorable€meteorologicalÏconditions.€€€To€ensure€adequate€review€of€projects,€most€states/tribes€conduct€a€review€andÏprovide€ò òpreauthorizationó ó€of€proposed€projects.€€When€conditions€are€favorable€and€theĞ x Ä Ğappropriate€personnel€are€available,€the€burning€agency€will€notify€the€central€authorizingÏagency,€up€to€a€few€hours€before€the€preferred€ignition€time€to€seek€final€approval€to€ignite€theÏproject.€€ÌÌòòò òB.€€Minimizing€Air€Pollutant€Emissionsó óóóĞ d ĞSee€Science€&€Technology€Workgroup€Paper:€ğ ğ€What€Ô_ÔWildlandÔ_Ô€Fire€Conditions€MinimizeÏEmissions€and€Hazardous€Air€Pollutants€and€Can€Land€Management€Goals€Still€be€Met?ğğ€ÌÌÌòòò òC.€€Smoke€Management€Components€of€Burn€Plansó óóóĞ ´  Ğà  à1.€€Actions€to€minimize€prescriptive€fire€emissions:€see€reference€above€under€B.ÌÌà  à2.€€Evaluate€smoke€dispersion:ÌÌà0  àEvaluation€of€the€potential€for€the€smoke€emissions€from€a€project€to€disperse€is€probablyÏthe€single€most€important€component€of€an€effective€SM€Plan.€€The€centralizedÏauthorization€agency€must€match€this€evaluation€to€the€complexity€of€individual€projectsÏand€to€the€total€burning€activity€occurring€in€the€Ô_ÔairshedÔ_Ô.€€Agencies€may€use€differentÏevaluation/approval€methods€for€small€projects€that€will€not€impact€any€sensitiveÏreceptors€or€where€potential€impacts€are€easily€monitored€and€mitigated.€€Ğ (#(# ĞÌò òà0  àBasic€Leveló óĞÄ(#(# ĞÌà0  àThe€burn€project€is€evaluated€for€the€potential€of€the€project€to€contribute€to€unacceptableÏsmoke€impacts€or€particulate€levels.€€The€agency€that€implements€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€is€responsibleÏfor€evaluating€the€potential€impacts€of€multiple€projects€and€authorizing€only€as€manyÏprojects€as€the€atmosphere€can€handle.€€If€ignition€approval€of€enough€individual€projectsÏis€requested€at€one€time€to€create€potentially€unacceptable€smoke€impacts,€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_ÔÏagency€schedules€the€burns€to€minimize€the€smoke€impact.€Ğ (#(# ĞÌò òÔ& ° Ôà0  àExamples€Methods€of€Smoke€Dispersion€Evaluationó óĞ&\"(#(# ĞÌà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c“Eİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İArizona,€Colorado,€New€Mexico,€Utah€and€Wyoming€are€among€the€states€whichĞ è'4!$ Ğrequire€Ô_ÔsubmittalÔ_ÔÔ'°&EÔ€of€smoke€dispersal€model€inputs€and€outputs€to€the€air€qualityÏagency.€€The€Ô_ÔsubmittalÔ_Ô€is€used€to€evaluate€the€smoke€and€particulate€matterÏimpacts€of€a€project.€€İƒc“E®E݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c‘Gİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İNew€Mexicoğğs€Environment€Department€approves€projects€and€requiresĞ ˜+ä$( Ğâ ânotification€(by€phone,€fax,€or€voice€mail)€on€the€day€of€burn.݃c‘G¬G݌Є,Ğ%)` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cÔHİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İColoradoğğs€Air€Pollution€Control€Division€approves€specific€sized€projects€with€aĞ ´ Ğâ âcertain€fuel€type€and€loading€to€be€completed€when€certain€meteorologicalÏconditions€exist.€€The€land€owner/agency€can€complete€the€burn€when€theÏconditions€of€the€permit€are€met.݃cÔHïH݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c’Jİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İIn€Washington,€ignition€of€larger€projects€(>€100€tons€of€fuel)€must€be€authorizedĞ d ° Ğby€a€Department€of€Natural€Resources€meteorologist€who€evaluates€the€capacityÏof€atmospheric€conditions€to€disperse€smoke€from€the€project.€€€The€agencyÏcoordinates€scheduling€of€multiple€projects€in€an€Ô_ÔairshedÔ_Ô.€İƒc’J­J݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c…Lİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İFloridağğs€€Department€of€Natural€Resources€uses€a€GIS„based€dispersion€model€toĞ ` Ğevaluate€multiple€projects€and€approves€or€reschedules€a€project€based€on€theÏmodeled€smoke€impacts.݃c…L L݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cèMİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İPrioritization€of€multiple€burn€projects,€where€restrictions€are€necessary,€can€beĞ Ø$  Ğbased€upon€predetermined€ranking€criteria.€€Examples€of€prioritization€criteriaÏcurrently€in€use€are:€İƒcèMN݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àà0` (#(#à„„à0¸ ` (#` (#àprojects€to€reduce€the€risk€of€wildfire€hazard€in€the€urban/Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_ÔĞ œè  Ğinterface€zone€may€be€given€priority€over€projects€to€reduce€logging€slash,Ğ ¸ (#¸ (# Ğà  àà0 ` à„„à0¸ ` (#` (#àprojects€including€air€quality€research€are€given€priority€in€several€states,ĞtÀ¸ (#¸ (# Ğà  àà0 ` à„„à0¸ ` (#` (#àprojects€to€change€a€landscape€and€reduce€the€size€of€potential€wildfiresĞ `¬ Ğare€given€priority.€€Ğ ¸ (#¸ (# ĞÌà  à3.€€Public€notification€and€exposure€reduction:Ìà0  àĞ (#(# Ğà0  àNotification€of€potentially€affected€persons€about€impending€projects€is€necessary.€€ThisÏnotification€is€usually€the€responsibility€of€the€land€owner/manager,€but€is€sometimesÏcarried€out€by€the€air€quality€agency.€€Notification€reduces€the€number€of€calls€toÏemergency€lines€and/or€health€agencies.€€If€smoke€impacts€develop€and€it€becomesÏnecessary€to€issue€health€advisories€(e.g.€alerts,€warnings,€emergencies),€the€airÏquality/health€agency€and€the€land€owner/manager€should€be€involved.€€Issuing€a€healthÏadvisory€watch€at€the€time€of€notification€should€be€considered€for€all€projects.€€A€healthÏadvisory€watch€advises€people€there€may€be€smoke€in€their€area,€and€suggests€ways€theyÏcan€limit€their€exposure,€and€provides€recommendations€for€persons€with€respiratoryÏillnesses.€The€advisories€may€be€based€on€real„time€ambient€monitoring,€on€visualÏestimations€of€smoke€impacts,€or€expected€smoke€impacts.€€The€cooperating€agenciesÏshould€agree€on€trigger€levels,€communication€strategies€and€contingency€measuresÏbefore€the€project€is€ignited.€€If€smoke€intrusions€are€causing€unacceptable€impacts,€newÏignitions€of€any€new€open€burning€that€could€impact€the€area€should€be€halted.€€As€theÏamount€of€prescriptive€burning€and€the€size€of€individual€projects€increases,€thisÏcomponent€will€become€more€important.€€Public€health€advisories€are€appropriate€forÏsituations€where€the€potential€for€multiple€day€smoke€impacts€exists.€Ğ (#(# ĞÌò òà0  àĞ (#(# ĞÌĞ l-¸&* ĞBasic€Leveló óĞ ´ ĞÌà0  à€The€agency€responsible€for€the€burn€must€notify€all€sensitive€receptors€such€asÏcommunities,€highways,€campgrounds,€and€airports€which€may€be€impacted€by€theÏproject€and€appropriate€fire€safety€and€health€officials.€€Ğ (#(# ĞÌà0  àò òExamples€of€Public€Notification€and€Exposure€Reduction€Proceduresó óĞ< ˆ(#(# ĞÌà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c¡Yİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İNotifying€the€potentially€affected€public€(especially€smoke€sensitive€populations)Ğ ` Ğof€elevated€pollutant€concentrations.݃c¡Y¼Y݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cÅZİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İSuggesting€actions€to€be€taken€by€sensitive€persons€to€minimize€their€exposureĞ ì8  Ğ(e.g.,€remain€indoors,€avoid€vigorous€activity,€exposure€to€tobacco€smoke€andÏother€respiratory€irritants).݃cÅZàZ݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İİ‚cÿİİ  İà0  àİ‚c\İğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İPosting€warning€signs€or€flag€men€along€potentially€impacted€roadways.݃c\F\݌аü ` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İİ‚cÿİİ  İà0  àİ‚c]İğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İProviding€clean€air€facilities€for€sensitive€persons.݃c],]݌Мè ` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İİ‚cÿİİ  İà0  àİ‚cÚ]İğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İHalting€ignitions€of€any€new€open€burning€that€could€impact€the€same€area.݃cÚ]^İŒĞˆÔ ` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İİ‚cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚cÄ^İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İConsulting€State/Tribal€air€quality€managers€regarding€appropriate€short„term€fireĞ tÀ Ğmanagement€response€to€abate€verified€impacts.݃cÄ^ë^݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İİ‚cÿİİ  İà0  àİ‚cé_İğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İImplementing€management€responses€that€will€mitigate€the€adverse€impacts€toĞ L˜ Ğpublic€health.݃cé_`݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İİ‚cÿİİ  İà0  àİ‚cï`İğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İReporting€the€steps€taken€to€mitigate€adverse€impacts€to€the€public€andĞ $p Ğappropriate€State/Tribal€agencies€after€they€have€been€completed.݃cï`a݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İÌà0  à4.€€Monitoring:Ğ (#(# ĞÌà0  àAll€projects€should€be€monitored€in€some€form€to€ensure€the€burn€is€meeting€the€goals€ofÏthe€smoke€management€plan€and€program.€There€is€no€reason€that€visual€monitoring€ofÏthe€smoke€dispersion€and€impacts€would€not€be€used.€€In€addition€to€visual€monitoringÏmany€projects€will€include€other€types€of€monitoring,€such€as,€additional€meteorologicalÏmeasurements,€ambient€air€quality,€and€smoke€impacts€at€various€receptors.€€TheÏsurveillance€and€enforcement€and€program€evaluation€components€of€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€will€relyÏheavily€on€information€gathered€during€the€monitoring€phase€of€the€project.€€Ğ (#(# ĞÌò òà0  àBasic€Leveló óĞ %l!(#(# ĞÌà0  àA€land€owner/manager€ignites€a€small€test€fire€to€visually€determine€if€conditions€areÏfavorable€for€the€dispersion€of€smoke€without€impacting€sensitive€receptors.€€AfterÏignition€of€the€project,€acceptable€smoke€dispersion€conditions€continue€to€be€monitoredÏvisually.€€If€conditions€change€and€unacceptable€smoke€impacts€develop,€immediate€fireÏsuppression€or€rapid€ğ ğmop„upğğ€is€required.Ğ (#(# Ğâ âĞ ”+à$( Ğò òÔ& ° Ôâ âà0  àExamples€of€Monitoringó óĞ´(#(# ĞÌà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c]gİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İCommunities€with€permanent€real„time€monitoring€sites€are€using€the€data€toĞ ŒØ Ğmonitor€the€smoke€impactsÔ'°´öfÔ€of€prescriptive€fire€projects€and€to€indicate€the€needÏfor€suppression€or€rapid€mop„up.€İƒc]gxg݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cÚhİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İPersonnel€are€stationed€along€roadways€to€visually€monitor€for€smoke€impacts€andĞ P œ Ğwarn€motorists€of€adverse€conditions.݃cÚhõh݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cüiİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İPersons€visually€monitor€for€smoke€impacts€in€communities€(or€other€smokeĞ ( t Ğsensitive€areas).€€These€monitors€have€a€method€of€immediately€reporting€smokeÏimpacts€to€the€burn€boss.€İƒcüij݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İà0  àİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c[kİğ"ğà0` (#(#àİ  İSpecial€ambient€monitoring€equipment€is€installed€for€a€project.€€(See€ñvñthe€ScienceĞ ì8  Ğ&€Technology€Workgroup€ñvñPaperñwñ:ñwññxñ€Cñxññyñ€ğ ğMonitñyññzññyñroñyññzññ{ñoring€for€ñ{ññ|ññ{ñWIldlandñ{ññ|ññ{ññ{ññ|ñÔ_ÔWildlandÔ_Ôñ|ññ{ñ€ñ{ññ}ñFire€Operationsğğñ}ñ€forÏmore€details.)݃c[kvk݌Р` (#` (# ĞŒİ  İÌò òòòD.€€Public€Education€and€Awarenessóóó óĞ œè  ĞÌà  àIn€addition€to€notifying€potentially€impacted€persons€of€impending€projects,€there€is€also€aÏneed€for€education€about€specific€local€projects,€and€in€general€about€the€need€to€burn€forÏecosystem€health€concerns.€€€Effective€smoke€management€programs€should€include€both€aÏmeans€to€notify€that€portion€of€the€public€that€may€be€directly€affected€by€projects,€and€anÏongoing€education€program.€€The€program€should€inform€the€public€not€only€about€the€healthÏrisks€from€smoke€and€how€smoke€management€techniques€can€protect€air€quality,€but€also€aboutÏthe€benefits€of€using€fire€as€a€resource€management€tool.€€Actions€the€public€can€take€or€that€theÏagency€igniting€the€burn€is€taking€to€reduce€smoke€exposure€from€specific€projects€needs€to€beÏcommunicated.€€Cooperation€between€the€involved€agencies€is€essential€to€education€andÏawareness.€€The€agencies€involved€in€developing€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€should€also€agree€on€commonÏmessages€to€be€used€to€develop€agency€specific€outreach€and€communication€programs.€€TheÏNational€Wildfire€Coordinating€Group€and€the€EPA€Ô_ÔWildlandÔ_Ô€Fire€and€Air€Quality€WorkgroupÏhave€both€developed€educational€packages€which€are€useful.ÌÌò òGeneral€Education€Programó óĞ \"¨ ĞÌà  àThe€agencies€involved€in€prescriptive€burning€in€a€state/tribe€should€work€together€toÏdevelop€common€messages€and€educational€information€on€the€potential€air€quality€impacts€ofÏprescriptive€fire€in€Ô_ÔwildlandsÔ_Ô,€and€the€potential€benefits.€€Together€the€agencies€should€provideÏinformation€on€forest€health€issues,€the€role€of€fire€in€restoring€Ô_ÔwildlandsÔ_Ô,€air€quality€concernsÏand€smoke€mitigation€techniques€that€may€protect€air€quality.€€Generally,€in€areas€where€a€strongÏemphasis€on€education€about€the€benefits€of€prescriptive€fire€exists,€strong€support€forÏprescriptive€fire€programs€also€exist.€€It€has€been€the€experience€of€these€areas€that€the€need€forÏan€educational€program€never€ceases.€€As€new€people€move€into€an€area,€they€need€to€beÏeducated.€€Continual€exposure€of€the€public€to€Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€fire€and€air€quality€issues€is€needed€toÏmaintain€interest€in€and€support€of€prescriptive€fire€programs.€€When€a€prescriptive€fire€project€isÏcompleted,€follow€up€reporting€on€the€objectives€met,€the€response€of€the€Ô_ÔwildlandsÔ_Ô€to€the€fire,Ğ l-¸&* Ğand€the€expected€benefits€of€the€fire€gives€credibility€to€the€project€and€provides€additionalÏeducation€for€the€public.€€ÌÌò òExamples€of€Educationó óĞ x Ä ĞÌİ‚cÿİİ  İÒe°Òİ‚cxİğ"ğà0  àİ  İPublic€information/input€meetings€held€in€communities€which€may€be€affected€by€projects.€Ğ P œ ĞThe€proposed€projects€are€described,€resource€objectives€explained,€and€public€inputÏgathered.€€Once€the€projects€are€planned,€approved,€and€tentatively€scheduled,€flyers€areÏdistributed€to€potentially€affected€homes.€€The€flyers€provide€information€on€burnÏschedules,€objectives€of€the€burn,€expected€impacts,€and€the€phone€number€of€a€contactÏperson.݃cx-x݌Рs#s# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cezİğ"ğà0  àİ  İIn€Florida,€brochures€on€the€use€of€fire€as€a€resource€management€tool€are€given€toĞ Ä  Ğproperty€buyers€when€a€property€is€sold€which€is€in€the€urban/Ô_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€interface€or€areasÏwhere€significant€amounts€of€prescriptive€burning€occur.€İƒcez€z݌Рs#s# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c|İğ"ğà0  àİ  İFor€burns€which€will€be€very€visible,€provide€a€safe€ğ ğviewing€areağğ.€€PublicĞ tÀ Ğrelations/education€officers€should€be€available€during€the€burn€to€provide€informationÏabout€the€burn,€prescriptive€fire€in€general,€and€to€answer€questions.€€İƒc| |݌Рs#s# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c‘}İğ"ğà0  àİ  İInclude€areas€treated€with€prescriptive€fire€on€guided€Nature€Walks€and€show€the€benefitsĞ $p Ğof€fire€to€landscapes.€€Some€agencies€use€signs€along€trails€to€point€out€the€results€ofÏhighly€publicized€projects.€€İƒc‘}¬}݌Рs#s# ĞŒİ  İÌòòò òE.€€Surveillance€and€Enforcementó óĞ Ô  ĞóóÌà  àThe€smoke€management€program€needs€to€have€a€mechanism€to€follow€up€on€projects€thatÏdo€not€meet€the€requirements€of€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€or€on€projects€that€have€caused€unacceptable€smokeÏimpacts.€€All€incidents€which€occur€should€be€considered€during€the€periodic€review€andÏevaluation€of€the€program.€€The€surveillance€component€may€also€be€used€to€provide€informationÏon€program€activity€and€trends.€ÌÌò òBasic€Leveló óĞ 4$€  ĞÌà  àProbably€the€most€common€surveillance€technique€is€tracking€of,€and€follow„up€on,Ïcomplaints€from€the€public.€€This€does€require€that€enforcement€actions€be€based€on€ğ ğsignificantÏcomplaints.ğğ€€Significance€may€be€defined€by€the€number€of€persons€complaining€or€the€severityÏof€the€smoke€intrusion.€€If€a€project€is€determined€to€be€causing€or€to€have€caused€unacceptableÏsmoke€impacts,€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€authorizing€agency€needs€to€re„evaluate€the€smoke€management€plan€andÏconditions€the€day€of€the€burn.€€Even€under€the€best€of€conditions€and€despite€careful€adherence€toÏpermit€conditions,€unacceptable€smoke€impacts€can€occur.€€Unacceptable€smoke€impacts€thatÏoccur€because€the€burner€Ô_ÔwasÔ_Ô€negligent€or€failed€to€follow€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€requirements,€should€result€inÏenforcement€action.€€€Ğ l-¸&* Їò òÌÌÌÌExamples€of€Surveillance€and€Enforcementó óĞ d ° ĞÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cê„İğ"ğà0  àİ  İA€mechanism€similar€to€the€program€air€quality€agencies€use€to€enforce€air€qualityĞ < ˆ Ğregulations€and€air€pollution€emission€permits€for€industrial€sources€is€used€to€enforceÏÔ_ÔwildlandÔ_Ô€burning€regulations€or€agreements€in€some€states.€€Such€a€program€must€provide:݃cꄅ݌Рs#s# ĞŒİ  İà  àà0 ` à1)à0¸ ` s#` s#àA€process€for€notifying€land€owners/managers€of€the€unacceptable€impacts,ĞL ¸ s#¸ s# Ğà  àà ` à2)à0 ¸ àAn€opportunity€for€the€land€owners/managers€to€provide€feedback,Ğì8 ¸ s#¸ s# Ğà  àà ` à3)à0 ¸ àThe€ability€to€issue€a€compliance€order€assessment,€andĞØ$ ¸ s#¸ s# Ğà  àà ` à4)à0 ¸ àAn€appeal€process.ĞÄ ¸ s#¸ s# ĞÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c•ˆİğ"ğà0  àİ  İThe€Arizona€Department€of€Environmental€Quality€uses€aerial€surveillance€to€verify€theĞ œè  Ğeffectiveness€of€its€smoke€management€program€and€the€validity€of€smoke€dispersionÏassumptions,€and€to€assess€ñtñvisual€impacts€and€ñtñcompliance€with€permitted€conditions.€€İƒc•ˆ°ˆİŒĞ s#s# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚c7Šİğ"ğà0  àİ  İAnyone€carrying€out€prescriptive€burning€in€Florida€is€required€by€state€statute€to€take€aĞ L˜ Ğsmoke€management€training€course.€€Once€licensed,€except€in€cases€of€negligence,€the€Ïland€owner/manager€responsible€for€the€burn€is€not€liable€for€damages€incurred€from€theÏburn.€€€€İƒc7ŠRŠİŒĞ s#s# ĞŒİ  İÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚câ‹İğ"ğà0  àİ  İArizona,€Colorado,€Oregon,€and€Washington€are€among€the€states€which€require€a€reportĞ è4 Ğof€actual€burning€activity€which€is€used€to€assess.€€İƒcâ‹ı‹İŒĞ s#s# ĞŒİ  İñuñÌİ‚cÿİİ  İİ‚cÙİğ"ğà0  àİ  İCalifornia,€Florida€and€New€Mexico€do€not€require€reporting€of€actual€activity.€€TheĞ ¬ø Ğpermitted€activity€levels€are€assumed€to€be€the€actual€activity.݃cÙô݌Рs#s# ĞŒİ  İÌñuñÌòòò òF.€€Program€Evaluationó óóóĞ ¬ø ĞÌà  àPeriodically,€the€effectiveness€of€the€current€program€should€be€evaluated€to€determine€if€itÏis€preventing€smoke€intrusions€and€ensuring€that€regional€haze€goals€are€met.€€At€a€minimum,€thisÏreview€should€be€based€on€the€number€of€nuisance€or€health€impact€complaints.€€Evaluation€ofÏindividual€projects€or€program€wide€effectiveness€may€also€use€information€such€as€ambient€airÏmonitoring€data,€air€pollutant€emissions€or€burning€activity€inventories,€and/or€photographicÏdocumentation.€ÌÌà  àIf€unacceptable€smoke€intrusions€have€occurred,€each€project€should€be€evaluated€toÏdetermine€if€changes€to€the€Smoke€Management€Program€would€help€prevent€a€reoccurrence€of€aÏsimilar€situation.€€Multiple€occurrences€of€unacceptable€smoke€impacts€in€sensitive€areas€are€anÏindication€that€a€more€complex€program€may€be€needed.€€The€impacted€agencies€should€thenÏconsider€which€component€or€components€of€the€basic€program€need€to€be€enhanced.€€If€the€levelÏof€activity€or€complexity€of€the€projects€is€expected€to€increase,€this€periodic€review€shouldÏâ âevaluate€the€potential€of€the€program€to€remain€effective€in€preventing€smoke€intrusions.€Ğ €,Ì%) Ğò òÔ& œ Ôâ âÌBasic€Leveló óĞ  ì ĞÌà  àPeriodically,€the€agencies€and€parties€involved€in€prescriptive€fire€activity€should€meet€andÏevaluate€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ôğğs€effectiveness€in€meeting€stated€goals.€€It€will€be€necessaryÔ'œ´“Ô€for€the€authorizedÏcentral€agency€to€prepare€a€summary€of€past€activity€and€problems€which€have€occurred.€€AllÏagencies€must€have€an€estimate€of€future€activity,€if€significant€changes€are€expected.€€RevisionsÏto€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€should€be€developed€with€input€from€all€agencies/parties.€€ÌÌà  àFor€example,€ambient€air€monitoring€may€be€available€to€evaluate€the€programÏeffectiveness.€Information€which€indicates€the€NAAQS€is€being€approached€can€be€used€toÏinstitute€a€more€aggressive€smoke€management€program.€€As€this€situation€indicates€the€need€forÏbetter€evaluation€of€smoke€dispersion,€the€agencies€reviewing€the€Ô_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€may€decide€a€differentÏsmoke€dispersion€model€should€be€used€for€projects€with€fuel€loadings€greater€than€a€certainÏvolume.€€These€agencies€may€also€decide€that€there€is€a€need€for€real„time€monitoring€toÏaccompany€all€projects€that€exceed€a€set€size€and€that€a€meteorologist€is€needed€to€coordinateÏmultiple€projects.€ÌÌà  àAs€the€complexity€of€a€program€increases,€data€used€for€the€evaluation€and€revision€of€theÏÔ_ÔSMPÔ_Ô€will€become€more€complex€but€the€need€for€periodic€evaluation€and€review€will€continue.€€AÏsmoke€management€program€which€is€developed,€periodically€evaluated€and€reviewed,€andÏimplemented€through€a€partnership€of€all€stakeholders€can€successfully€meet€resourceÏmanagement€and€air€quality€objectives.€Ì