Risk Assessment and Modeling -
   Air Toxics Risk Assessment Reference Library

Volume 1 - Technical Resource Manual

PART I.  BACKGROUND

PART II.  HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT: INHALATION

PART III.  HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT: MULTIPATHWAY

PART IV.  ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT

PART V.  RISK-BASED DECISION MAKING

PART VI.  SPECIAL TOPICS

APPENDICES

PART I.  BACKGROUND

1.0  Introduction
1.1  The Special Concerns of Urban Areas
1.2  Promoting Localized Assessment
1.3  The Risk-Based Approach
1.4  The Purpose of this Reference Manual
1.5  The Layout of this Reference Manual
1.6  The Relationship of this Manual to Volumes 2 and 3
References

2.1  Introduction
2.2  HAPs and their Sources: Stationary, Mobile, and Indoor
2.3  Progress in Understanding and Reducing Toxic Air Pollution
2.4  Other Air Pollutants of Potential Concern
2.5  Reports to Congress on Air Toxics Issues
References

3.1  Introduction
3.2  Air Toxics Human Health Risk Assessment: Overview of the Process
3.3  Uncertainty and Variability in Air Toxics Risk Assessment
References

4.1  Introduction
4.2  Air Toxics
4.3  Sources of Air Toxics
4.4  Emissions Inventories
References

PART II.  HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT: INHALATION

5.1  Introduction
5.2  Framework and Process for Air Toxics Risk Assessments
5.3  Planning and Scoping
References

6.1  Introduction
6.2  Developing the Conceptual Model
6.3  Developing the Analysis Plan
6.4  Data Quality in the Risk Assessment Process
References

7.1  Introduction
7.2  Process for Developing an Emissions Inventory
7.3  Data Sources
References

8.1  Introduction
8.2  Dispersion and Atmospheric Transport of Air Pollutants
8.3  Fate of Air Toxics in the Atmosphere
References

9.1  Introduction
9.2  Air Quality Modeling
9.3  Air Quality Modeling Examples
References

10.1  Introduction
10.2  Air Toxics Monitoring: Recent Advances
10.3  Monitoring for Air Toxics Risk Assessments: Why Monitor?
10.4  Planning for Air Toxics Monitoring
10.5  Implementing Air Toxics Monitoring
10.6  Monitoring Methods, Technologies, and Costs
10.7  Archiving Air Toxics Monitoring Data
10.8  Using Air Monitoring Data to Evaluate Source Contribution
References

11.1  Introduction
11.2  Estimating Inhalation Exposure Concentrations
11.3  Exposure Modeling
11.4  Personal Monitoring
11.5  Exposure to a Population: Common Descriptors
11.6  Evaluating Uncertainty
11.7  Presenting the Results of an Exposure Assessment
References

12.1  Introduction
12.2  Hazard Identification
12.3  Dose-Response Assessment for Cancer Effects
12.4  Dose-Response Assessment for Derivation of a Reference Concentration
12.5  Sources of Chronic Dose-Response Values
12.6  Acute Exposure Reference Values
12.7  Evaluating Chemicals Lacking Health Reference Values
12.8  Dose-Response Assessment for Mixtures
References

13.1  Introduction
13.2  Quantification of Cancer Risk and Noncancer Hazard
13.3  Interpretation and Presentation of Inhalation Cancer Risks and Noncancer Hazards
References

PART III.  HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT: MULTIPATHWAY

14.1  Introduction
14.2  Overview of Multipathway Air Toxics Risk Assessment
14.3  Overview of Multipathway Exposure Assessment
14.4  Planning and Scoping
14.5  Tiered Multipathway Risk Assessments
References

15.1  Introduction
15.2  Developing the Multipathway Conceptual Model
15.3  Developing the Multipathway Analysis Plan
15.4  Exposure Assessment Approach
References

16.1  Introduction
16.2  Developing the Emissions Inventory

17.1  Introduction
17.2  Chemical and Physical Properties that Affect Persistence and Bioaccumulation
17.3  Evaluating Persistence and Bioaccumulation in Exposure Assessments
References

18.1  Introduction
18.2  Multimedia Fate and Transport Modeling
18.3  Key Parameters/Inputs for Multimedia Models
18.4  Examples of Multimedia Modeling
References

19.1  Introduction
19.2  Why Monitor?
19.3  Planning and Implementing Issues
19.4  Monitoring and Sampling Methods, Technologies, and Costs
References

20.1  Introduction
20.2  Generic Equation for Dietary Intake
20.3  Estimating Exposure Concentrations
20.4  Calculating Intake Variable Values
20.5  Calculating Averaging Time Value
20.6  Combining Exposure Estimates Across Pathways
20.7  Exposure Models
References

21.1  Introduction
21.2  Hazard Identification
21.3  Predictive Approach for Cancer Effects
21.4  Dose-Response Assessment for Derivation of a Reference Dose
21.5  Sources of Human Health Reference Values for Risk Assessment
References

22.1  Introduction
22.2  Cancer Risk Estimates
22.3  Noncancer Hazard
22.4  Interpretation and Presentation of Risks/Hazards
References

PART IV.  ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT

23.1  Introduction
23.2  Overview of Air Toxics Ecological Risk Assessment
23.3  Planning and Scoping
23.4  Tiered Ecological Risk Assessments
References

24.1  Introduction
24.2  Characterization of Exposure
References

25.1  Introduction
25.2  Ecological Response Analysis
25.3  Stressor-Response Profile
25.4  Evaluating Variability and Uncertainty
References

26.1  Introduction
26.2  Risk Estimation
26.3  Risk Description
26.4  Risk Characterization Report
26.5  Evaluating Variability and Uncertainty
References

27.1  Introduction
27.2  Role of Risk Management in Regulating Hazards
27.3  Types of Risk Management Decisions Related to Air Toxics
27.4  Use of Risk Estimates in Decision-Making
27.5  Process for Making Risk Management Decisions
27.6  Information Dissemination
References

28.1  Introduction
28.2  Why is Community Involvement Important?
28.3  When to Involve the Community
28.4  How to Involve the Community

29.1  Introduction
29.2  Risk Perception
29.3  Your Risk Communication Strategy
29.4  Risk Comparisons
29.5  Implementing Risk Communication Strategies
References

30.1  Introduction
30.2  History of Public Health Assessment
30.3  Relationship of Public Health Assessment to Risk Assessment
30.4  What is Public Health Assessment?
30.5  How Is a Public Health Assessment Conducted?
References

31.1  Introduction
31.2  Tiered Approach for Risk Assessment
31.3  Methods for Probabilistic Risk Assessment
31.4  Presenting Results for Probabilistic Risk Assessment
References

32.1  Introduction
32.2  Selecting a GIS
32.3  Acquiring and Using Demographic Data
32.4  Cartographic Concepts
32.5  Using the Internet as a GIS Tool
32.6  Current GIS Applications at EPA
32.7  GPS Technology
References

APPENDICES