WPCD 2 ZB 0bHP DeskJet 500XX2PQXPЫXX2PQXP,2A`Arial (TT)XAVPTQP&AVA`Arial MTBAVPTQP&AVA`Arial MTAVPTQP&AVA`Arial MT}AVPTQP&AVA`Arial MTAVPTQP&AVA`Arial MTAVPTQP&AVA`Arial MTAVPTQP&AVA`Arial MT H@Q@< Ha`$ LetterGothicXkAVPT QXP&AVA`Arial MTX}AVPT QP&AVA`Arial MTXkAVPT QXP&AVA`Arial MTX H@ Q@< Ha`$ LetterGothic}AVPT QP&AVA`Arial MTXkAVPTQXP&AVA`Arial MTX H@Q@< Ha`$ LetterGothic H@Q@< Ha`$ LetterGothic&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&I2PQP,2A`Arial (TT) H@Q@< Ha`$ LetterGothic&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&I2PQP,2A`Arial (TT)&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&&Q2PQ&P,2A`Arial (TT)&2:B2|X #AVPTQP# $#BAVPTQP#SAMI#AVPTQP#у #}AVPTQP#THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS INITIATIVE #AVPTQP#  #AVPTQP#EMISSION MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 0$(EMOs) #AVPTQP# $ADOPTED (BY GOVERNING BODY!JUNE 10, 1995 # H@Q@#у #XkAVPT QXP# #}AVPT QP# Introduction: #XkAVPT QXP# The Southern Appalachian Mountains Initiative (SAMI) is a nonprofit organization that addresses air quality issues in the Southern Appalachian Mountains region, primarily those of Class I national park and wilderness areas. The National Park Service has determined that air quality problems in the Great Smoky Mountains and Shenandoah are among the most serious in our national parks. SAMI is a volunteer initiative that brings together state and federal regulators, federal land managers, industries, environmentalists, university scientists, and private citizens to seek scientifically based solutions through a consensusbuilding process. Eight states are represented in SAMI: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. One of the purposes of SAMI is to provide the best possible information for decision makers to use in creating public policies on air quality in the Southern Appalachian Mountains region without duplicating other air quality efforts. SAMI uses existing air quality data and studies ongoing in the region to develop emission management options (EMOs) for protecting and improving air quality. SAMIs goal is to develop EMOs that are costeffective, longterm, reasonable solutions to air quality concerns. Purpose of this report: This document presents twelve EMOs that were adopted by the Governing Body of SAMI on June 10, 1995. SAMI has concluded that this first set of EMOs should be implemented without further detailed study because they have the potential to reduce emissions at little or no adverse economic cost to the public. Some of the EMOs have the potential to realize a significant cost savings. This report contains a brief description of each EMO, followed by a statement of the actions and products that are associated with each one. # H@ Q@# #}AVPT QP#    TABLE OF CONTENTS Đ    #XkAVPTQXP#  Mobile Emissions Reductions in Class I National Parks in SAMI Region EMO 8pt#T$K 1  Examination of Various Fuel Formulations and Alternative Fuels in the SAMI Region EMO 88pt#T$K 2  Endorsement of the Energy Star Programs EMO 12/25pt#T$K 3  Energy Conservation within Offices and Buildings EMO 51/52pt#T$K 4  Reduction of Line Losses, Electricity Generation and Air Emissions through Transmission and Distribution System Upgrades EMO 64pt#T$K 5  Energy Efficiency Audits EMO 65pt#T$K 6  Inclusion of Air Quality Considerations in Local Land Use Plans and Development of Land Use Plans with Consideration for Air Quality EMO 86pt#T$K 7  Planting and Maintaining Trees in Urban and Suburban Areas EMO 87pt#T$K 8 FLM and Permitting Authority Dialogue EMO 89p#T$L 9  Environmental Enterprise Teams Pollution Prevention Assistance EMO 72p<#T$K 10  Promoting Energy Efficiency with the Public EMO 16, 28, 29, and part of 59p<#T$K 11  Promoting Energy Efficiency and Conservation with Private and Public Decision Makers EMO 30, 59, 63 p<#T$K 12 # H@Q@# ,# H@Q@#  `"T$H #&Q2PQ&P#EMO 8 #I2PQP#ѹ  ],# H@Q@#   ]    #&Q2PQ&P#  TITLE: Mobile Emissions Reductions in Class I National Parks within SAMI Region. DESCRIPTION: There is potential for mobile emissions reduction in the Class I national parks within the SAMI region. A wide range of options appear to have potential for controlling the use of vehicles within the parks. However, these options need to be further studied. ACTION: SAMI will request that the National Park Service (NPS) coordinate a study team of SAMI participants to examine a full range of options and strategies for reducing mobile source emissions in the Parks. PRODUCT: The Study Team will present a report to the GB at the semiannual meeting in Spring 1996 that includes recommendations and needs for additional study based on available data and analyses. The report will present the financial, environmental, practical, and legal issues and findings associated with each strategy. V#I2PQP#` (#EEMO 88V TITLE: Examination of Various Fuel Formulations and Alternative Fuels in the SAMI Region. DESCRIPTION: Significant volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions reductions could be achieved in the SAMI region through lower Reid vapor pressure (RVP) fuels. Other alternative fuels and formulations have the potential for reducing both VOC and NOx emissions. Incentives would need to be provided for the widespread use of these alternative fuels. ACTION: SAMI will request that the Policy Committee (PC) initiate and coordinate a meeting(s) between the petroleum industry, state agencies, EPA and other interested parties to examine alternative fuel formulations. Reformulated gasoline (RFG), lower RVP fuels, and other alternative fuels would be included in these discussions. After the initial meeting(s) and more detailed information has been obtained, the information and data will be presented in report form to the GB. PRODUCT: The PC is to present a written report on the outcome of the meetings with the petroleum industry and other interested parties to the GB at the semiannual meeting in Fall 1995. The report will include the available data, analyses, conclusions, recommendations, or needs for additional study. Y#&Q2PQ&P#`(#CEMO 12/25Y TITLE: Endorsement of the Energy Star Programs. DESCRIPTION: EPA promotes voluntary Energy Star Programs such as Green Lights, Energy Star office equipment, and Energy Star Buildings. These programs address energyefficiency by: 1) reducing air emissions through the installation of energyefficient lighting (Green Lights); 2) promoting computers and peripherals that powerdown to save energy when they are not being used (Energy Star Computers); and 3) optimizing building systems including the HVAC components (Energy Star Buildings). Companies' participation in the Energy Star Programs would serve as evidence of their commitment to SAMI's mission. ACTION: SAMI will endorse and promote participation in the Energy Star Programs (Green Lights, Energy Star Buildings, Energy Star Computers) by facilities in the SAMI region. PRODUCT: The Public Advisory Committee (PAC) of SAMI will prepare a package of Energy Star Program literature and will develop a plan for optimizing its distribution. This package will be developed and distributed by November 1995. _#&Q2PQ&P#`(#C EMO 51/52 _ TITLE: Energy Conservation within Offices and Buildings. DESCRIPTION: Reduced electricity consumption is realized when agencies and businesses direct employees to turn off office lights, computers, HVAC equipment and any nonessential equipment at night, on weekends and whenever it is not needed for an extended period of time. This recommendation would only apply when practical and to the extent that it does not interfere with building operation and/or safety. EPA, OPPE Climate Change, and Southface Energy Institute, Inc. estimate that if one office light (4 fluorescent tubes) were kept off for every lunch hour (250 hours per year) the savings will be: $4 in energy bills, 64 pounds in CO2, 2.3 pounds in NOX emissions, and 1.3 pounds in SOX emissions. If 1,000 to 1,500 office workers undertake these types of actions, the total savings will be: $350,000 in energy bills, 2,700 pounds in CO2 emissions 54 tons in NOX emissions, and 28 tons in SOX emissions per year. ACTION: SAMI will promote participation and provide education to the public and industry on possible measures and associated savings. PRODUCT: The PAC of SAMI will develop a mailout of available documents that describe energy conservation actions that building owners can take. The information package will include materials that relate conservation to pounds of emissions reduced. Distribution of this package will commence in November 1995. \#&Q2PQ&P#` (#E EMO 64 \ TITLE: Reduction of Line Losses, Electricity Generation and Air Emissions through Transmission and Distribution System Upgrades. DESCRIPTION: There may be opportunities for utilities to make voluntary cost effective investments in their transmission and distribution upgrade projects that will result in a reduction in line losses and in turn result in reduced generation and reduced air emissions in the SAMI region. A portion of the electricity generated at power plants is lost in the transmission of the electricity from the plant to the end user. These losses are generally referred to as line losses and are expressed as a percentage of the electricity generated. For example, a 5% line loss would mean that only 95% of the electricity leaving a plant reached an end user. The effect of line losses is that additional electricity must be generated to make up for the electricity that is lost during the transmission. The amount of line loss is not constant but varies as conditions affecting losses vary. Under no circumstances can line losses be eliminated and there are practical limits as to how much they can be cost effectively reduced. Generally, it is understood that undertaking transmission and distribution upgrade projects solely for the purpose of reducing line losses are not cost effective. ACTION: SAMI will develop and distribute a communication document to utilities within the SAMI region to initiate a dialogue on reduction of line losses and other energy conservation and efficiency measures. See "PRODUCT" section below. PRODUCT: SAMI will send a letter to the CEO of each utility in the SAMI region. This communication will serve as an initial high level contact between SAMI and utilities for the purpose of making utilities aware of SAMI and its objectives. The letter will also inform utilities of SAMI's interests in a broad range of cost effective energy conservation and efficiency measures (including reduction of line losses, electricity generation, and air emissions through transmission and distribution system upgrades), indicate SAMI's support of utility energy conservation and energy efficiency efforts, and inform utilities of SAMI's interest in working with utilities to promote cost effective energy efficiency measures. This letter will also explore recognition programs for which utilities may be interested in becoming involved. This communication document will be prepared, combined with EMO # 65 if appropriate, and sent by the Chairman of the Governing Body to the utility CEO's by September 1, 1995.  \#&Q2PQ&P#` (#E EMO 65 \ TITLE: Energy Efficiency Audits. DESCRIPTION: Energy efficiency audits have the potential to lower energy costs and lower air emissions. Energy efficiency audits can identify areas where facility operations can be done in a more energy efficient manner and may in some cases result in significant savings. SAMI would like to recognize the utility industry for their use of energy efficiency audits and encourage wider application of them. ACTION: SAMI will develop and distribute a communication document to utilities within the SAMI region to initiate a dialogue on the use of voluntary energy audits of utility and customer facilities and other energy conservation and efficiency measures. See "PRODUCT" section below. PRODUCT: SAMI will prepare a letter to be sent to the CEO of each utility in the SAMI region. This communication document will serve as an initial high level contact between SAMI and utilities for the purpose of making utilities aware of SAMI and its objectives. The document will also inform utilities of SAMI's interests in a broad range of cost effective energy conservation and efficiency measures (including energy efficiency audits), indicate SAMI's support of utility energy conservation and energy efficiency efforts, and inform utilities of SAMI's interest in working with utilities to promote cost effective energy efficiency measures. This document will also explore recognition programs for which utilities may be interested in becoming involved. This communication document will be prepared, combined with EMO #64 if appropriate, and sent by the Chairman of the Governing Body to the utility CEO's by September 1, 1995. \#&Q2PQ&P#` (#E EMO 86 \ TITLE: Inclusion of Air Quality Considerations in Local Land Use Plans and Development of Land Use Plans with Consideration for Air Quality. DESCRIPTION: Future development and renovation of communities can be done in a fashion that ultimately reduces energy consumption and reduces emissions. Neighborhoods planned with linkages encourage alternatives to the automobile (through bikeways and sidewalks that connect developments, schools, parks, and neighborhood shops and services) enhancing air quality. Fuel consumption is reduced with walking, biking or taking a bus to work, school or shopping. Road designs and connections also influence fuel consumption. Roads designed to minimize stopandgo traffic, reduce high speed travel, and minimize idling time will reduce emissions from automobiles. These alternatives to automobile travel and modifying traffic patterns can potentially reduce CO, NOx, and VOCs and particulate matter emissions. It is noted that what works in one locality may not work in another, and each locality may need to balance energy efficiency and conservation objectives against other community concerns such as public safety and commuting times. ACTION: SAMI will recommend that local planning commissions and localities that practice land use planning, develop plans with consideration for air quality concerns. PRODUCT : The PAC of SAMI will develop a summary information document describing various ways that could consider air quality. This document will be developed and distributed by November 1995. \#&Q2PQ&P#` (#E EMO 87 \ TITLE: Planting and Maintaining Trees in Urban and Suburban Areas. DESCRIPTION: Trees are important in maintaining air quality with the ability to: act as natural filters of air pollution, reduce cooling needs by shading buildings, and reduce heating needs by serving as windbreaks. Urban and suburban area trees are usually growing under very stressful conditions; inadequate moisture, nutrientpoor and compacted soil, improper pruning and insufficient rooting space. With a concerted effort, states and communities, could ensure that the urban forest remains healthy and viable. Planting and maintenance of trees along roads is also critical. Traffic in urban areas tends to move slower through a treelined corridor. Some reductions in particulate matter, NOx, and CO would be realized. There are many voluntary programs in place through the State Foresters' offices as well as through private groups that promote and help fund tree planting and maintenance, especially in urban areas. The American Forestry Association is cosponsor of the Global Releaf Program, which supports tree preservation, planting and maintenance worldwide. ACTION: To implement this EMO SAMI will send a letter of support to the various voluntary programs both public and private. Include planting and maintenance of trees as a suggestion in the document being developed for EMO #86. SAMI will urge all states within the SAMI region to promote voluntary tree preservation and planting efforts, especially in urban and suburban areas. The PAC of SAMI will develop an information document for public use which contains benefit and costs of tree planting and maintenance programs. PRODUCT: The PAC of SAMI will develop the letters and documents used to implement this EMO by November 1995. Y#&Q2PQ&P#` (#E EMO 89Y TITLE: FLM and Permitting Authority Dialogue. DESCRIPTION: SAMI will encourage an active dialogue between permitting authorities in the SAMI region and affected Federal Land Managers (FLMs) concerning the permitting of any new major emitting source or major modification of an existing source. ACTION: The dialogue between the permitting authority, permit applicant, and the FLM may include: 1.Notification of the FLM within 30 days of receipt of any advance notification of a Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permit application which proposes to construct within 100 kilometers (km) of the Class I area, or any other large source which the permitting authority feels may impact a Class I area, along with the opportunity to participate in preapplication meetings for such sources. 2.Development of a onepage fact sheet containing key information about the project, including name and type of source, its location, proximity to Class I areas, and the proposed emission rates of air pollutants by the source. Permitting authorities would ask the project applicants to prepare this fact sheet to facilitate early FLM and public involvement for projects possibly impacting Class I areas. This fact sheet will be forwarded to any affected FLM at the earliest possible time and placed on electronic databases such as the BACT/LAER Clearinghouse or EPA's Bulletin Board System. 3.Annual, or more frequent, presentation by the permitting authority to the FLM (made available to public upon request) of all permitting activity within the area of concern surrounding the Class I area. The changes in emissions, enforcement actions, State Implementation plan (SIP) development, ambient monitoring data increment tracking, etc., within the area of concern will be included. 4.Annual or more frequent presentation by the FLM of issues of concern. PRODUCT: The Chairman of the SAMI Governing Body will send letter to permitting authorities within the SAMI region to request that they engage in an active dialogue with FLMs and consider the measures outlined above. This letter will be developed and sent by September 1, 1995. \#&Q2PQ&P#` (#E EMO 72 \ TITLE: Environmental Enterprise Teams Pollution Prevention Assistance. DESCRIPTION: An environmental Enterprise Team is a small group of experts, normally within the State government, who provide technical support services, product and vendor information, information on financing options to businesses, and information on environmental problems of special concern in the State. The basic purpose of an Environmental Enterprise Team is to facilitate the diffusion of costeffective environmental technologies. A key characteristic of the Environmental Enterprise Team is staffing: staff from a State's departments of environment and commerce would be members. An Environmental Enterprise Team could inform businesses about opportunities for costeffective pollution prevention and for energy conservation. A State's annual budget for an Environmental Enterprise Team of three staff would be about $150,000 $200,000. An Environmental Enterprise Team promotes economic growth, competitiveness, and environmental quality. ACTION: SAMI will recommend that each member State evaluate the formation of a group in state governmentthe Environmental Enterprise Teamto promote pollution prevention and energy efficiency in businesses that relocate to or within the State. PRODUCT: The PAC of SAMI will prepare a status report for the SAMI region describing the existence and nature of environmental enterprise teams. A letter will be developed for the Governing Body of SAMI that will be sent to states without environmental enterprise teams recommending each state evaluate the formation of such a group in their state government. The report and letter will be developed by  (date and/or action to be determined by PAC) .  s#&Q2PQ&P#`$(#5 EMO 16, 28, 29 and part of 59 s TITLE: Promoting Energy Efficiency with the Public.  DESCRIPTION: Public education programs in energy conservation and energy efficiency provide information to help citizens to make informed choices which can ultimately affect air quality. Many programs currently exist (EPA, state air regulatory agencies and industry) to inform the public of available products and alternative activities that produce fewer emissions. For example, electric lawn mowers vs. gasolinepowered mowers, energy efficient appliances, and reduction in automobile use through increased use of mass transit and carpools all contribute to reduction of emissions. ACTION: SAMI will support public education programs in energy conservation and efficiency. SAMI will collect information on existing energy efficiency activities and use these as appropriate in promotional materials, presentations, etc. SAMI will also endorse and encourage further development and will help get the information out to public. PRODUCT: The PAC of SAMI will gather the appropriate existing information for inclusion in a package of information to be distributed to the states and public interest groups within the SAMI region. The material will be available by  (date and/or action to be determined by PAC). h#&Q2PQ&P#`(#= EMO 30, 59, and 63 h TITLE: Promoting Energy Efficiency and Conservation with Private and Public Decision Makers. DESCRIPTION: Education programs in energy conservation and energy efficiency provide information to help private (industrial and business) and public decision makers to make informed choices that can ultimately affect air quality. There are a number of existing voluntary, costeffective energy conservation and efficiency programs available. Examples of these voluntary programs include: employer subsidies of workers who use mass transit (Federal Employees Clean Air Incentives Act of 1993 and the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act); reducing miles traveled on the job; office building energy efficiency; fuel switching; waste minimization programs; recycling of paper, cardboard, glass, etc. ACTION: SAMI will endorse existing efforts and encourage such programs where they do not currently exist. The PC will work with the PAC to develop a mechanism to compile this information and distribute it to decisionmakers. A listing of these programs will be used by SAMI members and other interested parties to further educate private and public decisionmakers about the effects of their voluntary actions and decisions on air quality in the SAMI region, because their decisions on business practices can enhance air quality. PRODUCT: A report will be sent to energy producers and energy consumers. The PAC of SAMI will gather the appropriate existing information for inclusion in a package of information to be distributed to private (industrial and business), public decision makers, and public interest groups within the SAMI region. SAMI will also advise the Public Service Commissions and State Energy offices on the materials that it distributes. The material will be available by (date and/or action to be determined by PAC).