ÿWPC¢H ¶îk6ÿ¡†a%YKë#cU®ý'2zÃÑA>È uæÐ9 D‡Ð $m’¶ª>ð"ÀÍÓ¨ÎÑr¼¼>·Tÿ9[DôS#R¾è“ë2å6Q/¢åìæD)ŸcSމC¡Ýq]'nÖƒ²ZXŸ\ÑCMº˜å¶7qô6o0µñuï+‰¢.‘Sn¨.Dª¼¢)aÚ1ÌqÎÓ¯bæ™f ¬ÛÏöÏd lRÖ’²·# K\n&î«àèeó.î0V+áG‘ÄÞtÉ-tv“Īö™Kû™tHË2‰ƒÔvíhGð”p¡²(-v-¦{ïþÇ æ·IÞÿ¾yP0›¸¬>i&žZ¿zºÝ8ãZìו^eñŠ£ÊPÙf²xéŠJ á'D·¢8°Ô„AÖ–Ó˜u¾MY¦G`-·Žù8­?|l!ÉÞý®£®H| M¸¿êÙðY;˔ǩ«÷›-£:Ö˜Öð£c¹Z4O&X`PG êÛAV¼¦½Ç²Ë/–—f7–É<=:‹oþ», (Ы[A(™Áó4xV2iï4…à;—t•~,k]Fò•M(|ZšolM›ß0–!´º/“‡)å‹Ñò¯;ꇌd×H.†²<î†{À#!€ U1N¡ %ï 0(õ ^ w)4-AP mR 1‡i 1uð 0ceUNÈNÌ 0Dä¢(†ÊP 01ll 01DØË®çâ•UNwÅ 1‡R•ÙÛnNI‡— Ò!=ð")-$*V%«€&‚+'ò­'öŸ)d•+Mù, 1‡ý,è„-©l.UF/UN[/†©/í/1M2i3ø3f5a5<&5|b6«Þ7‰8Å9wT:kË:ô6<Ñ*= 1‡û=…‚>‚?i‰?0ò@‡"B«©BƒTC‡×Cí^DžKE‡éEéEéEéEéEéEéEéEéEéE BpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpFpF 0AF 0TÎF 0h"G ŠGŠGŠGŠGŠGŠGŠGŠGŠGŠG›G˜HP LaserJet 4MV,ð,,,,,ð0(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡éh%)ÆIB(Ìë‡3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList1a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;Æ$´´Ô25hÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular ÂÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSee,€for€example,€data€from€EPAððs€AP„42,€Emission€Factors€document,€Table€3.2„1,Ð ° Ð10/96.€(3¯$©©Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý  NOxmmBturulemaking TSDAcurexCAPCOA LECINGAANeuffercommentersPechanAvanti NSCR SCR MECA BealturbochargedHibbardWilketurbochargingturbochargerintercooleraftercooler CEMS ICCR SNCRregionwide EGU FIPECGranoOAQPSAQSSD OPSGrulemakings OTAG stoichiometric vvv H.N.Ballard W.N. C.W.Dietzmann E.R.FanickcutpointBrahimRichaniStachowiczJEGTP |Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú25Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMarch€3,€1999€letter€from€J.€W.€Hibbard,€Cooper€Energy€Services,€to€Bill€Neuffer,Ð ° ÐEPA;€March€4,€1999€telecon€summary€of€call€between€Joe€Hibbard,€Cooper€Energy€Services€andÏBill€Neuffer,€EPA;€and€letter€of€May€7,€1999€from€Charles€Wilke,€Dresser„Rand€Company,€toÏBill€Neuffer. Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLarge,€as€defined€in€the€NOx€SIP€call€(63€FR€57356,€October€27,€1998),€means€an€ICÐ ° Ðengine€which€emitted,€on€average,€greater€than€1.0€ton/day€during€the€1995€ozone€season.((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(%Ã$òòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó ÁÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlternative€Control€Techniques€(ACT)€document,€ð ðNOòòxóó€Emissions€from€StationaryÐ ° ÐReciprocating€Internal€Combustion€Engines,ðð€(ACT€document€for€IC€engines)€EPA„453/R„93„¼032,€July€1993,€page€3„15.€€The€ACT€documents€were€required€by€section€183(c)€of€the€CleanÏAir€Act€Amendments€of€1990€and€subject€to€public€review€prior€to€publication. ¤Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSee€NOx€SIP€call€final€rule€and€support€material€(63€FR€57356,€October€27,€1998). ØÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€discussion€below€uses€ð ðgrams/brake€horsepower„hourðð€or€g/bhp„hr€rather€thanÐ ° Ðlbs/mmBtu€since€the€former€is€the€convention€for€the€industry.€€The€uncontrolled€estimate€of€3.0Ïlbs/mmBtu€(from€AP„42,€October€1996)€corresponds€to€about€11.3€g/bhp„hr.€€The€1993€ACTÏdocument€for€IC€engines€estimates€average€uncontrolled€emissions€at€5.13€lb/mmBtu€or€16.8Ïg/bhp„hr.(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular ƒÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFederal€Register€of€March€2,€2000€(65€FR€11222).(EhCEKQW]cioAutoList21.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. ‹Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔACT€document€for€IC€engines,€Tables€2„8,€2„14€and€2„15. ÑÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú31Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCR€and€GRI€data€contained€in€facsimile€transmittal€from€Alpha„GammaÐ ° ÐTechnologies,€Inc.,€March€22,€2000. DÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðStationary€Reciprocating€Internal€Combustion€Engines:€Updated€Information€on€NOxÐ ° ÐEmissions€and€Control€Techniques,ðð€EC/R€Incorporated,€September€Ô_Ô1,€2000Ô_Ô€(EC/R€report€on€ICÏengines). }Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEC/R€report€on€IC€engines,€section€4.3.4. ÈÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€1993€ACT€document€for€IC€engines€uses€a€cost€of€$2,440€for€annual€testing,€pageÐ ° Ð6„5.€€In€ð ðCAPCOA/ARB€Proposed€Determination€of€Reasonably€Available€Control€TechnologyÏand€Best€Available€Retrofit€Control€Technology€for€Stationary€Internal€Combustion€Engines,ððÏDecember€3,€1997€the€document€estimates€testing€costs€at€$3,000€per€engine€(pg.52). 3Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðNOx€Emissions€Control€Costs€for€Stationary€Reciprocating€Internal€CombustionÐ ° ÐEngines€in€the€NOx€SIP€Call€Statesðð€prepared€by€Pechan„Avanti€Group€for€EPA,€August€11,Ï2000€(Pechan€IC€engines€report). Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTelephone€records€by€Bill€Neuffer,€EPA,€dated€5„19„00€and€5„24„00;€conversations€withÐ ° Ða€regulatory€agency€representative,€an€operator€of€the€control€equipment€and€an€equipmentÏvendor. Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðEmission€Control€Technology€for€Stationary€Internal€Combustion€Engines,ðð€StatusÐ ° ÐReport€by€Manufacturers€of€Emission€Controls€Association,€July€1997,€page€7€(1997€MECAÏreport).€€ ¡Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú42Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔData€summarized€from€May€19,€2000€memo€from€David€Sanders,€EPA,€to€the€files. xÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú48Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔPechan€IC€engines€report,€Table€A„7. èÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú46Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIncluding€March€3€and€15,€1999€memos€from€Joe€Hibbard,€Cooper€Energy€Services,€toÐ ° ÐBill€Neuffer,€EPA;€March€22,€1999€letter€from€R.W.€Stachowicz,€Waukesha€Engine€Division€toÏBill€Neuffer,€EPA;€April€17,€2000€letter€from€Bob€Faulkner,€Diesel€Supply€Company,€USA,€toÏStephen€Edgerton,€EC/R;€and€May€18,€2000€record€of€phone€call€between€Bill€Neuffer,€EPA,€andÏChuck€Wilkie,€Dresser€Rand. ìÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Annual€(capital€and€operating)€costs€in€1990€$€per€ozone€season€tons€reduced.€€ForÐ ° ÐSCR€and€NSCR,€the€annual€operating€costs€are€for€the€ozone€season€only.€€LEC€controls€areÏassumed€to€operate€year„round,€thus,€year„round€operating€costs€are€included.€€For€comparison€toÏother€recent€EPA€rulemakings,€the€costs€can€be€escalated€to€1997€$€using€a€factor€of€1.21,Ïresulting€in€$629„664/ton. ZÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú37Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðAn€Overview€of€Exhaust€Emissions€Regulatory€Requirements€and€Control€TechnologyÐ ° Ðfor€Stationary€Natural€Gas€Enginesðð€H.N.€Ballard,€S.€C.€Hay,€and€W.N.€Shade€Jr,€CooperÏIndustries,€presented€to€Society€of€Petroleum€Engineers€April€1992).(UhCEKQW]cioAutoList31.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. ÞÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú36Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMarch€29,€2000€memo€from€Stephen€Edgerton,€€EC/R,€to€David€Sanders€and€DougÐ ° ÐGrano,€EPA€regarding€IC€engine€ACT€update. ŸÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú43Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔData€on€177€large€IC€engines€taken€from€the€NOx€SIP€call€database€(3„2„00).<4šÛ 9Z ‹.Courier New Regular(ÆúI Z‹6Times New Roman Regular |Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú32Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€ð ðOzone€Transport€Rulemaking€Non„Electricity€Generating€Unit€Cost€AnalysisððÐ ° Ðprepared€by€the€Pechan„Avanti€Group€for€EPA,€SeptemberÔ‡XþàXXXÔ€17,€1998,€[document€VI„B„09€(vvv)Ð  ð Ðin€docket€A„96„56]Ô#†XþàXXXþàð#Ô. ãÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú39Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðNOx€Control€for€Two„Cycle€Pipeline€Reciprocating€Enginesðð€prepared€by€Arthur€D.Ð ° ÐLittle,€Inc.€for€GRI,€December€1998. CÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú26Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔPechan€IC€engines€report.€€Annual€costs€in€1990€$€per€ozone€season€tons€reduced.€€Note:Ð ° Ð1990€$€are€used€in€order€to€easily€compare€with€the€NOx€SIP€callððs€ð ðhighly€cost€effectiveðð€valueÏof€$2000/ton€(in€1990€$). …Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔACT€document€for€IC€engines,€Tables€2„2€and€2„12. Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFor€example,€December€1,€1998€letter€from€Lisa€Beal,€INGAA,€to€docket€A„98„12Ð ° Ð(docket€#€III„D„53)€and€February€16,€1999€memo€from€Lisa€Beal,€INGAA,€to€Tom€Helms,€EPA.ÔTABLE B 2Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðCAPCOA/ARB€Proposed€Determination€of€Reasonably€Available€Control€TechnologyÐ ° Ðand€Best€Available€Retrofit€Control€Technology€for€Stationary€Internal€Combustion€Engines,ððÏDecember€3,€1997,€page€29. rÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú35Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€EC/R€report€on€IC€engines€provides€additional€support€for€the€values€selected€in€theÐ ° Ðcost€and€sensitivity€analyses€in€the€Pechan€IC€engines€report.€€The€EC/R€report€was€not€used€toÏselect€these€values,€however,€because€it€was€completed€after€the€Pechan€analysis. ¡Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTelephone€records€by€Bill€Neuffer€dated€5„18„00,€(two)€5„19„00,€and€5„24„00.€ üÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðRetrofit€NOx€Control€Technologies€for€Natural€Gas€Prime€Movers,ðð€Gas€ResearchÐ ° ÐInstitute,€March€1994,€GRI„94/0329,€page€2„4,€(1994€GRI€report). »Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú33Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô1994€GRI€report€and€February€16,€1999€fax€from€Lisa€Beal,€INGAA,€to€Tom€Helms,Ð ° ÐEPA. mÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú34Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔPechan€IC€engines€report. aÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú38Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðNOx€Reduction€Technology€for€Natural€Gas€Industry€Prime€Moversðð€AcurexÐ ° ÐCorporation€for€Gas€Research€Institute,€August€1990€(1990€GRI€report).€€Attached€to€June€25,Ï1998€letter€from€INGAA€to€Docket€No.€A„96„56;€included€as€docket€item€V„H„157. êÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú44Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDecember€9,€1998€memorandum€from€Brahim€Richani€and€Jennifer€Snyder,€Alpha„Ð ° ÐGamma€Technologies,€Inc.€to€Amanda€Agnew,€EPA,€page€2. ÇÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú45Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔApril€5,€2000€memorandum€from€Brahim€Richani,€Alpha„Gamma€Technologies,€Inc.,€toÐ ° ÐSims€Roy,€EPA.(ehCEKQW]cioAutoList41.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. {Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEC/R€report€on€IC€engines,€section€4.2. xÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú47Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔPechan€IC€engines€report,€Table€A„1. _Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú40Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðEmission€Control€Technology€for€Stationary€Natural€Gas€Enginesðð€C.W.€Urban,€H.E.Ð ° ÐDietzmann,€and€E.R.€Fanick,€Southwest€Research€Institute,€òòJournal€of€Engineering€for€GasÐ  ð ÐTurbines€and€Poweróó,€July€1989,€Vol.€111/369. &Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðHighly€cost„effective€controlsðð€are€defined€in€the€NOx€SIP€call€as€controls€which€areÐ ° Ðless€than€$2000/ton€of€ozone€season€NOx€reduction€in€1990€dollars€(63€FR€57356,€October€27,Ï1998). }Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEC/R€report€on€IC€engines,€section€4.2.4. ¡Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔData€summarized€from€May€19,€2000€memo€from€David€Sanders,€EPA,€to€the€files. yÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEC/R€report€on€IC€engines,€Table€2„1. }Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEC/R€report€on€IC€engines,€section€4.1.2. ãÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú27Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEC/R€report€on€IC€engines,€section€2.2.€€Annual€costs€in€1990€$€per€ozone€season€tonsÐ ° Ðreduced.€€($460„910€in€1997€dollars). ”Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú41Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFebruary€16,€1999€memo€from€Lisa€Beal,€INGAA,€to€Tom€Helms,€EPA. }Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEC/R€report€on€IC€engines,€section€5.1.4. d(Vm$˜˜Ìà0  àà ° à(,!ù$™™à0  àà0` (#(#àà  à(@›‚$ššà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` ಳ´ ýÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðRetrofit€NOx€Control€Technologies€for€Natural€Gas€Prime€Movers,ðð€section€4,€GasÐ ° ÐResearch€Institute,€March€1994,€GRI„94/0329€(1994€GRI€report).Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€þàXXdðdÈ8ÑÌÌÌòòÔ‡¼ªÅ»XXÔÌÓ  ÓÔ#†XþàX»¼ªÅi#ÔÔ‡èê9çXXþàÔStationary€Reciprocating€Internal€Combustion€Engines€Ð ˜è ÐTechnical€Support€DocumentÌ€for€NOx€SIP€Call€ProposalÔ#†XþàXçèê9¸#ÔóóÐ ¸  ÐÌÌÔ‡ ¶}!XXþàÔÌSeptember€Ô_Ô5,€Ô_Ô€2000ÌÌÌÌDoug€GranoÌEPA,€OAR,€OAQPS,€AQSSD,€OPSGÌÔ#†XþàX! ¶}“#ÔÌÓ‰ÓòòóóÌÐ  Ö& ÐÔ‡ ¶}!XXþàÔòòCONTENTSóóÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓòòPAGEóóÐ òB ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ€µÝ ÓÌINTRODUCTIONà‚¢"¢"J(#.ˆ ˆ à1ˆÐ ¸  ÐÌÐ ÐLARGE€IC€ENGINES€EXCEPT€NATURAL€GAS„FIRED€LEAN„ÏBURNà‚¢"¢"J(#.””à3ˆÐ À  ÐÌÐ ÐNATURAL€GAS„FIRED€LEAN„BURN€IC€ENGINESà‚¢"¢"J(#.””0à5ˆÐ †Ö  ÐÌÐ ÐOTHER€COST€AND€ANALYSIS€FACTORSà‚¢"¢"J(#.ææ)à8ˆÐ Lœ ÐÌÐ ÐRESULTS€OF€COST€AND€SENSITIVITY€ANALYSESà‚""I(#.xx2à10ˆÐ b ÐÌÌSELECTION€OF€VALUES€FOR€COST€AND€SENSITIVITYÏANALYSESà‚""I(#.  à11ˆÐ j ÐÔ#†XþàX! ¶}a#ÔÐ  \ ¬ ÐØØÑ8€þàXXdðXXdð8Ñòòò òó óÔ‡èê9çXXþàÔÌÌÌà  àÌIntroductionóóÔ#†XþàXçèê9Ä#ÔÐ ¨ @ ÐÌà  àLarge׃×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€ò òó ónatural€gas„fired€lean„burn€IC€engines€are€primarily€used€in€pipeline€transmissionÐ (À Ðservice€and€some€are€used€in€field€storage€pumping€operations.€€Gas€turbines€are€also€used€inÏthese€operations.€€On€a€capacity€basis€the€IC€engines€and€turbines€in€pipeline€transmission€serviceÏare€about€evenly€divided.׃p×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×òò,óó׃:ø×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€uncontrolled€emission€rate€from€IC€engines€is€about€ten€timesÐ ø  Ðgreater€than€the€uncontrolled€emission€rate€for€gas€turbines.׃  ×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€That€is,€uncontrolled€NOxÐ è€  Ðemissions€from€large€IC€engines€are€greater€than€3.0€lbs/mmBtu€while€uncontrolled€NOxÏemissions€from€gas€turbines€are€about€0.3€lbs/mmBtu.à p àà È àà  àà x àà Ð àÐ È`  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àÌà  àIn€the€NOx€SIP€call,€EPA€determined€that€NOx€emissions€from€large€gas€turbines€(andÏlarge€boilers)€can€be€decreased€by€highly€cost„effective€controls€to€an€average€emission€rate€ofÏ0.15„0.17€lbs/mmBtu׃H ×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×.€€As€part€of€the€NOx€SIP€call€rulemaking,€EPA€proposed€to€find€thatÐ ˆ  Ðâ âhighly€cost„effective€controls׃D×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€are€available€to€reduce€emissions€from€large€IC€engines€by€90%Ð x Ðfrom€uncontrolled€levels€(i.e.,€to€about€0.3€lbs/mmBtu)׃×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×.€€In€the€proposed€rulemaking€associatedÐ h Ðâ âwith€this€TSD,€EPA€is€proposing€that€highly€cost„effective€controls€are€available€to€reduceÏemissions€from€large€IC€engines€by€82„91%.€ÌÔ‡.XÍ'XXXþàÔÌÔ#†XþàXX.XÍ'U#Ôà  àIn€the€October€27,€1998€final€NOx€SIP€call€rule,€EPA€identified€about€300€large€ICÐ  ¦ Ðengines.€€Subsequently,€EPA€received€information€from€commenters€seeking€to€make€changes€toÏthe€emissions€inventory.€€The€EPA€recently€made€corrections€and€now€includes€about€200Ïstationary€reciprocating€internal€combustion€engines€in€its€final€NOx€SIP€call€budget׃@×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×.€€The€vastÐ Þ v Ðmajority€are€natural€gas„fired€engines.ÌÌà  àA€recent€report€by€the€Pechan„Avanti€Group€estimates€the€control€costs€and€NOòòxóó€emissionÐ ®F  Ðreductions€for€large€IC€engines€affected€under€the€NOòòxóó€SIP€Call€re„proposal.€€The€report€providesÐ ž6  Ðinformation€about€the€universe€of€potentially€affected€stationary€IC€engines,€control€costÏmodeling€methods,€scenario€analyses,€and€caveats€and€uncertainties€associated€with€thisÏanalysis.׃"ø×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€For€the€control€range€of€82„91%,€the€report€estimates€the€average€cost€per€ton€at€$520„Ð n  Ð549€per€ton.׃( ×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р^ö  ÐÐ  Næ ÐÌÔ‡èê9çXXþàÔòòLarge€IC€Engines€Except€Natural€Gas„Fired€Lean„BurnóóÔ#†XþàXçèê9³#ÔÐ Xð ÐÌÔ‡/X8„XXXþàÔà  àIn€the€NOx€SIP€call€budget€calculation,€EPA€divided€IC€engines€into€4€categories€andÐ Ø p Ðassigned€a€90€percent€emissions€decrease€on€average€based€on€information€in€EPAððs€ACTÏdocument€for€IC€engines€to€each€category€including€the€following:€€non„selective€catalyticÏreduction€(NSCR)€for€rich„burn€engines€and€selective€catalytic€reduction€(SCR)€for€diesel€andÏdual„fuel€engines.€€Ô#†XþàXX/X8„D#ÔFor€all€large€IC€engines,€except€natural€gas„fired€lean„burn€engines€(seeÐ ˆ  Ðdiscussion€below),€EPA€believes€that€90%€control€is€achievable€through€NSCR€or€SCR€and€isÏhighly€cost„effective.€€This€is€demonstrated€in€the€1993€ACT€document€for€IC€engines€and€in€aÏrecent€report€which€updates€information€on€NOx€emissions€and€control€techniques€for€ICÏengines.׃×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€addition,€the€following€sources€provide€supporting€information€(see€docket€A„96„Ð Xð  Ð56):Ìà0  à*€ð ðNOx€Reduction€Technology€for€Natural€Gas€Industry€Prime€Movers,ððAcurexÏCorporation€for€Gas€Research€Institute,€August€1990.Ð (#(# Ðà0  à*€ð ðRetrofit€NOx€Control€Technologies€for€Natural€Gas€Prime€Movers,ðð€section€4,€GasÏResearch€Institute,€March€1994,€GRI„94/0329.Ð (#(# Ðà0  à*€ð ðAssessment€of€Control€Technologies€for€Reducing€Nitrogen€Oxide€Emissions€fromÏNon„Utility€Point€Sources€and€Major€Area€Sources,ðð€Final€Ozone€Transport€AssessmentÏGroup€(OTAG)€€Policy€Paper,€July€1996;€Chapter€5,€Appendix€C,€to€the€OTAG€FinalÏReport,€http://www.epa.gov/ttn/rto/otag/index.html.Ð (#(# Ðà0  à*€ð ðEmission€Control€Technology€for€Stationary€Internal€Combustion€Engines,ðð€StatusÏReport,€Manufacturers€of€Emission€Controls€Association,€July€1997.Ð (#(# Ðà0  à*€ð ðCAPCOA/ARB€Proposed€Determination€of€Reasonably€Available€Control€TechnologyÏand€Best€Available€Retrofit€Control€Technology€for€Stationary€Internal€CombustionÏEngines,ðð€December€3,€1997.€Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àòòNatural€Gas„Fired€Rich„Burn€EnginesóóÐ X ð Ðà  àNon„selective€catalytic€reduction€(NSCR)€provides€the€greatest€NOòòxóó€reduction€of€all€theÐ H!à Ðhighly€cost€effective€technologies€considered€in€the€ACT€document€and€is€capable€of€providing€aÏ90€to€98€percent€reduction€in€NOòòxóó€emissions.òòóó׃3`×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€The€recent€EC/R€report€on€IC€engines€states€thatÐ (#À Ðâ â95€percent€control€is€generally€achievable€through€the€use€of€NSCR€on€rich„burn€IC€engines.׃ ×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р$° ÐThe€time€required€from€cost€proposal€to€field€installation€of€NSCR€is€less€than€11€months.׃#×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Рh Ðâ âÌòòà  àDiesel€and€Dual€Fuel€EnginesóóÐ Hà Ðà  àFor€diesel€and€dual€fuel€engines,€SCR€provides€the€greatest€NOòòxóó€reduction€of€all€highlyÐ 8 Ð Ðcost€effective€technologies€considered€in€the€1993€ACT€document€and€is€reported€to€provide€anÏ80„90€percent€reduction€in€NOòòxóó€emissions.׃`×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€More€recent€reports€state€that€NOx€emissions€canÐ  ° Ðbe€reduced€by€90%€or€more€by€SCR.׃$×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×òòòò,€óóóó׃7° ×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×òò,€óó׃EH ×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Therefore,€EPA€estimates€NOx€reductions€for€theseÐ    Ðengines€at€90%€on€average.€€The€EPA€estimates€the€diesel/dual€fuel€IC€engines€are€a€very€smallÏpart€of€the€large€IC€engines€population€in€the€NOx€SIP€call;€there€are€only€5€large€diesel€ICÏengines€identified€in€the€SIP€call€jurisdictions,€some€of€which€may€be€capable€of€dual€fuelÏoperation.€ÌÐ  ¸P  ÐÌÔ‡èê9çXXþàÔòòNaturalò òó ó€Gas„Fired€Lean„Burn€IC€EnginesóóÔ#†XþàXçèê9Ú$#ÔÐ Xð ÐÌòòò òóóó óà  àInformation€received€by€EPA€from€the€natural€gas€transmission€industry€after€publicationÐ Ø p Ðof€the€NOx€SIP€Call€final€rule€indicate€that€most,€if€not€all,€large€natural€gas„fired€lean„burn€ICÏengines€in€the€SIP€Call€region€are€in€natural€gas€distribution€and€storage€service€and€that€theseÏengines€experience€frequently€changing€load€conditions€which€make€application€of€SCRÏinfeasible.€€The€industry€also€states€that€low€emission€combustion€(LEC)€technology€is€a€provenÏtechnology€for€natural€gas„fired€lean„burn€engines,€while€SCR€is€not.׃4×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Regarding€variable€loadÐ ˆ  Ðoperations,€EPAððs€ACT€document€states€that€little€data€exist€with€which€to€evaluate€applicationÏof€SCR€for€the€lean€burn,€variable€load€operations.€€More€recent€information€indicates€thatÏapplication€of€SCR€on€variable€load€engines€experienced€problems€in€earlier€applications€but€thatÏvendors€of€SCR€systems€believe€they€have€corrected€the€earlier€problems€with€a€new€generationÏof€the€SCR€technology.׃Ap×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€However,€SCR€still€remains€to€be€widely€demonstrated€in€the€UnitedÐ 8Ð  ÐStates€on€lean€burn€IC€engines€in€variable€load€operation.€€With€the€understanding€that€theseÏlarge€IC€engines€are€in€variable€load€operations,€EPA€believes€there€is€an€insufficient€basisÏcurrently€to€conclude€that€SCR€is€an€appropriate€technology€for€the€large€lean„burn€engines.€ÏTherefore,€EPA€is€no€longer€proposing€that€SCR€is€a€highly€cost„effective€control€technology€forÏthe€natural€gas„€fired€lean„burn€IC€engines.€ÌÌà  àLean€burn€engines€can€reduce€NOx€emissions€by€adjusting€the€air/fuel€ratio€to€a€leanerÏmode€of€operation.€€The€increased€volume€of€air€in€the€combustion€process€increases€the€heatÏcapacity€of€the€mixture,€lowering€combustion€temperatures€and€reducing€NOx€formation.€€LECÏtechnology€involves€a€large€increase€in€the€air/fuel€ratio€compared€to€conventional€designs.€ÌÌà  àAs€described€in€various€documents,€including,€for€example,€a€1994€Gas€Research€InstituteÏstudy,׃¿(×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€emissions€of€NOx€from€lean€burn€engines€can€vary€widely€due,€largely,€to€the€specificÐ h Ðair/fuel€ratio€at€which€the€engine€is€designed€to€operate.€€For€naturally€aspirated€engines€(whichÏoperate€at€near€stoichiometric€air/fuel€ratios),€emissions€can€be€as€high€as€26€g/bhp„hr.€ÏTurbocharged€engines€can€reduce€emissions€of€NOx€up€to€40€percent€by€air/fuel€ratio€increases.€ÏFurther,€engines€designed€to€operate€at€very€high€air/fuel€ratios€and€with€advanced€ignitionÏtechnology€can€reduce€emissions€to€about€1€g/bhp„hr.ÌÌà  àThe€ACT€for€IC€engines€and€other€documents€indicate€that€LEC€technology€isÐ ø%! Ðappropriate€for€lean„burn€engines,€continuous€or€variable€load,€and€is€highly€cost€effective.€€TheÏEPA€believes€application€of€LEC€would€achieve€average€NOòòxóó€emission€levels€in€the€range€of€1.5„Ð Xð Ð3.0€g/bhp„hr.€€This€is€an€82„91€percent€reduction€from€the€average€uncontrolled€emission€levelsÏreported€in€the€ACT€document.€€An€EPA€memorandum€summarizing€269€tests€shows€that€96Ïpercent€of€IC€engines€with€installed€LEC€technology€achieved€emission€rates€of€less€than€2.0Ïg/bhp„hr.׃F×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€more€recent€EC/R€report€on€IC€engines€summarizes€476€tests€and€shows€thatÐ  ° Ð97%€of€the€IC€engines€with€installed€LEC€technology€achieve€emission€rates€of€2.0€g/bhp„hr€orÏless.׃G€×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ø  ÐÌà  àBecause€there€are€many€types€of€existing€lean€burn€engines€(e.g.,€some€turbocharged,Ïsome€not),€the€retrofit€of€LEC€technology€would€require€different€modifications€depending€on€theÏparticular€engine.€€Application€of€components€of€LEC€technology€and€their€degree€(i.e.,€theÏresultant€air/fuel€ratio)€will€yield€incremental€emissions€reductions.€€Therefore,€it€is€important€toÏcarefully€define€LEC€technology.ÌÌà  àòòóóòòóóFor€natural€gas„fired€lean„burn€engines,€EPA€proposes€that€an€82„91%€emissions€decreaseÐ x Ðis€highly€cost„effective;€i.e.,€less€than€$2000/ton.€This€is€demonstrated€in€the€ACT€document€forÏIC€engines€and€in€the€EC/R€report€on€IC€engines.€€€Based€on€additional€analysis€of€available€dataÏregarding€demonstrated€costs,€effectiveness,€availability,€and€feasibility€of€LEC€technology,€andÏconsideration€of€comments€received€in€response€to€the€proposal,€EPA€intends€to€determine€aÏpercent€reduction€number€to€use€in€calculating€this€portion€of€the€NOx€SIP€call€budget€decrease;Ïthe€reduction€is€likely€to€be€within€the€82„91%€range.€Ìà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌà  àThe€EPA€believes€that€LEC€retrofit€kits€are€available€for€all€affected€lean„burn€engines.ÏThis€is€based€on€the€EC/R€report€on€IC€engines€and€information€recently€received€€from€engineÏmanufacturers.׃H8×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×òò,óó€×ƒð×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú25Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Consistent€with€the€ACT€document,€LEC€technology€for€lean„burn€ICÐ Øp Ðengines€means:€€Ìà0  àThe€modification€of€a€natural€gas€fueled,€spark€ignited,€reciprocating€internal€combustionÏengine€to€reduce€emissions€of€NOx€by€utilizingò òó ó€ultra-lean€air-fuel€ratios,€high€energyÐ ¨ @ Ðignition€systems€and/or€pre-combustion€chambers,€increased€turbocharging€or€adding€aÏturbocharger,€and€increased€cooling€and/or€adding€an€intercooler€or€aftercooler,€resultingÏin€an€engine€that€is€designed€to€achieve€a€consistent€NOòòxóó€emission€rate€of€not€more€thanÐ x# Ð1.5-3.0€g/bhp-hr€at€full€capacity€(usually€100€percent€speed€and€100€percent€load)òòóó.ò òÐh(#(# Ðó óÌà  àThe€average€cost€effectiveness€for€large€IC€engines€using€LEC€technology€was€recentlyÏestimated€in€the€Pechan€IC€engines€report€to€be€$532/ton€(ozone€season).׃2×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú26Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€EC/R€report€onÐ 8 Ð ÐIC€engines€estimates€the€average€cost€effectiveness€for€IC€engines€using€LEC€technology€toÏrange€from€$420„840/ton€(ozone€season)€for€engines€in€the€2,000„8,000€bhp€range.׃I`×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú27Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€keyÐ  ° Ðvariables€in€determining€average€cost€effectiveness€for€LEC€technology€are€the€averageÏuncontrolled€emissions€at€the€existing€source,€the€projected€level€of€controlled€emissions,Ïannualized€costs€of€the€controls,€and€number€of€hours€of€operation€in€the€ozone€season.€€TheÏACT€document€uses€an€average€uncontrolled€level€of€16.8€g/bhp„hr,€a€controlled€level€of€2.0Ïg/bhp„hr€(87%€decrease),€and€nearly€continuous€operation€in€the€ozone€season.€€The€EPAÏbelieves€the€ACT€document€provides€a€reasonable€approach€to€calculating€cost€effectiveness€forÏLEC€technology€(see€discussion€in€EC/R€report€on€IC€engines).€€Further,€EPA€believes€the€cost„¼effectiveness€analysis€should€use€updated€annualized€cost€data€as€described€later€in€this€TSD.€€ÌÌà  àThe€EPA€ò òó óacknowledges€that€specific€values€will€vary€from€engine€to€engine.€€ForÐ x Ðadditional€information,€we€have€included€sensitivity€analyses€in€this€TSD€regarding€the€keyÏvariables€for€cost€effectiveness:€€uncontrolled€and€controlled€levels,€hours€of€operation,€andÏannualized€costs.€€The€sensitivity€analyses€are€summarized€later€in€this€TSD€and€indicate€a€rangeÏof€cost€effectiveness€for€large€IC€engines€using€LEC€technology€of€$540„890/ton€(ozone€season).ÌÐ  (À ÐÌÔ‡èê9çXXþàÔòòOther€Cost€and€Analysis€FactorsóóÔ#†XþàXçèê9‚D#ÔÐ Xð ÐÌà  àòòMonitoring€costsóóÐ Ø p Ðà  àIn€the€NOx€SIP€call€rulemaking,€EPA€assumed€continuous€emissions€monitoring€systemsÏ(CEMS)€might€be€required€by€States€that€chose€to€regulate€IC€engines.€€The€EPA€now€believesÏthat€CEMS€may€not€be€necessary€unless€an€engine€is€participating€in€a€trading€program.€ÏAlternate€monitoring€approaches,€such€as€parametric€monitoring€and/or€annual€testing,€are€lessÏcostly€and€may€be€sufficient€to€assure€compliance.€€Monitoring€of€pressure,€which€may€beÏcorrelated€with€temperature€and,€thus,€NOx€emissions,€is€a€form€or€parametric€monitoring€thatÏmay€be€successfully€applied€at€a€cost€of€less€than€$1000/year.׃K×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Annual€testing€would€add€aboutÐ h  Ð$3,000/year.׃!€×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Xð  ÐÌà  àòòTime€to€Implement€Controls€for€IC€EnginesÐ 8Ð  Ðà  àóóBased€on€information€primarily€from€manufacturers€of€control€equipment,€and€from€aÐ (À  Ðregulatory€agency€and€operator€of€the€control€equipment,€EPA€believes€the€time€between€aÏrequest€for€cost€proposal€and€field€installation€is€less€than€11€months.׃9×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р  ÐÌà  àòòIncreased€Power€Output€and€Fuel€SavingsÐ è€ Ðà  àóóImplementation€of€LEC€may€yield€additional€benefits€of€fuel€economy€and€power€output.€€Ð Øp ÐUp€to€5%€fuel€economy€improvement€is€reported€in€the€ACT€document€(pg€7„12).€€The€1990ÏGRI€report€describes€ð ðcost€credit€due€to€improved€engine€performanceððand€states€that€fuelÏeconomy€can€be€improved€up€to15%€and€power€output€65%€(p10).€€The€1994€GRI€reportÏindicates€increases€in€power€output€but€slight€losses€in€fuel€economy€associated€with€controlsÏthat€achieve€80„90%€NOx€reduction.€€The€1996€AP„42€indicates€improved€power€output€and€fuelÏefficiency€with€LEC€(sect.€3.2.4.2).€€In€the€Pechan€IC€engines€report€cited€earlier€in€this€TSD,€aÏ1%€fuel€savings€is€included€in€the€cost€analysis.Ìà  àòòò òó óóóÌà  àòòTypes€of€€IC€EnginesóóÐ H!à Ðà  àData€from€the€Industrial€Combustion€Coordinated€Rulemaking€reciprocating€internalÏcombustion€engines€database€indicate€that€the€population€of€rich€and€lean€burn€IC€engines€inÏâ âpipeline€operation€are€divided€with€about€37%€rich€burn€and€63%€lean€burn;€data€from€GRIÐ $° Ðindicate€a€population€of€24%€rich€burn€and€76%€lean€burn.׃×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú31Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð h Ðâ âÌà  àThe€percentages€of€rich€and€lean€burn€IC€engines€estimated€in€the€NOx€SIP€call€final€ruleÏwere€33%€and€67%,€respectively.€€In€the€related€cost€analysis,€however,€it€was€assumed€that€allÏengines€were€lean€burn.׃0p×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú32Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€This€likely€resulted€in€the€control€costs€being€overstated€because€€theÐ ( À Ðlower€costs€associated€with€NSCR€for€rich„burn€engines€were€not€applied.ÌÌà  à€Information€from€GRI€and€INGAA€indicates€that€engines€in€natural€gas€transmission€andÏstorage€should€be€considered€in€variable€load€operation.׃;×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú33Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€EPA€believes€the€vast€majority€ofÐ è € Ðlean€burn€engines€affected€by€the€NOx€SIP€call€are€in€natural€gas€transmission€operation.€€ÌÌà  àIn€the€final€rulemaking,€if€EPA€chooses€to€use€different€control€levels€for€any€of€the€typesÏof€IC€engines,€it€will€be€necessary€to€estimate€the€amount€of€controlled€and€uncontrolledÏemissions€from€each€of€these€types€of€engines€in€order€to€calculate€the€budget€emissionsÏreductions.€€The€EPA€proposes€to€assume€that€two€thirds€of€the€natural€gas„fired€IC€engines€areÏin€lean€burn€operation€and€one€third€is€in€rich€burn.ÌÌÐ  Xð ÐÌÔ‡èê9çXXþàÔòòResults€of€Cost€and€Sensitivity€AnalysesÐ Xð ÐóóÔ#†XþàXçèê9êT#ÔÌà  àA€recent€report€by€the€Pechan„Avanti€Group€estimates€the€control€costs€and€NOòòxóó€emissionÐ Ø p Ðreductions€for€large€IC€engines€affected€under€the€NOòòxóó€SIP€Call€re„proposal.€€The€report€providesÐ È ` Ðinformation€about€the€universe€of€potentially€affected€stationary€IC€engines,€control€costÏmodeling€methods,€scenario€analyses,€and€caveats€and€uncertainties€associated€with€thisÏanalysis.׃<×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú34Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€results€of€the€analyses€are€summarized€below.€Ð ˜ 0 ÐÌà  àThe€average€cost€per€ton€(ozone€season)€for€the€main€analysis,€Scenario€A,€€is€$532€perÏton.€€This€ozone€season€cost€per€ton€is€affected€mostly€by€the€natural€gas„fired€engine€controlÏcosts.€€Oil„fired€engines€are€about€3€percent€of€the€population€of€large€IC€engines.€€While€oil„¼fired€engine€costs€are€just€above€$1,000€per€ton,€they€have€a€negligible€influence€on€regionwideÏcosts.€ÌÌà  àIn€Scenario€B,€the€control€efficiency€for€low€emission€combustion€applied€to€lean€burnÏnatural€gas„fired€engines€is€reduced€to€82€percent.€€This€increases€the€average€cost€per€ton€by€$17Ïper€ton.€€òòóóThe€tons€of€€NOòòxóó€decreased€drops€by€2,004€ozone€season€tons€in€Scenario€A,€comparedÐ ø Ðto€the€87%€reduction€in€the€main€analysis.ÌÌà  àScenario€C€increases€the€NOòòxóó€control€efficiency€for€lean€burn€engines€to€91€percent.€€ThisÐ È` Ðadditional€emission€reduction€reduces€the€average€cost€per€ton€to€about€$520€per€ton,€which€isÏ$12€per€ton€less€than€in€the€main€analysis.ÌÌà  àScenario€D€changes€the€uncontrolled€NOòòxóó€emission€level€for€lean€burn€gas„fired€enginesÐ ˆ  Ðto€13.7€g/bhp„hr€from€16.8€g/bhp„hr.€€With€fewer€NOòòxóó€tons€being€reduced,€this€raises€the€cost€perÐ x Ðton€to€$603€per€ton.ÌÌà  àA€control€level€of€1.2€g/bhp„hr€(93%€decrease)€in€Scenario€E€produces€the€lowest€averageÏcost€per€ton€of€$513€(and€the€largest€emission€reduction).ÌÌà  àScenario€F€reduces€annual€operating€hours€to€6,500.€€This€changes€both€the€emissionÏreductions€and€the€costs.€€Compared€with€other€scenarios,€there€are€fewer€emission€reductions€butÏlower€costs,€resulting€in€a€cost€per€ton€$49€higher€than€that€in€the€main€analysis.ÌÌà  àScenario€G€retains€the€capital€cost€estimates€that€were€used€in€the€September€1998€Non„¼Electricity€Generating€Unit€(EGU)€cost€analysis€for€the€NOòòxóó€SIP€Call.€€The€scenario€has€the€sameÐ È(`"$ Ðemission€reductions€as€the€main€analysis,€but€with€$334€per€ton€higher€estimated€costs.ò òòòóóó óÐ  ¸)P#% ÐÌÔ‡èê9çXXþàÔòòSelection€of€Values€for€Cost€and€Sensitivity€AnalysesÔ#†XþàXçèê9ð_#ÔÔ‡¼ªÅ»XXþàÔÐ Xð ÐÔ#†XþàX»¼ªÅj`#ÔóóÌà  àData€available€for€each€of€the€key€variables€is€described€below.€€This€data€were€used€byÏEPA€to€select€the€values€for€the€above€main€and€sensitivity€analyses.׃8×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú35Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð È ` ÐÌòò1.€€Uncontrolled€Emissions€from€Lean€Burn€IC€EnginesóóÐ ¨ @ Ðà  àòòUsing€the€16.8€g/bhp„hr€uncontrolled€level€from€ACT€document€óóÐ ˜ 0 Ðà  àUncontrolled€emissions€data€for€lean€burn€IC€engines€are€available€from€several€sources,Ïincluding:€the€ACT€document,€EPAððs€10„96€AP„42,€EPAððs€draft€1997€AP„42,€recentÏmanufacturers€data,€and€individual€test€data.€In€addition€to€the€information€in€the€ACT€documentÏitself,€the€following€points€support€òòÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔóóuse€of€the€ACT€documentððs€uncontrolled€level.Ô#†XþàXXXþàÏc#ÔÐ Xð  ÐÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔà  à1.à0 ` àUsing€the€applicable€ACT€document€rather€than€AP„42€is€consistent€with€howÐ Hà  ÐEPA€treated€other€non„EGU€source€categories,€including€glass,€process€heaters,Ïiron€&€steel,€etc.€in€the€NOx€SIP€call€rulemaking.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  à2.à0 ` àThe€ACT€document€is€the€most€comprehensive€look€at€the€IC€engine€class€and€hasÐ ° Ðthe€advantage€of€using€a€consistent€data€set€for€uncontrolled€emissions,€costs,€andÏcontrols.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  à3.à0 ` àAP„42€numbers€are€being€revised€and€the€final€AP„42€numbers€are€unknown.Ðè€` (#` (# Ðà  à4.à0 ` àIf€we€used€AP„42€uncontrolled€numbers,€it€would€be€logical€to€use€the€AP„42Ð Øp Ðcontrolled€numbers.€€However,€the€AP„42€controlled€data€set€is€limited€in€terms€ofÏtechnologies€considered,€costs,€and€expected€decreases€in€emissions.€€LEC€isÏreported€to€achieve€between€0.55€and€2.3€g/bhp„hr€(including€both€the€1996€andÏ1997€draft€AP„42).Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  à5.à0 ` àThe€ACT€documentððs€122€tests€make€a€large€data€set€from€which€to€drawÐ ˆ  Ðconclusions.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  à6.à0 ` àMore€test€data€are€available€(122€in€ACT€compared€to€56€in€AP„42€draft).Ðh` (#` (# Ðà  à7.à0 ` àACT€test€data€are€available€in€several€horsepower€size€categories;€this€could€beÐ X ð Ðimportant€since€EPA€chose€to€not€calculate€emission€reductions€from€the€smallerÏIC€engines.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  à8.à0 ` àAP„42€may€have€included€some€tests€at€relatively€low€torque€and/or€speed;Ð (#À Ðcompliance€testing€would€likely€be€at€100%€torque€and€speed.Ð ` (#` (# ÐØØÓL€ @eh(3 LÓÝ ‚ Æ ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚ ÆÏkÝÔ2ehÔÚ  Ú9Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝThe€updated€AP„42€section€does€not€differentiate€between€uncontrolled€lean„burnÐ %   Ðengines€and€ð ðclean€burnðð€engines€(essentially€LEC)׃,`×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú36Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×;€thus,€the€averageÐ ø%! Ðð ðuncontrolledðð€emissions€may€include€some€engines€with€LEC.݃ ÆÏklÝŒÐè&€ "` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ ‚ Æ ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚ ÆûmÝÔ2ehÔÚ  Ú10Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝØ  ØThe€16.8€g/bhp„hr€appears€to€be€Ô#†XþàXXXþàYd#Ômore€representative€of€larger€enginesÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔ,€which€areÐ h Ðthe€engines€affected€by€the€NOx€SIP€call.݃ Æûm2n݌Р` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÌÔ#†XþàXXXþào#Ôà  àòòUsing€Alternative€Uncontrolled€LevelsóóÐ 8 Ð Ðà  àAs€described€in€the€1994€GRI€report,€emissions€of€NOx€from€lean€burn€engines€can€varyÏwidely€due,€largely,€to€the€specific€air/fuel€ratio€at€which€the€engine€is€designed€to€operate.€€ForÏnaturally€aspirated€engines€(which€operate€at€near€stoichiometric€air/fuel€ratios),€emissions€can€beÏas€high€as€26€g/bhp„hr.€€Turbocharged€engines€can€reduce€emissions€of€NOx€up€to€40%€byÏair/fuel€ratio€increases.€€Engines€designed€to€operate€at€very€high€air/fuel€ratios€and€withÏadvanced€ignition€technology€can€reduce€emissions€to€about€1€g/bhp„hr.ÌÌà  àUncontrolled€emissions€data€for€lean€burn€IC€engines€are€available€from€several€sources,Ïincluding€those€listed€below€(g/bhp„hr)Ô‡XþàXXXþàÔ.Ô#†XþàXXXþàær#Ô€€These€are€roughly€organized€into€two€groups.€Data€fromÐ ¨@  Ðgroup€1€generally€supports€the€16.8€level€used€in€the€ACT€document€while€data€in€group€2Ïindicate€a€lower€value€may€be€appropriate.€€Therefore,€for€purposes€of€sensitivity€analysis,€EPAÏwill€also€analyze€the€most€recent€AP„42€uncontrolled€value:€13.7€g/bhp„hr.ÌÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔà  à1.€€Group€1€(g/bhp„hr)Ð h Ðà  àà ` à*€€25„29€from€older€engines€(1994€GRI€report)Ìà  àà ` à*€Ô#†XþàXXXþà{t#Ô€18.0€(1997€MECA€report)Ô‡XþàXXXþàÔÐ Hà Ðà  àà0 ` à*€Ô#†XþàXXXþàlu#Ô€10„20€(1992€Cooper€Industries€paperÔ_Ô׃)×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú37Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô)Ð8Ð` (#` (# Ðà  àà ` à*€€€7„26€(1990€GRI€report׃=`×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú38Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×,€p3)Ð (À Ðà  àà ` à*€€€24€(1998€GRI€report׃1ø×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú39Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×,€figure€1„1)Ð ° ÐÌÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔà  à2.€Ô#†XþàXXXþàÚw#ÔGroup€2€(g/bhp„hr)Ð ø Ðà  àà ` à*€13.7€(draft€AP„42,€1997)Ìà  àà ` à*€11.3€(AP„42,€10„96)Ìà  àà0 ` à*€13€€all€engines€(controlled€and€uncontrolled)€>€2000€hp€(1994€GRI€report)Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌòò2.€€Controlled€Emissions€from€Lean€Burn€IC€Engines€with€LECóóÐ ¨ @ ÐÔ‡X8„XXXþàÔà  àThe€ACT€document€indicates€LEC€technology€is€appropriate€for€lean„burn€enginesÔ#†XþàXXX8„„y#ÔÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔ€and€isÐ ˜!0 Ðexpected€to€achieve€Ô#†XþàXXXþà z#ÔÔ‡X8„XXXþàÔNOòòxóóÔ#†XþàXXX8„’z#ÔÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔ€emission€levels€in€the€range€of€1.5€„€3.0€g/bhp-hrÔ#†XþàXXXþàÝz#ÔÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔ.€€Ô#†XþàXXXþàR{#ÔÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔThe€preciseÐ ˜"0 Ðemissions€decrease€for€each€engine€depends€on€the€specific€engine€and€operating€conditionsÔ#†XþàXXXþà—{#ÔÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔ,€suchÐ h Ðthat€some€would€be€above€and€some€below€the€average€2.0€g/bhp„hr€reduction€used€in€the€ACTÏdocument€analyses.Ô#†XþàXXXþàS|#Ôò òó óÔ‡X8„XXXþàÔ€€That€is,€engines€equipped€with€LEC€designed€to€meet€a€1.5€€„€3.0€g/bhp-hrÐ Hà Ðstandard€will€generally€meet€the€design€goal,€although€a€few€engines€would€be€expected€to€attainÏlevels€below€€and€Ô#†XþàXXX8„#}#Ôa€few€to€exceed€that€range.Ô‡X8„XXXþàÔ€€The€selection€of€an€appropriate€controlledÐ 4 Ì Ðemissions€level€takes€into€consideration€a€€number€of€large€IC€engines€and€the€average€emissionsÏlevel€from€that€group.€€For€the€lean€burn€IC€engines,€EPA€believes€the€2.0€g/bhp„hr€level€isÏappropriate€to€use€in€the€cost€and€effectiveness€analyses€as€the€average€controlled€level.Ô#†XþàXXX8„S~#ÔÐ  ¤ ÐÌà  àòòUsing€2€g/bhp„hróóÐ è€  Ðà  àControlled€emissions€data€for€lean€burn€IC€engines€are€available€from€several€sources,Ïincluding€the€ACT€document.€€In€addition€to€the€information€in€the€ACT€document€itself,€theÏfollowing€information€supports€òòÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔóóuse€of€the€ACT€documentððs€controlled€level.Ô#†XþàXXXþà#ÔÐ ¸P  Ðà  à1.€€Controlled€level€of€€2.3€grams€(clean€burn€2„cycle)€in€AP„42€(1996).Ìà  à2.€€1990€GRI€report€assumes€meeting€a€2€g/bhp„hr€limit€(p10).Ìà  à3.€€1994€GRI€report€indicates€LEC€retrofits€can€average€less€than€2€g/bhp„hr€(p4„20).Ìà  à4.€€1998€GRI€report€indicates€clean€burn€achieves€2€gram€or€lower€(p2„2).Ìà0  à5.€€Urban,€et€al€1989€paper€states€that€low„emission€engines€(e.g.,€clean€burn)€generallyÏproduce€NOx€emissions€below€2.5€g/bhp„hr.׃C×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú40Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÐXð(#(# ÐÌòòóóà  àòòUsing€Alternative€Controlled€LevelsóóÐ 8Ð Ðà  àThe€OTAG€Final€Report,€Chapter€5,€Appendix€C,€indicates€that€LEC€is€expected€toÏachieve€80„93%€emission€reduction.€€Information€from€INGAA€suggests€a€4.0€g/bhp„hr€level,Ïand,€in€some€cases,€7.0€g/bhp„hr;׃J`×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú41Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€since€little€supporting€data€were€provided,€however,€no€furtherÐ   Ðanalysis€is€warranted€at€this€time.€€Controlled€emissions€data€for€lean€burn€IC€engines€applyingÏLEC€are€available€from€several€sources,€and€are€summarized€in€the€table€belowÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔ.Ô#†XþàXXXþà|†#Ô€€TheÐ è€ Ðcomprehensive€test€data€listed€below€support€average€control€levels€below€2.0€g/bhp„hr.€ÏTherefore,€for€purposes€of€sensitivity€analysis,€EPA€will€also€analyze€the€controlled€level€at€1.2Ïg/bhp„hr.Ìà  àÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔÌÐ  ˜"0 Ðà  àòòLow€Emission€Combustion€Test€Data€SummaryóóÔ#†XþàXXXþે#Ô׃%×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú42Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô‡XþàXXXþàÔòòÐ h Ðóó269€total€tests€€(49€engines)Ð Xð ÐÔ*‹ƒ5U6ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#‹ÔÔ,edd ÔÔ,Ïdd ÔÔ,Ïdd ÔÔ,Ïdd ÔÔ,Ïdd ÔÔ,„dd ÔÔ,Ïdd ÔÔ,ƒdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ  Hà ÐControlÏlevel*Ì(g/bhp„hr)Ð  Œ $ Ѐ€€95%ÌÌ€€(1.0)Ð  Œ $ Ѐ€€93%ÌÌ€€(1.2)Ð  Œ $  Ѐ€91%ÌÌ€€(1.5)Ð  Œ $ Ѐ€90%ÌÌ€€(1.7)Ð  Œ $ Ѐ€87%ÌÌ€€(2.0)Ð  Œ $ Ѐ€82%ÌÌ€€(3.0)Ð  Œ $ Ѐ€76%ÌÌ€€(4.0)Ð  Œ $ Ð#€testsÏbelowÏcutpointÐ 6, ð ˆ h@192‰h@‰6ÐÌ€€€192Ð WM* ˜ h@192 h@ àl@231‰àl@‰WÐÌ€€€€231Ð WM* ˜! àl@231 àl@ Àn@246‰Àn@‰WЀ€€€Ì€€€€246Ð WM* ˜# Àn@246 Àn@  o@253‰ o@‰WЀ€€€€Ì€€€€253Ð WM* ˜%  o@253  o@  p@258‰ p@‰WЀ€€Ì€€€258Ð WM* ˜'  p@258  p@  p@266‰ p@‰WЀ€€€Ì€€€266Ð WM* ˜)  p@266  p@ Àp@268‰Àp@‰WЀ€Ì€€€268Ð 6,* ˜+ Àp@268 Àp@ 6Ð%€testsÏbelowÏcutpointÐ  Tì . ÐÌ€€€71%Ð  dü 0 ÐÌ€€€€€86%ÌÐ  Tì 3 Ѐ€€Ì€€€€91%Ð  dü 5 Ѐ€€€Ì€€€€94%Ð  dü 7 Ѐ€€Ì€€€€96%Ð  dü 9 Ѐ€€€Ì€€99.0%Ð  dü ; Ѐ€€€Ì€99.6%Ð dü =  Ð*Using€16.8€g/bhp„hr€as€the€uncontrolled€levelÔ#†XþàXXXþà’ˆ#ÔÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔÐ t = ÐÔ#†XþàXXXþàÕ#ÔÌòò3.€€Hours€of€OperationóóÐ Tì ? Ðà  àòòUsing€nearly€continuous€operation€in€the€ozone€seasonò òó óóóÐ DÜ@ Ðà  àHours€of€operation€data€for€lean€burn€IC€engines€are€available€from€several€sources.€€TheÏACT€document€for€IC€engines€uses€8000€hours€operation€per€year,€leaving€760€hoursÏmaintenance€or€other€downtime€per€year.€€Similarly,€the€9„17„98€€cost€analysis€by€the€Pechan„¼Avanti€Group€in€support€of€the€NOx€SIP€call€used€(5/12)*760€hours€=€317€hours€downtime€forÏthe€ozone€season.€€€In€addition€to€the€information€in€the€ACT€document€itself,€the€followingÏinformation€provides€support€òòÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔóófor€use€of€the€ACT€documentððs€hours€of€operation.Ô#†XþàXXXþà®’#ÔÐ ä|F Ðà0  à1.€€NOx€SIP€call€emissions€inventory€data€for€large€IC€engines€indicates€operation€rates€ofÏ23„4€hours€per€day,€6„7€days€per€week.׃-€×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú43Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÐÄ\H(#(# Ðà0  à2.€€Typically€larger€size€IC€engines€are€operated€continuously€at€full€load€due€to€operationÏefficiency.€€Smaller€IC€engines€are€used€for€peaking€demands€and€backup€purposes.׃>8×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú44Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ф<J(#(# ÐÌò òó óà  àòòUsing€Alternative€Hours€of€OperationóóÐ „ L Ðà  àHours€of€operation€data€are€available€from€several€sources.€€The€data€listed€below€fromÏcomprehensive€studies€by€GRI,€the€ICCR€group,€and€EPA€provide€support€for€analysis€of€6,000„¼7,000€hours€of€operation€per€year€or€greater.€€IC€engines€at€storage€facilities€may€operate€fewerÏhours€than€those€in€pipeline€transmission;€however,€EPA€believes€most€of€the€large€IC€engines€inÏthe€NOx€SIP€call€emissions€inventory€are€in€pipeline€transmission.€€Therefore,€for€purposes€ofÏsensitivity€analysis,€EPA€will€also€analyze€the€hours€of€operation€at€an€average€of€6500€hours€perÐ $&¼R Ðyear€(5/12€*€2260€hours€=€942€hours€downtime€for€the€ozone€season).Ìà  àà ` àa.€€1994€GRI€report€uses€7000€hours/yearÌà  àà ` àb.€€ICCR€database€indicates€6500€hours/year׃?×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú45Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€(Alpha„Gamma€4„00€note)Ð Hà Ðà  àà0 ` àc.€€EPA€1979€report€referenced€in€the€ACT€document€for€IC€engines€(pg€3„14)Ïestimates€6,000€hours€(EPA€450/2„78„125a).Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àà ` àd.€€INGAA€comment€letter€6„24„98,€app.€B€(App.€F,€p5„8)Ìà  àà ` àà ¸ à„„€Lean€burn€2„stroke€>€10,000€hp:€31%€over€Q2€&€3Ìà  àà ` àà ¸ à„„€Lean€burn€4„stroke€€4,332€hp:€36%€over€Q2€&€3€Ìà  àà ` àà ¸ à„„€Lean€burn€2„stroke€>€5,113€hp:€37%€€Q2€&€3Ìà  àÌòò4.€€Annualized€CostsóóÐ È`  Ðà  àòòUsing€recent€manufacturers€dataóóÐ ¸P  Ðà  àAnnualized€cost€data€for€lean€burn€IC€engines€are€available€from€several€sources.€€TheÏEPA€believes€that€costs€have€decreased€since€the€ACT€document€was€written.€€Therefore,€EPAÏbelieves€the€more€recent€cost€data€from€manufacturers€of€the€control€equipment׃'p×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú46Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€should€be€used.€Ð ˆ  ÐThe€detailed€cost€factors€are€listed€in€a€separate€report;׃Bè×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú47Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€the€approximate€annualized€costs€areÐ x Ðsummarized€below.Ìà  à1.€$80,500€for€2000€hpÌà  à2.€$115,000€for€4000€hpÌà  à3.€$130,000€for€8000€hpÌÌòòóóà  àòòUsing€Alternative€Annualized€CostsóóÐ ° Ðà  àAnnualized€cost€data€for€lean€burn€IC€engines€applying€LEC€are€available€from€severalÏsources,€including€those€listed€belowÔ‡XþàXXXþàÔ.Ô#†XþàXXXþàwŸ#Ô€€Costs€will€vary€depending€on€each€engine;€e.g.,€the€retrofitÐ ø Ðof€older€engines€with€naturally€aspirated€systems€will€require€considerably€more€extensiveÏmodifications€than€more€recent€turbocharged€engines.€€For€purposes€of€sensitivity€analysis,€EPA€Ïused€annualized€costs€developed€from€the€control€cost€estimates€by€source€size€contained€in€theÏACT€for€IC€engines;€these€are€the€same€costs€that€were€used€in€the€NOx€SIP€call€final€rule,€whichÏgenerally€encompass€the€other€estimates€noted€below.€Ìà  à1.€€NOx€SIP€call€levels׃&  ×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú48Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ˜!0 Ðà  àà ` à*€$170,000€for€2500€hpÌà  àà ` à*€$240,000€for€4000€hpÌà  àà ` à*€$520,000€for€11000€hpÌà0  à2.€1990€GRI€report€estimates€(1989€$)€for€LEC€on€typical€gas€transmission€prime€moversÏ(about€2000€hp;€for€2€&€4€cycle€lean):Ð (#(# Ðà  àà0 ` à„„€less€than€$700/ton€(p5€&€17)Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àà0 ` à„„€€$150„200/hp€installed€cost€(p17)Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  à3.€€Urban€et€al€July€1989€paper€(JEGTP,€vol.€111/371)€for€pre„1988€retrofitsÌà  àà ` à„„€$20,000€+€$70€x€HP€(1987€$)Ìà  à4.€€1994€GRI€report€Ìà  àà ` à„„€total€annualized€cost€estimate€of€$153,000€(1100€hp)€(p€A„40)Ìà  àà ` à„„€total€annualized€cost€estimate€of€$259,000€(1800€hp)€(p€A„42Ìà  àà ` à„„€total€annualized€cost€estimate€of€$297,000€(2000€hp)€(p€A„44))Ìà  àà ` à„„€$680„730/hp€capital€cost€(p€6„12)