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'` hX'TRY3'3' 3' Letter3'T  (EMISSIONMEASURENEBTEMENTCENTER)  CONTDDITIONALTESTMETHOD029U.sS.EPA@@3@@xx*StateofCalifornia@@xx*AIRRESOURCESBOARD@@.Method435@@'DeterminationofAsbestos@@ $ContentofSerpentineAggregate@@)Adopted:June6,1991  L(#+ 7XXdXXd7(@@.Method435@@'DeterminationofAsbestos@@ $ContentofSerpentineAggregate1.0 @ PrincipleandApplicability @ 1.1 @` Principle:0 @ 0@` (#(#Asbestosfibersmaybereleasedfromserpentinerockformationsandaredeterminedbymicroscopictechniques.Theresultsareverysensitivetosamplingprocedures.Theanalyticalresultsarereportedinpercentasbestosfiberswhichisthepercentnumberofasbestosfiberscontainedin400randomlychosenparticlesofabulksample.Sincethehomogeneityofthematerialisunknown,theuncertaintyinthesamplingcannotbedefined.Theuncertaintyoftheanalyticaltechniqueistwopercentiftwentyasbestosfibersarecountedinasampleof400particles.ThederivationofthisuncertaintyvalueisexplainedinSection7.4. @ 1.2 @` Applicability:0 @ 0@` (#(#Thismethodisapplicabletodeterminingasbestoscontentofserpentineaggregateinstoragepiles,onconveyorbelts,andonsurfacessuchasroads,shoulders,andparkinglots.2.0 @ Definitions: @ 2.1 @` BulkSampleAsampleofbulkmaterial.0 @ 0@` (#(#0@ ` (#` (#0@ (# (# @ @` @ 2.2 @` GrabSampleAsampletakenfromavolumeofmaterial.0 @ 2.30@` (#(#CompositeSampleAmixtureorblendofmaterialfrommorethanonegrabsample.0 @ 2.40@` (#(#SerpentineSerpentinite,serpentinerockorserpentinematerial.0@..2.50@` ..` ExecutiveOfficerThetermExecutiveOfficerasusedinthismethodshallmeantheExecutiveOfficeroftheAirResourcesBoard(ARB)orAirPollutionControlOfficer/ExecutiveOfficerof p,'0 alocalairpollutioncontroldistrict/airqualitymanagementdistrict.̇3.0..ApplicableSources:0..Thismethodcanbeusedtoobtainbulkmaterialsamplesfromthreetypesofsources:̀..1.` ..` Serpentineaggregatestoragepiles...2.` ..` Serpentineaggregateconveyorbelts.̀..3.` ..` Serpentineaggregatecoveredsurfaces.4.0..SamplingApparatus0..0` ..` 0 .. ` ..` ..4.1` ..` SerpentineAggregateStoragePiles0..0` ..` Tubeinsertionoftenprovidesthesimplestmethodofaggregatematerialinvestigationandsampling.Insertiontubesshallbeadequatetoprovidearelativelyrapidcontinuouspenetrationforce.0..0` ..` 4.1.18 .. ThinwalledtubesshouldbemanufacturedasshowninFigure1.Thetubeshouldhaveanoutsidediameterbetween2to5inchesandbemadeofmetalorplastichavingadequatestrengthforpenetrationintoaggregatepiles.Thesetubesshallbecleanandfreeofsurfaceirregularitiesincludingprojectingweldseams.FurtherinformationonthesetubescanbefoundinTable1andASTMD158783,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreference.0..0` ..` 0 .. ` ..` 4.1.20 .. TheinsertiontubecanbemadeoutofcommerciallyavailabletwoinchPVCSchedule40pipe.FurtherinformationonthetubecanbefoundinTable2...` ..` 4.1.30 .. Aroundpointshovelmaybeused...4.2` ..` SerpentineAggregateConveyorBelts0..0` ..` 4.2.10 .. Samplingofaggregateoffaconveyorbeltrequiresahandtrowel,asmallbrush,andadustpan.0..0` ..` 4.2.20 .. TwotemplatesasshowninFigure2areneededtoisolatematerialontheconveyorbelt...` ..` 4.2.3 .. Anautomatedbeltsamplermaybeused...4.3` ..` SerpentineAggregateCoveredSurfaces0..0` ..` Ashovel,ahandormachineoperatedaugerorothersuitableequipmentcanbeusedtocollectsamplesofaggregatematerialsoncoveredsurfaces.Ӈ..` ..` 4.3.1 .. HandOperatedAugers̀..` ..`  .. 4.3.1.10..HelicalAugersSmalllightweightaugerssuchas̀0..0` ..` 0 .. 0..spiraltypeaugersandshiptypeaugersmaybè0..0` ..` 0 .. 0..used.AdescriptionoftheseaugerstypescanbefoundinASTMD145280,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreference.0..0` ..` 0 .. 4.3.1.20..Orchardbarrelandopenspiraltypetubularaugersmaybeusedtocollectsamples.Theseaugersrangeinsizefrom1.5through8inches,andhavethecommoncharacteristicofappearingessentiallytubularwhenviewedfromthediggingend.FurtherdescriptionoftheseaugertypescanbefoundinASTMD145280.0..0` ..` 0 .. 4.3.1.30..ClamShellorIwanTypepostholeaugersmaybeusedtocollectsamplesfromsurfacesgenerally2through8inchesindiameterandhaveacommonmeanofblockingtheescapeofsoilfromtheauger.FurtherdescriptionoftheseaugerscanbefoundinASTMD145280...` ..` 4.3.2 .. MachineOperatedAugers0..` ..` 0 .. MachineOperatedAugerssuchashelicalaugersandstingeraugersmaybeused.Theseaugersarenormallyoperatedbyheavyduty,hightorquemachines,designedforheavyconstructionwork.FurtherdescriptionoftheseaugerscanbefoundinASTMD145280.0..0` ..` 0 .. ` ..` 4.3.30 .. Aroundpointshovelcanalsobeusedtoobtainasampleofaggregatecoveredsurfacematerial.5.0..Sampling0..Thesamplingprocedurehasbeendevelopedtoprovideanunbiasedcollectionofbulksamples.Asamplingplan,includingadescriptionofhowthegrabsampleswillberandomlycollectedandthenumberofsamplestobecollected,shallbedeveloped.PriortoconductinganysamplingthesamplingplanshallbesubmittedtotheExecutiveOfficerforapproval,ifthesamplingisconductedfordeterminingcompliancewitharuleorregulation.Theamountofcomposite200meshmaterial,asdescribedbelow,shallbesufficienttoprovideasampletothesourceorExecutiveOfficer,ifrequested,andasampletobearchivedforfutureuse...Asingletestasdescribedbelowshallcover:..a)1000tonsofaggregateforpilesandconveyorbelts,or..b)oneacreaggregatecoveredsurface,or..c)onemileofaggregatecoveredroad,or..d)twoacresortwomilesofdualaggregatecoveredshoulders.0..Exposuretoairborneasbestosfibersisahealthhazard.AsbestoshasbeenlistedbytheGovernorascausingcancerandidentifiedbytheAirResourcesBoardasatoxicaircontaminant.Serpentineaggregatemaycontainasbestos.Bulksamplescollectedcancontainfriableasbestosfibersandmayreleasefibersduringsampling,handlingorcrushingsteps.Adequatesafetyprecautionsshouldbefollowedtominimizetheinhalationofasbestosfibers.Crushingshouldbecarriedoutinaventilatedhoodwithcontinuousairflow(negativepressure)exhaustingthroughanHEPAfilter.Handlingofsampleswithouttheseprecautionsmayresultintheinhalationofairborneasbestosfibers...5.1` ..` SerpentineAggregateStoragePiles0..0` ..` Serpentineaggregatestoragepilestypicallyhaveaconicaloratriangularprismshape.Theaggregateisintroducedatthe0..0` ..` topofthepileandisallowedtoflowovertheside.Thisaction,calledsloughing,causesasizesegregationtooccurwiththefinermaterialdepositedtowardsthetopofthepile.0..0` ..` Thelocationswheregrabsampleswillbetakenarerandomlychosenoverthesurfaceofthepile.Themethodofrandomlychoosingthesamplinglocationsisleftuptosamplingpersonnelbutmustfollowtheproceduresspecifiedinthesamplingplan.For1000tonsofproduct,agrabsampleshallbetakenataminimumofthreerandomlychosensamplinglocations.Aminimumofthreegrabsamplesshallbetakeneveniftheproductpilecontainslessthan1000tonsofmaterial.Thesloughisrakedorshoveledawayfromthesamplinglocation.Asamplingapparatusisinsertedonefootintothepileandthematerialisremovedandisplacedinanappropriatesizedsamplingcontainer.SomeofthepossiblesamplingapparatusisdiscussedinSection4.1.Eachofthegrabsamplesshallbeplacedinthesamesamplecontainer.Thiscompositedsampleshallbecrushedtoproduceamaterialwithanominalsizeoflessthanthreeeighthsofaninch.Beforecrushing,thesamplemustbeadequatelydried.ASTMMethodC70280,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreference,shallbeusedtoreducethesizeofthecrushedgrabsampletoaonepintaliquot.Theonepintaliquot,shallbefurthercrushedusingaBraunmillorequivalenttoproduceamaterialofwhichthemajorityshallbelessthan200Tylermesh.Analiquotofthe200meshmaterialshallbeputintoalabeledsealedcontainer.ThelabelshallcontainalltheinformationdescribedinSection6(exceptitem4)...5.2` ..` SerpentineAggregateConveyorBelts0..0` ..` Serpentineaggregateistransportedfromtherockcrushingplanttoaproductstackingbeltandfinallytoastoragepileortoawaitingtruckfordeliverytoabuyer.0..0` ..` Thegrabsamplesshallbetakenfromtheproductstackingbeltorifthisisnotpossiblethenatthefirsttransferpointbeforethestockpile.Thegrabsamplesshallbecollectedbystoppingthebeltaminimumofthreetimesorusinganautomatedsampler.Themethodofrandomlychoosingthesamplinglocationsandintervalsisleftuptosamplingpersonnelbutmustfollowtheprocedurespecifiedinthesamplingplan.For1000tonsofproduct,agrabsampleistakenataminimumofthreerandomlyselectedintervals.Aminimumofthreesamplesshallbetakenevenifthegeneratedproductislessthan1000tons.Each0..0` ..` timethebeltisstoppedtotakeagrabsample,templates,asshowninFigure2,areplacedaminimumofsixinchesaparttoisolatethematerialonthebelt.Thematerialwithinthetemplatesisremovedwithasmallshovelorwithabrushanddustpanforthefinermaterialandisplacedinanappropriatesizedsamplingcontainer.Eachofthegrabsamplesshallbeplacedinthesamesamplecontainer.Thiscompositedsampleshallbecrushedtoproduceamaterialwithanominalsizeoflessthanthreeeighthsofaninch.Beforecrushing,thesamplemustbeadequatelydried.ASTMMethodC70280,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreference,shallbeusedtoreducethesizeofthecrushedgrabsampletoanonepintaliquot.TheonepintaliquotshallbefurthercrushedusingaBraunmillorequivalenttoproduceamaterialwhichthemajorityofwhichshallbelessthan200Tylermesh.Analiquotofthe200meshmaterialshallbeputintoalabeledsealedcontainer.ThelabelmustcontainalltheinformationlistedinSection6(exceptitem4)...5.3` ..` SerpentineAggregateCoveredSurfaces...` ..` 5.3.1 .. SerpentineAggregateCoveredRoads0..0` ..` 0 .. Aserpentineaggregatecoveredroadshallbecharacterizedbytakinggrabsamplesfromaminimumofthreerandomlychosenlocationspermileofroad.Themethodofrandomlychoosingthesamplinglocationsisleftuptosamplingpersonnelbutmustfollowtheproceduresspecifiedinthesamplingplan.Aminimumofthreesamplesshallbetakeneveniftheroadislessthanonemilelong.Section4.3describessomeofthepossiblesamplingapparatususedtocollectthegrabsamples.Grabsamplesshallnotcontainunderlyingsoils.Eachofthegrabsamplesshallbeplacedinthesamesamplecontainer.Thiscompositedsampleshallbecrushedtoproducematerialwithanominalsizelessthanthreeeighthsofaninch.Beforecrushing,thesamplemustbeadequatelydried.ASTMMethodC70280shallbeusedtoreducethesizeofthecrushedgrabsampletoanonepintaliquot.TheonepintaliquotshallbefurthercrushedusingaBraunmillorequivalenttoproduceamaterialwhichthemajorityshallbelessthan200Tylermesh.Analiquotofthe200meshmaterialshallbeputintoalabeledsealedcontainer.ThelabelmustcontainalltheinformationlistedinSection6(exceptitem4)...` ..` 5.3.2 .. SerpentineAggregateCoveredAreas0..0` ..` 0 .. Aserpentineaggregatecoveredplayyardorparkinglotshallbecharacterizedbytakinggrabsamplesfromaminimumofthreerandomlychosenlocationsperacre.Themethodofrandomlychoosingthesamplinglocationsisleftuptosamplingpersonnelbutmustfollowtheprocedurespecifiedinthesamplingplan.Aminimumofthreesamplesshallbetakeneveniftheareaislessthanoneacre.Section4.3describessomeofthepossiblesamplingapparatusforcollectingthesample.Grabsamplesshallnotcontainunderlyingsoils.Eachofthegrabsamplesshallbeplacedinthesamesamplecontainer.Thiscompositedsampleshallbecrushedtoproduceamaterialwithanominalsizeoflessthanthreeeighthsofaninch.Beforecrushing,thesamplemustbeadequatelydried.ASTMMethodC70280shallbeusedtoreducethesizeofthecrushedgrabsampletoaonepintaliquot.TheonepintaliquotshallbefurthercrushedusingaBraunmillorequivalenttoproduceamaterialwhichthemajorityshallbelessthan200Tylermesh.Analiquotofthe200meshmaterialshallbeputintoalabeledsealedcontainer.ThelabelmustcontainalltheinformationlistedinSection6(exceptitem4)...` ..` 5.3.3 .. SerpentineAggregateCoveredRoadShoulders0..0` ..` 0 .. ThesamplingprocedurespecifiedinSection5.3.1or5.3.2shallbeusedforroadshoulderscoveredwithserpentineaggregate.Theonlydifferenceisthataminimumofthreegrabsamplesshallbetakenoveralengthoftwomilesofshoulderoroveranareaoftwoacresofshouldersurface.Thewordshoulderismeanttoimplyshouldersonbothsidesoftheroad.Forserpentineaggregatecoveredshoulders,thesamplingplanspecifiedinSection5shallindicatewhetherthesamplesarecollectedonatwomileortwoacrebasis.6.0..SamplingLog..Asamplelogmustbekeptshowing:..1.Auniquesamplenumber...2.Facilityname...3.Facilityaddressorlocationwheresampleistaken...4.Aroughsketch,videotape,orphotographofthespecific̀samplinglocations...5.Dateandtimeofsampling...6.Nameofpersonperformingsampling.7.0AnalyticalProcedure..7.1` ..` PrincipleandApplicability0..0` ..` Samplesofserpentineaggregatetakenforasbestosidentificationarefirstexaminedforhomogeneityandpreliminaryfiberidentificationatlowmagnification.Positiveidentificationofsuspectfibersismadebyanalysisofsubsampleswiththepolarizedlightmicroscope.0..0` ..` Theprinciplesofopticalmineralogyarewellestablished.2,3Alightmicroscopeequippedwithtwopolarizingfilterscoupledwithdispersionstainingisusedtoobservespecificopticalcharacteristicsofasample.Theuseofplanepolarizedlightallowsthedeterminationofrefractiveindicesalongspecificcrystallographicaxes.Morphologyandcolorarealsoobserved.Aretardationplateisplacedinthepolarizedlightpathfordeterminationofthesignofelongationusingorthoscopicillumination.Orientationofthetwofilterssuchthattheirvibrationplanesareperpendicular(crossedpolars)allowsobservationofthebirefringenceandextinctioncharacteristicsofanisotropicparticles.0..0` ..` Quantitativeanalysisinvolvestheuseofpointcounting.Pointcountingisastandardtechniqueinpetrographyfordeterminingtherelativeareasoccupiedbyseparatemineralsinthinsectionsofrock.Backgroundinformationontheuseofpointcounting3andtheinterpretationofpointcountdata4isavailable.0..0` ..` Thismethodisapplicabletoallbulksamplesofserpentineaggregatesubmittedforidentificationandquantificationofasbestoscomponents...7.2` ..` Range0..0` ..` Theanalyticalmethodmaybeusedforanalysisofsamplescontainingfrom0to100percentasbestos.Theupperdetectionlimitis100percent.Thelowerdetectionlimitis0.25percent...7.3` ..` Interferences0..0` ..` Fibrousorganicandinorganicconstituentsofbulksamplesmayinterferewiththeidentificationandquantificationoftheasbestoscontent.Fineparticlesofothermaterialsmayalsoadheretofiberstoanextentsufficienttocauseconfusionintheidentification.7.4..AnalyticalUncertainty0..0` ..` Theuncertaintyoftheanalyticalmethodistwopercentiftwentyasbestosfibersarecountedinasampleof400particles.Theuncertaintyoftheanalyticalmethodmaybeassessedbya95%confidenceintervalforthetruepercentageofasbestosfibersintherock.Thenumberofasbestosfibersinthesampleisassumedtohaveabinomialdistribution.Iftwentyasbestosfibersarefoundinasampleof400particles,aonesidedconfidenceintervalforthetruepercentagehasanupperboundofsevenpercentorananalyticaluncertaintyoftwopercent11.Theconfidenceintervalusedhereisan"exact"intervalcomputeddirectlyfromthebinomialdistribution...7.5` ..` Apparatus..` ..` 7.5.1Microscope0..0` ..` 0 .. Alowpowerbinocularmicroscope,preferablystereoscopic,isusedtoexaminethebulksampleasreceived.0..0` ..` 0 .. *Microscope:binocular,1045X0..0` ..` 0 .. *LightSource:incandescent,fluorescent,halogen..` ..`  .. orfiberoptic0..0` ..` 0 .. *Forceps,DissectingNeedles,andProbes0..0` ..` 0 .. *GlassinePaper,CleanGlassPlate,orPetridish0..0` ..` 0 .. *Compoundmicroscoperequirements:Apolarized..` ..`  .. lightmicroscopecompletewithpolarizer,analyzer,..` ..`  .. portforwaveretardationplate,360ograduatedrotating..` ..`  .. stage,substagecondenser,lamp,andlampiris.0..0` ..` 0 .. *PolarizedLightMicroscope:describedabove0..0` ..` 0 .. 0.. .. *ObjectiveLenses:10X0..0` ..